4. Virtues exist in us also by nature, and the soul has affinity with them not by education, but by nature herself. We do not need lessons to hate illness, but by ourselves we repel what afflicts us, the soul has no need of a master to teach us to avoid vice. Now all vice is a sickness of the soul as virtue is its health. Thus those have defined health well who have called it a regularity in the discharge of natural functions; a definition that can be applied without fear to the good condition of the soul. Thus, without having need of lessons, the soul can attain by herself to what is fit and conformable to nature.  20  This is the Stoic doctrine. “Stoicorum quidem facilis conclusio est; qui cum finem bonorum esse senserint, congruere naturæ, cumque ea convenienter vivere.” cf. Cic., De Fin. iii. 7, 26, and De Nat. D. i. 14, and Hor., Ep., i. x. 12. “Vivere naturæ si convenienter oportet.” So the Stoics’ main rule of life is ὁμολογουμένως τῇ φύσει ζῆν. But with Basil this apparent disregard of the doctrine of original sin and the need of grace for redemption must be understood in the light of the catholic doctrine that sin is the corruption of human nature (cf. Art. ix. of Original or Birth Sin), which nature, though corrupt and prone to evil, retains capacities for good. But these capacities do need grace and training. cf. Basil’s Homily on Ps. xlv. 166. “What is said about the Saviour had a double sense on account of the nature of the Godhead and the Economy of the incarnation. So, looking to the humanity of God, it is said ‘thou hast loved righteousness and hated iniquity,’ instead of saying ‘the rest of men by toil and discipline and careful attention mostly attain a disposition towards good and an aversion from vice. But thou hast a kind of natural relationship to good and alienation from iniquity.’ And so to us, if we will, it is not hard to acquire a love of righteousness and a hatred of iniquity.” i.e. In Christ, redeemed humanity loves good, and all men ‘naturally’ do need toil and discipline. The heredity of sin is recognised by Basil. (e.g. in Hom. in Famen. 7.) Man fell from grace given, and must return to it. (Serm. Ascet. in init.) It must always be remembered that questions of original sin, the will, and grace never had the same importance in the Greek as they had in the Latin church. cf. Dr. Travers Smith on St. Basil (c. ix. p. 108) and Böhringer (Das Vierte Jahrhundert. Basil, p. 102) who remarks: Wenn er auch noch von einer “Wieder herstellung des freien Willens, den wir zu brauchbaren Gefässen für den Herrn und zu jedem guten Werke fähig Werden” (De spir. sanct. 18) spricht, so hat er dies doch nirgends begründet, obschon er bei der Besprechung der Folgen des Falls zuweilen sich äussert, es sei der Mensch der von dem Schöpfer erhaltenen Freiheit beraubt worden. Im Allgemeinen setzt er den freien Willen auch nach dem Fall im Menschen so gut wieder Voraus, wie vor dem Fall, so dass jene Aeusserungen kaum mehr als den Werth einer Redensart haben. Im Ganzen eriunert seine Darstellung wieder an diejenige des Athanasius, dessen Einfluss Man nicht verkennen kann. Hence it comes that temperance everywhere is praised, justice is in honour, courage admired, and prudence the object of all aims; virtues which concern the soul more than health concerns the body. Children love  21  In Eph. vi. the word is “obey.” your parents, and you, “parents provoke not your children to wrath.”  22  cf. Eph. vi. 4. Does not nature say the same? Paul teaches us nothing new; he only tightens the links of nature. If the lioness loves her cubs, if the she wolf fights to defend her little ones, what shall man say who is unfaithful to the precept and violates nature herself; or the son who insults the old age of his father; or the father whose second marriage has made him forget his first children?

With animals invincible affection unites parents with children. It is the Creator, God Himself, who substitutes the strength of feeling for reason in them. From whence it comes that a lamb as it bounds from the fold, in the midst of a thousand sheep recognises the colour and the voice of its mother, runs to her, and seeks its own sources of milk. If its mother’s udders are dry, it is content, and, without stopping, passes by more abundant ones. And how does the mother recognise it among the many lambs? All have the same voice, the same colour, the same smell, as far at least as regards our sense of smell. Yet there is in these animals a more subtle sense than our perception which makes them recognise their own.  23  Fialon quotes Luc. ii. 367–370: “Præterea teneri tremulis cum vocibus hædi Cornigeras norunt matres, agnique petulci Balantum pecudes: ita, quod natura reposcit, Ad sua quisque fere decurrunt ubera lactis.” The little dog has as yet no teeth, nevertheless he defends himself with his mouth against any one who teases him. The calf has as yet no horns, nevertheless he already knows where his weapons will grow.  24  cf. Ovid (Halieut. ad init.): “Accepit mundus legem; dedit arma per omnes, Admonuitque sui. Vitulus sic namque minatur, Qui nondum gerit in tenera jam cornua fronte.” Here we have evident proof that the instinct of animals is innate, and that in all beings there is nothing disorderly, nothing unforeseen. All bear the marks of the wisdom of the Creator, and show that they have come to life with the means of assuring their preservation.

The dog is not gifted with a share of reason; but with him instinct has the power of reason. The dog has learnt by nature the secret of elaborate inferences, which sages of the world, after long years of study, have hardly been able to disentangle. When the dog is on the track of game, if he sees it divide in different directions, he examines these different paths, and speech alone fails him to announce his reasoning. The creature, he says, is gone here or there or in another direction. It is neither here nor there; it is therefore in the third direction. And thus, neglecting the false tracks, he discovers the true one. What more is done by those who, gravely occupied in demonstrating theories, trace lines upon the dust and reject two propositions to show that the third is the true one?  25  cf. Plutarch (ποτ. των ζ.φρ. κ.τ.λ 726). οἱ δὲ διαλεκτικοί φασι τὸν κύνα τῷ διὰ πλειόνων διεζευγμένῳ χρώμενον ἐν τοῖς πολυσχιδέσιν ἀτραποῖς συλλογίζεσθαι πρὸς ἑαυτὸν ἤτοι τήνδε τὸ θηρίον ὥρμηκεν ἢ τήνδε ἢ τήνδε· ἀλλὰ μὴν οὔτε τήνδε οὔτε τήνδε, τήνδε λοιπὸν ἄρα. But the dog is said to smell the first, the second, and the third. If he started off on the third without smelling, he would reason. As it is, there is no “syllogism.”

Does not the gratitude of the dog shame all who are ungrateful to their benefactors? Many are said to have fallen dead by their murdered masters in lonely places.  26  Also taken from Plutarch (πότερα τῶν ζ 726), who tells stories of a dog found by King Pyrrhus on a journey, and of Hesiod’s dog. Others, when a crime has just been committed, have led those who were searching for the murderers, and have caused the criminals to be brought to justice. What will those say who, not content with not loving the Master who has created them and nourished them, have for their friends men whose mouth attacks the Lord, sitting at the same table with them, and, whilst partaking of their food, blaspheme Him who has given it to them?

Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ παρ' ἡμῖν αἱ ἀρεταὶ κατὰ φύσιν, πρὸς ἃς ἡ οἰκείωσις τῆς ψυχῆς οὐκ ἐκ διδασκαλίας ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ἐξ αὐτῆς τῆς φύσεως ἐνυπάρχει. Ὡς γὰρ οὐδεὶς ἡμᾶς λόγος διδάσκει τὴν νόσον μισεῖν, ἀλλ' αὐτόματον ἔχομεν τὴν πρὸς τὰ λυποῦντα διαβολήν: οὕτω καὶ τῇ ψυχῇ ἔστι τις ἀδίδακτος ἔκκλισις τοῦ κακοῦ. Κακὸν δὲ πᾶν ἀρρωστία ψυχῆς, ἡ δὲ ἀρετὴ λόγον ὑγιείας ἐπέχει. Καλῶς γὰρ ὡρίσαντό τινες ὑγίειαν εἶναι τὴν εὐστάθειαν τῶν κατὰ φύσιν ἐνεργειῶν. Ὃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς κατὰ ψυχὴν εὐεξίας εἰπὼν, οὐχ ἁμαρτήσει τοῦ πρέποντος. Ὅθεν ὀρεκτικὴ τοῦ οἰκείου καὶ κατὰ φύσιν αὐτῇ ἀδιδάκτως ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχή. Διὸ ἐπαινετὴ πᾶσιν ἡ σωφροσύνη: καὶ ἀποδεκτὴ ἡ δικαιοσύνη: καὶ θαυμαστὴ ἡ ἀνδρεία: καὶ ἡ φρόνησις περισπούδαστος. Ἃ οἰκειότερά ἐστι τῇ ψυχῇ μᾶλλον, ἢ τῷ σώματι ἡ ὑγεία. Τὰ τέκνα, ἀγαπᾶτε τοὺς πατέρας. Οἱ γονεῖς, μὴ παροργίζετε τὰ τέκνα. Μὴ καὶ ἡ φύσις ταῦτα οὐ λέγει; Οὐδὲν καινὸν παραινεῖ Παῦλος, ἀλλὰ τὰ δεσμὰ τῆς φύσεως ἐπισφίγγει. Εἰ ἡ λέαινα στέργει τὰ ἐξ αὐτῆς, καὶ λύκος ὑπὲρ σκυλάκων μάχεται, τί εἴπῃ ἄνθρωπος καὶ τῆς ἐντολῆς παρακούων καὶ τὴν φύσιν παραχαράσσων, ὅταν ἢ παῖς ἀτιμάζῃ γῆρας πατρὸς, ἢ πατὴρ διὰ δευτέρων γάμων τῶν προτέρων παίδων ἐπιλανθάνηται; Ἀμήχανός ἐστιν ἡ στοργὴ τοῖς ἀλόγοις τέκνων καὶ γονέων πρὸς ἄλληλα, διότι ὁ δημιουργήσας αὐτὰ Θεὸς τὴν τοῦ λόγου ἔλλειψιν διὰ τῆς τῶν αἰσθητηρίων περιουσίας παρεμυθήσατο. Πόθεν γὰρ ἐν μυρίοις προβάτοις ἀρνειὸς τῶν σηκῶν ἐξαλλόμενος οἶδε μὲν τὴν χροίαν αὐτὴν καὶ τὴν φωνὴν τῆς μητρὸς, καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν ἐπείγεται, ἐπιζητεῖ δὲ τὰς οἰκείας πηγὰς τοῦ γάλακτος; Κἂν πενιχραῖς ταῖς μητρῴαις περιτύχῃ θηλαῖς, ἐκείναις ἀρκεῖται, πολλὰ παραδραμὼν οὔθατα βαρυνόμενα. Καὶ ἡ μήτηρ ἐν μυρίοις ἄρνασιν ἐπιγινώσκει τὸ ἴδιον; Φωνὴ μία, χρόα ἡ αὐτὴ, ὀσμὴ παρὰ πάντων ὁμοία, ὅσον τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ὀσφρήσει παρίσταται, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἐστί τις αὐτοῖς αἴσθησις τῆς ἡμετέρας καταλήψεως ὀξυτέρα, καθ' ἣν ἑκάστῳ πάρεστιν ἡ τοῦ οἰκείου διάγνωσις. Οὔπω οἱ ὀδόντες τῷ σκύλακι, καὶ ὅμως διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἀμύνεται τὸν λυπήσαντα. Οὔπω τὰ κέρατα τῷ μόσχῳ, καὶ οἶδε ποῦ τὰ ὅπλα αὐτῷ ἐμφυήσεται. Ταῦτα ἀπόδειξιν ἔχει τοῦ ἀδιδάκτους εἶναι τὰς φύσεις ἁπάντων, καὶ μηδὲν εἶναι ἄτακτον μηδὲ ἀόριστον ἐν τοῖς οὖσιν, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἴχνη φέρειν τῆς τοῦ ποιήσαντος σοφίας, ἐν ἑαυτοῖς δεικνύντα ὅτι ἐμπαράσκευα πρὸς τὴν φυλακὴν τῆς οἰκείας αὐτῶν σωτηρίας παρήχθη. Λόγου μὲν ἄμοιρος ὁ κύων, ἰσοδυναμοῦσαν δὲ ὅμως τῷ λόγῳ αἴσθησιν ἔχει. Ἃ γὰρ οἱ κατὰ πολλὴν σχολὴν τοῦ βίου καθεζόμενοι μόλις ἐξεῦρον οἱ τοῦ κόσμου σοφοὶ, τὰς τῶν συλλογισμῶν λέγω πλοκὰς, ταῦτα δείκνυται παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ὁ κύων πεπαιδευμένος. Τὸ γὰρ ἴχνος τοῦ θηρίου διερευνώμενος, ἐπειδὰν εὕρῃ αὐτὸ πολυτρόπως σχιζόμενον, τὰς ἑκασταχοῦ φερούσας ἐκτροπὰς ἐπελθὼν, μονονουχὶ τὴν συλλογιστικὴν φωνὴν ἀφίησι δι' ὧν πράσσει: ἢ τήνδε, φησὶν, ἐτράπη τὸ θηρίον, ἢ τήνδε, ἢ ἐπὶ τόδε τὸ μέρος: ἀλλὰ μὴν οὔτε τήνδε, οὔτε τήνδε, λειπόμενόν ἐστι τῇδε ὡρμῆσθαι αὐτό: καὶ οὕτως τῇ ἀναιρέσει τῶν ψευδῶν εὑρίσκει τὸ ἀληθές. Τί περισσότερον ποιοῦσιν οἱ ἐπὶ τῶν διαγραμμάτων σεμνῶς καθεζόμενοι, καὶ τὴν κόνιν καταχαράσσοντες, τριῶν προτάσεων ἀναιροῦντες τὰς δύο, καὶ ἐν τῇ λειπομένῃ τὸ ἀληθὲς ἐξευρίσκοντες; Τὸ δὲ μνημονικὸν τῆς χάριτος τοῦ ζῴου, τίνα τῶν ἀχαρίστων πρὸς εὐεργέτας οὐ καταισχύνει; Ὅπου γε καὶ φονευθεῖσι δεσπόταις κατ' ἐρημίαν, πολλοὶ τῶν κυνῶν ἐπαποθανόντες μνημονεύονται. Ἤδη δέ τινες ἐπὶ θερμῷ τῷ πάθει καὶ ὁδηγοὶ τοῖς ἐκζητοῦσι τοὺς φονέας ἐγένοντο, καὶ ὑπὸ τὴν δίκην ἀχθῆναι τοὺς κακούργους ἐποίησαν. Τί εἴπωσιν οἱ τὸν ποιήσαντα αὐτοὺς καὶ τρέφοντα Κύριον οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀγαπῶντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ φίλοις κεχρημένοι τοῖς λαλοῦσι κατὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀδικίαν, καὶ τῆς αὐτῆς αὐτοῖς τραπέζης μετέχοντες, καὶ παρ' αὐτὴν τὴν τροφὴν τῶν κατὰ τοῦ τρέφοντος βλασφημιῶν ἀνεχόμενοι;