Eustathius of Antioch, On the Soul Against Philosophers

De anima contra philosophos (ap. Joannem Damascenum, Sacra parallela) (fragmenta)

ON THE SOUL AGAINST THE PHILOSOPHERS

1 God fills all things, being limited by nothing; for he who is not limited by place will by all means be in every place according to the hymnology of (David); for if he were said to be outside of some place, it would be necessary for him to be limited by that of which he is deprived; being therefore whole in all things, he in no way passes from some places to others, filling all things.

2 The divine is not subject to the explicit descriptions of laws and times. 3 But since they clearly know that they are caught by this, changing their tune they fabricate the water of oblivion, which they say each person drinks and forgets the births of their own lives. That these things are mythical and far from philosophy, no one of sound mind seems to be ignorant. For what shall we say, O Pythagorases and Platos; have you yourselves taken and drunk the oblivion-making water? Or on the contrary, did you secretly escape? If then you were able to escape the drink of error, it is quite clear many were; but if, having drawn the air common to all, you drank the water of oblivion greedily, how and from where do you get your myths about souls? From where do you know at all the nature of these streams? For if you have not experienced their use, you are ignorant of the effect of the waters; or if you have been within their experience, you have obliterated the memory of their use with oblivion and have spat out the knowledge. But turning to these barbaric things through superstition they have erred, having used Egyptians as guides.

4 That souls are not ungenerated, the age of newborn infants shows this more clearly. For if, upon being born, children possessed perfect understanding, it would perhaps be possible for some to feign foolishness; but if they are lacking in mind and reason and comprehension, then souls are not by nature ungenerated. We all know, therefore, that the soul is co-extended with the mass of the body, continuously not only in the size or smallness of the limbs, but also in the other irrationalities of the mind; for as long as these infants are newly formed, they are in every way wanting in all thought and counsel; but quietly and little by little as they advance they acquire mind and understanding and reason. And if these things are properties of the soul, and from abundance they receive the better additions, is it not then that it grows along with the body, and just as the latter secretly gathers its powers, so too the soul advances in mind? But as for those who never progress to the better, but remain foolish, it is clear that because some part has been maimed they have imperfect souls, just like those who have fallen ill with the disease of frenzy. Surely also the body of the first-formed man, having been shaped, lay dead, breathless, motionless, though perfectly regulated in limbs and harmony, and fittingly adorned in form and beauty, as indeed a primordial statue born from God the very maker and an excellent likeness impressed from the most divine image, yet it was unfeeling and voiceless and breathless; but when God in a creator-like way breathed into his face, immediately it received motion; and from that moment he walks and breathes and speaks, rules, reasons, acts, governs. 6 Sleep is a passion common to body and soul.

De anima contra philosophos (ap. Joannem Damascenum, Sacra parallela) (fragmenta)

ΠΕΡΙ ΨΥΧΗΣ ΚΑΤΑ ΦΙΛΟΣΟΦΩΝ

1 Ὁ Θεὸς τὰ πάντα πληροῖ ὑπ' οὐδενὸς περιοριζόμενος· ὁ γὰρ ὑπὸ τόπου μὴ

περιοριζόμενος πάντως ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ (∆αυῒδ) ὑμνολογίαν ἔσται· εἰ γὰρ ἔξω λέγοιτο τόπου τινός, ἀνάγκη περιορίζεσθαι αὐτὸν ὑπ' ἐκείνου οὗπερ στερίσκεται· ὅλος οὖν ἐν πᾶσι γινόμενος, οὐδαμῶς ἐξ ἑτέρων εἰς ἑτέρους μεθίσταται τόπους τὰ πάντα πληρῶν.

2 Οὐ νόμων καὶ χρόνων ῥηταῖς τὸ θεῖον ὑπόκειται περιγραφαῖς. 3 Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ σαφῶς ἴσασιν ἁλισκομένους ἐντεῦθεν ἑαυτοὺς,

μεταβαλλόμενοι πλάττουσιν τὸ τῆς λήθης ὕδωρ, ὅ φασιν πίνοντας ἑκάστους τὰς τῶν οἰκείων βίων γεννήσεις ἀμνημονεῖν. Ὅτι δὲ ταῦτα μυθώδη καὶ πόρρω φιλοσοφίας ἐστὶν, οὐδεὶς τῶν εὖ φρονούντων ἔοικεν ἀγνοεῖν. Τί γάρ φαμεν, ὦ Πυθαγόραι καὶ Πλάτωνες· αὐτοὶ τὸ ληθοποιὸν ὕδωρ πεπώκατε λαβόντες; ἢ τοὐναντίον ἐφύγετε λαθόντες; Εἰ μὲν οὖν ὑμεῖς οἷοί· τε ἐγένεσθε τὸ τῆς πλάνης διαδρᾶναι πόμα, πρόδηλοι πολλοί τινες· εἰ δὲ τὸν κοινὸν πᾶσιν ἀέρα σπασάμενοι, τὸ τῆς λήθης ὕδωρ ἐπίετε χανδόν, πῶς καὶ πόθεν μυθοποιεῖτε λαβόντες περὶ ψυχῶν; πόθεν ὅλως ἴστε τὸ τῶν ῥείθρων τούτων γένος; εἴτε γὰρ μὴ ἐπειράθητε τῆς χρείας αὐτῶν, ἀγνοεῖτε τὴν τῶν ὑδάτων ἀνάδοσιν· εἴτε τῆς πείρας αὐτῶν ἔσω γεγονότες, λήθῃ τὴν μνήμην τῆς χρήσεως αὐτῶν ἠφανίσατε καὶ τὴν γνῶσιν ἐξεπτύσατε. Ἀλλ' εἰς ταῦτα βαρβαρώδη δεισιδαιμονίᾳ τραπέντες ἐσφάλησαν, Αἰγυπτίοις χρησάμενοι καθηγεμόσιν.

4 Ὅτι μὲν οὔκ εἰσιν ἀγέννητοι αἱ ψυχαὶ, τοῦτο δείκνυσιν σαφέστερον ἡ τῶν ἀρτιγόνων ἡλικία βρεφῶν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἅμα τῷ τεχθῆναι τὰ παιδία, τελείας ἐξῆπτο φρονήσεως, ἐξῆν ἴσως ὑποκρίνεσθαί τινας ἄνοιαν· εἰ δὲ λείπεται νοῦ καὶ λόγου καὶ συνέσεως, οὐκ ἄρα καθέστηκαν ἀγέννητοι τὴν φύσιν αἱ ψυχαί. Σύμπαντες οὖν ἴσμεν, ὅτι τοῖς τῶν σωμάτων ὄγκοις ἡ ψυχὴ συνεκτέταται, διαρκῶς οὐ μεγέθει μόνον ἢ βραχύτητι μελῶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταῖς ἄλλαις τῆς γνώμης ἀλογίαις· ἐς ὅσον μὲν νεόπλαστα τυγχάνει ταῦτα τὰ βρέφη, πάσης μὲν πανταχῶς ἐννοίας ἀπορεῖ καὶ βουλῆς· ἡρέμα δὲ καὶ κατ' ὀλίγον προϊόντα νοῦν τε καὶ φρόνησιν προσλαμβάνει καὶ λόγον. Εἰ δὲ ταῦτα ἴδια μέν ἐστιν ψυχῆς, ἐκ περιουσίας δὲ τὰς κρείττους ἐπιδέχονται προσθήκας, ἆρ' οὖν ὅτι συναυξάνει μὲν τῷ σώματι, καθάπερ δὲ τοῦτο λεληθότως ὑπαναλέγεται τὰς δυνάμεις, οὕτω καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ προκόπτουσα τὸν νοῦν· ὅσοι δὲ μηδέποτε βαίνουσιν ἐπὶ τὸ ἄμεινον, ἀλλὰ μωροὶ διαμένουσιν, δῆλον ὅτι λελωβημένου τινὸς μορίου ἀτελεῖς ἔχουσι τὰς ψυχὰς, ὥσπερ οἱ τὴν φρενίτιδα ἀρρωστήσαντες νόσον. Ἀμέλει καὶ τὸ τοῦ πρωτοπλάστου σῶμα σχηματισθὲν ἔκειτο νεκρὸν, ἄπνουν, ἀκίνητον μέλεσιν μὲν καὶ ἁρμονίᾳ ῥερυθμισμένον ἄκρως, μορφῇ τε καὶ κάλλει κεκοσμημένον ἐμπρεπῶς ἅτε δὴ καὶ παρ' αὐτοῦ πλάστου γεννηθὲν τοῦ Θεοῦ πρωτότυπον ἄγαλμα καὶ τῆς θεσπεσιωτάτης εἰκόνος ἐκτυπωθὲν ἀφομοίωμα κράτιστον, ἀναίσθητον δὲ καὶ ἄφωνον καὶ ἄπνουν· ὡς δὲ εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον αὐτοῦ δημιουργικῶς ἐνεφύσησεν ὁ Θεὸς, αὐτίκα τὴν κίνησιν εἴληφεν· ἐξ ἐκείνου δὲ βαδίζει καὶ ἀναπνεῖ καὶ φθέγγεται, ἄρχει λογίζεται πράττει διοικεῖ. 6 Κοινὸν σώματος καὶ ψυχῆς πάθος ὕπνος.