I think, she replied, that the Gospel signifies by means of each of them certain doctrines with regard to our question of the soul. For when the patriarch first says to the Rich Man, “Thou in thy lifetime receivedst thy good things,” and in the same way speaks of the Poor Man, that he, namely, has done his duty in bearing his share of life’s evil things, and then, after that, adds with regard to the gulf that it is a barrier between them, he evidently by such expressions intimates a very important truth; and, to my thinking, it is as follows. Once man’s life had but one character; and by that I mean that it was to be found only in the category of the good and had no contact with evil. The first of God’s commandments attests the truth of this; that, namely, which gave to man unstinted enjoyment of all the blessings of Paradise, forbidding only that which was a mixture of good and evil and so composed of contraries, but making death the penalty for transgressing in that particular. But man, acting freely by a voluntary impulse, deserted the lot that was unmixed with evil, and drew upon himself that which was a mixture of contraries. Yet Divine Providence did not leave that recklessness of ours without a corrective. Death indeed, as the fixed penalty for breaking the law, necessarily fell upon its transgressors; but God divided the life of man into two parts, namely, this present life, and that “out of the body” hereafter; and He placed on the first a limit of the briefest possible time, while He prolonged the other into eternity; and in His love for man He gave him his choice, to have the one or the other of those things, good or evil, I mean, in which of the two parts he liked: either in this short and transitory life, or in those endless ages, whose limit is infinity. Now these expressions “good” and “evil” are equivocal; they are used in two senses, one relating to mind and the other to sense; some classify as good whatever is pleasant to feeling: others are confident that only that which is perceptible by intelligence is good and deserves that name. Those, then, whose reasoning powers have never been exercised and who have never had a glimpse of the better way soon use up on gluttony in this fleshly life the dividend of good which their constitution can claim, and they reserve none of it for the after life; but those who by a discreet and sober-minded calculation economize the powers of living are afflicted by things painful to sense here, but they reserve their good for the succeeding life, and so their happier lot is lengthened out to last as long as that eternal life. This, in my opinion, is the “gulf”; which is not made by the parting of the earth, but by those decisions in this life which result in a separation into opposite characters. The man who has once chosen pleasure in this life, and has not cured his inconsiderateness by repentance, places the land of the good beyond his own reach; for he has dug against himself the yawning impassable abyss of a necessity that nothing can break through. This is the reason, I think, that the name of Abraham’s bosom is given to that good situation of the soul in which Scripture makes the athlete of endurance repose. For it is related of this patriarch first, of all up to that time born, that he exchanged the enjoyment of the present for the hope of the future; he was stripped of all the surroundings in which his life at first was passed, and resided amongst foreigners, and thus purchased by present annoyance future blessedness. As then figuratively80    ἐκ καταχρήσεώς τινος: not as usually “by a misuse of words.” we call a particular circuit of the ocean a “bosom,” so does Scripture seem to me to express the idea of those measureless blessings above by the word “bosom,” meaning a place into which all virtuous voyagers of this life are, when they have put in from hence, brought to anchor in the waveless harbour of that gulf of blessings81    There is an anacoluthon here, for τῷ ἀγάθῳ κόλπῳ follows ᾧ above; designed no doubt to bring the things compared more closely together. Oehler, however, would join ἀγάθῳ with the relative, and translates as if τῷ = καί.. Meanwhile the denial of these blessings which they witness becomes in the others a flame, which burns the soul and causes the craving for the refreshment of one drop out of that ocean of blessings wherein the saints are affluent; which nevertheless they do not get. If, too, you consider the “tongue,” and the “eye,” and the “finger,” and the other names of bodily organs, which occur in the conversation between those disembodied souls, you will be persuaded that this conjecture of ours about them chimes in with the opinion we have already stated about the soul. Look closely into the meaning of those words. For as the concourse of atoms forms the substance of the entire body, so it is reasonable to think that the same cause operates to complete the substance of each member of the body. If, then, the soul is present with the atoms of the body when they are again mingled with the universe, it will not only be cognizant of the entire mass which once came together to form the whole body, and will be present with it, but, besides that, will not fail to know the particular materials of each one of the members, so as to remember by what divisions amongst the atoms our limbs were completely formed. There is, then, nothing improbable in supposing that what is present in the complete mass is present also in each division of the mass. If one, then, thinks of those atoms in which each detail of the body potentially inheres, and surmises that Scripture means a “finger” and a “tongue” and an “eye” and the rest as existing, after dissolution, only in the sphere of the soul, one will not miss the probable truth. Moreover, if each detail carries the mind away from a material acceptation of the story, surely the “hell” which we have just been speaking of cannot reasonably be thought a place so named; rather we are there told by Scripture about a certain unseen and immaterial situation in which the soul resides. In this story of the Rich and the Poor Man we are taught another doctrine also, which is intimately connected with our former discoveries. The story makes the sensual pleasure-loving man, when he sees that his own case is one that admits of no escape, evince forethought for his relations on earth; and when Abraham tells him that the life of those still in the flesh is not unprovided with a guidance, for they may find it at hand, if they will, in the Law and the Prophets, he still continues entreating that Just82    τὸν δίκαιον. Most of Krabinger’s Codd. read τὸν πλούσιον. Patriarch, and asks that a sudden and convincing message, brought by some one risen from the dead, may be sent to them.

_Μ. Ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, φησὶ, δόγματά τινα περὶ τῶν κατὰ ψυχὴν ζητουμένων δι' ἑκάστου τούτων ὑποσημαίνειν τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον. Προειπὼν γὰρ πρὸς τὸν πλούσιον ὁ πατριάρχης, ὅτι Ἀπέσχες τῷ διὰ σαρκὸς βίῳ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὴν μοῖραν, καὶ περὶ τοῦ πτωχοῦ τὸ ἶσον εἰπὼν, ὅτι Καὶ οὗτος ἀπέπλησε παρὰ τὸν βίον τῆς τῶν κακῶν μετουσίας λειτουργίας: εἶθ' οὕτως ἐπαγαγὼν περὶ τοῦ χάσματος, ὡς ἀπ' ἀλλήλων διατειχίζονται, μέγα τι διὰ τούτων ἔοικεν ὑποδεικνύειν τῷ λόγω.
Τὸ δὲ δόγμα, κατά γε τὸν ἐμὸν λόγον, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Μονοειδὲς ἦν ἡ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ζωὴ, μονοειδὲς δὲ λέγω τὴν ἐν μόνῳ τῷ ἀγαθῷ ὁρωμένην, καὶ πρὸς τὸ κακὸν ἀνεπίμικτον. Τὸν δὲ τοιοῦτον λόγον ὁ πρῶτος τοῦ Θεοῦ νόμος μαρτυρεῖται, ὁ τοῦ παντὸς μὲν δοὺς τῶν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ καλῶν ἄφθονον τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ τὴν μετουσίαν, ἀπείργων δὲ μόνου ἐκείνου ᾧ σύμμικτος ἦν ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων ἡ φύσις, τοῦ κακοῦ πρὸς τὸ καλὸν συγκεκραμένου, θάνατον ἐπιθεὶς τῷ παρανομήσαντι τὴν ζημίαν. Ἀλλ' ἑκουσίως ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐν τῷ αὐτεξουσίῳ κινήματι καταλιπὼν τὴν ἀμιγῆ τοῦ χείρονος μοῖραν, τὴν ἐκ τῶν ἐναντίων σύγκρατον ζωὴν ἐπεσπάσατο. Οὐ μὴν ἀφῆκεν ἡ θεία προμήθεια τὴν ἀβουλίαν ἡμῶν ἀδιόρθωτον. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ τοῖς παραβεβηκόσι τὸν νόμον ὁ κριθεὶς ἐπ' αὐτῷ θάνατος ἀναγκαίως ἐπηκολούθησε, διχῆ μερίσας τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ζωὴν, εἴς τε τὴν διὰ σαρκὸς ταύτην, καὶ εἰς τὴν ἔξω τοῦ σώματος μετὰ ταύτην, οὐ κατὰ τὸ ἶσον μέτρον τοῦ διαστήματος, ἀλλὰ τὴν μὲν βραχυτάτῳ τινὶ τῷ χρονικῷ περιγράψας ὅρῳ: τὴν δὲ παρατείνας εἰς τὸ ἀΐδιον, ἐξουσίαν ἔδωκεν ὑπὸ φιλανθρωπίας, ἐν ᾧ τις βούλεται, τούτων ἑκάτερον ἔχειν (τό τε ἀγαθὸν λέγω καὶ τὸ κακὸν), ἢ κατὰ τὸν βραχὺν τοῦτον καὶ ὠκύμορον βίον, ἢ κατὰ τοὺς ἀτελευτήτους ἐκείνους αἰῶνας, ὧν πέρας ἡ ἀπειρία ἐστίν. Ὁμωνύμως δὲ λεγομένου τοῦ τε ἀγαθοῦ καὶ τοῦ κακοῦ, καὶ ἑκατέρου τούτων πρὸς διπλῆν ἔννοιαν μεριζομένου (πρὸς νοῦν τε λέγω καὶ αἴσθησιν), καὶ τῶν μὲν τοῦτο ἐν ἀγαθοῦ μοίρᾳ κρινόντων ὅπερ ἂν ἡδὺ τῇ αἰσθήσει δόξῃ: τῶν δὲ μόνον τὸ κατὰ διάνοιαν θεωρούμενον πεπιστευκότων ἀγαθὸν εἶναι καὶ ὀνομάζεσθαι. Οἷς μὲν ἀγύμναστός ἐστιν ὁ λογισμὸς, καὶ τοῦ βελτίονος ἀνεπίσκεπτος, οὗτοι ὑπὸ λαιμαργίαν ἐν τῷ σαρκίνῳ βίῳ τὴν χρεωστουμένην τῇ φύσει τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ μοῖραν προαναλίσκουσιν, οὐδὲν τῷ μετὰ ταῦτα βίῳ ταμιευόμενοι: οἱ δὲ λογισμῷ διακριτικῷ τε καὶ σώφρονι τὴν ἑαυτῶν οἰκονομοῦντες ζωὴν, ἐν τῷ βραχεῖ τούτῳ βίῳ, διὰ τῶν τὴν αἴσθησιν λυπούντων ἀνιαθέντες, τῷ ἐφεξῆς αἰῶνι τὸ ἀγαθὸν ταμιεύονται, ὥστε αὐτοῖς τῇ ἀϊδίῳ ζωῇ τὴν κρείττω λῆξιν συμπαρατείνεσθαι.
Τοῦτο οὖν ἐστιν, ὥς γε ὁ ἐμὸς λόγος, τὸ χάσμα, ὃ οὐχὶ γῆς διασχούσης γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἡ παρὰ τὸν βίον κρίσις πρὸς τὰς ἐναντίας προαιρέσεις διασχισθεῖσα ποιεῖ. Ὁ γὰρ ἅπαξ τὸ ἡδὺ κατὰ τὸν βίον τοῦτον ἑλκόμενος, καὶ μὴ θεραπεύσας ἐκ μεταμελείας τὴν ἀβουλίαν, ἄβατον ἑαυτῷ μετὰ ταῦτα τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν χώραν ἐργάζεται, τὴν ἀδιάβατον ταύτην ἀνάγκην, καθάπερ τι βάραθρον ἀχανές τε καὶ ἀπαρόδευτον καθ' ἑαυτοῦ διορύξας. Διό μοι δοκεῖ καὶ τὴν ἀγαθὴν τῆς ψυχῆς κατάστασιν, ἐν ᾗ τὸν τῆς ὑπομονῆς ἀθλητὴν ἀναπαύει ὁ λόγος, κόλπον τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ ὀνομάσαι. Πρῶτος γὰρ οὗτος ὁ πατριάρχης τῶν πώποτε γεγονότων ἱστόρηται τὴν ἐλπίδα τῶν μελλόντων τῆς ἀπολαύσεως τῶν παρόντων ἀνταλλαξάμενος, ὅς γε πάντων γυμνωθεὶς, ἐν οἷς ἦν αὐτῷ καταρχὰς ἡ ζωὴ, ἐν ἀλλοτρίοις εἶχε τὴν δίαιταν, διὰ τῆς παρούσης κακοπαθείας, τὴν ἐλπιζομένην εὐκληρίαν ἐμπορευόμενος. Ὥσπερ οὖν τὴν ποιὰν τοῦ πελάγους περιγραφὴν ἐκ καταχρήσεώς τινος ὀνομάζομεν κόλπον, οὕτω δοκεῖ τῶν ἀμετρήτων ἐκείνων ἀγαθῶν τὴν ἔνδειξιν ὁ λόγος τῷ τοῦ κόλπου διασημαίνειν ὀνόματι, ᾧ πάντες οἱ δι' ἀρετῆς τὸν παρόντα διαπλέοντες βίον, ὅταν ἐντεῦθεν ἀπαίρωσιν, ὥσπερ ἐν ἀκατακλύστῳ λιμένι τῷ ἀγαθῷ κόλπῳ τὰς ψυχὰς ἐνορμίζονται, τοῖς δὲ λοιποῖς ἡ τῶν φαινομένων αὐτοῖς ἀγαθῶν στέρησις φλὸξ γίνεται τὴν ψυχὴν διασμύχουσα, ῥανίδος τινὸς ἐκ τοῦ πελάγους τῶν τοὺς ὁσίους περικλυζόντων ἀγαθῶν εἰς παραμυθίαν προσδεομένη, καὶ οὐ τυγχάνουσα. Γλῶσσαν δὲ καὶ ὀφθαλμὸν, καὶ δάκτυλον, καὶ τὰ λοιπὰ τῶν σωματικῶν ὀνομάτων ἐν τῷ διαλόγῳ τῶν ἀσωμάτων βλέπων, τὸν καταστοχασμὸν, ἡμῖν ἤδη νοηθέντι περὶ ψυχῆς λόγῳ συμφώνως ἔχειν ὁμολογήσεις, ἐπισκεψάμενος τῶν ῥητῶν τὴν διάνοιαν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ὅλου τοῦ σώματος ἡ τῶν στοιχείων συνδρομὴ ποιεῖ τὴν οὐσίαν, οὕτως εἰκὸς καὶ τῶν ἐν τῷ σώματι μερῶν ἐκ τῆς αὐτῆς αἰτίας συμπληροῦσθαι τὴν φύσιν. Εἰ οὖν πάρεστιν ἡ ψυχὴ τοῖς ἐκ τοῦ σώματος στοιχείοις πρὸς τὸ πᾶν ἀναμιχθεῖσιν, οὐ μόνον τὸ πλήρωμα τῶν εἰς ὅλον τὸ σύγκριμα συνδεδραμηκότων γνωρίσει, καὶ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἔσται: ἀλλ' οὐ τὴν ἰδιάζουσαν ἑκάστου τῶν μερῶν σύστασιν ἀγνοήσει, διὰ ποίων τῶν ἐν τοῖς στοιχείοις μορίων ἀποτελεσθῇ τὰ ἐν ἡμῖν μέλη.
Τὴν οὖν ἐν παντὶ οὖσαν τῷ τῶν στοιχείων πληρώματι, καὶ ἐν τοῖς καθ' ἕκαστον εἶναι, οὐδὲν ἔξω τοῦ εἰκότος ἐστίν: καὶ οὕτω πρὸς τὰ στοιχεῖά τις βλέπων, οἷς ἐνυπάρχει τῇ δυνάμει τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον μέλη τοῦ σώματος, δάκτυλόν τε περὶ αὐτὴν εἶναι καὶ ὀφθαλμὸν καὶ γλῶσσαν, καὶ τὰ ἄλλα πάντα μετὰ τὴν διάλυσιν τοῦ συγκρίματος τὴν Γραφὴν λέγειν ὑπονοῶν, τοῦ εἰκότος οὐχ ἁμαρτήσεται. Εἰ οὖν τὰ καθ' ἕκαστον ἀπάγει τὸν νοῦν τῆς σωματικῆς περὶ τοῦ διηγήματος ὑπολήψεως, εἰκὸς δήπου καὶ τὸν μνημονευθέντα νῦν ᾅδην μὴ τόπον τινὰ οὕτως ὀνομαζόμενον οἴεσθαι, ἀλλά τινα κατάστασιν ζωῆς ἀειδῆ καὶ ἀσώματον, ᾗ τὴν ψυχὴν ἐμβιοτεύειν παρὰ τῆς Γραφῆς ἐκδιδασκόμεθα. Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον ἐν τῷ κατὰ τὸν πλούσιον καὶ πτωχὸν διηγήματι δόγμα μανθάνομεν, ὃ πολλὴν ἔχει πρὸς τὰ ἐξητασμένα τὴν οἰκειότητα. Ἐποίησεν ἐκεῖνον τὸν ἐμπαθῆ καὶ φιλόσαρκον, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ἄφυκτον εἶδε τῆς παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συμφορᾶς, φροντίδα τῶν ὑπὲρ γῆς αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ γένος προσεκτῶν ἔχειν, καὶ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ εἰπόντος μὴ ἀπρονόητον εἶναι τῶν ἐν σαρκὶ ζώντων βίον, ἀλλὰ κατ' ἐξουσίαν προκεῖσθαι αὐτοῖς τὴν ἐκ τοῦ νόμου καὶ τῶν προφητῶν χειραγωγίαν: ἔτι παραμένειν προσλιπαροῦντα τὸν δίκαιον, ὅπως ἂν ἐκ τοῦ παραδόξου πιθανὸν αὐτοῖς τὸ κήρυγμα γένοιτο, ὑπό τινος ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν ἀναβεβιωκότος καταγγελλόμενον.