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In epistulam ad Hebraeos (homiliae 1-34)

OF OUR FATHER AMONG THE SAINTS JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE, ALL THE EXTANT WORKS.

INTERPRETATION On the Epistle to the Hebrews, set forth from notes after his death, by Constantine, presbyter of Antioch.

ARGUMENT.

1. When writing to the Romans, the blessed Paul says: Inasmuch then as I am

an apostle of the Gentiles, I magnify my ministry, if by any means I may provoke to jealousy them which are my flesh; and again elsewhere, For he that wrought effectually in Peter to the apostleship of the circumcision, the same was mighty in me toward the Gentiles. If, then, he was an apostle of the Gentiles (for in the Acts also God says to him, Depart, for I will send thee far hence unto the Gentiles); what had he in common with the Hebrews? And why did he write to them? And not only so, but they were also hostilely disposed toward him; and this one may see from many places. For hear what James says to him: Thou seest, brother, how many thousands of Jews there are which believe; and these are all informed 63.10 of thee, that thou teachest apostasy from the law; and many questionings were often raised against him about this. For what reason then, one might ask, did not God send him, who was learned in the Law (for he was brought up at the feet of Gamaliel, and had great zeal in the matter), and who was on this account most able to confound them, to the Jews? Because on this very account they would have been all the more hostile to him. God, therefore, foreseeing this, and that they would not receive him, says to him, Go to the Gentiles, for they will not receive thy testimony concerning me. Then he himself says: Yea, Lord, they know that I imprisoned and beat in every synagogue them that believed on thee: and when the blood of thy martyr Stephen was shed, I also was standing by, and consenting 63.11 unto his death, and kept the raiment of them that slew him. And this very thing he shows to be a sign and a reason for their not believing him. For so it is: when any man deserts from a certain people, if he is one of the least and of no account, he does not much sting those from whom he has departed; but if he is one of the admirable and exceedingly zealous, and who holds their opinions, he especially vexes them, and grieves them beyond measure, inasmuch as he especially overturns their doctrine by going over to others after deserting them. And there was another thing added to this which produced their unbelief. What then was this? That those around Peter both companied with Christ, and saw signs and wonders; but this man, having enjoyed none of these things, but being with the Jews, suddenly deserted and became one of them; which was especially sufficient to raise our cause. For they indeed seemed to bear witness out of gratitude, and one might say that they bear this witness out of longing for their teacher; but he who bore witness to the resurrection, this man was especially one who had only heard a voice. For this reason you see them eagerly warring against him, and doing and stirring up everything for this purpose, so as to kill him. But the unbelievers for this reason were hostile to him; but the believers, for what reason? Because he was compelled, in preaching to the Gentiles, to preach Christianity in its purity; and if he was ever apprehended in Judea, he took no heed. For Peter and those with him, since they preached in Jerusalem, where the zeal was great, were under the necessity of commanding the observance of the law; but this man was in much liberty. And there were more from the Gentiles, than from the

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In epistulam ad Hebraeos (homiliae 1-34)

ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΥΣΟΣΤΟΜΟΥ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥΠΟΛΕΩΣ, ΤΑ ΕΥΡΙΣΚΟΜΕΝΑ ΠΑΝΤΑ.

ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ Εἰς τὴν πρὸς Ἑβραίους Ἐπιστολὴν, ἐκτεθεῖσα ἀπὸ σημείων μετὰ τὴν κοίμησιν αὐτοῦ, παρὰ Κωνσταντίνου πρεσβυτέρου Ἀντιοχείας.

ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ.

αʹ. Ῥωμαίοις γράφων ὁ μακάριος Παῦλός φησιν· Ἐφ' ὅσον μὲν οὖν εἰμι ἐγὼ

ἐθνῶν ἀπόστολος, τὴν διακονίαν μου δοξάζω, εἴ πως παραζηλώσω μου τὴν σάρκα· καὶ πάλιν ἀλλαχοῦ, Ὁ γὰρ ἐνεργήσας Πέτρῳ εἰς ἀποστολὴν τῆς περιτομῆς, ἐνήργησε κἀμοὶ εἰς τὰ ἔθνη. Εἰ τοίνυν ἐθνῶν ἀπόστολος ἦν (καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν ταῖς Πράξεσί φησι πρὸς αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς, Πορεύου, ὅτι εἰς ἔθνη μακρὰν ἀποστελῶ σε)· τί κοινὸν πρὸς Ἑβραίους εἶχε; τί δὲ αὐτοῖς ἐπέστελλεν; Οὐ μὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτοὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν ἀπεχθῶς διέκειντο· καὶ τοῦτο πολλαχόθεν ἔστιν ἰδεῖν. Ἄκουσον γὰρ τί φησιν ὁ Ἰάκωβος πρὸς αὐτόν· Θεωρεῖς, ἀδελφὲ, πόσαι μυριάδες εἰσὶν Ἰουδαίων τῶν πεπιστευκότων; καὶ οὗτοι πάντες κατήχην 63.10 ται περὶ σοῦ, ὅτι ἀποστασίαν ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου διδάσκεις· καὶ πολλαὶ ζητήσεις αὐτῷ πολλάκις ἐγένοντο περὶ τούτου. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν, ζητήσειεν ἄν τις, τὸν νομομαθῆ (παρὰ γὰρ τοὺς πόδας Γαμαλιήλου τὸν νόμον ἐξεπαιδεύετο, καὶ πολὺς ἦν αὐτῷ ζῆλος τοῦ πράγματος), καὶ ταύτῃ μάλιστα δυνάμενον ἐντρέψαι, οὐχὶ πρὸς Ἰουδαίους ἔπεμπεν ὁ Θεός; Ὅτι ταύτῃ μάλιστα πλέον ἂν αὐτῷ ἐξεπολεμώθησαν. Τοῦτο τοίνυν προειδὼς ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀνέξονται αὐτοῦ, Πορεύου εἰς τὰ ἔθνη, φησὶ πρὸς αὐτόν· διότι οὐ παραδέξονταί σου τὴν μαρτυρίαν περὶ ἐμοῦ. Εἶτα αὐτός φησι· Ναὶ, Κύριε, αὐτοὶ ἐπίστανται, ὅτι ἐγὼ ἤμην φυλακίζων καὶ δέρων κατὰ τὰς συναγωγὰς τοὺς πιστεύοντας ἐπὶ σέ· καὶ ὅτε ἐξεχεῖτο τὸ αἷμα Στεφάνου τοῦ μάρτυρός σου, καὶ αὐτὸς ἤμην ἑστὼς καὶ συνευ 63.11 δοκῶν τῇ ἀναιρέσει αὐτοῦ, φυλάττων τὰ ἱμάτια τῶν ἀναιρούντων αὐτόν. Καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ δείκνυσι σημεῖον εἶναι καὶ ὑπόθεσιν τοῦ μὴ πιστεῦσαι αὐτῷ. Καὶ γὰρ οὕτως ἔχει· ὅταν τις ἐξ ἔθνους ἀποπηδήσῃ τινὸς, ἂν μὲν τῶν ἐλαχίστων ᾖ καὶ οὐδενὸς ἀξίων λόγου, οὐ πάνυ δάκνει τοὺς ἀφ' ὧν ἀνεχώρησεν· ἂν δὲ τῶν θαυμαστῶν καὶ σφόδρα ζηλωτῶν καὶ τὰ ἐκείνων φρονούντων, μάλιστα αὐτοὺς ἀλγύνει, καὶ μεθ' ὑπερβολῆς λυπεῖ, ἅτε μάλιστα αὐτῶν καθαιρῶν τὸ δόγμα, τῷ προσελθεῖν ἄλλοις ἐκείνων ἀποπηδήσαντα. Καὶ ἄλλο δὲ τούτῳ προσῆν τὸ τὴν ἀπιστίαν ἐργαζόμενον. Ποῖον δὴ τοῦτο; Ὅτι οἱ μὲν περὶ Πέτρον καὶ συνεγένοντο τῷ Χριστῷ, καὶ σημεῖα εἶδον καὶ θαύματα· οὗτος δὲ οὐδενὸς τούτων ἀπολελαυκὼς, ἀλλὰ μετὰ Ἰουδαίων ὢν, ἐξαίφνης ηὐτομόλησε καὶ γέγονεν εἷς ἐξ αὐτῶν· ὃ μάλιστα ἤρκει τὰ ἡμέτερα ἐπᾶραι. Ἐκεῖνοι μὲν γὰρ καὶ χάριτι ἐδόκουν μαρτυρεῖν, καὶ εἶπεν ἄν τις, ὅτι τὸν διδάσκαλον ποθοῦντες ταῦτα μαρτυροῦσιν· ὁ δὲ τῇ ἀναστάσει μαρτυρῶν, οὗτος μάλιστα ἦν ὁ φωνῆς μόνης ἀκούσας. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο ὁρᾷς αὐτοὺς ἐκθύμως πολεμοῦντας αὐτῷ, καὶ πάντα ὑπὲρ τούτου πράττοντας καὶ στασιάζοντας, ὥστε ἀνελεῖν αὐτόν. Ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν ἄπιστοι διὰ τοῦτο αὐτῷ ἀπεχθῶς εἶχον· οἱ δὲ πιστεύσαντες, τίνος ἕνεκεν; Ὅτι ἠναγκάζετο τοῖς ἔθνεσι κηρύττων καθαρῶς κηρύττειν τὸν Χριστιανισμόν· καὶ εἴ που καὶ ἐν Ἰουδαίᾳ ἀπελήφθη, οὐκ ἐφρόντιζε. Πέτρος μὲν γὰρ καὶ οἱ περὶ αὐτὸν, ἅτε ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις κηρύττοντες, ἔνθα πολὺς ἦν ὁ ζῆλος, ἀνάγκην εἶχον τὸν νόμον κελεύειν τηρεῖν· οὗτος δὲ ἐν ἐλευθερίᾳ πολλῇ ἦν. Καὶ πλείους ἦσαν οἱ ἐξ ἐθνῶν, ἢ οἱ