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Homilia in illud: Attende tibi ipsi

Of our father among the saints, Basil, archbishop of Caesarea in Cappadocia, on "Take heed to yourself."

God who created us has given us the use of speech, so that we might reveal the counsels of our hearts to one another, and because of the social nature of our being, each might share with his neighbor, bringing forth our thoughts from the hidden places of the heart as from some storehouses. For if we lived with the soul naked, we would immediately understand one another from our thoughts; but since our soul, covered by the veil of the flesh, works out its conceptions, it needs verbs and nouns to make public the things that lie in its depth. Whenever, then, our thought takes hold of a meaningful sound, carried as if by some ferryboat on the word, crossing through the air, it passes from the speaker to the hearer; and if it finds a deep calm and quiet, the word comes to anchor in the ears of the learners as in fair and stormless harbors; but if some harsh squall, like the noise from the listeners, blows against it, it is shipwrecked, being dissolved in mid-air. Make, therefore, a calm for the word through silence. For perhaps it might appear to have something useful among its cargo. The word of truth is hard to hunt, able to easily escape those who do not pay attention, the Spirit having so arranged for it to be concise and brief, so as to signify very many things in few words, and through its brevity be easy to be retained in the memory. For indeed, the excellence of a word by nature is neither 24 to hide what is signified by obscurity, nor to be superfluous and vain, flowing idly around the subject. Such then is the word that was just now read to us from the books of Moses, which you who are diligent surely remember, unless perhaps on account of its brevity it has escaped your ears. The text runs thus: Take heed to yourself, lest there be a secret word of lawlessness in your heart. We humans are prone to sins of the mind. Therefore He who alone fashioned our hearts, knowing that the greatest part of sin is fulfilled in the impulse according to intention, commanded for us first of all purity in the ruling faculty. For that in which we most readily sin, this He deemed worthy of greater guarding and care.

For just as the more provident physicians protect from afar the weaker parts of the body with preventative measures, so the common guardian and true physician of souls, seeing what in us is most prone to slip into sin, has fortified this with stronger guards beforehand. For actions through the body require time and opportunity and labors and helpers and the rest of the equipment. But the movements of the mind are effected without time, are accomplished without labor, are formed without effort, and have every season as suitable. And somewhere one of those who are grave and solemn in their dignity, outwardly clothed in a pretense of moderation, often sitting in the midst of those who bless him for his virtue, has run off in his mind to the place of sin in the unseen movement of his heart. He has seen in his imagination the things he desires, he has fashioned some unseemly intercourse, and altogether, in the hidden workshop of the heart, having painted the pleasure vividly for himself, he has committed the sin within, unwitnessed, unknown to all, until He comes who reveals the hidden things of darkness and makes manifest the counsels of the hearts. Beware therefore, lest 25 there be a secret word of lawlessness in your heart. For he who has looked at a woman to lust for her has already committed adultery in his heart.

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Homilia in illud: Attende tibi ipsi

Τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις πατρὸς ἡμῶν Βασιλείου, ἀρχιεπισκόπου Καισαρείας Καππαδοκίας, εἰς τὸ Πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ.

Τοῦ λόγου τὴν χρῆσιν δέδωκεν ἡμῖν ὁ κτίσας ἡμᾶς θεός, ἵνα τὰς βουλὰς τῶν

καρδιῶν ἀλλήλοις ἀποκαλύπτωμεν, καὶ διὰ τὸ κοινωνικὸν τῆς φύσεως ἕκαστος τῷ πλησίον μεταδιδῶμεν, ὥσπερ ἔκ τινων ταμιείων, τῶν κρυπτῶν τῆς καρδίας προφέροντες τὰ βουλεύματα. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ γυμνῇ τῇ ψυχῇ διεζῶ μεν, εὐθὺς ἂν ἀπὸ τῶν νοημάτων ἀλλήλοις συνεγινόμεθα· ἐπειδὴ δὲ ὑπὸ παραπετάσματι τῇ σαρκὶ καλυπτομένη ἡμῶν ἡ ψυχὴ τὰς ἐννοίας ἐργάζεται, ῥημάτων δεῖται καὶ ὀνομάτων πρὸς τὸ δημοσιεύειν τὰ ἐν τῷ βάθει κείμενα. Ἐπειδὰν οὖν ποτε λάβηται φωνῆς σημαντικῆς ἡ ἔννοια ἡμῶν, ὥσπερ πορθμείῳ τινὶ τῷ λόγῳ ἐποχουμένη, διαπερῶσα τὸν ἀέρα, ἐκ τοῦ φθεγγομένου μεταβαίνει πρὸς τὸν ἀκούοντα· κἂν μὲν εὕρῃ γαλήνην βαθεῖαν καὶ ἡσυχίαν, ὥσπερ λιμέσιν εὐδίοις καὶ ἀχειμάστοις ταῖς ἀκοαῖς τῶν μανθανόντων ὁ λόγος ἐγκαθορμίζεται· ἐὰν δὲ οἷόν τις ζάλη τραχεῖα ὁ παρὰ τῶν ἀκουόντων θόρυβος ἀντιπνεύσῃ, ἐν μέσῳ τῷ ἀέρι διαλυθεὶς ἐναυάγησεν. Ποιήσατε τοίνυν γαλήνην τῷ λόγῳ διὰ τῆς σιωπῆς. Ἴσως γὰρ ἄν τι φανείη χρήσιμον ἔχων τῶν ἀγω γίμων. ∆υσθήρατός ἐστιν ὁ τῆς ἀληθείας λόγος, ῥᾳδίως δυνάμενος ἐκφυγεῖν τοὺς μὴ προσέχοντας, οὕτω τοῦ πνεύματος οἰκονομήσαντος συνεσταλμένον αὐτὸν εἶναι καὶ βραχύν, ὥστε πλεῖστα ἐν ὀλίγοις δηλοῦν, καὶ διὰ συντομίαν εὔκολον εἶναι τῇ μνήμῃ παρακατέχεσθαι. Καὶ γὰρ φύσει ἀρετὴ λόγου μήτε 24 ἀσαφείᾳ κρύπτειν τὰ σημαινόμενα, μήτε περιττὸν εἶναι καὶ μάταιον εἰκῇ τοῖς πράγμασι περιρρέοντα. Ὁποῖος οὖν δή ἐστι καὶ ὁ ἀρτίως ἡμῖν ἐκ τῶν Μωυσέως βίβλων ἀνεγνωσμένος, οὗ μέμνησθε πάντως οἵ γε φιλόπονοι, πλὴν εἰ μή που διὰ βραχύτητα παρέδραμεν ὑμῶν τὰς ἀκοάς. Ἔχει δὲ ἡ λέξις οὕτως. Πρόσεχε σεαυτῷ, μή ποτε γένηται ῥῆμα κρυπτὸν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ἀνόμημα. Εὔκολοί ἐσμεν πρὸς τὰς κατὰ διάνοιαν ἁμαρτίας οἱ ἄνθρωποι. ∆ιόπερ ὁ πλάσας καταμόνας τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν, εἰδὼς ὅτι τὸ πλεῖστον τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐν τῇ ὁρμῇ πληροῦται τῇ κατὰ πρόθεσιν, τὴν ἐν τῷ ἡγεμονικῷ καθαρότητα πρώτην ἡμῖν διετάξατο. Ὧι γὰρ μάλιστα προχείρως ἐξαμαρτάνομεν, τοῦτο πλείονος φυλακῆς καὶ ἐπιμελείας ἠξίωσεν.

Ὥσπερ γὰρ τῶν σωμάτων τὰ ἀσθενέστερα οἱ προμηθέστεροι τῶν ἰατρῶν ταῖς προφυλακτικαῖς ὑποθήκαις πόρρωθεν ἀσφαλίζονται, οὕτως ὁ κοινὸς κηδεμὼν καὶ ἀληθινὸς τῶν ψυχῶν ἰατρός, ὃ μάλιστα ἡμῶν εἶδε πρὸς ἁμαρτίαν ὀλισθηρότερον, τοῦτο ἰσχυροτέραις προκατελάβετο φυλακαῖς. Αἱ μὲν γὰρ διὰ τοῦ σώματος πράξεις καὶ χρόνου δέονται καὶ εὐκαιρίας καὶ καμάτων καὶ συνεργῶν καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς χορηγίας. Αἱ δὲ τῆς διανοίας κινήσεις ἀχρόνως ἐνεργοῦνται, ἀκόπως ἐπιτελοῦνται, ἀπραγματεύτως συνίστανται, πάντα καιρὸν ἐπιτήδειον ἔχουσιν. Καὶ πού τις τῶν σοβαρῶν καὶ κατωφρυωμένων ἐπὶ σεμνότητι, πλάσμα σωφροσύνης ἔξωθεν περικείμενος, ἐν μέσοις καθεζόμενος πολλάκις τοῖς ἐπ' ἀρετῇ αὐτὸν μακαρίζουσιν, ἀπέδραμε τῇ διανοίᾳ πρὸς τὸν τῆς ἁμαρτίας τόπον ἐν τῷ ἀφανεῖ τῆς καρδίας κινήματι. Εἶδε τῇ φαντασίᾳ τὰ σπουδαζόμενα, ἀνετυ πώσατό τινα ὁμιλίαν οὐκ εὐπρεπῆ, καὶ ὅλως ἐν τῷ κρυφαίῳ τῆς καρδίας ἐργαστηρίῳ ἐναργῆ τὴν ἡδονὴν ἑαυτῷ ζωγραφήσας, ἀμάρτυρον ἔσω τὴν ἁμαρτίαν εἰργάσατο, ἄγνωστον πᾶσιν, ἕως ἂν ἔλθῃ ὁ ἀποκαλύπτων τὰ κρυπτὰ τοῦ σκότους καὶ φανερῶν τὰς βουλὰς τῶν καρδιῶν. Φύλαξαι οὖν μή 25 ποτε γένηται ῥῆμα κρυπτὸν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ σου ἀνόμημα. Ὁ γὰρ ἐμβλέψας γυναικὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ.