7. “  Let the waters bring forth the moving creatures that have life, and fowl that may fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven  .” They received the command to fly above the earth because earth provides them with nourishment. “In the firmament of heaven,” that is to say, as we have said before, in that part of the air called οὐρανός, heaven,  34  cf. note on p. 70. from the word ὁρᾶν, which means to see;  35  The Greek word στερέωμα, from στερεός, strong, is traceable to the root star, to spread out, and so indirectly associated with the connotation of the Hebrew rakia. called firmament, because the air which extends over our heads, compared to the æther, has greater density, and is thickened by the vapours which exhale from the earth. You have then heaven adorned, earth beautified, the sea peopled with its own creatures, the air filled with birds which scour it in every direction. Studious listener, think of all these creations which God has drawn out of nothing, think of all those which my speech has left out, to avoid tediousness, and not to exceed my limits; recognise everywhere the wisdom of God; never cease to wonder, and, through every creature, to glorify the Creator.

There are some kinds of birds which live by night in the midst of darkness; others which fly by day in full light. Bats, owls, night-ravens are birds of night: if by chance you cannot sleep, reflect on these nocturnal birds and their peculiarities and glorify their Maker. How is it that the nightingale is always awake when sitting on her eggs, passing the night in a continual melody?  36  Arist., H.A. viii. 75. Pliny x. 43. “Luscinus diebus ac noctibus continuis quindecim garrulus sine intermissu cantus, densante se frondium germine, non in novissimum digna miratu ave.” How is it that one animal, the bat, is at the same time quadruped and fowl? That it is the only one of the birds to have teeth? That it is viviparous like quadrupeds, and traverses the air, raising itself not upon wings, but upon a kind of membrane?  37  So also Basil in Hom. on Isaiah iii. 447. cf. Pliny x. 81, “cui et membranaceæ pinnæ uni.” What natural love bats have for each other! How they interlace like a chain and hang the one upon the other! A very rare spectacle among men, who for the greater part prefer individual and private life to the union of common life. Have not those who give themselves up to vain science the eyes of owls? The sight of the owl, piercing during the night time, is dazzled by the splendour of the sun; thus the intelligence of these men, so keen to contemplate vanities, is blind in presence of the true light.

During the day, also, how easy it is for you to admire the Creator everywhere! See how the domestic cock calls you to work with his shrill cry, and how, forerunner of the sun, and early as the traveller, he sends forth labourers to the harvest! What vigilance in geese! With what sagacity they divine secret dangers! Did they not once upon a time save the imperial city? When enemies were advancing by subterranean passages to possess themselves of the capitol of Rome, did not geese announce the danger?  38  cf. Livy v. 47 and Plutarch, Camillus, or Verg. viii. 655. The alternative tradition of the mine is preserved by Servius. Is there any kind of bird whose nature offers nothing for our admiration? Who announces to the vultures that there will be carnage when men march in battle array against one another? You may see flocks of vultures following armies and calculating the result of warlike preparations;  39  cf. Ælian, H.A. ii. 46. καὶ μέντοι καὶ ταῖς ἐκδήμοις στρατιαῖς ἕπονται γῦπες καὶ μάλα γε μαντικῶς ὅτι εἰς πόλεμον χωροῦσιν εἰδότες καὶ ὅτι μάχη πᾶσα ἐργάζεται νεκροὺς καὶ τοῦτο ἐγνωκότες. cf. Pliny x. 88: “vultures sagacius odorantur.” a calculation very nearly approaching to human reasoning. How can I describe to you the fearful invasions of locusts, which rise everywhere at a given signal, and pitch their camps all over a country? They do not attack crops until they have received the divine command. Or shall I describe how the remedy for this curse, the thrush, follows them with its insatiable appetite, and the devouring nature that the loving God has given it in His kindness for men?  40  cf. Galen. vi. 3. How does the grasshopper modulate its song?  41  Fialon, quoting the well known ode of Anakreon, “μακαρίζομέν σε τέττιξ,” and Plato’s theory of the affection of grasshoppers and the muses in the Phædrus, contrasts the “cantu querulæ rumpent arbusta cicadæ” of Vergil (George. iii. 328) and points out that the Romans did not share the Greek admiration for the grasshopper’s song. Why is it more melodious at midday owing to the air that it breathes in dilating its chest?

But it appears to me that in wishing to describe the marvels of winged creatures, I remain further behind than I should if my feet had tried to match the rapidity of their flight. When you see bees, wasps, in short all those flying creatures called insects, because they have an incision all around, reflect that they have neither respiration nor lungs, and that they are supported by air through all parts of their bodies.  42  “Insecta multi negarunt spirare, idque ratione persuadentes, quoniam in viscera interiora nexus spirabilis non inesset. Itaque vivere ut fruges, arboresque: sed plurimum interesse spiret aliquid an vivat. Eadem de causa nec sanguinem iis esse qui sit nullis carentibus corde atque jecore. Sic nec spirare ea quibus pulmo desit unde numerosa series quæstionum exoritur. Iidem enim et vocem esse his negant, in tanto murmure apium, cicadarum sono…nec video cur magis possint non trahere animam talia, et vivere, quam spirare sine visceribus.” Plin. xi. 2. Thus they perish, if they are covered with oil, because it stops up their pores. Wash them with vinegar, the pores reopen and the animal returns to life. Our God has created nothing unnecessarily and has omitted nothing that is necessary. If now you cast your eyes upon aquatic creatures, you will find that their organization is quite different. Their feet are not split like those of the crow, nor hooked like those of the carnivora, but large and membraneous; therefore they can easily swim, pushing the water with the membranes of their feet as with oars. Notice how the swan plunges his neck into the depths of the water to draw his food from it, and you will understand the wisdom of the Creator in giving this creature a neck longer than his feet, so that he may throw it like a line, and take the food hidden at the bottom of the water.  43  Arist., De Part. An. iv. 12.

Ἐξαγαγέτω τὰ ὕδατα ἑρπετὰ ψυχῶν ζωσῶν, καὶ πετεινὰ πετόμενα ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, κατὰ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ. Ἐπὶ μὲν τῆς γῆς ἐκελεύσθη πετάσθαι, διὰ τὸ πᾶσι τὴν τροφὴν ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ὑπάρχειν: Κατὰ δὲ τὸ στερέωμα τοῦ οὐρανοῦ, ὡς προλαβόντες ἀποδεδώκαμεν, οὐρανοῦ ἐνταῦθα παρὰ τὸ ὁρᾶσθαι τοῦ ἀέρος προσειρημένου: στερεώματος δὲ, διὰ τὸ πυκνότερόν πως εἶναι, συγκρίσει τοῦ αἰθερίου σώματος, καὶ μᾶλλον πεπιλημένον ταῖς κάτωθεν ἀναφοραῖς τὸν ὑπὲρ κεφαλῆς ἡμῶν ἀέρα. Ἔχεις οὖν οὐρανὸν διακεκοσμημένον, γῆν κεκαλλωπισμένην, θάλασαν εὐθηνουμένην τοῖς οἰκείοις γεννήμασιν, ἀέρα πλήρη τῶν διιπταμένων αὐτὸν ὀρνίθων. Πάντα προστάγματι Θεοῦ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος εἰς τὸ εἶναι παραχθέντα, καὶ ὅσα ὁ λόγος παρῆκε νῦν, τὴν ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐν τούτοις διατριβὴν ἐκκλίνων, ὡς ἂν μὴ δόξῃ ὑπερεκπίπτειν τοῦ μέτρου, κατὰ σεαυτὸν συλλογισάμενος, ὅγε φιλόπονος, τὴν ἐν ἅπασι τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίαν καταμανθάνων, μὴ λήξῃς ποτὲ τοῦ θαύματος, μηδὲ τοῦ διὰ πάσης τῆς κτίσεως δοξάζειν τὸν ποιητήν. Ἔχεις ἐν τῷ σκότει τὰ νυκτερόβια γένη τῶν ὀρνίθων: ἐν τῷ φωτὶ τὰ ἡμερόφοιτα. Νυκτερίδες μὲν γὰρ, καὶ γλαῦκες, καὶ νυκτοκόρακες, τῶν νυκτινόμων εἰσίν. Ὥστε σοί ποτε ἐν καιρῷ μὴ παρόντος τοῦ ὕπνου, ἐξαρκεῖν καὶ τὴν ἐν τούτοις διατριβὴν, καὶ τὴν τῶν ὑπαρχόντων αὐτοῖς ἰδιωμάτων ἐξέτασιν πρὸς δοξολογίαν τοῦ ποιητοῦ. Πῶς ἄγρυπνον ἡ ἀηδὼν, ὅταν ἐπωάζῃ, διὰ πάσης νυκτὸς τῆς μελῳδίας μὴ ἀπολήγουσα. Πῶς τετράπουν τὸ αὐτὸ καὶ πτηνὸν ἡ νυκτερίς. Πῶς μόνη τῶν ὀρνίθων ὀδοῦσι κέχρηται, καὶ ζωογονεῖ μὲν ὡς τὰ τετράποδα, ἐπιπολάζει δὲ τῷ ἀέρι, οὐχὶ πτερῷ κουφιζομένη, ἀλλ' ὑμένι τινὶ δερματίνῳ. Πῶς μέντοι καὶ τοῦτο ἔχει τὸ φιλάλληλον ἐν τῇ φύσει, καὶ ὥσπερ ὁρμαθὸς, ἀλλήλων αἱ νυκτερίδες ἔχονται, καὶ μία τῆς μιᾶς ἤρτηνται: ὅπερ ἐφ' ἡμῶν τῶν ἀνθρώπων οὐ ῥᾴδιον κατορθωθῆναι Τὸ γὰρ ἀπεσχισμένον καὶ ἰδιάζον τοῦ κοινωνικοῦ καὶ ἡνωμένου τοῖς πολλοῖς προτιμότερον. Πῶς ἐοίκασι τοῖς ὄμμασι τῆς γλαυκὸς οἱ περὶ τὴν ματαίαν σοφίαν ἐσχολακότες. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνης ἡ ὄψις, νυκτὸς μὲν ἔρρωται, ἡλίου δὲ λάμψαντος ἀμαυροῦται. Καὶ τούτων μὲν ἡ διάνοια ὀξυτάτη μέν ἐστι πρὸς τὴν τῆς ματαιότητος θεωρίαν, πρὸς δὲ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ φωτὸς κατανόησιν ἐξημαύρωται. Ἐν ἡμέρᾳ δέ σοι καὶ πάνυ ῥᾴδιον πανταχόθεν συνάγειν τὸ θαῦμα τοῦ κτίσαντος. Πῶς μὲν ἐπ' ἔργα σε διεγείρει ὁ σύνοικος ὄρνις, ὀξείᾳ τῇ φωνῇ ἐμβοῶν καὶ καταμηνύων πόρρωθεν ἔτι τὸν ἥλιον προσελαύνοντα, ὁδοιπόροις συνδιορθρίζων, γεωργοὺς δὲ ἐξάγων πρὸς ἀμητόν. Πῶς ἄγρυπνον τὸ τῶν χηνῶν γένος, καὶ πρὸς τὴν τῶν λανθανόντων αἴσθησιν ὀξύτατον, οἵ γέ ποτε καὶ τὴν βασιλίδα πόλιν περισώσαντο, πολεμίους τινὰς ὑπὸ γῆς δι' ὑπονόμων ἀφανῶν ἤδη μέλλοντας τὴν ἄκραν τῆς Ῥώμης καταλαμβάνειν καταμηνύσαντες. Ἐν ποίῳ γένει τῶν ὀρνίθων οὐκ ἴδιόν τι θαῦμα ἡ φύσις δείκνυσι; Τίς ὁ τοῖς γυψὶ προαπαγγέλλων τῶν ἀνθρώπων τὸν θάνατον, ὅταν κατ' ἀλλήλων ἐπιστρατεύσωσιν; Ἴδοις γὰρ ἂν μυρίας ἀγέλας γυπῶν τοῖς στρατοπέδοις παρεπομένας, ἐκ τῆς τῶν ὅπλων παρασκευῆς τεκμαιρομένων τὴν ἔκβασιν. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐ μακράν ἐστι λογισμῶν ἀνθρωπίνων. Πῶς σοι τὰς φοβερὰς ἐπιστρατιὰς τῆς ἀκρίδος διηγήσομαι, ἣ ὑφ' ἑνὶ συνθήματι πᾶσα ἀρθεῖσα καὶ στρατοπεδευσαμένη κατὰ τὸ πλάτος τῆς χώρας, οὐ πρότερον ἅπτεται τῶν καρπῶν, πρὶν ἐνδοθῆναι αὐτῇ τὸ θεῖον πρόσταγμα; Πῶς ἡ σελευκὶς ἐφέπεται ἴαμα τῆς πληγῆς, ἀπέραντον ἔχουσα τοῦ ἐσθίειν τὴν δύναμιν, τοῦ φιλανθρώπου Θεοῦ ἀκόρεστον αὐτῆς τὴν φύσιν ἐπ' εὐεργεσίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων κατασκευάσαντος; Τίς ὁ τρόπος τῆς μελῳδίας τοῦ τέττιγος; Καὶ πῶς ἐν τῇ μεσημβρίᾳ ἑαυτῶν εἰσιν ᾠδικώτεροι, τῇ ὁλκῇ τοῦ ἀέρος, ἣν ἐν τῇ διαστολῇ ποιοῦνται τοῦ θώρακος, ἐκδιδομένου τοῦ φθόγγου; Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἔοικα πλεῖον ἀπολείπεσθαι τῷ λόγῳ τοῦ θαύματος τῶν πτηνῶν, ἢ εἰ τοῖς ποσὶν αὐτῶν ἐπειρώμην ἐφικνεῖσθαι τοῦ τάχους. Ὅταν ἴδῃς τὰ ἔντομα λεγόμενα τῶν πτηνῶν, οἷον μελίσσας καὶ σφῆκας (οὕτω γὰρ αὐτὰ προσειρήκασι διὰ τὸ πανταχόθεν ἐντομάς τινας φαίνειν), ἐνθυμοῦ, ὅτι τούτοις ἀναπνοὴ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ πνεύμων, ἀλλ' ὅλα δι' ὅλων τρέφεται τῷ ἀέρι. Διόπερ καὶ ἐλαίῳ καταβραχέντα φθείρεται, τῶν πόρων ἀποφραγέντων: ὄξους δὲ εὐθὺς ἐπιβληθέντος πάλιν ἀναβιώσκεται, τῶν διεξόδων ἀνοιγομένων. Οὐδὲν περιττότερον τῆς χρείας, οὔτε μὴν ἐλλεῖπόν τινι τῶν ἀναγκαίων ὁ Θεὸς ἡμῶν ἔκτισε. Πάλιν τὰ φίλυδρα τῶν ζῴων καταμαθὼν, ἑτέραν ἐν αὐτοῖς κατασκευὴν εὑρήσεις: πόδας οὔτε διεσχισμένους, ὡς τοὺς τῆς κορώνης, οὔτε ἀγκύλους, ὡς τοὺς τῶν σαρκοφάγων: ἀλλὰ πλατεῖς καὶ ὑμενώδεις, ἵνα ῥᾳδίως ἐπινήχωνται τῷ ὕδατι, οἱονεὶ κώπαις τισὶ τοῖς τῶν ποδῶν ὑμέσι τὸ ὑγρὸν διωθούμενοι. Ἐὰν δὲ καταμάθῃς, ὅπως εἰς βάθος ὁ κύκνος καθιεὶς τὸν αὐχένα, κάτωθεν ἑαυτῷ τὴν τροφὴν ἀναφέρει, τότε εὑρήσεις τὴν σοφίαν τοῦ κτίσαντος, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο μακρότερον τῶν ποδῶν τὸν αὐχένα προσέθηκεν, ἵνα ὥσπερ τινὰ ὁρμιὰν κατάγων, τὴν ἐν τῷ βάθει κεκρυμμένην τροφὴν ἐκπορίζηται.