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On the Epistle to the Romans (homilies 1-32)

OF OUR FATHER AMONG THE SAINTS JOHN CHRYSOSTOM, ARCHBISHOP OF CONSTANTINOPLE, INTERPRETATION OF THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.

ARGUMENT OF THE EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS.

1. Continually hearing the Epistles of the blessed Paul read, and twice each week, and often three and four times, whenever we celebrate the memorials of the holy martyrs, I rejoice indeed, enjoying the spiritual trumpet, and I am roused and warmed with desire, recognizing the voice so dear to me, and seem almost to imagine him present, and to see him discoursing; but I am pained and grieved, that not all men know this man as they ought to know him, but some are so ignorant of him, as not even to know the number of his Epistles clearly. And this happens not from lack of learning, but from not wishing to be in continual conversation with this blessed man. For whatever we know, if indeed we know anything, we do not understand it through cleverness or sharpness of mind, but from continually cleaving to the man, and being ardently disposed towards him. For lovers know the things of their beloved before all others, since indeed they care for them; which this blessed one also indicated, when he said to the Philippians: As it is right for me to think this of you all, because I have you in my heart, both in my bonds and in the defense and confirmation of the Gospel. So if you too are willing to attend to the reading with eagerness, you will need nothing else; for the word of Christ is true, which says: Seek, and you will find; knock, and it will be opened to you. But since the majority of us who gather here have undertaken the raising of children and the care of a wife and the charge of a household, and for this reason would not be able to give themselves wholly to this labor; at least be roused to receive what has been gathered by others, and apply as much diligence to the hearing of what is said, as you do to the gathering of money. For even if it is a shame to ask only so much from you, yet still it is a thing to be thankful for, if you give at least that much. For from this source countless evils have sprung, from ignorance of the Scriptures; from this the great plague of heresies has sprouted, from this, neglected lives, from this, unprofitable labors. For just as those deprived of this light cannot walk straight; so those who do not look to the beam of the divine Scriptures, are forced to sin much and continually, since they are walking in the deepest dark 60.392 ness. That this may not happen, let us open our eyes to the brilliance of the apostolic sayings; for his tongue shone brighter than the sun, and he surpassed all the others in the word of his teaching; for since he labored more abundantly than they, he also drew to himself the abundant grace of the Spirit. And this I affirm not from his Epistles only, but also from his acts. For if ever there was a time for public speaking, they everywhere gave way to him; for which reason he was also thought to be Hermes by the unbelievers, because he was the chief speaker. But as we are about to enter upon this Epistle, it is necessary also to state the time at which it was written. For it is not, as many think, before all the others, but it is before all of those written from Rome, and later than the others, though not all of them; for indeed both the Epistles to the Corinthians were sent before this one. And this is clear from what he wrote at the end of it, saying thus: But now I go to Jerusalem to minister

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In epistulam ad Romanos (homiliae 1-32)

ΤΟΥ ΕΝ ΑΓΙΟΙΣ ΠΑΤΡΟΣ ΗΜΩΝ ΙΩΑΝΝΟΥ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΥΣΟΣΤΟΜΟΥ ΑΡΧΙΕΠΙΣΚΟΠΟΥ ΚΩΝΣΤΑΝΤΙΝΟΥΠΟΛΕΩΣ, ΕΡΜΗΝΕΙΑ ΕΙΣ ΤΗΝ ΠΡΟΣ

ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗΝ.

ΥΠΟΘΕΣΙΣ ΤΗΣ ΠΡΟΣ ΡΩΜΑΙΟΥΣ ΕΠΙΣΤΟΛΗΣ.

αʹ. Συνεχῶς ἀκούων ἀναγινωσκομένων τῶν Ἐπιστολῶν τοῦ μακαρίου Παύλου, καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην ἑβδομάδα δὶς, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ τρὶς καὶ τετράκις, ἡνίκα ἂν μαρτύρων ἁγίων μνήμας ἐπιτελῶμεν, χαίρω μὲν τῆς σάλπιγγος ἀπολαύων τῆς πνευματικῆς, καὶ διανίσταμαι, καὶ θερμαίνομαι τῷ πόθῳ, τὴν ἐμοὶ φίλην ἐπιγινώσκων φωνὴν, καὶ μονονουχὶ παρόντα αὐτὸν δοκῶ φαντάζεσθαι, καὶ διαλεγόμενον ὁρᾷν· ἀλγῶ δὲ καὶ ὀδυνῶμαι, ὅτι τὸν ἄνδρα τοῦτον οὐχ ἅπαντες ἴσασιν, ὥσπερ εἰδέναι χρὴ, ἀλλ' οὕτω τινὲς αὐτὸν ἀγνοοῦσιν, ὡς μηδὲ τῶν Ἐπιστολῶν τὸν ἀριθμὸν εἰδέναι σαφῶς. Τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται οὐ παρὰ ἀμαθίαν, ἀλλὰ παρὰ τὸ μὴ βούλεσθαι συνεχῶς ὁμιλεῖν τῷ μακαρίῳ τούτῳ. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡμεῖς ὅσαπερ ἴσμεν, εἴπερ τινὰ ἴσμεν, δι' εὐφυΐαν καὶ ὀξύτητα διανοίας ἐπιστάμεθα, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὸ συνεχῶς ἔχεσθαι τοῦ ἀνδρὸς, καὶ σφόδρα διακεῖσθαι περὶ αὐτόν. Τὰ γὰρ τῶν φιλουμένων πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων οἱ φιλοῦντες ἴσασιν, ἅτε δὴ μεριμνῶντες αὐτούς· ὅπερ καὶ ὁ μακάριος οὗτος ἐνδεικνύμενος, ἔλεγε Φιλιππησίοις· Καθὼς ἐμοὶ δίκαιόν ἐστι τοῦτο φρονεῖν περὶ ὑμῶν, διὰ τὸ ἔχειν με ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ ὑμᾶς ἔν τε τοῖς δεσμοῖς μου καὶ ἐν τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ καὶ βεβαιώσει τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου. Ὥστε καὶ ὑμεῖς εἰ θέλετε μετὰ προθυμίας προσέχειν τῇ ἀναγνώσει, οὐδενὸς ἑτέρου δεηθήσεσθε· ἀψευδὴς γὰρ ὁ τοῦ Χριστοῦ λόγος, εἰπών· Ζητεῖτε, καὶ εὑρήσετε· κρούετε, καὶ ἀνοιγήσεται ὑμῖν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τὸ πλέον ἡμῖν τῶν ἐνταῦθα συλλεγομένων καὶ παιδοτροφίαν καὶ γυναικὸς ἐπιμέλειαν καὶ οἰκίας πρόνοιαν ἀνεδέξαντο, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἂν ἀνάσχοιντο ὅλους ἑαυτοὺς δοῦναι τῷ πόνῳ τούτῳ· πρὸς γοῦν τὸ λαβεῖν τὰ παρ' ἑτέρων συλλεγέντα διανάστητε, καὶ τοσαύτην ἀπονείματε σπουδὴν τῇ τῶν λεγομένων ἀκροάσει, ὅσην τῇ τῶν χρημάτων συλλογῇ. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ αἰσχρὸν τοσαύτην ἀπαιτῆσαι παρ' ὑμῶν μόνην, πλὴν ἀλλ' ἀγαπητὸν, ἂν τοσαύτην γοῦν δῶτε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν τὰ μυρία ἐφύη κακὰ, ἀπὸ τῆς τῶν Γραφῶν ἀγνοίας· ἐντεῦθεν ἡ πολλὴ τῶν αἱρέσεων ἐβλάστησε λύμη, ἐντεῦθεν οἱ ἠμελημένοι βίοι, ἐντεῦθεν οἱ ἀκερδεῖς πόνοι. Ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ τοῦ φωτὸς ἀπεστερημένοι τούτου οὐκ ἂν ὀρθὰ βαδίσαιεν· οὕτως οἱ πρὸς τὴν ἀκτῖνα τῶν θείων μὴ βλέποντες Γραφῶν, πολλὰ ἀναγκάζονται καὶ συνεχῶς ἁμαρτάνειν, ἅτε δὴ ἐν σκότῳ χαλεπωτάτῳ βα 60.392 δίζοντες. Ὅπερ ἵνα μὴ γένηται, διανοίξωμεν τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς πρὸς τὴν λαμπηδόνα τῶν ἀποστολικῶν ῥημάτων· καὶ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τὸν ἥλιον ἔλαμψεν ἡ τούτου γλῶττα, καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων ἐπλεονέκτησε τῷ τῆς διδασκαλίας λόγῳ· ἐπειδὴ γὰρ περισσότερον αὐτῶν ἐκοπίασε, πολλὴν καὶ τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐπεσπάσατο χάριν. Καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπὸ τῶν Ἐπιστολῶν διισχυρίζομαι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πράξεων. Εἰ γάρ που δημηγορίας ἦν καιρὸς, αὐτῷ πανταχοῦ παρεχώρουν· διὸ καὶ Ἑρμῆς εἶναι ἐνομίζετο παρὰ τοῖς ἀπίστοις, διὰ τὸ τοῦ λόγου κατάρχειν. Μέλλοντας δὲ εἰς τὴν Ἐπιστολὴν κατιέναι ταύτην, ἀναγκαῖον καὶ τὸν χρόνον εἰπεῖν, καθ' ὃν ἐγράφη. Οὐδὲ γὰρ, ὡς πολλοὶ νομίζουσι, πρὸ πασῶν τῶν ἄλλων ἐστὶν, ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν ἀπὸ Ῥώμης γραφεισῶν προτέρα πασῶν, τῶν δὲ ἄλλων ὑστέρα, εἰ καὶ μὴ πασῶν· καὶ γὰρ αἱ πρὸς Κορινθίους ἀμφότεραι πρὸ ταύτης εἰσὶν ἀπεσταλμέναι. Καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἀφ' ὧν ἐν τῷ τέλει ταύτης ἔγραφεν, οὕτω λέγων· Νυνὶ δὲ πορεύομαι εἰς Ἱερουσαλὴμ διακονῶν