Homily II.

1 Thessalonians i. 8–10

“For from you hath sounded forth the word of the Lord, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward is gone forth; so that we need not to speak anything. For they themselves report concerning us what manner of entering in we had unto you; and how ye turned unto God from idols, to serve a living and true God, and to wait for His Son from Heaven, whom He raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivereth us from the wrath to come.”

As a sweet-smelling ointment keeps not its fragrance shut up in itself, but diffuses it afar, and scenting the air with its perfume, so conveys it also to the senses of the neighbors; so too illustrious and admirable men do not shut up their virtue within themselves, but by their good report benefit many, and render them better. Which also then happened. Wherefore he said, “So that ye became ensamples to all that believe in Macedonia and Achaia.” “For from you,” he says, “hath sounded forth the word of the Lord, not only in Macedonia and Achaia, but also in every place your faith to God-ward is gone forth.” Ye have filled, therefore, all your neighbors with instruction, and the world with wonder. For this is meant by the expression, “in every place.” And he has not said, your faith is noised abroad, but “has sounded out”; as every place near is filled with the sound of a loud trumpet, so the report of your manfulness is loud, and sounding even like that, is sufficient to fill the world, and to fall with equal sound upon all that are round about. For great actions are more loudly celebrated there, where they have taken place; afar off indeed they are celebrated, but not so much.

But in your case it was not so, but the sound of good report was spread abroad in every part of the earth. And whence know we, says one, that the words were not hyperbolical? For this nation of the Macedonians, before the coming of Christ, was renowned, and celebrated everywhere more than the Romans. And the Romans were admired on this account, that they took them captive. For the actions of the Macedonian king exceeded all report, who, setting out from a little city indeed, yet subdued the world. Wherefore also the Prophet saw him, a winged leopard, showing his swiftness, his vehemence, his fiery nature, his suddenly in a manner flying over the whole world with the trophies of his victory. And they say, that hearing from a certain philosopher, that there were infinite worlds, he groaned bitterly, that when they were numberless, he had not conquered even one. So high-minded was he, and high-souled, and celebrated everywhere. And with the fame of the king the glory of the nation also kept pace. For he was called “Alexander, the Macedonian.” So that what took place there was also naturally much talked of. For nothing can be concealed that relates to the illustrious. The Macedonians then were not inferior to the Romans.

And this has also arisen from their vehemence. For as if he were speaking of something living, he introduces the word “gone forth”; so vehement and energetic was their faith. “So that we need not to speak anything,” says he, “for they themselves report concerning us what entering in we had unto you.” They do not wait to hear from us,21    [This παρ᾽ ἡμῶν, “from us” (see below), was easily changed into περὶ ὑμῶν, “concerning us,” the text of most editions.—J.A.B.] but those who were not present, and have not seen, anticipate those who were present, and have seen your good deeds. So manifest were they everywhere made by report. We shall not therefore need, by relating your actions, to bring them to equal zeal. For the things which they ought to have heard from, us, these they themselves talk of, anticipating us. And yet in the case of such there is frequently envy, but the exceeding greatness of the thing conquered even this, and they are the heralds of your conflicts. And though left behind, not even so are they silenced, but they are beforehand with us. And being such, it is not possible for them to disbelieve our report.

What means, “What manner of entering in we had unto you”? That it was full of dangers, and numberless deaths, but that none of these things troubled you. But as if nothing had happened, so you adhered to us; as if ye had suffered no evil, but had enjoyed infinite good, so you received us after these things. For this was the second entering.22    This is not quite clear from Acts xvii., though “those that conducted Paul,” ver. 15, may have been Thessalonians. The ill-treatment presently mentioned by St. Paul was at Philippi previously. They went to Berœa, they were persecuted, and when they came after this they so received them, as though they had been honored by these also, so that they even laid down their lives for them. The expression, “What manner of entering in we had,” is complicated, and contains an encomium both of them and of themselves. But he himself has turned this to their advantage. “And how,” he says, “ye turned to God from idols, to serve a living and true God”; that is, that ye did it readily, that ye did it with much eagerness, that it did not require much labor to make you. “In order to serve,” says he, “a living and true God.”

Here also he introduced an exhortation, which is the part of one who would make his discourse less offensive. “And to wait,” he says, “for His Son from heaven, whom He raised from the dead, even Jesus, which delivereth us from the wrath to come.” “And to wait,” he says, “for His Son from heaven”; Him that was crucified, Him that was buried; to wait for Him from heaven. And how “from heaven”? “Whom He raised from the dead.” You see all things at the same time; both the Resurrection, and the Ascension, and the second Coming, the Judgment, the retribution of the just, the punishment of the wicked. “Jesus,” he says, “which delivereth us from the wrath to come.” This is at once comfort, and exhortation, and encouragement. For if He raised Him from the dead, and He is in heaven, and thence will come, (and ye believed in Him; for if ye had not believed in Him, ye would not have suffered so much), this of itself is sufficient comfort. These shall suffer punishment, which he says in his second epistle, and you will have no small consolation.

And to “wait,” he says, “for His Son from heaven.” The terrible things are in hand, but the good things are in the future, when Christ shall come from heaven. See how much hope is required, in that He who was crucified has been raised, that He has been taken up into heaven, that He will come to judge the quick and the dead.

Chap. ii. 1, 2. “For yourselves, brethren, know our entering in unto you, that it hath not been found vain: but having suffered before, and been shamefully entreated, as ye know, at Philippi, we waxed bold in our God to speak unto you the Gospel of God in much conflict.”

Great indeed were your actions also, but yet neither did we have recourse to human speech. But what he says above, that also he repeats here, that from both sides is shown what was the nature of the Preaching, from the miracles, and from the resolution of the preachers, and from the zeal and fervor of those who received it. “For yourselves,” he says, “know our entering in unto you, that it hath not been found vain,” that is, that it was not according to man, nor of any common kind. For being fresh from great dangers, and deaths, and stripes, we immediately fell into dangers. “But,” he says, “having suffered before, and been shamefully entreated; as ye know, at Philippi, we waxed bold in our God.” Do you see how again he refers the whole to God? “To speak unto you,” says he, “the Gospel of God in much conflict.”23    ἀγῶνι. It is not possible to say, that there indeed we were in danger, but here we are not; yourselves also know, how great was the danger, with how much contention we were among you. Which also he says in his Epistle to the Corinthians; “And I was with you in weakness,” and in labor, “and in fear, and in much trembling.” (1 Cor. ii. 3.)

Ver. 3, 4. “For our exhortation is not of error nor of uncleanness, nor in guile: but even as we have been approved of God to be entrusted with the Gospel, so we speak; not as pleasing men, but God which proveth our hearts.”

Do you see that, as I said, from their perseverance he makes a proof that the Preaching is divine? For, if it were not so, if it were a deceit, we should not have endured so many dangers, which allowed us not even to take breath. You were in tribulation, we were in tribulation. What then was it? Unless somewhat of things future had excited us, unless we had been persuaded that there is a good hope, we should not have been filled with the more alacrity by suffering. For who would have chosen for the sake of what we have here to endure so many sufferings, and to live a life of anxiety, and full of dangers? For whom would they persuade? For are not these things of themselves enough to trouble the disciples, when they see their teachers in dangers? But this was not your case.

“For our exhortation,” that is, our teaching, “is not of error.” The matter, he says, is not guile nor deceit, that we should give it up. It is not for things abominable, as the tricks of jugglers and sorcerers. “And of uncleanness,” says he, “nor in guile,” nor for any insurrection, like what Theudas did. “But even as we have been approved of God to be entrusted with the Gospel, so we speak, not as pleasing men, but God.” Do you see, that it is not vainglory? “But God,” he says, “which proveth our hearts.” We do nothing for the sake of pleasing men, he says. For on whose account should we do these things? Then having praised them, he says, Not as wishing to please men, nor seeking the honors that are from men, he adds, “But as we have been approved of God to be entrusted with the Gospel.” Unless He had seen that we were free from every worldly consideration, He would not have chosen us. As therefore He approved us, such we remain, as having been “approved of God.” Whence did he approve us, and entrust us with the Gospel? We appeared to God approved, so we remain. It is a proof of our virtue, that we are entrusted with the Gospel; if there had been anything bad in us, God would not have approved us. But the expression that He approved us, does not here imply search. But what we do upon proving, that he does without proving. That is, as he found us proof, and trusted us, so we speak; as it is reasonable that those should, who are approved and entrusted to be worthy of the Gospel, so we speak, “not as pleasing men,” that is, not on your account do we do all these things.24    [This sentence, after Field’s text, is awkward; but the manifest alterations introduced into the text followed in most editions do not really mend matters.—J.A.B.] Because previously he had praised them, that he might not bring his speech under suspicion, he says,

Ver. 5, 6. “For neither at any time were we found using words of flattery, as ye know, nor a cloak of covetousness, God is witness; nor seeking glory of men, neither from you, nor from others, when we might have been burdensome, as Apostles of Christ.”

For “neither at any time,” he says, “were we found using words of flattery”; that is, we did not flatter, which is the part of deceivers, who wish to get possession and to domineer. No one can say that we flattered in order to rule, nor that we had recourse to it for the sake of wealth. Of this, which was manifest, he afterwards calls them to be witnesses. “Whether we flattered,” he says, “ye know.” But as to what was uncertain, namely, whether it were in the way of covetousness, he calls God to witness. “Nor seeking glory of men, neither from you, nor from others, when we might have been burdensome, as Apostles of Christ;” that is, not seeking after honors either, nor boasting ourselves, nor requiring attendance of guards. And yet even if we had done this, we should have done nothing out of character. For if persons sent forth by kings are nevertheless25    i.e. though sent by mere earthly kings. The Catena omits the word. in honor, much more might we be. And he has not said, that “we were dishonored,” nor that “we did not enjoy honors,” which would have been to reproach them, but “we did not seek them.” We therefore, who, when we might have sought them, sought them not, even when the preaching required it, how should we do anything for the sake of glory? And yet even if we had sought them, not even in that case would there have been any blame. For it is fit that those men who are sent forth from God, as ambassadors now coming from heaven, should enjoy great honor.

But with an excess of forbearance we do none of these things, that we may stop the mouths of the adversaries. And it cannot be said, that to you we act thus, but not so others. For thus also he said in his Epistle to the Corinthians: “For ye bear with a man if he bringeth you into bondage, if he devoureth you, if he taketh you captive, if he exalteth himself, if he smiteth you on the face.” (2 Cor. xi. 20.) And again, “His bodily presence is weak, and his speech of no account.” (2 Cor. x. 10.) And again, “Forgive me this wrong.” (2 Cor. xii. 13.) He shows there also that he was exceeding humble from his suffering so many things. But here he also says concerning money, “when we might have been burdensome, as Apostles of Christ.”

Ver. 7, 8. “But we were gentle in the midst of you, as when a nurse cherisheth her own children: even so, being affectionately desirous of you, we were well pleased to impart unto you, not the Gospel of God only, but also our own souls, because ye were become very dear to us.”

“But we were gentle,” he says; we exhibited nothing that was offensive or troublesome, nothing displeasing, or boastful. And the expression “in the midst of you,” is as if one should say, we were as one of you, not taking the higher lot. “As when a nurse cherisheth her own children.” So ought the teacher to be. Does the nurse flatter that she may obtain glory? Does she ask money of her little children? Is she offensive or burdensome to them? Are they not more indulgent to them than mothers? Here he shows his affection. “Even so, being affectionately desirous of you,” he says, we are so bound to you, he says, and we not only take nothing of you, but if it be necessary even to impart to you our souls, we should not have refused. Tell me, then, is this of a human view? and who is so foolish as to say this? “We were well pleased to impart to you,” he says, “not the Gospel of God only, but also our own souls.” So that this is greater than the other. And what is the gain? For from the Gospel is gain, but to give our souls, is with respect to difficulty a greater thing than that. For merely to preach is not the same thing as to give the soul. For that indeed is more precious, but the latter is a matter of more difficulty. We were willing, he says, if it were possible, even to spend our souls upon you. And this we should have been willing to do; for if we had not been willing, we should not have endured the necessity. Since then he praised, and does praise, on this account he says, that, not seeking money, nor flattering you, nor desiring glory, do we do this. For observe; they had contended much, and so ought to be praised and admired even extraordinarily, that they might be more firm; the praise was suspicious. On this account he says all these things, by way of repelling the suspicion. And he also mentions the dangers. And again, that he may not be thought to speak of the dangers on this account, as if laboring for them, and claiming to be honored by them, therefore again, as he had to mention the dangers, he added, “Because ye were become very dear to us”; we would willingly have given our souls for you, because we were vehemently attached to you. The Gospel indeed we proclaim, because God commanded it; but so much do we love you, that, if it were possible, we would have given even our souls.

He who loves, ought so to love, that if he were asked even for his soul,26    ψυχήν, both “soul” and “life.” and it were possible, he would not refuse it. I do not say “if he were asked,” but so that he would even run to present him with the gift. For nothing, nothing can be sweeter than such love; nothing will fall out there that is grievous. Truly “a faithful friend is the medicine of life.” (Ecclus. vi. 16.) Truly “a faithful friend is a strong defense.” (Ib. 14.) For what will not a genuine friend perform? What pleasure will he not afford? what benefit? what security? Though you should name infinite treasures, none of them is comparable to a genuine friend. And first let us speak of the great delight of friendship itself. A friend rejoices at seeing his friend, and expands with joy. He is knit to him with an union of soul that affords unspeakable pleasure. And if he only calls him to remembrance, he is roused in mind, and transported.

I speak of genuine friends, men of one soul, who would even die for each other, who love fervently. Do not, thinking of those who barely love, who are table-companions, mere nominal friends, suppose that my discourse is refuted. If any one has a friend such as I speak of, he will acknowledge the truth of my words. He, though he sees his friend every day, is not satiated. For him he prays for the same things as for himself. I know one, who calling upon holy men in behalf of his friend, besought them to pray first for him, and then for himself. So dear a thing is a good friend, that times and places are loved on his account. For as bodies that are luminous spread their radiance to the neighboring places, so also friends leave a grace of their own in the places to which they have come. And oftentimes in the absence of friends, as we have stood on those places, we have wept, and remembering the days which we passed together, have sighed. It is not possible to represent by speech, how great a pleasure the intercourse with friends affords. But those only know, who have experience. From a friend we may both ask a favor, and receive one without suspicion. When they enjoin anything upon us, then we feel indebted to them; but when they are slow to do this, then we are sorrowful. We have nothing which is not theirs. Often despising all things here, on their account we are not willing to depart hence; and they are more longed for by us than the light.

For, in good truth, a friend is more to be longed for than the light; I speak of a genuine one. And wonder not: for it were better for us that the sun should be extinguished, than that we should be deprived of friends; better to live in darkness, than to be without friends. And I will tell you why. Because many who see the sun are in darkness, but they can never be even in tribulation, who abound in friends. I speak of spiritual friends, who prefer nothing to friendship. Such was Paul, who would willingly have given his own soul, even though not asked, nay would have plunged into hell27    [The reference is to Chrys.’s (erroneous) interpretation of Rom. ix. 3. See his Homily on that passage, and above, on Col. iv. 18.—J.A.B.] for them. With so ardent a disposition ought we to love.

I wish to give you an example of friendship. Friends, that is, friends according to Christ, surpass fathers and sons. For tell me not of friends of the present day, since this good thing also has past away with others. But consider, in the time of the Apostles, I speak not of the chief men, but of the believers themselves generally; “all,” he says, “were of one heart and soul: and not one of them said that aught of the things which he possessed was his own…and distribution was made unto each, according as any one had need.” (Acts iv. 32, 35.) There were then no such words as “mine” and “thine.” This is friendship, that a man should not consider his goods his own, but his neighbor’s, that his possessions belong to another; that he should be as careful of his friend’s soul,28    Or “life.” The double meaning of the word should be kept in sight throughout. as of his own; and the friend likewise.

And where is it possible, somebody says, that such an one should be found? Because we have not the will; for it is possible. If it were not possible, neither would Christ have commanded it; he would not have discoursed so much concerning love. A great thing is friendship, and how great, no one can learn, and no discourse represent, but experience itself. It is this29    i.e. the want of love. that has caused the heresies. This makes the Greeks to be Greeks. He who loves does not wish to command, nor to rule, but is rather obliged when he is ruled and commanded. He wishes rather to bestow a favor than to receive one, for he loves, and is so affected, as not having satisfied his desire. He is not so much gratified when good is done to him, as when he is doing good. For he wishes to oblige, rather than to be indebted to him; or rather he wishes both to be beholden to him, and to have him his debtor. And he wishes both to bestow favors, and not to seem to bestow them, but himself to be the debtor. I think that perhaps many of you do not understand what has been said. He wishes to be the first in bestowing benefits, and not to seem to be the first, but to be returning a kindness. Which God also has done in the case of men. He purposed to give His own Son for us; but that He might not seem to bestow a favor, but to be indebted to us, He commanded Abraham to offer his son,30    See Gen. xxii. 16, 18. that whilst doing a great kindness, He might seem to do nothing great.

For when indeed there is no love, we both upbraid men with our kindnesses and we exaggerate little ones; but when there is love, we both conceal them and wish to make the great appear small, that we may not seem to have our friend for a debtor, but ourselves to be debtors to him, in having him our debtor. I know that the greater part do not understand what is said, and the cause is, that I am speaking of a thing which now dwells in heaven. As therefore if I were speaking of any plant growing in India, of which no one had ever had any experience, no speech would avail to represent it, though I should utter ten thousand words: so also now whatever things I say, I say in vain, for no one will be able to understand me. This is a plant that is planted in heaven, having for its branches not heavy-clustered pearls, but a virtuous life, much more acceptable than they. What pleasure would you speak of, the foul and the honorable? But that of friendship excelleth them all, though you should speak of the sweetness of honey. For that satiates, but a friend never does, so long as he is a friend; nay, the desire of him rather increases, and such pleasure never admits of satiety. And a friend is sweeter than the present life. Many therefore after the death of their friends have not wished to live any longer. With a friend one would bear even banishment; but without a friend would not choose to inhabit even his own country. With a friend even poverty is tolerable, but without him both health and riches are intolerable. He has another self: I am straitened, because I cannot instance by an example. For I should in that case make it appear that what has been said is much less than it ought to be.

And these things indeed are so here. But from God the reward of friendship is so great, that it cannot be expressed. He gives a reward, that we may love one another, the thing for which we owe a reward. “Pray,” He says, “and receive a reward,” for that for which we owe a reward, because we ask for good things. “For that which you ask,” He says, “receive a reward. Fast, and receive a reward. Be virtuous, and receive a reward,” though you rather owe a reward. But as fathers, when they have made their children virtuous, then further give them a reward; for they are debtors, because they have afforded them a pleasure; so also God acts. “Receive a reward,” He says, “if thou be virtuous, for thou delightest thy Father, and for this I owe thee a reward. But if thou be evil, not so: for thou provokest Him that begot thee.” Let us not then provoke God, but let us delight Him, that we may obtain the kingdom of Heaven, in Christ Jesus our Lord, to whom be the glory and the strength, world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Βʹ. Ἀφ' ὑμῶν γὰρ ἐξήχηται ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου, οὐ μόνον ἐν τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ καὶ Ἀχαΐᾳ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐξελήλυθεν, ὥστε μὴ χρείαν ἡμᾶς ἔχειν λαλεῖν τι. Αὐτοὶ γὰρ περὶ ἡμῶν ἀπαγγέλλουσιν ὁποίαν εἴσοδον ἔχομεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ πῶς ἐπεστρέ ψατε πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων, δου λεύειν Θεῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἀληθινῷ, καὶ ἀναμένειν τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, ὃν ἤγειρεν ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦν τὸν ῥυόμενον ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς τῆς ἐρχομένης. αʹ. Καθάπερ μύρον εὐῶδες τὴν εὐωδίαν οὐκ ἐν ἑαυτῷ συγκλεῖσαν ἔχει, ἀλλὰ πόῤῥωθεν ἀφίησι, καὶ τὸν ἀέρα ἀναχρῶσαν τῆς ὀσμῆς, οὕτως ἐνίησι καὶ ταῖς τῶν πλησίων αἰσθήσεσιν: οὕτω δὴ καὶ οἱ γενναῖοι καὶ θαυμαστοὶ ἄνδρες οὐκ ἐν ἑαυτοῖς τὴν ἀρετὴν συγκλείσαντες ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ πολλοὺς διὰ τῆς φήμης αὐτῶν ὠφελοῦσι καὶ ἀμείνους ἐργάζονται. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ τότε γεγένηται. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν: Ὥστε ὑμᾶς τύπους γενέσθαι πᾶσι τοῖς πιστεύουσιν ἐν Ἀχαΐᾳ καὶ τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ. Ἀφ' ὑμῶν γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐξήχηται ὁ λόγος τοῦ Κυρίου, οὐ μόνον ἐν τῇ Μακεδονίᾳ καὶ Ἀχαΐᾳ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν ἡ πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἐξελήλυθε. Τῆς μὲν οὖν παιδεύσεως τοὺς πλησίον πάντας ἐνεπλήσατε, φησὶ, τοῦ δὲ θαύματος τὴν οἰκουμένην: τὸ γὰρ, Ἐν παντὶ τόπῳ, τοῦτό ἐστι. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπε: Διατεθρύλληται ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν, ἀλλ', Ἐξήχηται: δηλῶν ὅτι ὥσπερ σάλπιγγος λαμπρὸν ἠχούσης ὁ πλησίον ἅπας πληροῦται τόπος, οὕτω τῆς ὑμετέρας ἀνδρείας ἡ φήμη, καθάπερ ἐκείνη σαλπίζουσα, ἱκανὴ τὴν οἰκουμένην ἐμπλῆσαι, καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς πανταχοῦ μετὰ τῆς ἴσης ἠχῆς προσπεσεῖν. Τὰ γὰρ μεγάλα τῶν πραγμάτων ἔνθα μὲν ἂν γένηται, λαμπρότερον ᾄδεται, πόῤῥω δὲ ᾄδεται μὲν, οὐχ οὕτω δέ: ἀφ' ὑμῶν δὲ οὖν οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλ' ἠχὴ εὔσημος πανταχοῦ τῆς γῆς ἐξελήλυθε. Καὶ μή τις ὑπερβολῆς εἶναι νομίσῃ τὰ ῥήματα: καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο τὸ ἔθνος τὸ τῶν Μακεδόνων πρὸ τῆς τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσίας ἐπίσημον ἦν, καὶ πανταχοῦ ᾔδετο Ῥωμαίων μᾶλλον: καὶ Ῥωμαῖοι διὰ τοῦτο θαυμαστοὶ, ὅτι τούτους εἷλον. Ἃ γὰρ ὁ Μακεδόνων βασιλεὺς εἰργάσατο, πάντα ὑπερέβαινε λόγον, ἀπὸ μικρᾶς μὲν ὁρμηθεὶς πόλεως, τὴν δὲ οἰκουμένην καταλαβών. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πτηνὴν Πάρδαλιν αὐτὸν ὁρᾷ ὁ προφήτης, τὸ τάχος καὶ τὸ σφοδρὸν καὶ τὸ πυρῶδες καὶ τὸ ἄφνω που διαπτῆναι τὴν οἰκουμένην μετὰ τροπαίων καὶ νίκης δηλῶν. Λέγουσι, δὲ, ὅτι καὶ φιλοσόφου τινὸς ἀκούσας λέγοντος, ὅτι ἄπειροι κόσμοι εἰσὶ, πικρὸν ἐστέναξεν, εἴ γε ἀπείρων ὄντων, μηδὲ ἑνός που κεκράτηκεν: οὕτως ἦν μεγαλόφρων καὶ μεγαλόψυχος, καὶ πανταχοῦ τῆς οἰκουμένης ᾔδετο. Τῇ γοῦν τοῦ βασιλέως φήμῃ συνανῄει καὶ ἡ τοῦ ἔθνους δόξα: Ἀλέξανδρος γὰρ ὁ Μακεδὼν ἐλέγετο: ὥστε διαβοωμένου ἐκείνου, εἰκότως καὶ τὰ ἐκεῖ γενόμενα πανταχοῦ ᾄδεσθαι: τῶν γὰρ ἐπισήμων οὐδὲν δύναται λαθεῖν. Οὐχ ἧττον οὖν τῶν Ῥωμαίων τὰ Μακεδόνων ἦν. Ἡ πίστις ὑμῶν ἡ πρὸς Θεὸν, φησὶν, ἐξελήλυθεν. Ὅρα πῶς ὡς περὶ ἐμψύχου διαλεγόμενος τὸ, Ἐξελήλυθε, τέθεικε: τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς σφοδρότητος αὐτῶν γέγονεν. Εἶτα δηλῶν ὅτι οὕτω τὴν πίστιν αὐτῶν σφοδρὰν καὶ ἐνεργῆ ἐπεδείξαντο, ἐπάγει: Ὥστε μὴ χρείαν ἡμᾶς ἔχειν λαλεῖν τι. Αὐτοὶ γὰρ περὶ ἡμῶν ἀπαγγέλλουσιν ὁποίαν εἴσοδον ἔσχομεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Οὐ περιμένουσιν ἀκοῦσαι περὶ ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ τοὺς παρόντας καὶ τεθεαμένους τὰ ὑμέτερα κατορθώματα, οἱ μὴ παρόντες, μηδὲ τεθεαμένοι παραλαμβάνουσιν: οὕτω δήλη πανταχοῦ γέγονε ταῖς ἀκοαῖς. Οὐκοῦν οὐ δεησόμεθα τὰ ὑμέτερα διηγούμενοι, εἰς ζῆλον αὐτοὺς ἀγαγεῖν τὸν ἴσον: ἃ γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἐχρῆν παρ' ἡμῶν ἀκούειν, ταῦτα αὐτοὶ προλαβόντες λέγουσι. Καίτοι γε πολλαχοῦ ἐπὶ τῶν τοιούτων φθόνος ἐστίν: ἀλλ' ἡ ὑπερβολὴ καὶ τοῦτον ἐνίκησε, καὶ αὐτοὶ κήρυκές εἰσι τῶν ὑμετέρων ἄθλων. Καίτοι γε ἀπολιμπανόμενοι, οὐδὲ οὕτω σιγῶσιν, ἀλλὰ προφθάνουσι. Τοιούτοις δὲ οὖσιν οὐκ ἔστιν ἡμῖν λέγουσιν ἀπιστῆσαι. Τί ἐστιν, Ὁποίαν εἴσοδον ἔσχομεν πρὸς ὑμᾶς; Ὅτι κινδύνων ἔγεμεν, ὅτι θανάτων μυρίων, ὅτι τούτων οὐδὲν ὑμᾶς ἐτάραττεν: ἀλλ', ὡς οὐδενὸς γενομένου, οὕτως ἡμῶν εἴχεσθε: ὡς οὐδὲν παθόντες κακὸν, ἀλλ' ὡς μυρίων ἀπολαύσαντες ἀγαθῶν, οὕτως ἡμᾶς ἐδέξασθε μετὰ ταῦτα. Δευτέρα γὰρ ἦν εἴσοδος αὕτη. Οἷον ἀπῆλθον εἰς Βέῤῥοιαν, ἐδιώχθησαν: καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα ἐλθόντας αὐτοὺς οὕτως ἐδέξαντο, ὡς τιμηθῆναι καὶ παρ' αὐτῶν, ὥστε καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αὑτῶν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν ἔθηκαν. Τὸ οὖν, Ὁποίαν εἴσοδον ἔσχομεν, συμπεπλεγμένον ἐστι: καὶ τούτων γὰρ, καὶ αὐτῶν ἔχει ἐγκώμιον: ἀλλ' αὐτὸς τοῦτο ἔτρεψεν εἰς τὸ αὐτῶν. Καὶ πῶς ἐπεστρέψατε, φησὶ, πρὸς τὸν Θεὸν ἀπὸ τῶν εἰδώλων δουλεύειν Θεῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἀληθινῷ: Τουτέστιν, ὅτι εὐκόλως, ὅτι μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σφοδρότητος, ὅτι οὐκ ἐδεήθητε πολλῆς πραγματείας εἰς τὸ δουλεύειν Θεῷ ζῶντι καὶ ἀληθινῷ. Ἐνταῦθα καὶ παραίνεσιν εἰσήγαγεν, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀνεπαχθέστερον τὸν λόγον ποιοῦντος. Καὶ ἀναμένειν, φησὶ, τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, ὃν ἤγειρεν ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν, Ἰησοῦν, τὸν ῥυόμενον ἡμᾶς ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς τῆς ἐρχομένης. Καὶ ἀναμένειν, φησὶ, τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον, τὸν ταφέντα: διὸ καὶ τοῦτο δηλῶν ἐπάγει, Ὃν ἤγειρεν ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν. Εἶδες ὁμοῦ πάντα, καὶ τὴν ἀνάστασιν, καὶ τὴν ἀνάληψιν, καὶ τὴν δευτέραν παρουσίαν, τὴν κρίσιν, τὴν τῶν δικαίων ἀνταπόδοσιν, τὴν τῶν πονηρῶν τιμωρίαν; Ἰησοῦν τὸν ῥυόμενον ἡμᾶς, φησὶν, ἀπὸ τῆς ὀργῆς τῆς ἐρχομένης. Τοῦτο καὶ παραμυθία, καὶ παράκλησις, καὶ προτροπὴ ἐκείνων. Εἰ γὰρ ἤγειρεν ἐκ τῶν νεκρῶν, καὶ ἐν οὐρανῷ ἐστι, καὶ ἐκεῖθεν ἐλεύσεται (τοῦτο δὲ οὕτως ἔχειν ἐπιστεύσατε: οὐ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ ἐπιστεύσατε, τοσαῦτα ἐπάθετε): ἱκανὴ παραμυθία καὶ ταῦτα. Εἰ δὲ καὶ δώσουσι πάντως οὗτοι δίκην, ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ἐν τῇ δευτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ φησιν, ἑτέραν καὶ ὑμεῖς ἕξετε παραμυθίαν οὐ μικράν. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ ἀναμένειν εἶπε τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν, δηλῶν ὅτι τὰ μὲν δεινὰ ἐν χερσὶ, τὰ δὲ χρηστὰ ἐν μελλήσει, ὅταν ὁ Χριστὸς ἀπὸ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἔλθῃ. Ὅρα πόσης δεῖται ἐλπίδος, ὅτι ὁ σταυρωθεὶς ἠγέρθη, ὅτι ἀνελήφθη εἰς τοὺς οὐρανοὺς, ὅτι ἔρχεται κρῖναι ζῶντας καὶ νεκρούς, Αὐτοὶ γὰρ οἴδατε, ἀδελφοὶ, τὴν εἴσοδον ἡμῶν τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὅτι οὐ κενὴ γέγονεν, ἀλλὰ προπαθόντες καὶ ὑβρισθέντες, καθὼς οἴδατε, ἐν Φιλίπποις, ἐπαῤῥησιασάμεθα ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν λαλῆσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν πολλῷ ἀγῶνι. βʹ. Μεγάλα μὲν καὶ τὰ ὑμέτερα πλὴν ἀλλ' οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἀνθρωπίνῳ λόγῳ ἐχρησάμεθα. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἄνω φησὶ, τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα, ὅτι ἀμφοτέρωθεν δείκνυται τὸ κήρυγμα οἷόν ἐστιν, ἀπό τε τῶν σημείων, ἀπό τε τῆς τῶν κηρυττόντων προαιρέσεως, ἀπό τε τῆς τῶν δεχομένων θερμότητος καὶ σπουδῆς. Αὐτοὶ γὰρ οἴδατε, φησὶ, τὴν εἴσοδον ἡμῶν τὴν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ὅτι οὐ κενὴ γέγονε: τουτέστιν, ὅτι οὐκ ἀνθρωπίνη, οὐδὲ ἡ τυχοῦσα. Ἀπὸ γὰρ κινδύνων ὄντες μεγάλων καὶ θανάτων καὶ πληγῶν, εὐθέως εἰς κινδύνους ἐνεπέσομεν. Ἀλλὰ προπαθόντες, φησὶ, καὶ ὑβρισθέντες, καθὼς οἴδατε, ἐν Φιλίπποις, ἐπαῤῥησιασάμεθα ἐν τῷ Θεῷ ἡμῶν. Ὁρᾷς πῶς πάλιν τὸ πᾶν ἀνατίθησι τῷ Θεῷ; Λαλῆσαι πρὸς ὑμᾶς τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐν πολλῷ ἀγῶνι. Οὐκ ἔστι, φησὶν, εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ἐκεῖ μὲν ἐκινδυνεύσαμεν, ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὔ: ἴστε καὶ ὑμεῖς ὅσος ὁ κίνδυνος, καὶ μεθ' ὅσης ἀγωνίας ἐγενόμεθα πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Ὅπερ καὶ πρὸς Κορινθίους φησὶ γράφων, ὅτι Ἐν ἀσθενείᾳ καὶ ἐν πόνῳ καὶ ἐν φόβῳ καὶ ἐν τρόμῳ πολλῷ ἐγενόμην πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Ἡ γὰρ παράκλησις ἡμῶν οὐκ ἐκ πλάνης, οὐδὲ ἐξ ἀκαθαρσίας, οὔτε ἐν δόλῳ: ἀλλὰ καθὼς δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, οὕτω λαλοῦμεν, οὐχ ὡς ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκοντες, ἀλλὰ τῷ Θεῷ τῷ δοκιμάζοντι τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ὅπερ ἔφην, ἀπὸ τῆς ἐνστάσεως αὐτῶν ποιεῖται τεκμήριον τοῦ θεῖον εἶναι τὸ κήρυγμα; Οὐ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν, εἰ ἀπάτη ἦν, τοσούτους κινδύνους ὑπεμείναμεν ἂν, οὐδὲ ἀναπνεῦσαι διδόντας ἡμῖν. Τί ποτ' οὖν ἐστιν; Εἰ μή τι τῶν μελλόντων διήγειρεν ἡμᾶς, εἰ μὴ ἐπεπείσμεθα ὅτι ἐλπίς ἐστιν ἀγαθὴ, οὐκ ἂν προθυμότεροι πάσχοντες διεκείμεθα. Τίς γὰρ ἂν ἕλοιτο ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐνταῦθα τοσαῦτα ὑπομένειν, καὶ βίον ἐναγώνιον ζῇν, καὶ κινδύνων γέμοντα; τίνα γὰρ ἂν πείσαιεν; αὐτὰ γὰρ ταῦτα οὐχ ἱκανὰ θορυβῆσαι τοὺς μαθητὰς, ὅταν τοὺς διδασκάλους ὁρῶσιν ἐν κινδύνοις; Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑμεῖς τοῦτο πεπόνθατε: Ἡ γὰρ παράκλησις ἡμῶν, τουτέστιν, ἡ διδαχὴ, οὐκ ἐκ πλάνης. Οὐκ ἔστι δόλος, φησὶ, τὸ πρᾶγμα, οὐδὲ ἀπάτη, ἵνα ἐνδῶμεν: οὐκ ἔστιν ὑπὲρ μυσαρῶν πραγμάτων, οἷον γοήτων καὶ μάγων: τοῦτο γὰρ τὸ, Ἐξ ἀκαθαρσίας: οὔτε ἐν δόλῳ, οὔτε ἐν ἐπιστάσει τινὶ, ὅπερ ὁ Θευδᾶς ἐποίησεν: Ἀλλὰ καθὼς δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον, οὕτω λαλοῦμεν, οὐχ ὡς ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκοντες, ἀλλὰ τῷ Θεῷ. Ὁρᾷς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι κενοδοξία; Ἀλλὰ τῷ Θεῷ, φησὶ, τῷ δοκιμάζοντι τὰς καρδίας ἡμῶν. Οὐδὲν πρὸς ἀρέσκειαν ἀνθρώπων πράττομεν, φησί: τίνος γὰρ ἕνεκεν ταῦτα ἂν ἐπράξαμεν; Ἔπειτα ἐπαινέσας αὐτοὺς, τῷ λέγειν, Οὐχ ὡς ἀνθρώποις θέλοντες ἀρέσαι, οὔτε τὰς παρὰ ἀνθρώπων ἐπιζητοῦντες τιμὰς, ἐπήγαγεν: Ἀλλὰ καθὼς δεδοκιμάσμεθα ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ πιστευθῆναι τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον. Ὡς εἰ ἔλεγεν: Εἰ μὴ εἶδε παντὸς ἀπηλλαγμένους βιωτικοῦ, οὐκ ἂν ἡμᾶς εἵλετο: καθὼς οὖν ἐδοκίμασε, τοιοῦτοι καὶ μένομεν. Δεδοκιμάσμεθα, φησὶν, ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ: τουτέστιν, ἡμᾶς ἐδοκίμασε καὶ ἐνεπίστευσε τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον. Ὡς οὖν δόκιμοι ἐφάνημεν τῷ Θεῷ, οὕτω καὶ μένομεν. Ταύτης τῆς ἀρετῆς τεκμήριον τὸ πιστευθῆναι τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον: οὐκ ἂν δὲ, εἴ τι φαῦλον ἐν ἡμῖν ἦν, ὁ Θεὸς ἡμᾶς ἐδοκίμασε. Τὸ δὲ, Ἐδοκίμασεν, ἐνταῦθα ἀντὶ τοῦ, Εὗρε δοκίμους καὶ ἐπίστευσεν, οὐχὶ ἐρευνῆσαί ἐστιν: ἡμεῖς μὲν γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ δοκιμάσαι πράττομεν, αὐτὸς δὲ χωρὶς δοκιμῆς. Οὐκοῦν οὕτω λαλοῦμεν, ὥσπερ εἰκὸς τοὺς ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ δοκιμασθέντας καὶ πιστευθέντας ἀξίους εἶναι τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου: καὶ, Λαλοῦμεν, οὐχ ὡς ἀνθρώποις ἀρέσκοντες: τουτέστιν, οὐ δι' ὑμᾶς ταῦτα πάντα ποιοῦμεν. Ἐπειδὴ προλαβὼν αὐτοὺς ἐπῄνεσεν, ἵνα μὴ εἰς ὑποψίαν ἀγάγῃ τὸν λόγον, φησίν: Οὔτε γάρ ποτε ἐν λόγῳ κολακείας ἐγενήθημεν, καθὼς οἴδατε, οὔτε ἐν προφάσει πλεονεξίας, ὁ Θεὸς μάρτυς, οὔτε ζητοῦντες ἐξ ἀνθρώπων δόξαν, οὔτε ἀφ' ὑμῶν οὔτε ἀπ' ἄλλων, δυνάμενοι ἐν βάρει εἶναι ὡς Χριστοῦ ἀπόστολοι. Οὔτε γάρ ποτε ἐν λόγῳ κολακείας ἐγενήθημεν, φησί: τουτέστιν, Οὐκ ἐκολακεύσαμεν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ τῶν ἀπατώντων, τῶν βουλομένων κατασχεῖν καὶ κρατῆσαι. Οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἐκολακεύσαμεν, ἵνα κρατήσωμεν, οὐδὲ ὅτι χρημάτων ἕνεκεν ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἥκομεν. Τούτου λοιπὸν, ὅπερ ἦν δῆλον, αὐτοὺς καλεῖ μάρτυρας: Εἰ ἐκολακεύσαμεν, ὑμεῖς οἴδατε, φησίν: ὅπερ δὲ ἄδηλον ἦν, τὸ, εἰ τρόπῳ πλεονεξίας, Θεὸν καλεῖ μάρτυρα. Οὔτε ζητοῦντες ἐξ ἀνθρώπων δόξαν, οὔτε ἀφ' ὑμῶν οὔτε ἀπ' ἄλλων, δυνάμενοι ἐν βάρει εἶναι ὡς Χριστοῦ ἀπόστολοι: τουτέστιν, οὔτε τιμὰς ἐπιζητοῦντες, καὶ κομπάζοντες, καὶ δορυφορούμενοι. Καίτοι εἰ καὶ τοῦτο εἰργασάμεθα, οὐδὲν ἀλλότριον ἐποιοῦμεν: εἰ γὰρ παρὰ βασιλέων ἀποστελλόμενοί τινες ὅμως εἰσὶν ἐν τιμῇ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡμεῖς. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἠτιμάσθημεν, οὐδὲ ὅτι Οὐκ ἀπελαύσαμεν τιμῆς, ὅπερ ἦν ὀνειδίζοντος αὐτούς: ἀλλ', Οὐκ ἐζητήσαμεν. Οἱ τοίνυν, ἐξὸν ζητῆσαι, μὴ ζητήσαντες, καὶ τοῦ κηρύγματος τοῦτο ἀπαιτοῦντος, πῶς δόξης ἕνεκέν τι πράττομεν; Καίτοι γε εἰ καὶ ἐζητήσαμεν, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἦν ἔγκλημα: εἰκὸς γὰρ τοὺς παρὰ Θεοῦ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ἀποσταλέντας, ὡσανεὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ οὐρανοῦ νῦν ἥκοντας πρέσβεις, πολλῆς ἀπολαῦσαι τιμῆς. Ἀλλ' ἐκ περιουσίας ἡμεῖς οὐδὲν τούτων πράττομεν, ἵνα τὰ τῶν ἐναντίων ἐμφράξωμεν στόματα. γʹ. Καὶ οὐκ ἔνι εἰπεῖν ὅτι πρὸς μὲν ὑμᾶς οὕτω, πρὸς δὲ ἑτέρους οὐχ οὕτως. οὕτω γὰρ καὶ Κορινθίοις γράφων ἔλεγεν: Ἀνέχεσθε γὰρ, εἴ τις ὑμᾶς καταδουλοῖ, εἴ τις κατεσθίει, εἴ τις λαμβάνει, εἴ τις ἐπαίρεται, εἴ τις ὑμᾶς εἰς πρόσωπον δέρει: καὶ πάλιν, Ἡ δὲ παρουσία τοῦ σώματος ἀσθενὴς, καὶ ὁ λόγος ἐξουθενημένος: καὶ πάλιν, Χαρίσασθέ μοι τὴν ἀδικίαν ταύτην. Δείκνυσι γὰρ κἀκεῖ, ὅτι σφόδρα ταπεινὸς ἦν ἀπὸ τοῦ τοσαῦτα παθεῖν. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ περὶ χρημάτων φησὶ τό: Δυνάμενοι ἐν βάρει εἶναι ὡς Χριστοῦ ἀπόστολοι. Ἀλλ' ἐγενήθημεν ἤπιοι ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν. ὡς ἂν τροφὸς θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα, οὕτως ἱμειρόμενοι ὑμῶν, εὐδοκοῦμεν μεταδοῦναι ὑμῖν, οὐ μόνον τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχὰς, διότι ἀγαπητοὶ ἡμῖν ἐγενήθητε. Ἀλλ' ἐγενήθημεν, φησὶν, ἤπιοι: τουτέστιν, Οὐδὲν φορτικὸν οὐδὲ ἐπαχθὲς οὐδὲ βαρὺ οὐδὲ κόμπον ἔχον ἀπεδειξάμεθα. Καὶ τὸ, Ἐν μέσῳ ὑμῶν, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, ἐξ ὑμῶν, οὐχὶ τὴν ἄνω λαβόντες λῆξιν. Ὡς ἐὰν τροφὸς, φησὶ, θάλπῃ τὰ ἑαυτῆς τέκνα. Οὕτω δεῖ τὸν διδάσκαλον εἶναι. Μὴ ἡ τροφὸς κολακεύει, ἵνα δόξης τύχῃ; μὴ χρήματα αἰτεῖ παρὰ τῶν παίδων τῶν μικρῶν; μὴ βαρεῖα αὐτοῖς ἐστι καὶ φορτική; οὐχὶ μᾶλλον τῶν μητέρων εἰσὶ προσηνεῖς; Ἐνταῦθα τὴν φιλοστοργίαν δείκνυσιν. Οὕτω, φησὶν, ἱμειρόμενοι ὑμῶν, τουτέστιν, ἐπιθυμοῦντες: οὕτως ὑμῖν προσδεδέμεθα, φησὶν, ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν λαμβάνωμεν, ἀλλ' εἰ δεῖ καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς μεταδοῦναι, οὐκ ἂν παρῃτησάμεθα. Τοῦτο οὖν, εἰπέ μοι, ἀνθρωπίνης διανοίας; καὶ τίς οὕτως ἀνόητος, ὡς τοῦτο εἰπεῖν; Εὐδοκοῦμεν, φησὶ, μεταδοῦναι ὑμῖν, οὐ μόνον τὸ Εὐαγγέλιον τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχάς. Ὥστε τοῦτο μεῖζον ἐκείνου. Καὶ τί τὸ κέρδος; Ἀπὸ μὲν γὰρ τοῦ Εὐαγγελίου, κέρδος: τὸ δὲ τὴν ψυχὴν δοῦναι, κατὰ τὴν δυσκολίαν μεῖζον ἐκείνου. Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἴσον ἁπλῶς κηρῦξαι, καὶ ψυχὴν δοῦναι: ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ τιμιώτερον, τοῦτο δὲ πλείονος δυσκολίας ἦν. Ἐβουλόμεθα, φησὶν, εἴ γε ἐνῆν, καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς εἰς ὑμᾶς κενῶσαι. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐπῄνεσε καὶ ἐπαινεῖ, διὰ τοῦτο λέγει, ὅτι Οὐ χρήματα ζητοῦντες, οὐ κολακεύοντες ὑμᾶς, οὐ δόξης ἐφιέμενοι, τοῦτο ποιοῦμεν. Ὅρα γάρ: εἰ πολλὰ ἦσαν ἀθλήσαντες, καὶ παραδόξως ἔδει αὐτοὺς ἐπαινεθῆναι καὶ θαυμασθῆναι, ὥστε στεῤῥοτέρους γενέσθαι, εἶχεν ὁ ἔπαινος ὑποψίαν. Διὰ τοῦτο, ἀποκρουόμενος τὴν ὑποψίαν, τοὺς κινδύνους λέγει. Καὶ πάλιν, ἵνα μὴ νομισθῇ διὰ τοῦτο τοὺς κινδύνους λέγειν, ὡς κάμνων ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν, καὶ ὀφείλων τιμηθῆναι παρ' αὐτῶν, ὑπὲρ τούτου, μετὰ τὸ εἰπεῖν τοὺς κινδύνους, ἐπήγαγε: Διότι ἀγαπητοὶ ἡμῖν γεγένησθε: δηλῶν ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἡδέως ἂν ὑμῖν ἔδομεν, ὅτι Σφόδρα ὑμῖν προσεδέθημεν. Τὸ μὲν οὖν Εὐαγγέλιον, ἐπειδὴ ὁ Θεὸς ἐκέλευσε, καταγγέλλομεν: τοσοῦτον δὲ ὑμᾶς φιλοῦμεν, ὅτι εἰ ἐνῆν, καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἂν ἐδώκαμεν. Οὕτω δεῖ φιλεῖν τὸν φιλοῦντα, ὡς, εἰ καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν αἰτηθῇ, καὶ δυνατὸν ᾖ, μὴ κωλῦσαι. Τί λέγω, αἰτηθῇ; ἀλλ' ὥστε αὐτὸν ἐπιτρέχειν τῇ τοιαύτῃ δόσει. Οὐδὲν γὰρ, οὐδὲν τῆς τοιαύτης ἀγάπης γλυκύτερον γένοιτ' ἄν: οὐδὲν ἐκεῖ λυπηρὸν συμπεσεῖται. Ὄντως φίλος πιστὸς φάρμακον ζωῆς: ὄντως φίλος πιστὸς σκέπη κραταιά. Τί γὰρ οὐκ ἂν ἐργάσαιτο φίλος γνήσιος; πόσην μὲν οὐκ ἂν ἐμποιήσειεν ἡδονήν; πόσην δὲ ὠφέλειαν; πόσην δὲ ἀσφάλειαν; Κἂν μυρίους θησαυροὺς εἴπῃς, οὐδὲν ἀντάξιον γνησίου φίλου. Καὶ τὰ αὐτῆς πρῶτον εἴπωμεν τῆς φιλίας πόσην ἔχει τὴν ἡδονήν. Γάννυται ὁρῶν αὐτὸν καὶ διαχεῖται, συμπλέκεται συμπλοκὴν αὐτῷ τινα κατὰ τὴν ψυχὴν ἄῤῥητον ἔχουσαν τὴν ἡδονήν: κἂν ἀναμνησθῇ μόνον αὐτοῦ, διανέστη τῇ διανοίᾳ καὶ ἀνεπτερώθη. Περὶ τῶν φίλων λέγω τῶν γνησίων, τῶν ὁμοψύχων, τῶν αἱρουμένων καὶ ὑπεραποθανεῖν, τῶν θερμῶς φιλούντων. Μή μοι τοὺς ἁπλῶς φιλοῦντας ἐννοοῦντες, καὶ κοινωνοὺς τῶν τραπεζῶν, καὶ ἀπὸ προσηγορίας φίλους, νομίζετε τὸν λόγον ἐλέγχεσθαι. Εἴ τις ἔχει φίλον οἷον λέγω, ἐπιγνώσεται τὰ ῥήματα: κἂν ἴδῃ τοῦτον καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, οὐκ ἐμπίπλαται: ταῦτα αὐτῷ ἐπεύχεται, ἅπερ καὶ ἑαυτῷ. Οἶδα ἐγώ τινα, ὃς ὑπὲρ φίλου τοὺς ἁγίους ἄνδρας παρακαλῶν, παρεκάλει εὔχεσθαι πρότερον ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, καὶ τότε ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ. Τοσοῦτόν ἐστι φίλος ἀγαθὸς, ὡς καὶ τόπους καὶ χρόνους φιλεῖσθαι δι' αὐτόν. Καθάπερ γὰρ τὰ λαμπρὰ τῶν σωμάτων ἄνθος ἀποῤῥεῖ εἰς τοὺς πλησίον τόπους, οὕτω καὶ οἱ φίλοι, οἷς ἂν παραγένωνται τόποις, τὴν ἑαυτῶν χάριν ἀφιᾶσι. Καὶ πολλάκις χωρὶς φίλων ἐπιστάντες τοῖς τόποις ἐκείνοις, ἐδακρύσαμεν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἀναμνησθέντες, ἐν αἷς συνεγενόμεθα, καὶ ἐστενάξαμεν. Οὐκ ἔνι τῷ λόγῳ παραστῆσαι τὴν ἡδονὴν ὅσην ἐντίθησι παρουσία φίλων: μόνοι δὲ οἱ πεῖραν ἔχοντες ἴσασι. Καὶ χάριν αἰτῆσαι, καὶ χάριν λαβεῖν ἀνυπόπτως παρὰ φίλου ἔνι. Ὅταν ἡμῖν ἐπιτάττωσι, τότε αὐτοῖς χάριν ἴσμεν: ὅταν δὲ ὀκνῶσι, τότε ἀλύομεν. Οὐδὲν ἔχομεν ὅπερ μὴ ἐκείνων ἐστί. Πάντων πολλάκις τῶν ἐνταῦθα καταφρονοῦντες, δι' ἐκείνους οὐ βουλόμεθα ἀπελθεῖν ἐντεῦθεν: καὶ τοῦ φωτὸς ἐκεῖνοι ποθεινότεροι. Καὶ γὰρ ὄντως καὶ τοῦ φωτὸς αὐτοῦ ποθεινότερος φίλος: τὸν γνήσιον λέγω. Καὶ μὴ θαυμάσῃς: βέλτιον γὰρ ἡμῖν σβεσθῆναι τὸν ἥλιον, ἢ φίλων ἀποστερηθῆναι: βέλτιον ἐν σκότῳ διάγειν, ἢ φίλων εἶναι χωρίς: καὶ πῶς, ἐγὼ λέγω. Ὅτι πολλοὶ τὸν ἥλιον ὁρῶντες ἐν σκότῳ εἰσὶ, φίλων δὲ εὐποροῦντες, οὐδ' ἂν ἐν θλίψει γένοιντο: περὶ φίλων λέγω τῶν πνευματικῶν, τῶν οὐδὲν προτιμώντων φιλίας. Τοιοῦτος Παῦλος ἦν, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἡδέως διδοὺς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ μὴ αἰτηθεὶς, καὶ εἰς γέενναν ἡδέως ἂν ἐνέπιπτεν. Οὕτω χρὴ φιλεῖν διαθέσει πεπυρωμένῃ. Βούλομαι ὑπόδειγμα δοῦναι φιλίας: πατέρας καὶ υἱοὺς ὑπερβαίνουσι φίλοι, φίλοι οἱ κατὰ Χριστόν. Μὴ γάρ μοι τοὺς νῦν εἴπῃς, ὅτι μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ τοῦτο ἀπέστη τὸ καλόν: ἀλλ' ἐννόησον ὅτι ἐπὶ τῶν ἀποστόλων, οὐ λέγω τοὺς κορυφαίους, ἀλλ' αὐτοὺς τοὺς πεπιστευκότας: Πάντων ἦν, φησὶν, ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ἡ καρδία μία, καὶ οὐδὲ εἷς τι τῶν ὑπαρχόντων ἔλεγεν ἴδιον εἶναι: καὶ διεδίδοτο ἑκάστῳ, καθότι ἄν τις χρείαν εἶχεν. Οὐκ ἦν τότε τὸ ἐμὸν καὶ τὸ σόν. Τοῦτό ἐστι φιλία, ἵνα μὴ τὰ αὐτοῦ ἑαυτοῦ τις νομίζῃ, ἀλλὰ τὰ τοῦ πλησίον, τὰ δὲ αὐτοῦ ἀλλότρια: ἵνα οὕτω φείδηται τῆς ἐκείνου ψυχῆς, ὡς τῆς ἑαυτοῦ, κἀκεῖνος ὁμοίως τὴν αὐτὴν διάθεσιν ἐπιδεικνύηται. Καὶ ποῦ δυνατὸν, φησὶ, τοιοῦτον εὑρεθῆναι; Ναὶ, οὐ δυνατὸν, ἐπειδὴ μὴ βουλόμεθα: ὡς εἴ γε ἐβουλόμεθα, καὶ σφόδρα δυνατόν. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ δυνατὸν ἦν, οὐδ' ἂν ἐπέταξεν ὁ Χριστὸς, οὐκ ἂν τοσαῦτα περὶ ἀγάπης διελέχθη. Μέγα φιλία, καὶ πόσον μέγα, οὐδεὶς ἂν δύναιτο μαθεῖν, οὔτε τις παραστῆσαι λόγος, πλὴν τῆς πείρας αὐτῆς. Τοῦτο τὰς αἱρέσεις εἰργάσατο, τοῦτο τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἔτι ποιεῖ Ἕλληνας εἶναι. Ὁ φιλῶν οὐκ ἐπιτάττειν βούλεται οὐδὲ ἄρχειν, ἀλλὰ χάριν ἔχει μᾶλλον ἀρχόμενος καὶ ἐπιτασσόμενος: χαρίζεσθαι βούλεται μᾶλλον, ἢ χάριν λαμβάνειν: φιλεῖ γὰρ, καὶ ὡς οὐκ ἐμπλήσας αὐτοῦ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, οὕτω διάκειται. Οὐχ οὕτως εὖ πάσχων τέρπεται, ὡς εὖ ποιῶν: βούλεται γὰρ κατέχειν αὐτὸν μᾶλλον, ἢ ὀφείλειν αὐτῷ: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ὀφείλειν αὐτῷ βούλεται, καὶ ὀφειλέτην αὐτὸν ἔχειν: καὶ βούλεται χαρίζεσθαι, καὶ οὐ βούλεται δοκεῖν χαρίζεσθαι, ἀλλ' ὀφειλέτην αὐτὸν εἶναι. Τάχα πολλοὺς ὑμῶν ἀγνοεῖν οἶμαι τὸ εἰρημένον: οὐκοῦν ἀναγκαῖον αὐτὸ πάλιν εἰπεῖν Καὶ ἄρχειν βούλεται εὐεργεσίας, καὶ μὴ δοκεῖν ἄρχειν, ἀλλ' ἀποδιδόναι: ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησεν ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων. Ἔμελλε τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ χαρίζεσθαι ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ χαρίζεσθαι, ἀλλ' ὀφείλειν ἡμῖν, προσέταξε τῷ Ἀβραὰμ δοῦναι τὸν υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, ἵνα μέγα ποιῶν, μηδὲν μέγα δόξῃ ποιεῖν. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ μὴ ᾖ φιλία, καὶ ὀνειδίζομεν τὰς εὐεργεσίας, καὶ τὰς μικρὰς ἐπαίρομεν: ὅταν δὲ φιλία ᾖ, καὶ κρύπτομεν αὐτὰς, καὶ τὰς μεγάλας μικρὰς βουλόμεθα δεικνύναι, ἵνα μὴ δόξωμεν ὀφειλέτην ἔχειν τὸν φίλον, ἀλλ' αὐτοὶ αὐτῷ ὀφειλέται εἶναι ἐν τῷ ὀφειλέτην ἔχειν αὐτόν. Οἶδα ὅτι οὐδὲ συνιᾶσιν οἱ πολλοὶ τὸ λεγόμενον: τὸ δὲ αἴτιον, περὶ πράγματος διαλέγομαι τὸν οὐρανὸν οἰκοῦντος νῦν. Ὥσπερ οὖν, εἰ περί τινος ἔλεγον φυτοῦ ἐν Ἰνδίᾳ τικτομένου, οὗ μηδεὶς μηδὲ πεῖραν ἔλαβεν, οὐκ ἂν ἴσχυσεν ὁ λόγος παραστῆσαι, κἂν εἰ μυρία εἶπον: οὕτω καὶ νῦν ὅσα ἂν εἴπω, εἰκῆ ἐρῶ: οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἐπιστῆναι δυνήσεται. Ἐν οὐρανῷ πεφύτευται τοῦτο τὸ φυτὸν, κλάδους ἔχον οὐ μαργαρίτας βριθομένους, ἀλλὰ βίον ἐνάρετον πολλῷ τούτων ἡδίω. Ποίαν βούλει εἰπεῖν ἡδονήν; τὴν αἰσχράν; τὴν σεμνήν; Ἀλλὰ πάσας ὑπερβάλλει ἡ τῆς φιλίας, κἂν τὴν τοῦ μέλιτος εἴπῃς. Τοῦτο γὰρ προσκορὲς γίνεται: φίλος δὲ οὐδέποτε, ἕως ἂν ᾖ φίλος, ἀλλὰ μᾶλλον αὔξεται ἡ ἐπιθυμία, καὶ κόρον οὐδέποτε ἡ τοιαύτη λαμβάνει ἡδονή. Καὶ τῆς παρούσης ζωῆς ὁ φίλος ἡδύτερος: πολλοὶ γοῦν μετὰ τὴν τῶν φίλων τελευτὴν οὐκ ηὔξαντο ζῆσαι λοιπόν. Μετὰ φίλου καὶ ὑπερορίαν τις ἡδέως ἂν ἐνέγκοι, χωρὶς δὲ φίλου οὐδὲ τὴν αὐτοῦ οἰκῆσαι ἕλοιτο ἄν: μετὰ φίλου καὶ πενία φορητὸν, τούτου δὲ ἄνευ, καὶ ὑγεία καὶ πλοῦτος ἀφόρητον. Ὁ τοιοῦτος ἄλλον ἑαυτὸν ἔχει. Ἀποπνίγομαι ὅτι οὐ δύναμαι ἐπὶ παραδείγματος εἰπεῖν: ἦ γὰρ ἂν ἐγνώρισα ὅτι πολλῷ ἐλάττονα τοῦ δέοντος τὰ εἰρημένα. Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ἐνταῦθα: παρὰ δὲ Θεοῦ τοσοῦτος μισθὸς τῆς φιλίας, ὅσος οὐδὲ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν. Μισθὸν ἡμῖν δίδωσιν, ἵνα φιλῶμεν ἀλλήλους: Φίλει γὰρ, φησὶ, καὶ λάβε μισθὸν, ὑπὲρ οὗ μισθὸν ὀφείλομεν πράγματος: Εὖξαι, φησὶ, καὶ λάβε μισθὸν, ὑπὲρ οὗ μισθὸν ὀφείλομεν, ὅτι αἰτοῦμεν τὰ ἀγαθά: Ὑπὲρ οὗ αἰτεῖς, φησὶ, λάβε μισθόν: νήστευσον, καὶ λάβε μισθόν: γενοῦ ἐνάρετος, καὶ λάβε μισθὸν, καίτοι μισθὸν ὀφείλων: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ οἱ πατέρες, ὅταν ἐναρέτους ποιήσωσι τοὺς παῖδας, τότε καὶ αὐτοῖς μισθὸν διδόασιν: ὀφειλέται γάρ εἰσιν, ὅτι αὐτοὺς ἐν ἡδονῇ κατέστησαν: οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς, Μισθὸν, φησὶ, λάβε, ἂν ἐνάρετος γένῃ: εὐφραίνεις γὰρ τὸν πατέρα, καὶ τούτου σοι ὀφείλω μισθόν: ἂν δὲ κακὸς, οὐκέτι: παροξύνεις γὰρ τὸν γεννήσαντα. Μὴ δὴ παροξύνωμεν τὸν Θεὸν, ἀλλ' εὐφραίνωμεν, ἵνα τύχωμεν τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν, καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.