Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem i

 for wisdom is a truth-seeking contemplation and the wise man is such is not Homer then also?) but because of the enticement of the many, interweavin

 each of the useful things lies apart by itself, and when it is finished, a transition is made to another as if from the beginning. And thus the one wh

 Just as *epos* is simply speech, as in 'winged words', but specifically *epos* is metrical speech, so also *poiein* is generally to do and this usage

 must be sought in those who have written on this, 1.7 in which are also set forth the sayings of the quarrel. Likewise also if he happened to be at th

 of the harmonious human voice. For this reason, they named the first part alpha, the one after it beta, and gamma the next, and the following ones sim

 the Homeric books were revised, as has been said above. And not only did the grammarians around Peisistratus do this, but other Homeric revisions are

 Then he also introduces what has already happened and very cleverly weaves into his narrative what is to happen later, shaping those things conjectura

 to happen but anger, they say, indicates a more lasting and prolonged fulfillment on account of the pain. That mênin is Attic and Ionic but I do not

 poetry restores everything that is altered and strange and exceptional and wondrous or even monstrous to the divine race and to god. It is the same th

 for from *mō*, which is *I seek*, comes also *Maia* in the same way.] It must be known that sing and imperatives in general do not necessarily indic

 of shakings it sometimes happens. For here too the counting of the two syllables as one syllable seems to make them collapse and as it were be made sm

 but a similar example from Praxilla in 'but your heart in your breast it never persuaded'. For the `ˉτˉε` and the `ˉοˉν`, these two short syllables we

 not having undergone 1.22 syncope or synaeresis because of *Anthemionos Anthemides*, *Deukalionos Deukalides*. For these, since they were syncopated f

 The hero was not nourished on the fruit of Demeter, but on the marrows of animals from infancy and perhaps also on the fat of sheep, like Homer's son

 with the insertion of the upsilon, the destructive and worthy to be destroyed, which is also said as about to be destroyed and about to perish in

 the penultimate being long by position, and the antepenultimate extended by nature.] But to say that it came from *iphi* and from *thymos*, the soul,

 he suggests for 'to harm' from the same Tragedian. For 'iaptein' is to set in motion a dance or to speak and teach, from 'epō', 'iptō', with the addit

 because of the wrath of Achilles, nevertheless from the part about the mighty souls of the 1.30 heroes one must also understand the common men. And pe

 having displayed arts or having invented instruments of art or having been benefactors inherited a divine name. And this was what persuaded the Roman

 that also and how and in countless other places.] That Homer succeeded in magnifying his own poetry by promising to say countless heroic things, but h

 not all relate. For Hesiod and others give his genealogy from Pleisthenes.[But that the form *Atreides* is Doric, by diastasis, in the manner of Pinda

 indicates. For such a thing is called anaxyris from anasyresthai (to pull up), according to the ancients. Often the ˉch also changes to ˉx. For instan

 and τὸν instead of τοῦτον and τοὺς that is τούτους, with the nouns that go with them clearly being omitted and understood from the context because the

 he sprang up like the Spartoi and was changed from ants. But the same myth that made men from stones will sometimes be taken also as a taunt against h

 to him is dedicated the laurel plant [so called from the intensive *da-* and to make a sound for it makes such a sound when burned, just as the hol

 to utter the «last» according to Euripides «voice» and to ratify what was decided, as the poet makes clear in many places, who here, when the people s

 of the former kind, he says, are Alexis, Prytanis. thus also ophis, echis, Thetis. of the second, aktis, delphis, krepis, psephis, knemis and the comp

 (ῃ. 20) That the phrase “release to me my dear daughter, and accept the ransom, revering the son of Zeus,” Apion and Herodoros, whose book on the work

 'I learn' and 'I obtain by lot' 'I obtain by lot' and 'I bite' 'I bite', from which Heracleides says that 'I bite' has been syncopated according to so

 writing, he sometimes sets a certain time, after which there will be hope for the matter to be accomplished, and sometimes he posits such a future tim

 that here the short o was redundant, as also in ὁρόωντες. And elsewhere instead of it the a is found, as in ἀντιάαν. And so also in ὁράαν and similar

 The sea is called loud-roaring. But sometimes it is also used simply for noise, for instance of war, as will become clear in what follows. And indeed

 of me, of you, of him but analysis makes them ἐμέο σέο ἕο. Poetic synaeresis contracts these into ἐμεῦ σεῦ εὗ epenthesis of the ˉi changes them into

 name Cillaeus and that Cillas seems to have been the charioteer of Pelops and to have himself made the said temple, near which is also the tomb of Ci

 Being sent, they consult Apollo. He prophesies that they should remain there and halt their journey to found a colony where earth-born men should fall

 A proverb knows that those around Karpathos also suffered similar things, the one that says The Karpathian, the hare, about which it is also stated

 They sacrifice to Helios. And that he rejoices in flocks of sheep is said in the Odyssey. For there with the herds of the oxen of Helios, flocks of sh

 named Egypt. But since an oracle alarmed Danaus about the sons of Aegyptus, he flees from there, being the first to build a ship at the suggestion 1.6

 which would not properly be said to have peaks. For Homer in general, to speak of Olympus as a mountain is his task as a poet, but to speak of it alle

 moved words into compositions. From this also have been elaborated the tropes, transferring from some things to others and innovating the primary plac

 the myth, not investigating any such thing, speaks more literally, that Apollo fastens his quiver and handles his bow and sends forth an arrow and str

 apart from the ships, beginning from the inner plains, it first touched every nomadic herd there on account of being nearer to the first-affected air

 the swift to run, and others the truly idle, such as table-attendants whom lords keep for splendor's sake, and others those, as was written before, wh

 Heracles, having burned Argeius and brought the bones to his father, deceives him into thinking he already has his son. And the custom, they say, havi

 more opportune... he went. Such is also he went against the mules and before it plying the loom. The word kalessato is not common, like ekalesen,

 he seeks the cause because he is a physician, as one who according to the poetry was a student of the physician Chiron, as will also be said a little

 sometimes also *anestēsan* [they arose] from *egeirō* [I rouse]. Therefore, here Homer, clarifying himself, adds after 'so when they were gathered' th

 Achilles sacked Scyros by battle. For if he had taken Scyros in the subsequent ten years, Neoptolemus would not have fought alongside the Greeks when

 dreams and foretelling things according to them, as Agamemnon in the second rhapsody, or the one clarifying those seen by others (1.78), as Odysseus d

 all together one hundred mixed cattle. And he who said they make hecatombs of each kind in the Greek manner agrees with this account, as Pindar als

 is written for such a reason. It is often a custom for the Attics to pronounce the diphthong with e and i with an ē and i, and not only in holy, and

 in dreams.”] That it is the virtue of an esteemed seer to know the things according to the three divisions of time. For this reason, the poet, praisin

 the poets after him. For where is the dignity in Homer calling Apollo 'far-shooter' for Simonides to mythologize that Apollo killed the serpent at Pyt

 and the one for every person and the one not only for the present but also for the future. For in the phrase 'no one will lay heavy hands on you by th

 is of bearing a grudge, just as to defend oneself against a man, whenever someone first grows angry. For it is correct to say that bearing a grudge

 a king will validate taking revenge on a humble man, he is invincible. For indeed to be angry often denotes active wrath, as in “that Phoebus Apollo w

 A priest suffered from the lambs having become, he will depart now. (Il. 1.97) That the phrase nor will he hold back his hands from the plague is u

 as is also shown by the phrase some they led, others they carried, so that it seems that self-moving things are led, while things that are carried a

 He will say the same thing somewhere about a boar in the phrase 'with fire flashing in his eyes'. The word 'were filled' indicates the abundance of hi

 to prophesy.” And φίλα is used in Attic Greek instead of the singular φίλον, as also in Sophocles, “thus one must defend those who are being arrayed”

 it will be taken, it is accordingly placed with bad things. For good and bad are opposites and here there are two passages of the same meaning in ant

 the 1.98 praise of Chryseis. And just as from μέλω, μελήσω, μεμέληκα, the middle perfect is μέμηλα, and from ὤλεκα, ὦλα, from τεθάληκα, τέθηλα, so too

 Here the ancients say that if or to perish is understood instead of than, the conjunction or is explanatory but if instead of and for me to pe

 after these things will be shown, most venerable. And so much for the king. But Achilles, opposing him, in response to that I may not be without a pr

 unwearied. (h. 122) That Most glorious son of Atreus, most acquisitive of all is an interweaving of praise and rebuking censure to the shame of the

 Pindar especially intensifies the difficulty, who, having called Troy itself Troia in his Isthmian Odes, writes the penultimate syllable with a long o

 he will give it willingly, but if not, I will smash all these things with my trident and destroy them”. And Sophocles “if then someone will come out,

 he will be angered, whomsoever I may come to” is added superfluously to no purpose. For who does not know that the one who is wronged will be grieved?

 For after the direct mention of Ajax or Idomeneus or Odysseus, he harshly diverted his speech to “or you, most terrible son of Peleus,” so that the in

 of subjunctive vowels, that is, of u and of i for we say *themenai* and *emmenai*, and also *domenai*, as the poet also said a little before, to giv

 «for not yet ever». This is why it is proparoxytone, as is also shown elsewhere. And the grave accent of the conjunction also shows this, as in «we do

 of the penalty. And yet it is not wrong for the honor to be understood also in the sense of glorious fame, as appears in what follows. For the king wi

 without the preposition ˉhˉyˉpˉeˉr because prepositions tend to be oxytone, and without atar and autar since even the copulative conjunctions tend to

 the year or from the union of the four seasons and the works according to them or also otherwise from 'one of one', so that according to the old wom

 which is the preposition *en* with an extension. For sometimes it is understood instead of *enestin*, that is, *enuparchei*, and sometimes instead of

 transferring. For the poet is so skilled at overturning meanings. He calls the kings 'Zeus-nurtured' in the same way as 'Zeus-born', as if the astrolo

 And he transforms the ants there into men, and from there the subjects increased in number for Aeacus, and such people were called Myrmidons from thei

 is translated and he no longer comes himself, but sends heralds, as will be said. But a klisia is an improvised and not elaborate and temporary dwelli

 1.125 It is δασύ (dense/hairy) and just as δασύ comes from the intensive particle δα- andfrom σύω or σεύω, meaning to rush, where, that is, many thin

 among the wise, the interpretation of words is also called allegory, whence also uninterpreted words are unchangeable, there is no room for doubt.] An

 for the present time as is also shown in Herodotus by the phrase while he keeps silence. And the word is found thus somewhere also in the poet in w

 He is persuaded, therefore, by such a Hera to think, reasoning that it was not fitting for him, a great and leading man, to be so angered as to attack

 to throw the heart [and *pronopion* in Euripides, that is, *proenopion*, a pretext, such as a pretext of the Pelopian land. And *kteis*, genitive *k

 deprivation of the breast because of her perfection, or from to gaze upon, to see, being a kind of athrene, as one who foresees future and neces

 1.134 is called 'the prostitute', but its masculine form is not found. For perhaps, that one might say wittily, it was not likely for a man to be name

 and having been struck, of one struck, we were struck, they were struck of one adorned, they were adorned of one appeared, they appeared. Likewise a

 of those, with whom he is angry, he will one day quickly 1.137 be destroyed, having encountered another who does not yield like me. (ῃ. 206) That grey

 To Artemis, or to say the same thing, to Hecate, they say the maenis is sacrificed because she seems to be the cause of madness for some, as one might

 the but come, cease from strife, and draw not the sword with your hand. But only with words, and so on, as has been said before.] For Achilles does

 but because of the burdensome things said a little before to Achilles and a coward because he says let us flee in many places, as will be shown. An

 of Paris. And the poet in many places calls Odysseus sacker of cities for the capture of one city, having deemed Achilles, the true besieger, worthy

 this scepter, considered for an oath as simply a piece of wood. But if someone considers it not as simply wood, but as something divine and honorable

 and propolos are proparoxytone with prepositions. And themistas is Doric. for as charis charidoscharitos, so themis themidos and themitos, from which

 the poet on the stern of the ship, this construction of two datives also has such a method for the ship is the whole, and the stern is the part. He

 in the likeness of the silver-studded. The common and private scepters, however, would not be such.] (e. 247) That in Atrides on the other side was w

 him.] But *ligys* is not simply of speech but is a quality of voice, as in crying shrilly, or, to speak more beautifully, a virtue. For thus also he

 1.152 the story: Heracles, when he besieged Pylos while Nestor was still very young, at which time both Poseidon and Apollo opposed him according to P

 ἐφθίατο is Ionic, as will be clearly stated elsewhere. And the (phrase) were nurtured and were born is a figure of speech, according to some hystero

 in the depths of the sea, but Achaida has it in full, just as does Achaiikos. But Achaida and Achaikon, just as also Achaia among later writers, suff

 The poet immediately explains, they obeyed his word. The present of *xunion* is obsolete, *xunio*, from which *xuniemi* is derived.] (On Il. 1.260) Bu

 according to the Geographer, having joined battle, they defeated them. But others say that Pirithous was an Athenian man, the son of Ixion who was kin

 by nature a horse belches at a man, but a mortal farts at a horse. And that the Hippocentaurs existed and were noble and skilled at riding race-hors

 of men. But he himself was summoned, he says, by them while still a youth, and he did not come himself for hire, but they themselves summoned him and

 to be taken away, which, as Achilles also said, not he himself but the Achaeans gave as a prize to Achilles, nor indeed for Achilles to contend with t

 “good is the counsel of a companion,” what good would one experience who is not willing to obey it? (Iliad 9.284) It must be known that to say 'bulwar

 you should say, someone might say to one who despotically gives many commands. But Achilles says these things to Agamemnon not refusing as if he will

 Some indeed understand a figure of ellipsis, such as if you wish, come, try. But others say this too is a figure of parallelism, with two equivalent

 and to be cleansed is to be washed clean. And among the ancients this was a most opportune word in purifications at a sacrifice. Wherefore also the po

 finding fault he adds: “he laid upon him a harsh command,” that is, cruel, just as he once did in the case of the priest Chryses. Therefore, below he

 Herodian, and it being transposed to the η. To which, he says, Alcman bears witness in the phrase holding on the left hand. And the Aeolians, by say

 is present, and shame besides, know that this man has salvation.” And one will certainly both respect and fear the good among the preeminent. For havi

 Patroclus, son of Menoetius, as will be shown in what follows. and thatPatroclus is said in two ways, as Eteoclos, and Patrocles as Eteocles. for whic

 For there, mothers who do not have legitimate babies, substitute illegitimate ones for themselves, so also here the single nominative and, so to speak

 of the rest of the companions of Achilles, when he said: 'both with the son of Menoetius and with his companions'. And the phrase 'let them be witness

 he wept.For he was grave and magnanimous and close to madness. (ē. 350) That often in the second conjugations of the circumflex verbs after contractio

 he will call him most swift-fated. And note that *minunthadios* is also said of time, as in his life was *minunthadios*, that is, his life was lit

 the poet. Therefore some think that καταρέζειν is formed from the preposition ˉkˉaˉtˉa and ἕζειν with the conjunction ˉrhˉa, as it were to make the ri

 having taken refuge there, not having come for a sacrifice to Artemis, as the one who wrote the *Cypria* said, but being a citizen or rather a fellow-

 to obey and the Achaeans to die in droves and the seer, well-knowing prophecies, to speak and the rest. He says neither what kind of prayer it was, no

 Here paraphrasing he says heart of Zeus, as in if ever indeed you have helped the heart of Zeus in either word or even in deed.] (ῃ. 396) That the

 to Olympus, whom they call Briareus, he says, the gods, but all men Aegaeon, whom they say was stronger in force than his own father Poseidon who

 to acquire many-handedness. And such things some of the allegorists say. But history knows of a certain hill of Aegaeon in Asia, from which a hundred

 Here the name Briareos is nobler than Aigaion and more venerable, and furthermore also more sonorous in sound. Therefore it is also referred to the go

 but it somehow alters the sameness of sound for which reason this is opposed to what came before it, to that which is completely the same in sound, s

 might rejoice in the king and let the son of Atreus, wide-ruling Agamemnon, know his own ruin, that is, the self-willed harm, when the best of the

 what was said to Achilles by his mother: «but sit now by the ships and rage at the Achaeans, and cease from war entirely.] (ῃ. 423) That Zeus went to

 of the knees of the head, that is, of the midst of the beard according to Euripides or of the chin according to Homer, on account of its ruling princ

 a hearth, which is also called a sail, and again the temple is a whole, but the altar is a part of it, so too the harbor is a whole, but the mooring-p

 And it is clear that there was some fellowship between the old Ionic and Attic dialects. And forestays, according to some, are ropes by which the sail

 result, as was also written before. For he who did not receive the immense gifts both returned the captive unransomed and has given a hecatomb in addi

 of the liquid sustenance, seen first in water, and second also in wine, the ancients thankfully offered as first-fruits, as it were, of the whole life

 according to the body, such as that of the nose in Oppian and that of the genitals according to the comic poets 1.206, [which they also called barley

 to these from the animals at hand.but luxury was pitched very far from them. But hunger forced them to improvise eating fish and hunting birds, as app

 with letters, like a black spit made of iron, and obscured them. which is also called metaphorically to obelize. [It should be known that the poet e

 of the liquid being drunk and of the drink, that is, of the symposium. For the one is accented acute, but the drink is accented grave. (ē. 471) That j

 Hekaergos but he delighted his mind by listening,” so that to sing and dance is the same as to sing, and Hekaergos is equal to Paean, and ‘delighting

 the word 'white' is not necessarily placed here.] And the wind blew, which is it blew, and traversing the path, which is crossing, is a kind o

 that is, since he was not distinguished either in speeches or in deeds, his own dear heart would pine away and he longed for both the war-cry and the

 of many-ridged, as of Arcadia. And summit and many-ridged are aptly placed together because such things are also conjoined in animals.] (on Il. 1.500)

 Thetis to be clinging to the knees of Zeus. and one clings with hands, when one grasps hand with hand and with the lips one clings biting, when one b

 of this so honored nod, the poet seems to hold the opinion that the rational part is established in the head, just as the spirited part is about the h

 inspired by the verses, Phidias the sculptor made the Zeus in Olympia bending thus. And the Geographer says that according to the Homeric model he no

 signifying *against*, as also in you have come upon us in 1.225 Euripides and Seven against Thebes in Aeschylus, that is, *against* Thebes so tha

 and πώποτε is correctly pronounced with an acute accent, as is πώμαλα. For those who give it a circumflex have a hard time providing a reason. For how

 testimony is the phrase «terribly she is like the immortal goddesses in appearance» that is, Helen is terribly like the goddesses. (ῃ. 552) It must be

 of the soul, that is, displeasing, as the poet will say hereafter. which the more recent writers call not to one's mind. If someone is said to be out

 whence I card and I bend or from knō, whence also he grates goat cheese, comes knaptō in Sophocles and knamptō and by metathesis gnamptō. Therefore

 heat, and this is either the serviceable kind around the earth or that which arises from a phenomenon in the celestial regions, such as that in thunde

 They say *epiera* is favor with1.234 help and they derive the word thus: just as from *kopto* (I strike) comes *kopanon* (pestle) and from *echo* come

 and I know what will be said in the following, and I establish, and eternal, the one not sitting but firm and stable I smell, odor punishing, execut

 pleasure, since the worse things conquer».] But Euripides paraphrasing [it] says: «since the bad is stronger than the good». Wherefore see that the wo

 is composed, it will appear in what follows, where the poet will say the cords of destruction are fastened upon these men.] But soft words are flatt

 the things said and `πλεῖον` [genitive `πλείονος`] is the comparative and `πλειών` with an oxytone accent, by extension the year which has encompassed

 gushing forth fire and having other signs of heat, such as the rising of the hot waters there, the bareness of the land, the lack of fertility. Theref

 one should not join with the one who fell—for he who was carried all day would not fall suddenly, that is, immediately—but with the one who carried hi

 by the moistures brought up from below, the stars also, which are called gods (theoi) from running (theein), seemed to be nourished, according to the

 she maintains her dignity by smiling but the other gods descended from such highness, experiencing inextinguishable laughter. (1.600) And that poetry

 he calls the phorminx exceedingly beautiful, as one might say very beautiful for from this comes the doubling of the 'l' in such a word. And from

 when the vowel, that is the upsilon, is dropped, Zeus would be declined as Zeos. Another, however, wants to preserve the diphthong of the monosyllabic

 and took the gift of sleep.” It should be known that some have understood 'horse-plumed' to mean those having horsehair on their helmets. But, if this

 a destructive dream on account of its outcome for it will cause destruction but divine as being sent from a god for it is a messenger of Zeus some

 the dream neutrally spoken of and that which is necessary, or fated, which allegorizes the Zeus in Homer, who is taken for fate. [But another rhetoric

 Homer, knowing that we humans are accustomed in sleep to imagine for the most part those to whom we are in some way attached [according to the phrase

 all night.] (on Il. 2.26) That here too the poet constructs ξυνίημι (understand) with the genitive, saying: now understand me quickly, for I am a mes

 For again omphe and kledon mean the same thing, yes, and indeed 1.261 ossa but the later writers use both ossa and omphe for speech in general. The w

 of the shining-veiled, in which are shown figuratively both the smoothness and the gleam from whiteness of the veil. But it seems strange, if also wom

 and also the 'to summon the Achaeans' was said completely. For he says 'to summon' that is to call together the Achaeans by a shout. But the phrase 't

 by beauty, which nature tragedy also calls a great evil and again in turn salvation to those who use it well. And such a nature, [from which also

 O king, it is accomplished. For he has tested how the Greeks shrink from battle and having rallied them through the two wise men, Odysseus and Nestor

 kings. Through *hēgētores* (leaders) is signified the ruling power of kings, and through *medontes* (counsellors) the deliberative power, from *mēdō*,

 and Achilles, when he said he was by far the best in the army but that was from a contrary disposition and not heartfelt[and it does not come to the

 doing certain things like this but those with a corresponding clause, as when someone might say that, just as when fighting beasts accomplish certain

 it is, as has been previously shown,which is preceded by εὖτε, which, as has also been said, is resolved into ἠΰτε. For it must be knownthat the dipht

 they seem to fly as if just beginning and having settled for a little while on the flowers, then they lift up and settling down again, they fly again.

 the Greeks to the assembly. He might be speaking allegorically of Rumor either as the recent command of the kings, obeying whom they were gathered, or

 and setting forth a genealogy, he says that Hephaestus himself “gave it to Zeus, son of Cronus, the king but Zeus in turn gave it to the messenger, t

 in many places the ˉμ, just as also in μοχλός from ὀχλῶ, and from εἴρω, εἶραξ and μεῖραξ, and from ἄχυρον, ἀχυρμιά, and from τέκω, τέκμωρ, the end. So

 In the Lexicon of Pausanias, it is reported that *argeiphontes* is the serpent-slayer for, he says, some call the serpent *arges*. He does not, howev

 having wronged Atreus in his bed and having stolen the golden-fleeced lamb, which he had received from Hermes as a special possession among his flocks

 is the Peloponnese, and of many islands, such as those of the Rhodians, Aeginetans, and Ithacans. For so Odysseus says to the Cyclops: we are the peo

 The trial of the soldiers before the battle is counsel and strategy for the king, as it is written. But if he missed the mark, he himself is to be for

 the singers. But the nominative of Ares is unstated by Homer, the form *Areus* is Aeolic, as also seems to Herodian, as will be clearly shown somewher

 One must not return ingloriously with the work unfinished, so that we do not disgrace those hopes. And the matter of the years likewise has a double m

 «God does not stand aloof from a just deceit». A good deceit would be that which is opportune and not at all harmful. [And akin to such a thought is a

 greatest». And below, having said «who greatly cause me to wander», he adds clarifying: «and do not allow to sack Ilios», as if saying that by wanderi

 they fight, but they themselves are not a match for them. And [see how “from many cities” has a certain alliterative beauty 1.293 and how “of such a k

 but the task thus unaccomplished, for which we came hither,” all but saying, that, even if we had subdued many other cities, still our goal has not be

 in the case of Zeus, but elsewhere he adds, as has also been said before, also that he is father of men and of gods. But 'clouds of Zeus' instead of '

 the composition of κονιορτοῦ (dust-cloud) was devised by later writers. For it is clear that κονιορτός is the same as κόνις ἀειρομένη (dust being rais

 For Athena standing near him and saying what she said makes it clear. And here he calls Helen of Laconia 'Argive,' since Lacedaemon was also called Ar

 is distinguished from the bodies placed in the scale-pans, but also the very weight that is being weighed. Therefore, 'atalantos' is that which draws

 He calls Odysseus truly such a man for he has been found experienced in many arts, as is also written at length having been gathered together in the

 to speak and to act on behalf of the king, as having received from him the authority over the unruly and not simply opposing what the king had publicl

 of Odysseus is such and the matters concerning it are thus clarified. (on l. 189) Aganoi words are gentle ones, from the intensive ˉa and ganystha

 of a king” gives some structure to “for a king is greater, when he is angry with a lesser man.” This sort of saying is adopted for the purpose of inst

 For it must be known that there are three powers in cities: that of all, that of one, and the one between these, that of some. Since there are three,

 a multitude of rulers, and *koiraneeis* means to lead and to perform the works of a king, as in being a commander, he arrayed the army. (Il. 2.207)

 he had, as is likely, from himself. Some also trace his genealogy, recording him as an Aetolian man. And they say he was of noble birth and related to

 and proceeding he calls him a rash talker. But if the Philoctetes in Sophocles calls Thersites terrible and clever with his tongue, yet he, hating Ody

 they call a buffoon, like the mime, but ridiculous means the 1.314 laughable. But it seems, he says, to be a custom of the old Attics to use a circumf

 of a rhetorical Lexicon is a marginal note. (on Il. 2.218) And it is ridiculous that his shoulders collapsed upon his chest. For a hump in front is mo

 of the perfect. Some say ἐπενήνοθε instead of ἐπεκινεῖτο from ὄθω, I move, according to a similar declension of the middle perfect. (on Il. 2.220) The

 a certain coincidence or even by perversion. (v. 226) For your huts are full of bronze is aimed at his love of possession, a thing with which Achill

 is found in “the earth is full of evils” [and that the masculine ὁ πλέος commonly precedes them, which when extended in Attic makes ἔμπλεως and ἀνάπλε

 Achaeans, let us return homeward with our ships, and let us leave this man here in Troy to digest his prizes» and what follows. And these words are ve

 But here he also unwittingly casts down the manliness of Achilles, indicating that he is indeed very strong, but vain and not courageous nor vigorous.

 and, as the Comic poet also makes clear, speaking disconnectedly, when he calls a shameless deed a hot work, it is possible to gather from many sour

 «may you guard the return home» instead of “may you watch over and hold it back as a pretext for sedition and desertion” for Thersites seems to have

 a lowering of a superlative into a comparative, as is clear from `lalisteros` (more talkative), which seems to be dragged in from `lalistos` (most tal

 although grieving for him, they laughed sweetly.” For according to the ancients, a beautiful face is not made uncomely by tears, but one that is not b

 swelling. At any rate, he says: a weal rose up from under, that is, it was raised straight up from below. For, they say, here the preposition *hypo*

 according to the exchange of the unchangeable ˉr into the unchangeable ˉl, as *podargia* [becomes] *podalgia*, *kephalargia* [becomes] *kephalalgia*.

 of the barytone verb ἔργω or the perispomenon ἐργῶ, as from ἔλπω comes ἔολπεν. [But if it is somewhat difficult for ἔοργα, from which comes ἔοργε, to

 He had seated Thersites, Homer fell silent but now by saying that he stood up, he shows that he had just been sitting. (Il. 2.281) The phrase so tha

 which they undertook while still marching hither from horse-pasturing Argos,” which is to return home after having sacked Ilium. Then he also says, th

 will be spoken.(on Il. 2.289) But he compares the Greeks to children and widows, reproaching them and mocking them, through the women for their faint-

 It pleases some for ἔνατος to be pronounced with one ν, even though it comes from ἐννέα, because it was necessary to lengthen the initial syllable whi

 and her, eight, but the mother was the ninth, [who bore the children,] so we will war there for so many years. and in the tenth we will take the wide-

 are spoken of with the distinction of being different kinds, such as those of the chariot-making and those appearing as light in the Odyssey.] (ῃ. 306

 the seer would have noted days but if in the middle, he would have said months. But since it was toward the end, he says years, the third and greater

 The poet has made him mindful here, as if following the tradition of the myth. [But there is nothing new about such a stone being dedicated in those p

 1.348 and in “with a rush” and “of one body” and similar expressions. wherefore also in explaining he added “infant children”. It should be known that

 the wing, which signifies not the feathers alone, but the part with its surrounding feathers, just as Herodian also shows, saying, that feminine nouns

 ate the sparrow», concerning which the opinions of the ancients will also be stated in what follows. But here the ancients note the fickleness of the

 of the king, as had been determined in the council. And such was the old man's preface, promising manly thoughts. For if those before him spoke like l

 he spoke of agreements and oaths but he places the promise in Zeus, who promises nothing deceitful, as has been said before. And Odysseus says it is

 counsels and this and that. Or, especially according to the ancients, γενοίατο instead of ἐγένοντο. And the speech is at once weighty and ironic, so t

 The Achaeans persuaded themselves, that is, they convinced. [(Il. 2.342) In for in words thus the 'r' is doubled in the good manuscripts and the con

 [Perhaps also ἐνδέξια is the same as ἐπιδέξια for such is the meaning of pouring wine for all ἐνδέξια.] But that something future was also signified

 for anyone to lie beside», as was also written a little before, Nestor puts forth as a lure for the Greeks to remain still at Troy, saying something m

 he seems to think him best of all, who understands all things for himself, speaking to a private individual and him second, who is persuaded by anoth

 Xenophon thinking it proper for soldiers to share a tent, but especially for those sharing a tent to be both compatriots and of the same tribe, which

 it must be known also that 'by divine voice' not only has an ellipsis,as was said, of 'by counsel' or 'by will' or 'by command', but is also interpret

 For he says, how thus would the city of Priam soon bow down, both taken and sacked by our hands, that is, by our hands. And how both taken and sacked

 he threatened, but Agamemnon says that the dead man would be thrown out unburied and that nothing would be sufficient for him, that is, enough, to pre

 the sharpness of the iron, by which Oedipus was blinded.] And the phrase let him well sharpen his spear, and well set his shield gave rise to the pr

 being accomplished from morning until night [And note the 'he will distinguish might'. For after a little while the leaders will distinguish the peop

 to sacrifice each to their ancestral gods for the divine, they say, is one by nature, but many by convention. And Euripides, having benefited from Ho

 in age, so also those old in years are champions on account of those with them who are champions in hand and manly. He summons first Nestor as one who

 and so Menelaus came unbidden to the dinner.] But if Odysseus, the sixth one called, is dishonored, much more so the brother who was not called at all

 “prone” is also said of living things. For he says below that many prone would seize the earth with their teeth. It comes from paraneuein (to inclin

 they would seize the earth» and «he seized the spear», but also with the genitive, for example:»but seize hold in your turn also of the toils». A deri

 speaking strategically to the king: “let us no longer now lie about for long,” that is, let us sit and as it were lie down, from the verb λέγω from w

 such is Ares not only because of killing quickly and being quickly accomplished, as Homer says elsewhere, but also because of his spirited nature, [if

 of the fatherland. But if someone should say that in these words of which land is indicative of the nation, but nor of fatherland of the very land

 came, that with the ether one must also think of the air subordinated to it.] (on Il. 2.459-64) That a certain meadow in Asia, for this very reason c

 Caystrius. (ῃ. 462)[That ποτῶμαι, that is, I fly, also lengthens its initial syllable, the Deipnosophist shows, along with 1.389 others, in usage.] Th

 has been said before. (Il. 2.467 ff.) That the phrase they stood in the flowery Scamandrian meadow, countless, as many as the leaves and flowers that

 to wander and it is well said of flies for they somehow always wander as they fly. (Il. 2.471) But the phrase the milk wets the pails is said peri

 The bull is a majestic and commanding animal, no one is ignorant of this. And he could have likened him to a lion, as also elsewhere but it was not u

 The ancients declare that to look intently is to make clear with passion, and an unyoked woman is one who is unpaired. (Il. 2.484-93) That there is a

 to speak of a multitude and within that same multitude to go through each one by name. For he who goes through a multitude speaks of each one, which i

 The «Tell me now, Muses»] the «for you are present and know all things but we hear only a rumor and know nothing», might be said by those who have re

 the ancients saying the poet did thus to gratify the Muses invoked above, whose dwelling was the Boeotian Helicon, which preserves its name even to th

 the histories make clear. It must also be known that this section is entitled the Catalogue of Ships, but not also of men, as it were in part from the

 Peneleos seems to be treated as Attic in Homer, like something common, shortening the final syllable. and here this is hidden but in of Peneleos the

 they write with a short vowel.](ē. 497) Schoenus is named either from some man of the same name or from the rushes (schoinoi) growing there, just as i

 they say, and Ascra is on the right of Helicon in a high and rugged place, about forty stades distant from Thespiae. And this much concerning Thespiae

 has everything, as if either the inhabitants had moved away or the lake had been greatly lowered by outflows. At any rate, the Geographer shows by the

 the flute-player Ismenias for he was from Thisbe it was named after Thisbe, daughter of Asopus. The harbor of the Thisbeans and its seaport has, the

 from the blade of the oars, and Plataeans living from rowing, although later living far from the lake they are no longer appropriately so-called. And

 she fell, weary. And so he followed, having met her as she was traveling. And she reclined where this Thebes is. But one who encounters the Geographer

 like Tegea. (ῃ. 508) There is also a Megarian Nisa the one in Boeotia had a famous sanctuary of Dionysus. It is named after a certain hero Nisus. The

 .»] It should be known that, since the Homeric book of Boeotia is straightforward, and also tedious, whose sole purpose is to name the leaders of the

 of a certain Minos, as will be mentioned in the catalogue of the Lycians. [But if the other Minyae and the river Minyas are also etymologized in this

 the cypress has equal branches.”] 1.420 They also called it Cyparissous and Apollonias, and previously, at some time, Erannos [with two nus to disting

 it is to speak precisely. But it did not receive much notice from the ancients. But they say the locals also call it Hysampolis, with the s. But geogr

 and that there were others. For these are the Epiknemidians according to the ancients. But there are also the Ozolae, situated around the western part

 swift Ajax, son of Ileus,” as if the *o* were an article, so that it would say, “the Ajax of Ileus.” But this is not Homeric, if one were to consider

 They call it Manes and that it is a torrent, so that one can step into it with dry feet, but sometimes it also has a width of two plethra. and these t

 and the Chalcidians in Cumae of Sicily. And there was also a city of Corinth, Chalcis and an Aetolian one, from whence the Acheloüs flows, which the

 having said more poetically that famous Lesbos bears barley-groats whiter than heavenly snow, and having added: If indeed the gods eat barley-groats,

 of Carystian columns, according to the Geographer, around it, in which is a temple of Apollo Marmarinus and a stone, he says, grew around it, which b

 He says the Abantes wear their hair long according to a certain custom of their own. For the ancients say that the Curetes dwelt in Chalcis. And since

 autochthonous, not indeed an immigrant, as some supposed Cecrops to be.Therefore, as one of quick wit he is said to have been raised by Athena, and as

 someone with a solemn conception of order called the incomparable temple in Constantinople an ornament.] (ῃ. 546 ς.) But the people of Erechtheus ha

 he inserted here after the Homeric line the verse and leading them he halted them where the phalanxes of the Athenians were arrayed and thus used th

 [It should be known that what has been said is not devoid of Homeric variety, in which, leaving Diomedes without genealogy, he twice called him only g

 the Hermionic gulf, beginning from the little city of Asine. (ē. 561) And Troezen is a not insignificant city, situated fifteen stadia above the sea,

 Some write, on account of homonymy, in the poet instead of «and they who held Aegina» «and the island Aegina,» so that they may distinguish the mainla

 the ancients in this catalog of the Argives and, that consequently after Salamis the poet came to the Peloponnese. Since, they say, there were then si

 she says in Homer, having Mycenae, nevertheless allows it to be sacked by Zeus, whenever he wished. Therefore one should not now seek Mycenae for tim

 of Argeia according to the 1.449 Geographer. There is also another between Corinth and Sicyon. The one who wrote the *Ethnica* calls this a city, not

 was called Stratos. He also says that Pellene, situated sixty stades from the sea, is a strong fortress. There is also a village Pellene, from which c

 These things are of the beginning. Oebalus, son of Perieres, ruled the Lacedaemonians, whose children were Tyndareus or Tyndares and Icarus and Arne,

 ketos, the largest of the sea creatures. But it is also written otherwise by the ancients as kaietaessa, that is, full of calamint, they say and su

 And later the city of Messene was founded, whose acropolis is Ithome, and that from the Messenian gulf, which was also called the Asinaean from the ci

 trusting in his own zeal,” as that one was brave, but this one was bold. [Wherefore, perhaps, in the following parts he will also be compared, through

 And it is so called according to the Geographer from the circumstance, that is, because it happens to be high. But some, among whom is also the author

 they received him, saying: “Amyris is mad.” But in time, on account of his feigned madness, he was admired. And so much for that. Of the words of this

 having become of such pursuits, of which also was the Ciconian Orpheus, which Orpheus at first lived by begging, then deeming himself worthy of greate

 he says that *himas* and *andrias*, being extended on the final syllable according to participles, imitate also the declension of the participles *his

 analogy, but it too has obtained the spelling with an iota because of the dactyl similarly also 'hippiocharmes' for this reason has a short vowel in

 Mantua, a city of the Romans, from which Virgil the 1.468 poet. (Il. 2.608) Stymphelos is also more often said as Stymphalos, through the alpha. and i

 he asks that the rule of his father be given to Agasthenes, whose son is this Homeric Polyxenus. But what Phyleus did after that will be shown shortly

 The poet defines the boundaries of Elis from its farthest parts, as if not wanting to go into minute detail. Hyrmine was a small town but it does not

 so that Odysseus becomes his uncle, whose sister is Ctimene. But another relationship of Meges to the kings is recorded. For Phyleus, they say, having

 some Phykoussai, some Pithekoussai, and some Pityoussai. It is likely therefore that the Echinas or Echinades islands were named after the *echini* (s

 a word from *enothō*, *enosō*, meaning I move, and *phyllon* (leaf). But note that, just as a little before, so also here according to a customary fig

 that the islands under Odysseus the Teleboans once long ago held, until the aforementioned Cephalus, having campaigned with Amphitryon from Thebes on

 with whom, they say, Prusias made war against Attalus. [Similar also are the simply named Cephalae, these are a deme of Attica, which Aristophanes als

 Dionysus, they say, has been turned into a myth. And the joint of a reed is also called a knee by analogy. And of a vine and of a stalk of grain and

 which Odysseus ruled, Aetolia is united. and thus the Catalogue is put in order. (Il. 2.638) The country Aetolia and the nation the Aetolians are name

 in addition to his other courage. Therefore Meleager was also named eponymously because the hunt was a care to him. And the poet mentioned him separat

 from Lycastus, they say, an autochthon or a child of Minos. There is also a Pontic Lycastus according to the writer of the Ethnica, who also says that

 was ruler.” The poet, however, repeated this not only in order to immediately weave clearly and skillfully into the story that was about to be told, b

 he says gleaming, as also before this [he called] Lycastus [so], and in what follows [he called] Titanos white, the one with white earth. And Peis

 here is said to be the Thesprotian one, which was renamed Corcyra, also mentioning the Selleis river of Thesprotia. And there are various Ephyras, if

 calling Zeus all-powerful, as ruling over all things. which indeed is also said of sleep for another reason.] And thespesian wealth is either that

 From Carpathus, the Carpathian Sea there connects with the Icarian, according to the Geographer. And, he says, Carpathus was a tetrapolis and had a no

 to speak of Achilles. For he could not bear not to turn the listener's mind and innovate in his writing when he speaks about his friend Achilles. And

 Hellen having reigned there 1.499, from whom the name was later established for all the Hellenes, just as the name also came to Magna Graecia from thi

 they were mindful of ill-sounding war for there was no one who might lead them into the ranks for swift-footed, godlike Achilles lay among the ships

 eighty. In the Adramyttene region, he says, is also Chryse. Since such places called Thebes are also called Hypoplacian somewhere in what follows, Por

 was slain, as will be shown below. (ῃ. 698) And his genealogy is something like this. one of the Aeolids 1.504 Phylacus, founded a city and named it P

 he says that from this the Antronian ass is mentioned in proverbs. For, he says, it has stones suitable for mills, so that according to this account

 the possessed will be mocked, as if they would love even when dead, according to the myth about Protesilaus and his wife. (on line 701) But a Dardan m

 to the one able to yoke a lion to a boar, and that Apollo accomplished this for Admetus and guaranteed the marriage for him. And from the aforemention

 And Boebe is a Macedonian lake, and the aforesaid is called Boebeis and Boebia. (ῃ. 712) The more precise writers accent Glaphyrae on the antepenult t

 he says, is Methone. And this one until this very day preserves this name. The citizen of this city, he says, is a Methonaieus, like Koronaieus. But P

 biting Philoctetes, neither fatal, nor indeed easily curable, from which, suffering terribly in his foot with a consuming disease according to the tra

 was said.And now Homer mentions the Thessalian one. And it was spoken there also about Eurytusand his daughter, Iole, on whose account Heracles sacked

 Thessalian wrestling-trick,” instead of “O Thessalian confuter,” said by analogy with the Thessalian leap and sophism and similar expressions.] (Il. 2

 of high-spirited Coronus, son of Caeneus», that is, whom Caeneus begot.whereupon the poet, as is his custom, interweaving history with narrative circu

 that a Centauric war occurred. For at the wedding the encounter with the Centaurs took place, but the childbirth saw them driven away. Fortunately, th

 Aristides among the Greeks. And the royal seat of the Homeric Guneus was Cyphus, a city, they say, of Perrhaebia, named after Cyphus, son of Perrhaebu

 of polities both within and without. (On Il. 2.752) But προΐει is one tense for another. For it is used instead of προΐησιν, as the well-ordered fol

 having broken and separated and having divided it in two from a continuous mountain, as has also been said elsewhere. Herodotus also says that the The

 of those near the Maeander, and many others [saying that the Magnesians on the Maeander river are colonists of the Delphians.] And Magnesia is a city

 the solemnity of one thousand being a full and complete number. By this reasoning, the dominion of Pelops was also called Peloponnese, and this despit

 that is, the Greeks were all great and [equal or] rivals in excellence. Therefore there was need of the Muses’ distinction and their narration concern

 Compound adjectives ending in -ης, have it with an acute accent from γένος, εὐγενής from κλέος, εὐκλεής from θάλος, εὐθαλής. It was necessary there

 it has been written before. But if, as has been said, Apollo reared them, 1.535 then he not only destroys, as has also been previously shown, but also

 having placed the son of Telamon and Achilles between, then he called out his own horses. And this both made a newer figure of speech and also produce

 praising such exercise, because it is necessary for those accustomed to movement not to be unexercised. For they would not then suffer from plague. An

 swift-footed Achilles lies idle, just as his chariots, but the horses stand and the people roam through the army, going about with a desire to fight a

 for with the ˉs and Typhon with the ˉn in a circumflex accent. [And if he is also called Typhaon, as is also shown in the works of Pindar, then the da

 he says, that the Arimi, according to Posidonius, is not a place in Syria or Cilicia, but Tyria itself, that is, the country around Tyre. For the Arim

 in the following. But see also in this the Homeric skill and variety. For Zeus sent a messenger both to the naval station, and he sent one also to Tro

 he of rash speech has been insulted. And perhaps for this reason the poet does not relate that Polites himself said these things, lest he behave insol

 he delayed sufficiently among them, with the invocation of the Muses as well. But he runs through the affairs of the Trojans summarily, hastening alon

 the Homeric Muse says, that is, the divinely inspired poet and as one nourished by the Muses, knowing, they say, the dialect of the gods. Thus also Br

 showing the Trojan [army] and thus ready for battle, seeing that he does not mention the Trojans eating or indeed sacrificing, which the Greeks have r

 it was written. (On Il. 2.824-7) That under the nethermost foot of Ida, that is, on the lowest spur of Ida, the people of Zeleia dwelt, wealthy Troja

 the Aphnitis lake according to the ancients. For so, they say, Dascylitis is called. He says the water of the Aesepus is black either as a common ep

 such an Adrastus, who alone of the leaders was saved from the Theban war, at whom the divine power was indignant. And so among the epigoni of the lead

 having written him down for memory, he might know, when he learns that he acts foolishly in what follows and falls ingloriously. Not in vain did he me

 the entire coast of the Ionians, beginning from Mycale. And the Chians also had Pelasgians from Thessaly as settlers. For the nation was very migrator

 Thracians, it has been written elsewhere. But for the present it is sufficient to say that Euripides for this reason says Thrace is the dwelling-place

 The account here concerning the Paeonians presents the greatest difficulty, just as the one concerning Larissa, as has been shown before. For if, acco

 of a glorious leader, are called. But Comedy has distorted the word to refer to a shameless orator, whom it mocked as a Paphlagonian from his, as it w

 he won the fifth Olympiad with Enetian horses, with an epigram, but Euripides has made such a horse-race an anachronism in the heroic age. Methods of

 Aigialos [before these, the one under Agamemnon] a place between Sicyon and Bouprasion, from Aigialeus, son of Inachos. There is also, they say, an Ai

 This Alope is homonymous with the heroine, whom the Comic poet also mentions in the Lopes and the Semeles.]all these things are found in the Geograp

 the doom of the omens, but indicates the necessity of fate. But Ennomus, they say, did not guard against death, either because he did not pay attentio

 it is shaped for clarity, but for the introduction of a story, so that the memory of Tmolus might be opportunely woven in. For otherwise the repetitio

 a work of the Persians. By watch-tower he means the commonly called bigla, from where, he says, the surrounding plains are watched. The Pactolus flo

 of the wise man are many, that barbarian was at first pronounced of those who spoke with difficulty and harshly and roughly, like also stammering an

 And just as the Boeotian Mycalessus from lowing, as was written before, so also this Mycale according to the Ethnologus, since the Gorgons on this m

 son of Pasiphae. And a noteworthy glaukos fish is mentioned.] (on Il. 2.877) The word from afar is said for the distinction of the Lycians closest t

 the poet, having come, said the multitude was another thing apart from the leaders. Therefore he says each together with their leaders, that is, the

 the ancients say that cranes fly forward from the sky, that heaven here is said to be the place under the clouds, so that by this reasoning the peaks

 Here also the verb to bear/carry is said both actively and at the same time passively in «carrying» and «are brought forth». And that the verb to bear

 A herd of goats is certainly no less vulnerable to attack than a flock of sheep, for which the pastures around the mountain peaks are also most suitab

 Therefore he carried a bow and sword and two spears, so that he might perhaps flee more lightly. In what follows we will find other heroes wearing the

 I fight in the front. And many other such things. (l. 20) And he speaks of a dreadful combat not only to distinguish it from the battle in word, as

 what sort of person would he be who might say I am pleased and I rejoice.] (on l. 28) That the phrase seeing with his eyes, Menelaus, that is, see

 when it signifies the same thing while remaining, it keeps the same accent, for example πλευραί πλευρά, πυραί πυρά. Thus then, he says, also παρειαί π

 evil of Paris and at the same time courting the favor of the citizen listeners, he says: But the Trojans are very fearful, that is, cautious in char

 he calls him suffering from woman-madness, similarly to horse-madness, gold-madness, by analogy with which love-madness is also said. [And it is clear

 cithara, and is perhaps Aeolic. For this reason it is also proparoxytone like ἑορτή ἔροτις. Such also is αὐλή αὖλις, and moreover also χαρά χάρις. [Th

 For *eumorphos* is she who is fair-faced, but *eueidēs* is she who is beautiful in every external aspect and, so to speak, of a good nature, which is

 in due measure, and in some way beyond due measure, [so that the reproach might seem to be moderate, as being both fateful and not fateful, according

 is accomplished by gold, by which Zeus also subdued Danae. [Just as another woman betrayed her beauty for a horse, as the mother of Pirithous, and ano

 of his own, and Alexander might acquire in safety those things which he does not hold safely. The strangeness of the matter astounds the Greeks and th

 “it is fitting to resolve a great strife with a small evil.” And the Trojans were obedient, who as soon as they saw Hector coming into the space betwe

 of battle.” For such a construction is owed also to “Hold back, Argives.”] And in “Agamemnon shouted loud,” the poet shows that the leader must also b

 a likeness of color, but also of energy for a male 1.613 is sacrificed to the Sun as to a man, so to speak. For he begets in another, that is, in the

 But the word is also used catachrestically for injustice [and simply for wickedness, as is clear from “avoiding transgressions” and “but transgression

 a ten-foot rod and a plethron and such things, about which it has been shown elsewhere, but simply the land naturally suited for plowing.] (On Il. 3.1

 and of the Achaeans, whom for her, that is, her own, sake were suffering under the hands of Ares, that is, under war, some have wittily remarked t

 So also the but 1.620 Alexander and Menelaus, beloved of Ares, will fight for you with long spears, and you will be called the dear wife of the one w

 from the plural and indistinct those around Priam and so on, it has shifted to the singular and distinct, that is, to Ucalegon and Antenor. But if s

 On the whole the simile here is carefully well-suited to the matter. For cold and musical cicadas, sounding from on high, are compared to cold and elo

 For the Homeric listener who is eager, as is likely, to learn what sort of men are the kings of the Achaeans, and what sort are some of the chief warr

 the tragedian saying: “whom the golden-gleaming sun shines upon as most beautiful.” But Ōpa would not mean only the eyes, but the whole appearance, wh

 to call relations by marriage oikeious (kin), but relations by blood philous (friends/loved ones).[And idēs is also written idē with an iota subsc

 on the occasion of her abduction, she says: Would that evil death had been pleasing to me, when I followed your son hither, leaving my bridal chamber

 strong. But the word strong said simply indicates vehemence, for example both harsh and strong.But the phrase good king opens up a sea of prais

 he might say for whichever of us death and fate is appointed fate does not signify anything auspicious. But the word `olbiodaimon` [having been paro

 right hand. And when the Scythians invited them to dwell with them, as they were unplowed according to Pausanias, they say that Antianeira, one of the

 And this, mournful Pella also showed, by bringing forth the great king Alexander. And Anacharsis the Scythian confirms it [and the place that brought

 of the Venetians should be sought in the works of the Periegete. And it should be known, that of these four, *proxenoi*, *astoxenoi*, *doryxenoi*, and

 a great voice from his chest and words like flakes of winter snow, then no other mortal would contend with Odysseus. And yet before his public speech

 The distinguishing of the scepter with respect to a motion happening at the right time indicates a difference also in the movement of the hands in pub

 taking it in a bad sense and as if saying that he was of mean stature, but was exalted by the deeds he performed. (ê. 227) And outstanding in head an

 being constructed with the genitive in the Homeric way in well-skilled of bows, and moreover also of knowing, as the Odyssey also shows, the phrase

 to be. For in many places blood-relatives are also those simply of the same blood and kinsmen, as Lycophron also shows, who also called those of the s

 of those commanding, of which kind there are many such things in the poet, or that it was also possible for the heralds to do some such things of thei

 many things the Homeric kings. So, for example, here Priam is the charioteer, and Agamemnon cuts, that is, sacrifices, the oath-offerings, and Achille

 are also punishers of those who swear a false oath. (ῃ. 277) He calls the sun the steward of oaths here, as overseeing all things. For which reason th

 But Agamemnon, as if just now correcting and completing what his brother had omitted, adds a penalty, as it was not just for those who began the evil

 foundations, the pharynx or also the mouth of the stomach. (ē. 293) Their writhing and convulsing while being slaughtered he calls gasping (aspairō),

 staying somewhere inside, tucked away. But note that the poet plausibly makes the old man Priam withdraw, so that being present he might not be under

 being given in such cases. The use of the aforementioned verb 'to shake' and of the 'lot' corresponding to it is also found in Sophocles in the phrase

 they cover, that is, the ankles, having first armed the lower parts, so that he can bend over with his upper parts unencumbered. «Second, he put the c

 from which 1.662 the woven cord, which rubs away the filth of bodies in baths, has been corrupted by becoming common.] and the sinew is a piece of ox-

 and of similar things. However, *hododokos* and *hodoporos* otherwise remedied the shortness of the syllables by the epenthesis of -i-, just as *mesap

 lying near *rhigō* (I shudder) is *rhigēsō* (I will shudder), of which the perfect is *erriga*, from which comes 1.666 *errigō*. But see in what has b

 instead of baneful among the gods. For here the comparison is understood as a simple form, as also elsewhere. (on Il. 3.366) But the phrase to puni

 without a ridge, as the poet himself somewhere says, but others ridged, that is, having a ridge, as also that of Paris. leading on, that Menelaus stru

 the penultimate syllable because of its usefulness in meter, as in εὐρώεις and κητώεις and ὠτώεις and all others which have a long antepenultimate. Bu

 for the use of clothing, [as the beauty of the wool also shows.] (η. 390) That bask' ithi here means come hither the poet says when he states: co

 and denounces the pandering of Aphrodite. (ῃ. 413-7) But she talks back, which anyone might say in parody who has mediated a friendship, but is again

 And both are active and signify to provide and to prepare, as from πόρω comes πόρσω. (On Il. 3.408) So also active is ὀΐζυε from ὀϊζύω, from which com

 I sailed, having snatched you from the lovely [land] in my sea-faring ships, and on the isle of Cranae I was joined with you in love and bed, just as

 Alexander with the gods. And indeed he himself may hear from somewhere: fight with the gods yourself and do not flee, in the likeness of with Athena,

 is an excuse for not being reproached. (Il. 3.447 ff.) That the expression for a chaste marital union is he spoke and led the way to the bed, and his

 FROM THE DELTA RHAPSODY That the metrical inscription of this book is this: Delta: assembly of gods, breaking of oaths, beginning of War. And the comm

 for the battle to be ended and friendship to arise in both, if it had not been prevented from above by the council of the gods, either the mythical on

 gentle in tragedy and from to lead away and to drive away comes the word, stripped of its first syllable, to drive out pollution and from I pour and

 The verb ἡβῶ, I will be in my prime (ἡβήσω), and also ἡβάσω, from which comes ἡβάσκω with the addition of ˉκ, and the word πρωθήβη in the Odyssey and,

 Aphrodite has always `paramembloken` Alexander, that is, has cared for him, and has become a concern for him or rather, has come near and approaches h

 «But they, Athena and Hera, muttered» instead of, with closed lips they made a certain sound through the nose in displeasure. And to mutter (*mýzein*)

 was working as an intercessor, into whom Hera is allegorized, as is shown in many places. But it must be known that this Homeric passage, having been

 he yields three to him. 1.699 And here the poet seems to prophesy the destruction of Mycenae, which Aristotle also recorded as having suffered badly f

 to the suitors, and he says: surely I would defend myself, if I had the power. (ῃ. 44) But under the sun (in the dative) those after Homer mostly

 of crooked counsel, both by birth and because I am called your wife, and you rule among all the immortals», as if bringing this argument to a conclusi

 has been previously shown, so also father of men and gods in some respect, because it was not even solemn for him to be called the father of certain o

 And that Laodocus is presented plausibly as a mighty spearman, so that Pandarus might be more easily persuaded by him, since although he himself was a

 of one who would endure to do something towards perjury. But he is so wretched that he immediately obeys. For this reason Homer calls him witless, eve

 in the Odyssey, he shortens the upsilon. Some, however, say that the weakness of the two consonants there is the cause of the shortening of the vowel

 [in the manner of a waylayer] and he has received what was hunted. (Il. 4.106 and 108) But the masculine expression which he had once shot does not

 the poet says what he wants. For in Homeric terms, *herma* is a support and a hindrance. But the arrow does not become a hindrance of pains, but rathe

 Thus also the arrow here wishes to fly. and elsewhere a missile strives to touch the skin and Ares, that is, iron, is eager to be sated with blood. Th

 having it spread out. Therefore, proceeding he will say, that bronze-smiths made it, which for this very reason he also calls a protection for the ski

 with monosyllables of different kinds, such as ἡ Κῶς, ἡ Τλῶς, ἡ Κρῶς. (eta. 138) The theme of εἴσατο is εἴω, which appears in many places. And διελήλα

 murder, that is, blood, in imitation of which the fruit of the palm tree is red. Hence also the proper name Phoenix, on account of his, as is likely,

 to Menelaus, in proportion themselves also to the whole body. And note that, according to this reasoning, it would be no reproach to Alexander to have

 keeping of an oath, the phrase in no way is our oath in vain, nor the right hands in which we trusted, that is, by which we were persuaded. And, as

 For, he says, of those in the circuit, though not completely pulled down, but when this one was overthrown from its foundations, all the stones were t

 that zygos in Homer is not usually used for a balance scale. For he knows the yoke of a chariot and of a wagon and the yoke-strap that yokes the ani

 is full then, one's own land or city or fatherland. It must also be known that the phrase But Zeus, high-throned, dwelling in the aether and what fo

 A proverb for gluttons and parasites is 'a dog living off a crumb'. And that *mattein* (to knead) is also used for kneading bread, whence also *maza*

 in the poet is Menelaus, whom he does not do anything novel in calling godlike, if indeed he also called Alexander god-formed 1.734 and Pandarus godli

 they stood, having been mixed he was mixed with one who was mixed, and having set he set. And by a similar logic, from having been appeared came the

 of war, whom he strongly chided with angry words: 'Argives, you arrow-fighters, you disgraces, have you no shame?' and what follows, in which the king

 in the manner of a man's flesh, that is, the skin, according to «παραδραθέειν ᾗχροιῇ». Therefore `τὸ χρῴζειν` has a similarity to being on the skin, s

 of the active second aorist and according to a similar exchange of the unvoiced τ and φ sounds, he who was amazed. That such an interchange of aspirat

 And so also below he will say he came upon the Aiantes. (Il. 13.253 ff.) That Idomeneus stood among the champions like a boar in might. and see ev

 and to Diomedes, Sthenelus,—for both were Argives—and to the great Ajax, the lesser one, not being from the same homeland, and he does not subordinate

 [Analogy, however, writes the antepenultimate syllable also with a diphthong because of *prōiaiteros* and similar words.] And so much for these matter

 The phalanxes bristle with shields and spears, that is, they hold their shields and spears upright before the engagement. From which Euripides took th

 However, an avenger (alastor), they say, is the sinner, or according to Chrysippus, the murderer, because he is worthy to be wandered or driven away.

 “to hold the horses and not be thrown into confusion,” so that he was saying it was necessary to hold back the horses and not be thrown into confusion

 speaking of epithets: «And seeing them, 1.754 Agamemnon, lord of men, rejoiced». And so also he said «And the son of Atreus passed by, joyful at heart

 having cast aside the old corpse of Nestor, then having brought forward his son Antilochus performing deeds of valor, he will proceed to what follows.

 of few words, Homer in the phrase «not heavy nor cowering nor unwilling to fight, but very eager». And the word mêstores lengthens the penultimate s

 having mixed the sullenness with exultation, he both asks for forgiveness and speaks gentle words. For the poet says of him thus: “And smiling at him

 of the composition, the hot and fiery one, according to they fought, a body of fire. Therefore also *dēïotēs* and *dēïs* are the same, and *dēïos* w

 to will. And of μεμήλῃ the first person is μέμηλα, just as of ὀλώλῃ it is ὄλωλα, as has been shown before. (ῃ. 354) And the phrase “Telemachus’s belov

 `Metamonia` are vain things and not benefiting, that is, not profiting, so that the word might have a crasis from the privative `mē` and from `onō`, o

 great in some virtue, as the phrase extraordinary Aristides shows, and extraordinary in wisdom, being similar to great in divine things and such

 his own. (l. 377) It must also be known that xenos is explanatory of without war, so that Tydeus might not be thought to have come to Mycenae for tr

 of the captains and the number of those fallen in the company, andwho it was that was saved from there and he would be most beloved by Diomedes for h

 they are named after their ancestor Cadmus from Phoenicia, who has been spoken of everywhere. The Cadmeioi are derived from the Cadmeian land, so that

 and a transposition of the i. (on Il. 4.394) But here Haemon is the father, and Maeon the son, whom Tydeus slew, the diphthong αι having been placed a

 he introduces an argument, which someone will say, greatly exalting himself over his ancestors. (8.410) For he says: Therefore do not ever place my f

 another, more appropriate word is to be understood. But some say that just as from βάπτω comes βαπτίζω and βάπτης, so from τέττω comes τεττίζω and τέτ

 having written because not even the drops of rain are continuous but separate. whence also *achne* is named, being *aechetis* and by crasis and with t

 they are said to roar. and that by *akras* he means the promontories, on which the waves roar the most.] (Il. 4.429-31) That the poet here, depicting

 He says rich in possessions. For among the Dorians, `pammata` means possessions and `pasasthai` means to possess, whence also `pōÿ` and `pēos`, the ki

 Strife, insatiably raging, sister and comrade of man-slaying Ares.” [(ῃ. 440)1.784 It should be known that, just as the friend and the brother-in-law

 so the verse may be lengthened. But in the one before it, and when they came to the place, it fell in superfluously only for the rushing sound dear

 are taken for the similarity of the two armies, as is clear from symballeton [they both clash], a dual verb. And flowing down the mountains makes

 the warrior son of Nestor, setting forth also his father Thalysius. (Il. 4.458) For he says: “the noble armed Echepolus, son of Thalysius” whose fathe

 to his friends having spread it out. And indicative of descriptive power 1.791 is also to say that “and darkness covered his eyes” and “his spirit lef

 and somewhere pairing them the poet says, a maiden and a youth converse with one another. But the ancients note that the word is rarely used for a m

 Smooth and knotless things are bent. For he says, which a chariot-maker man had cut out with gleaming iron, so that he might bend a felloe for a very

 has been said sufficiently a little before.(on Il. 4.507f.) That Homer calls only the acropolis of Ilium Pergamos in the feminine, but the later wri

 immediately in the active voice the phrase for I did not see, which in other places he says as I saw.] (η. 517) That just as in speaking auspicio

 out of necessity because of the multitude of enemies, one would say the phrase «who pushed him, great though he was and mighty and noble,» that is, th

 

Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem i

<EUSTATHIUS' COMMENTARIES ON HOMER'S ILIAD>

Of Homer's Sirens, it would perhaps be a fine thing if someone were to abstain from the very beginning, either by smearing his ears with wax or by turning to another path, so that he might escape their charm. But not having abstained, but having come through that song, he would not, I think, either pass by easily, even if many bonds held him, nor having passed by would he be well-pleased. For if someone were to enumerate, just as certain spectacles, such as the famed seven that are matters of discussion, also certain things heard that are worthy of attention, among them would be especially Homeric poetry, of which I do not think any of the ancient wise men did not taste, and especially those who drew from profane wisdom. For from Oceanus come all rivers, all springs, all wells according to the ancient saying; but from Homer, even if not all, at least a great influx of discourse flowed into the wise. At any rate, no one, neither of those who investigate celestial matters, nor of those concerned with nature, nor of those with ethics, nor simply of those concerned with exoteric discourses, of whatever kind one might mention, has passed by the Homeric stage unguided, but all have lodged with him, some so as to pass their time with him until the end and to be nourished by his common meals, and others so as to satisfy some need and to contribute something useful from him to their discourse. Among these is also the Pythia, who polished many of her oracles according to the Homeric method. Philosophers are concerned with him, even if Hipparchus is envious, as will be related in a little while. Rhetoricians are concerned with him. And grammarians reach their goal in no other way, except through him. As for all the poets after him, there is not one who contrives anything outside his methods, imitating, adapting, doing everything by which he will be able to Homerize. Geographers also hold him in great zeal and wonder. He who is concerned with the regimen of the Asclepiads and with wounds also collects good things from there himself. The matter also attracts kings; and Alexander the Great bears witness, carrying the book of Homer as a treasure or a provision even in the midst of battles and resting his head upon it when he needed to sleep, so that perhaps he might not be separated from it even in his sleep, but that imagining it he might have good dreams. And truly a royal thing is the poetry of Homer, and especially the Iliad. And a certain proverb speaks of an Iliad of evils; but this is an Iliad of every good thing; formed in a more dramatic way through its narration, which is of a single form, yet with many characters, but full of countless good things that one might mention: philosophy, rhetoric, strategic skill, instruction concerning moral virtues, and generally all kinds of arts and sciences. One can also learn from it praiseworthy deceptions and the compositions of profitable falsehoods and the sharpness of jests and methods of encomia. And it is not possible to say how much wisdom it produces for one who is willing to pay attention. And as for all the venerable things that are observed in history, one would not deprive Homer's art of such things either: of great experience, of pleasing the ears, of educating souls, of lifting up to virtue, and of the other things in which the historian excels. But if, because it is full of myths, there is a danger of it falling from being admired, yet in the first place, the Homeric myths are not for laughter but are shadows or veils of noble thoughts, some fashioned by him for the subjects at hand, which are also fittingly allegorized with respect to them, and many also established by the ancients, but drawn usefully also into his poetry, the allegory of which is not in every way entirely related to Trojan affairs, but just as those who fashioned them hinted from the beginning. Then, the foster-child of wisdom did not delight in myths for their own sake. (the

Commentarii ad Homeri Iliadem i

<ΕΥΣΤΑΘΙΟΥΠΑΡΕΚΒΟΛΑΙΕΙΣΤΗΝΟΜΗΡΟΥΙΛΙΑ∆Α>

Τῶν Ὁμήρου Σειρήνων καλὸν μὲν ἴσως εἴ τις ἀπόσχοιτο τὴν ἀρχὴν ἢ κηρῷτὰς ἀκοὰς ἀλειψάμενος ἢ ἀλλ' ἑτέραν τραπόμενος, ὡς ἂν ἀποφύγῃ τὸ θέλγητρον.μὴ ἀποσχόμενος δέ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τῆς ᾠδῆς ἐκείνης ἐλθών, οὐκ ἄν, οἶμαι, οὔτεπαρέλθῃ ῥᾳδίως, εἰ καὶ πολλὰ δεσμὰ κατέχοι, οὔτε παρελθὼν εἴη ἂν εὔχαρις.εἰ γάρ που, ὥσπερ θεάματά τινα, ὁποῖα τὰ θρυλλούμενα ἑπτὰ ἐν λόγοις κεῖνται,ἀριθμήσει τις καὶ ἀκούσματά τινα ἐπιστροφῆς ἄξια, εἴη ἂν ἐν αὐτοῖς μάλιστακαὶ ἡ Ὁμηρικὴ ποίησις, ἧς οὐκ οἶμαι εἴ τις τῶν πάλαι σοφῶν οὐκ ἐγεύσατο καὶμάλιστα τῶν ὅσοι τῆς ἔξω σοφίας ἠρύσαντο. ἐξ Ὠκεανοῦ μὲν γὰρ ποταμοὶπάντες, πηγαὶ πᾶσαι, φρέατα πάντα κατὰ τὸν πάλαι λόγον· ἐξ Ὁμήρου δέ, εἰκαὶ μὴ πᾶσα, πολλὴ γοῦν παρεισέρρευσε τοῖς σοφοῖς λόγου ἐπιρροή. οὐδεὶςγοῦν οὔτε τῶν τὰ ἄνω περιεργαζομένων οὔτε τῶν περὶ φύσιν οὔτε τῶν περὶἦθος οὔθ' ἁπλῶς τῶν περὶ λόγους ἐξωτερικούς, ὁποίους ἂν εἰπῇ τις, παρῆλθετὴν Ὁμηρικὴν σκηνὴν ἀξεναγώγητος, ἀλλὰ πάντες παρ' αὐτῷ κατέλυσαν, οἱμὲν ὡς καὶ διάγειν παρ' αὐτῷ μέχρι τέλους καὶ τῶν αὐτοῦ συσσιτίων ἀποτρέφεσθαι, οἱ δὲ ὥστε χρείαν ἀποπλῆσαί τινα καὶ συνεισενεγκεῖν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τῷ λόγῳτι χρήσιμον. ἐν οἷς καὶ ἡ Πυθία, πολλοὺς τῶν χρησμῶν πρὸς Ὁμηρικὴν μέθοδονἀποξέουσα. φιλόσοφοι περὶ αὐτόν, εἰ καὶ Ἵππαρχος φθονεῖ, ὡς μετ' ὀλίγαἱστορηθήσεται. ῥήτορες περὶ αὐτόν. γραμματικοὶ δὲ οὐκ ἄλλως εἰς τέλος, εἰ μὴδι' αὐτοῦ. ὅσοι δὲ μετ' αὐτὸν ποιηταί, οὐκ ἔστιν ὃς ἔξω τι τῶν αὐτοῦ μεθόδωντεχνάζεται, μιμούμενος, παραποιῶν, πάντα ποιῶν δι' ὧν ὁμηρίζειν δυνήσεται.ἄγουσιν αὐτὸν καὶ γεωγράφοι διὰ ζήλου πολλοῦ καὶ θαύματος. ὁ περὶ τὴνἈσκληπιαδῶν δίαιταν καὶ τὰ τραύματα ἐρανίζεται καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκεῖθεν ἀγαθά.ἐφέλκεται τὸ πρᾶγμα καὶ βασιλεῖς· καὶ μαρτυρεῖ ὁ μέγας Ἀλέξανδρος, κειμήλιον εἴτε καὶ ἐφόδιον καὶ ἐν αὐταῖς μάχαις τὴν Ὁμηρικὴν βίβλον ἐπαγόμενος 1.2 καὶ τὴν κεφαλήν, ὅτε ὑπνοῦν δέοι, ἐπαναπαύων αὐτῇ, ἵνα τάχα μηδὲ ἐν ὕπνοιςαὐτοῦ ἀπέχοιτο, ἀλλὰ καὶ φανταζόμενος εἴη εὐόνειρος. καὶ ἔστιν ἀληθῶς βασιλικὸν πρᾶγμα ἡ Ὁμήρου ποίησις καὶ μάλιστα ἡ Ἰλιάς. καὶ παροιμία μέν τις κακῶν Ἰλιάδα φησίν· αὐτὴ δὲ καλοῦ παντός ἐστιν Ἰλιάς· δραματικώτερον μὲν σχηματιζομένη διὰ τῆς μονοειδοῦς μέν, πολυπροσώπου δὲ ἀφηγήσεως, γέμουσαδὲ μυρίων ὧν ἄν τις εἴποι καλῶν, φιλοσοφίας, ῥητορείας, στρατηγικῆς εὐτεχνίας,διδασκαλίας τῆς περὶ ἠθικῶν ἀρετῶν, τεχνῶν ὅλως παντοίων καὶ ἐπιστημῶν.ἔχει τις καὶ δόλους ἐπαινετοὺς ἐκεῖθεν μαθεῖν καὶ ψευδῶν κερδαλέων συνθέσειςκαὶ σκωμμάτων δριμύτητας καὶ ἐγκωμίων μεθόδους. φρόνησιν δὲ οὐκ ἔστινεἰπεῖν ὅσην περιποιεῖται τῷ προσέχειν ἐθέλοντι. καὶ ὅσα δὲ τῇ ἱστορίᾳ ἐπιθεωροῦνται σεμνά, οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ τὴν Ὁμήρου τέχνην τῶν τοιούτων ἀποστερήσῃ τις,τῆς πολυπειρίας, τοῦ τὰς ἀκοὰς ἡδύνειν, τοῦ τὰς ψυχὰς παιδεύειν, τοῦ εἰς ἀρετὴνἐπαίρειν, τῶν ἄλλων οἷς ὁ ἱστορῶν ἐνευδοκιμεῖ. εἰ δ', ὅτι μύθων γέμει, ἐκπίπτειναὐτὸν κίνδυνός ἐστι τοῦ θαυμάζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ πρῶτον μὲν οὐ πρὸς γέλωτα οἱὉμηρικοὶ μῦθοι ἀλλὰ ἐννοιῶν εὐγενῶν σκιαί εἰσιν ἢ παραπετάσματα, οἱ μὲν ὑπ'αὐτοῦ πλαττόμενοι πρὸς τὰ ὑποκείμενα, οἳ καὶ πρὸς αὐτὰ οἰκείως ἀλληγοροῦνται,πολλοὶ δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν παλαιῶν μὲν τεθειμένοι, ἑλκόμενοι δὲ χρησίμως καὶ εἰςτὴν τούτου ποίησιν, ὧν ἡ ἀλληγορία οὐ πάντῃ πάντως πρὸς τὰ Τρωϊκά, ἀλλὰὅπως ἂν ἐξ ἀρχῆς ᾐνίξαντο οἱ αὐτοὺς πλασάμενοι. ἔπειτα οὐδὲ ἔχαιρεν αὐτόθενμύθοις ὁ τῆς σοφίας τρόφιμος. (ἡ