Book III.

1. Chrysostom: As regards the insult to those who have done me honor, what I have already said might be sufficient to prove that in avoiding this office I had no desire to put them to shame; but I will now endeavor to make it evident, to the best of my ability, that I was not puffed up by arrogance of any kind. For if the choice of a generalship or a kingdom had been submitted to me, and I had then formed this resolution, any one might naturally have suspected me of this fault, or rather I should have been found guilty by all men, not of arrogance, but of senseless folly. But when the priesthood is offered to me, which exceeds a kingdom as much as the spirit differs from the flesh, will any one dare to accuse me of disdain? And is it not preposterous to charge with folly those who reject small things, but when any do this in matters of pre-eminent importance, to exempt such persons from accusations of mental derangement, and yet subject them to the charge of pride? It is just as if one were to accuse, not of pride, but of insanity, a man who looked with contempt on a herd of oxen and refused to be a herdsman, and yet were to say that a man who declined the empire of the world, and the command of all the armies of the earth, was not mad, but inflated with pride. But this assuredly is not the case; and they who say such things do not injure me more than they injure themselves. For merely to imagine it possible for human nature to despise this dignity is an evidence against those who bring this charge of the estimate which they have formed of the office. For if they did not consider it to be an ordinary thing of no great account, such a suspicion as this would never have entered their heads. For why is it that no one has ever dared to entertain such a suspicion with reference to the dignity of the angels, and to say that arrogance is the reason why human nature would not aspire to the rank of the angelic nature? It is because we imagine great things concerning those powers, and this does not suffer us to believe that a man can conceive anything greater than that honor. Wherefore one might with more justice indite those persons of arrogance who accuse me of it. For they would never have suspected this of others if they had not previously depreciated the matter as being of no account. But if they say that I have done this with a view to glory, they will be convicted of fighting openly against themselves and falling into their own snare; for I do not know what kind of arguments they could have sought in preference to these if they had wished to release me from the charge of vainglory.

2. For if this desire had ever entered my mind, I ought to have accepted the office rather than avoided it. Why? because it would have brought me much glory. For the fact that one of my age, who had so recently abandoned secular pursuits, should suddenly be deemed by all worthy of such admiration as to be advanced to honor before those who have spent all their life in labors of this kind, and to obtain more votes than all of them, might have persuaded all men to anticipate great and marvellous things of me. But, as it is, the greater part of the Church does not know me even by name: so that even my refusal of the office will not be manifest to all, but only to a few, and I am not sure that all even of these know it for certain; but probably many of them either imagine that I was not elected at all, or that I was rejected after the election, being considered unsuitable, not that I avoided the office of my own accord.

3. Basil: But those who do know the truth will be surprised.

Chrysostom: And lo! these are they who, according to you, falsely accuse me of vainglory and pride. Whence then am I to hope for praise? From the many? They do not know the actual fact. From the few? Here again the matter is perverted to my disadvantage. For the only reason why you have come here now is to learn what answer ought to be given to them. And what shall I now certainly say on account of these things? For wait a little, and you will clearly perceive that even if all know the truth they ought not to condemn me for pride and love of glory. And in addition to this there is another consideration: that not only those who make this venture, if there be any such (which for my part I do not believe), but also those who suspect it of others, will be involved in no small danger.

4. For the priestly office is indeed discharged on earth, but it ranks amongst heavenly ordinances; and very naturally so: for neither man, nor angel, nor archangel, nor any other created power, but the Paraclete Himself, instituted this vocation, and persuaded men while still abiding in the flesh to represent the ministry of angels. Wherefore the consecrated priest ought to be as pure as if he were standing in the heavens themselves in the midst of those powers. Fearful, indeed, and of most awful import, were the things which were used before the dispensation of grace, as the bells, the pomegranates, the stones on the breastplate and on the ephod, the girdle, the mitre, the long robe, the plate of gold, the holy of holies, the deep silence within.45    Exod. xxviii. 4 sq. But if any one should examine the things which belong to the dispensation of grace, he will find that, small as they are, yet are they fearful and full of awe, and that what was spoken concerning the law is true in this case also, that “what has been made glorious hath no glory in this respect by reason of the glory which excelleth.”46    2 Cor. iii. 10. For when thou seest the Lord sacrificed, and laid upon the altar,47    The Holy Eucharist is frequently called by St. Chrysostom and other Greek Fathers the Sacrifice, sometimes the “unbloody Sacrifice,” partly as being an offering of praise and thanksgiving, partly as being a commemoration or representation of the sacrifice of Christ. We must bear in mind that no controversy had then arisen about this Sacrament, and that writers could freely use expressions which in later times would have been liable to objection or misconstruction.   The passage before us must be read in the light of other passages in Chrysostom’s works; but one of these is sufficient to indicate the sense in which it is to be understood. In Homily xvii. c. 3. on the Epistle to the Hebrews, after contrasting the many and ineffectual sacrifices of the Jews with the one perfect and efficient sacrifice of Christ, he proceeds, “What then? do we not make an offering every day? We do, certainly, but by making a memorial of His death; and this memorial is one, not many. How one, not many? Because the sacrifice was offered once for all, as that great sacrifice was in the Holy of Holies. This is a figure of that great sacrifice, as that was of this: for we do not offer one victim to-day and another to-morrow, but always the same: wherefore the sacrifice is one. Well, then, as He is offered in many places, are there many Christs? No, by no means, but everywhere one Christ, complete both in this world and in the other, one body. As then, though offered in many places, He is but one body, so is there but one sacrifice. Our High Priest is He who offers the sacrifice which cleanses us. We offer that now which was offered then: which is indeed inconsumable. This takes place now, for a memorial of what took place then. ‘Do this,’ said He, ‘for my memorial.’ We do not then offer a different sacrifice, as the high priest formerly did, but always the same; or rather we celebrate a memorial of a sacrifice.” and the priest standing and praying over the victim, and all the worshippers empurpled with that precious blood,48    This may be only a rhetorical expression, but perhaps there is an allusion to a custom which prevailed in some churches, that the worshippers after receiving the cup applied the finger to the moistened lip, and then touched their breast, eyes and ears. canst thou then think that thou art still amongst men, and standing upon the earth? Art thou not, on the contrary, straightway translated to Heaven, and casting out every carnal thought from the soul, dost thou not with disembodied spirit and pure reason contemplate the things which are in Heaven? Oh! what a marvel! what love of God to man! He who sitteth on high with the Father is at that hour held in the hands of all,49    The caution mentioned just now in note 3 must be repeated here. A comparison of passages in the writings of Chrysostom and his contemporaries proves clearly enough that they did not hold that the elements of bread and wine were transmuted into the body and blood of Christ in such a sense as to cease to be bread and wine. The authenticity of the letter of Chrysostom to Cæsarius is doubtful, but whoever the writer may have been, he is clearly representing the current orthodox belief of the Church in his day. He maintains, in opposition to the Apollinarian or perhaps the Eutychian heresy, that there are two complete natures in the one person of God the Son Incarnate, and illustrates it by the following reference to the holy elements in the Eucharist: “Just as the bread before consecration is called bread, but when the Divine Grace sanctifies it through the agency of the priest it is released from the appellation of bread, and is deemed worthy of the appellation of the ‘Lord’s Body,’ although the nature of bread remains in it, and we speak not of two bodies, but one body of the Son: so here the Divine nature being seated in the human body, the two together make up but one Son—one Person.” and gives Himself to those who are willing to embrace and grasp Him. And this all do through the eyes of faith!50    Some mss. omit the word πίστεως “of faith,” having in its place τότε “at that time.” Do these things seem to you fit to be despised, or such as to make it possible for any one to be uplifted against them?

Would you also learn from another miracle the exceeding sanctity of this office? Picture Elijah and the vast multitude standing around him, and the sacrifice laid upon the altar of stones, and all the rest of the people hushed into a deep silence while the prophet alone offers up prayer: then the sudden rush of fire from Heaven upon the sacrifice:—these are marvellous things, charged with terror. Now then pass from this scene to the rites which are celebrated in the present day; they are not only marvellous to behold, but transcendent in terror. There stands the priest, not bringing down fire from Heaven, but the Holy Spirit: and he makes prolonged supplication,51    In the Liturgy which bears the name of St. Chrysostom, the following invocation of the Holy Spirit occurs: “Grant that we may find grace in thy sight that our sacrifice may become acceptable to Thee, and that the Good Spirit of thy grace may rest upon us, and upon these gifts spread before Thee, and upon all Thy people,” and presently the deacon bids the people, “Let us pray on behalf of the precious gifts (i.e., the bread and wine) which have been provided, that the merciful God who has received them upon His holy spiritual altar beyond the heavens may in return send down upon us the divine grace and the fellowship of the Holy Ghost.” not that some flame sent down from on high may consume the offerings, but that grace descending on the sacrifice may thereby enlighten the souls of all, and render them more refulgent than silver purified by fire. Who can despise this most awful mystery, unless he is stark mad and senseless? Or do you not know that no human soul could have endured that fire in the sacrifice, but all would have been utterly consumed, had not the assistance of God’s grace been great.

5. For if any one will consider how great a thing it is for one, being a man, and compassed with flesh and blood, to be enabled to draw nigh to that blessed and pure nature, he will then clearly see what great honor the grace of the Spirit has vouchsafed to priests; since by their agency these rites are celebrated, and others nowise inferior to these both in respect of our dignity and our salvation. For they who inhabit the earth and make their abode there are entrusted with the administration of things which are in Heaven, and have received an authority which God has not given to angels or archangels. For it has not been said to them, “Whatsoever ye shall bind on earth shall be bound in Heaven, and whatsoever ye shall loose on earth shall be loosed in Heaven.”52    Matt. xviii. 18. They who rule on earth have indeed authority to bind, but only the body: whereas this binding lays hold of the soul and penetrates the heavens; and what priests do here below God ratifies above, and the Master confirms the sentence of his servants. For indeed what is it but all manner of heavenly authority which He has given them when He says, “Whose sins ye remit they are remitted, and whose sins ye retain they are retained?”53    John xx. 23. What authority could be greater than this? “The Father hath committed all judgment to the Son?”54    John v. 22. But I see it all put into the hands of these men by the Son. For they have been conducted to this dignity as if they were already translated to Heaven, and had transcended human nature, and were released from the passions to which we are liable. Moreover, if a king should bestow this honor upon any of his subjects, authorizing him to cast into prison whom he pleased and to release them again, he becomes an object of envy and respect to all men; but he who has received from God an authority as much greater as heaven is more precious than earth, and souls more precious than bodies, seems to some to have received so small an honor that they are actually able to imagine that one of those who have been entrusted with these things will despise the gift. Away with such madness! For transparent madness it is to despise so great a dignity, without which it is not possible to obtain either our own salvation, or the good things which have been promised to us. For if no one can enter into the kingdom of Heaven except he be regenerate through water and the Spirit, and he who does not eat the flesh of the Lord and drink His blood is excluded from eternal life, and if all these things are accomplished only by means of those holy hands, I mean the hands of the priest, how will any one, without these, be able to escape the fire of hell, or to win those crowns which are reserved for the victorious?

6. These verily are they who are entrusted with the pangs of spiritual travail and the birth which comes through baptism: by their means we put on Christ, and are buried with the Son of God, and become members of that blessed Head. Wherefore they might not only be more justly feared by us than rulers and kings, but also be more honored than parents; since these begat us of blood and the will of the flesh, but the others are the authors of our birth from God, even that blessed regeneration which is the true freedom and the sonship according to grace. The Jewish priests had authority to release the body from leprosy, or, rather, not to release it but only to examine those who were already released, and you know how much the office of priest was contended for at that time. But our priests have received authority to deal, not with bodily leprosy, but spiritual uncleanness—not to pronounce it removed after examination, but actually and absolutely to take it away. Wherefore they who despise these priests would be far more accursed than Dathan and his company, and deserve more severe punishment. For the latter, although they laid claim to the dignity which did not belong to them, nevertheless had an excellent opinion concerning it, and this they evinced by the great eagerness with which they pursued it; but these men, when the office has been better regulated, and has received so great a development, have displayed an audacity which exceeds that of the others, although manifested in a contrary way. For there is not an equal amount of contempt involved in aiming at an honor which does not pertain to one, and in despising such great advantages, but the latter exceeds the former as much as scorn differs from admiration. What soul then is so sordid as to despise such great advantages? None whatever, I should say, unless it were one subject to some demoniacal impulse. For I return once more to the point from which I started: not in the way of chastising only, but also in the way of benefiting, God has bestowed a power on priests greater than that of our natural parents. The two indeed differ as much as the present and the future life. For our natural parents generate us unto this life only, but the others unto that which is to come. And the former would not be able to avert death from their offspring, or to repel the assaults of disease; but these others have often saved a sick soul, or one which was on the point of perishing, procuring for some a milder chastisement, and preventing others from falling altogether, not only by instruction and admonition, but also by the assistance wrought through prayers. For not only at the time of regeneration, but afterwards also, they have authority to forgive sins. “Is any sick among you?” it is said, “let him call for the elders of the Church and let them pray over him, anointing him with oil in the name of the Lord. And the prayer of faith shall save the sick, and the Lord will raise him up: and if he have committed sins they shall be forgiven him.”55    James v. 14, 15. Again: our natural parents, should their children come into conflict with any men of high rank and great power in the world, are unable to profit them: but priests have reconciled, not rulers and kings, but God Himself when His wrath has often been provoked against them.

Well! after this will any one venture to condemn me for arrogance? For my part, after what has been said, I imagine such religious fear will possess the souls of the hearers that they will no longer condemn those who avoid the office for arrogance and temerity, but rather those who voluntarily come forward and are eager to obtain this dignity for themselves. For if they who have been entrusted with the command of cities, should they chance to be wanting in discretion and vigilance, have sometimes destroyed the cities and ruined themselves in addition, how much power think you both in himself and from above must he need, to avoid sinning, whose business it is to beautify the Bride of Christ?

7. No man loved Christ more than Paul: no man exhibited greater zeal, no man was counted worthy of more grace: nevertheless, after all these great advantages, he still has fears and tremblings concerning this government and those who were governed by him. “I fear,” he says, “lest by any means, as the serpent beguiled Eve through his subtlety, so your minds should be corrupted from the simplicity which is in Christ.”56    2 Cor. xi. 3. And again, “I was with you in fear and in much trembling;”57    1 Cor. ii. 3. and this was a man who had been caught up to the third Heaven, and made partaker of the unspeakable mysteries of God,58    2 Cor. xii. 4. and had endured as many deaths as he had lived days after he became a believer—a man, moreover, who would not use the authority given him from Christ lest any of his converts should be offended.59    2 Cor. xi. 9; 1 Thess. ii. 9. If, then, he who went beyond the ordinances of God, and nowhere sought his own advantage, but that of those whom he governed, was always so full of fear when he considered the greatness of his government, what shall our condition be who in many ways seek our own, who not only fail to go beyond the commandments of Christ, but for the most part transgress them? “Who is weak,” he says, “and I am not weak? who is offended and I burn not?”60    2 Cor. xi. 29. Such an one ought the priest to be, or, rather, not such only: for these are small things, and as nothing compared with what I am about to say. And what is this? “I could wish,” he says, “that myself were accursed from Christ for my brethren, my kinsmen according to the flesh.”61    Rom. ix. 3. If any one can utter such a speech, if any one has the soul which attains to such a prayer, he might justly be blamed if he took to flight: but if any one should lack such excellence as much as I do, he would deserve to be hated, not if he avoided the office, but if he accepted it. For if an election to a military dignity was the business in hand, and they who had the right of conferring the honor were to drag forward a brazier, or a shoemaker, or some such artisan, and entrust the army to his hands, I should not praise the wretched man if he did not take to flight, and do all in his power to avoid plunging into such manifest trouble. If, indeed, it be sufficient to bear the name of pastor, and to take the work in hand hap-hazard, and there be no danger in this, then let whoso pleases accuse me of vainglory; but if it behoves one who undertakes this care to have much understanding, and, before understanding, great grace from God, and uprightness of conduct, and purity of life and superhuman virtue, do not deprive me of forgiveness if I am unwilling to perish in vain without a cause.

Moreover, if any one in charge of a full-sized merchant ship, full of rowers, and laden with a costly freight, were to station me at the helm and bid me cross the Ægean or the Tyrrhene sea, I should recoil from the proposal at once: and if any one asked me why? I should say, “Lest I should sink the ship.” Well, where the loss concerns material wealth, and the danger extends only to bodily death, no one will blame those who exercise great prudence; but where the shipwrecked are destined to fall, not into the ocean, but into the abyss of fire, and the death which awaits them is not that which severs the soul from the body, but one which together with this dismisses it to eternal punishment, shall I incur your wrath and hate because I did not plunge headlong into so great an evil?

8. Do not thus, I pray and beseech you. I know my own soul, how feeble and puny it is: I know the magnitude of this ministry, and the great difficulty of the work; for more stormy billows vex the soul of the priest than the gales which disturb the sea.

9. And first of all is that most terrible rock of vainglory, more dangerous than that of the Sirens, of which the fable-mongers tell such marvellous tales: for many were able to sail past that and escape unscathed; but this is to me so dangerous that even now, when no necessity of any kind impels me into that abyss, I am unable to keep clear of the snare: but if any one were to commit this charge to me, it would be all the same as if he tied my hands behind my back, and delivered me to the wild beasts dwelling on that rock to rend me in pieces day by day. Do you ask what those wild beasts are? They are wrath, despondency, envy, strife, slanders, accusations, falsehood, hypocrisy, intrigues, anger against those who have done no harm, pleasure at the indecorous acts of fellow ministers, sorrow at their prosperity, love of praise, desire of honor (which indeed most of all drives the human soul headlong to perdition), doctrines devised to please, servile flatteries, ignoble fawning, contempt of the poor, paying court to the rich, senseless and mischievous honors, favors attended with danger both to those who offer and those who accept them, sordid fear suited only to the basest of slaves, the abolition of plain speaking, a great affectation of humility, but banishment of truth, the suppression of convictions and reproofs, or rather the excessive use of them against the poor, while against those who are invested with power no one dare open his lips.

For all these wild beasts, and more than these, are bred upon that rock of which I have spoken, and those whom they have once captured are inevitably dragged down into such a depth of servitude that even to please women they often do many things which it is well not to mention. The divine law indeed has excluded women from the ministry, but they endeavor to thrust themselves into it; and since they can effect nothing of themselves, they do all through the agency of others; and they have become invested with so much power that they can appoint or eject priests at their will:62    Chrysostom himself experienced the truth of this, for it was through the influence of Eudoxia, the wife of the Emperor Arcadius, that he was deposed from the See of Constantinople and banished. things in fact are turned upside down, and the proverbial saying may be seen realized—“The ruled lead the rulers:” and would that it were men who do this instead of women, who have not received a commission to teach. Why do I say teach? for the blessed Paul did not suffer them even to speak in the Church.63    1 Cor. xiv. 34; 1 Tim. ii. 12. But I have heard some one say that they have obtained such a large privilege of free speech, as even to rebuke the prelates of the Churches, and censure them more severely than masters do their own domestics.

10. And let not any one suppose that I subject all to the aforesaid charges: for there are some, yea many, who are superior to these entanglements, and exceed in number those who have been caught by them. Nor would I indeed make the priesthood responsible for these evils: far be such madness from me. For men of understanding do not say that the sword is to blame for murder, nor wine for drunkenness, nor strength for outrage, nor courage for foolhardiness, but they lay the blame on those who make an improper use of the gifts which have been bestowed upon them by God, and punish them accordingly. Certainly, at least, the priesthood may justly accuse us if we do not rightly handle it. For it is not itself a cause of the evils already mentioned, but we, who as far as lies in our power have defiled it with so many pollutions, by entrusting it to commonplace men who readily accept what is offered them, without having first acquired a knowledge of their own souls, or considered the gravity of the office, and when they have entered on the work, being blinded by inexperience, overwhelm with innumerable evils the people who have been committed to their care. This is the very thing which was very nearly happening in my case, had not God speedily delivered me from those dangers, mercifully sparing his Church and my own soul. For, tell me, whence do you think such great troubles are generated in the Churches? I, for my part, believe the only source of them to be the inconsiderate and random way in which prelates are chosen and appointed. For the head ought to be the strongest part, that it may be able to regulate and control the evil exhalations which arise from the rest of the body below; but when it happens to be weak in itself, and unable to repel those pestiferous attacks, it becomes feebler itself than it really is, and ruins the rest of the body as well. And to prevent this now coming to pass, God kept me in the position of the feet, which was the rank originally assigned to me. For there are very many other qualities, Basil, besides those already mentioned, which the priest ought to have, but which I do not possess; and, above all, this one:—his soul ought to be thoroughly purged from any lust after the office: for if he happens to have a natural inclination for this dignity, as soon as he attains it a stronger flame is kindled, and the man being taken completely captive will endure innumerable evils in order to keep a secure hold upon it, even to the extent of using flattery, or submitting to something base and ignoble, or expending large sums of money. For I will not now speak of the murders with which some have filled the Churches,64    Possibly the building, not the body of Christians is here signified: for in the contest between Damasus and Ursicinus for the See of Rome, A.D. 367, which Chrysostom probably had in his mind, 137 persons are said to have been slain in one of the Churches in a single day. or the desolation which they have brought upon cities in contending for the dignity, lest some persons should think what I say incredible. But I am of opinion one ought to exercise so much caution in the matter, as to shun the burden of the office,65    According to another reading the passage must be rendered, “shun the burden at the outset.” and when one has entered upon it, not to wait for the judgment of others should any fault be committed which warrants deposition, but to anticipate it by ejecting oneself from the dignity; for thus one might probably win mercy for himself from God: but to cling to it in defiance of propriety is to deprive oneself of all forgiveness, or rather to kindle the wrath of God, by adding a second error more offensive than the first.

11. But no one will always endure the strain; for fearful, truly fearful is the eager desire after this honor. And in saying this I am not in opposition to the blessed Paul, but in complete harmony with his words. For what says he? “If any man desireth the office of a bishop, he desireth a good work.”66    1 Tim. iii. 1. Now I have not said that it is a terrible thing to desire the work, but only the authority and power. And this desire I think one ought to expel from the soul with all possible earnestness, not permitting it at the outset to be possessed by such a feeling, so that one may be able to do everything with freedom. For he who does not desire to be exhibited in possession of this authority, does not fear to be deposed from it, and not fearing this will be able to do everything with the freedom which becomes Christian men: whereas they who fear and tremble lest they should be deposed undergo a bitter servitude, filled with all kinds of evils, and are often compelled to offend against both God and man. Now the soul ought not to be affected in this way; but as in warfare we see those soldiers who are noble-spirited fight willingly and fall bravely, so they who have attained to this stewardship should be contented to be consecrated to the dignity or removed from it, as becomes Christian men, knowing that deposition of this kind brings its reward no less than the discharge of the office. For when any one suffers anything of this kind, in order to avoid submitting to something which is unbecoming or unworthy of this dignity, he procures punishment for those who wrongfully depose him, and a greater reward for himself. “Blessed,” says our Lord, “are ye when men shall revile you and persecute you, and shall say all manner of evil against you falsely for my sake; rejoice and be exceeding glad, for great is your reward in Heaven.”67    Matt. v. 1. And this, indeed, is the case when any one is expelled by those of his own rank either on account of envy, with a view to the favor of others, or through hatred, or from any other wrong motive: but when it is the lot of any one to experience this treatment at the hand of opponents, I do not think a word is needed to prove what great gain they confer upon him by their wickedness.

It behoves us, then, to be on the watch on all sides, and to make a careful search lest any spark of this desire should be secretly smouldering somewhere. For it is much to be wished that those who are originally free from this passion, should also be able to avoid it when they have lighted upon this office. But if any one, before he obtains the honor, cherishes in himself this terrible and savage monster, it is impossible to say into what a furnace he will fling himself after he has attained it. Now I possessed this desire in a high degree (and do not suppose that I would ever tell you what was untrue in self-disparagement): and this, combined with other reasons, alarmed me not a little, and induced me to take flight. For just as lovers of the human person, as long as they are permitted to be near the objects of their affection, suffer more severe torment from their passion, but when they remove as far as possible from these objects of desire, they drive away the frenzy: even so when those who desire this dignity are near it, the evil becomes intolerable: but when they cease to hope for it, the desire is extinguished together with the expectation.

12. This single motive then is no slight one: and even taken by itself it would have sufficed to deter me from this dignity: but, as it is, another must be added not less than the former. And what is this? A priest ought to be sober minded, and penetrating in discernment, and possessed of innumerable eyes in every direction, as one who lives not for himself alone but for so great a multitude. But that I am sluggish and slack, and scarcely able to bring about my own salvation, even you yourself would admit, who out of love to me art especially eager to conceal my faults. Talk not to me in this connexion of fasting, and watching, or sleeping on the ground, and other hard discipline of the body: for you know how defective I am in these matters: and even if they had been carefully practised by me they could not with my present sluggishness have been of any service to me with a view to this post of authority. Such things might be of great service to a man who was shut up in a cell, and caring only for his own concerns: but when a man is divided among so great a multitude, and enters separately into the private cares of those who are under his direction, what appreciable help can be given to their improvement unless he possesses a robust and exceedingly vigorous character?

13. And do not be surprised if, in connexion with such endurance, I seek another test of fortitude in the soul. For to be indifferent to food and drink and a soft bed, we see is to many no hard task, especially at least to such as are of a rough habit of life and have been brought up in this way from early youth, and to many others also; bodily discipline and custom softening the severity of these laborious practices: but insult, and abuse, and coarse language, and gibes from inferiors, whether wantonly or justly uttered, and rebukes vainly and idly spoken both by rulers and the ruled—this is what few can bear, in fact only one or two here and there; and one may see men, who are strong in the former exercises, so completely upset by these things, as to become more furious than the most savage beasts. Now such men especially we should exclude from the precincts of the priesthood. For if a prelate did not loathe food, or go barefoot, no harm would be done to the common interests of the Church; but a furious temper causes great disasters both to him who possesses it, and to his neighbours. And there is no divine threat against those who fail to do the things referred to, but hell and hell-fire are threatened against those who are angry without a cause.68    Matt. v. 22. As then the lover of vainglory, when he takes upon him the government of numbers, supplies additional fuel to the fire, so he who by himself, or in the company of a few, is unable to control his anger, but readily carried away by it, should he be entrusted with the direction of a whole multitude, like some wild beast goaded on all sides by countless tormentors, would never be able to live in tranquillity himself, and would cause incalculable mischief to those who have been committed to his charge.

14. For nothing clouds the purity of the reason, and the perspicuity of the mental vision so much as undisciplined wrath, rushing along with violent impetuosity. “For wrath,” says one, “destroys even the prudent.”69    Prov. xv. 1, the Septuagint Version. For the eye of the soul being darkened as in some nocturnal battle is not able to distinguish friends from foes, nor the honorable from the unworthy, but handles them all in turn in the same way; even if some harm must be suffered, readily enduring everything, in order to satisfy the pleasure of the soul. For the fire of wrath is a kind of pleasure, and tyrannizes over the soul more harshly than pleasure, completely upsetting its healthy organization. For it easily impels men to arrogance, and unseasonable enmities, and unreasonable hatred, and it continually makes them ready to commit wanton and vain offences; and forces them to say and do many other things of that kind, the soul being swept along by the rush of passion, and having nothing on which to fasten its strength and resist so great an impulse.

Basil: I will not endure this irony of yours any longer: for who knows not how far removed you are from this infirmity?

Chrysostom: Why then, my good friend, do you wish to bring me near the pyre, and to provoke the wild beast when he is tranquil? Are you not aware that I have achieved this condition, not by any innate virtue, but by my love of retirement? and that when one who is so constituted remains contented by himself, or only associates with one or two friends, he is able to escape the fire which arises from this passion, but not if he has plunged into the abyss of all these cares? for then he drags not only himself but many others with him to the brink of destruction, and renders them more indifferent to all consideration for mildness. For the mass of people under government are generally inclined to regard the manners of those who govern as a kind of model type, and to assimilate themselves to them. How then could any one put a stop to their fury when he is swelling himself with rage? And who amongst the multitude would straightway desire to become moderate when he sees the ruler irritable? For it is quite impossible for the defects of priests to be concealed, but even trifling ones speedily become manifest. So an athlete, as long as he remains at home, and contends with no one, can dissemble his weakness even if it be very great, but when he strips for the contest he is easily detected. And thus for some who live this private and inactive life, their isolation serves as a veil to hide their defects; but when they have been brought into public they are compelled to divest themselves of this mantle of seclusion, and to lay bare their souls to all through their visible movements. As therefore their right deeds profit many, by provoking them to equal zeal, so their shortcomings make men more indifferent to the practice of virtue, and encourage them to indolence in their endeavours after what is excellent. Wherefore his soul ought to gleam with beauty on every side, that it may be able to gladden and to enlighten the souls of those who behold it. For the faults of ordinary men, being committed as it were in the dark, ruin only those who practise them: but the errors of a man in a conspicuous position, and known to many, inflicts a common injury upon all, rendering those who have fallen more supine in their efforts for good, and driving to desperation those who wish to take heed to themselves. And apart from these things, the faults of insignificant men, even if they are exposed, inflict no injury worth speaking of upon any one: but they who occupy the highest seat of honor are in the first place plainly visible to all, and if they err in the smallest matters these trifles seem great to others: for all men measure the sin, not by the magnitude of the offence, but by the rank of the offender. Thus the priest ought to be protected on all sides by a kind of adamantine armour, by intense earnestness, and perpetual watchfulness concerning his manner of life, lest some one discovering an exposed and neglected spot should inflict a deadly wound: for all who surround him are ready to smite and overthrow him: not enemies only and adversaries, but many even of those who profess friendship.

The souls therefore of men elected to the priesthood ought to be endued with such power as the grace of God bestowed on the bodies of those saints who were cast into the Babylonian furnace.70    Dan. iii. Faggot and pitch and tow are not the fuel of this fire, but things far more dreadful: for it is no material fire to which they are subjected, but the all-devouring flame of envy encompasses them, rising up on every side, and assailing them, and putting their life to a more searching test than the fire then was to the bodies of those young men. When then it finds a little trace of stubble, it speedily fastens upon it; and this unsound part it entirely consumes, but all the rest of the fabric, even if it be brighter than the sunbeams, is scorched and blackened by the smoke. For as long as the life of the priest is well regulated in every direction, it is invulnerable to plots; but if he happens to overlook some trifle, as is natural in a human being, traversing the treacherous ocean of this life, none of his other good deeds are of any avail in enabling him to escape the mouths of his accusers; but that little blunder overshadows all the rest. And all men are ready to pass judgment on the priest as if he was not a being clothed with flesh, or one who inherited a human nature, but like an angel, and emancipated from every species of infirmity. And just as all men fear and flatter a tyrant as long as he is strong, because they cannot put him down, but when they see his affairs going adversely, those who were his friends a short time before abandon their hypocritical respect, and suddenly become his enemies and antagonists, and having discovered all his weak points, make an attack upon him, and depose him from the government; so is it also in the case of priests. Those who honored him and paid court to him a short time before, while he was strong, as soon as they have found some little handle eagerly prepare to depose him, not as a tyrant only, but something far more dreadful than that. And as the tyrant fears his body guards, so also does the priest dread most of all his neighbours and fellow-ministers. For no others covet his dignity so much, or know his affairs so well as these; and if anything occurs, being near at hand, they perceive it before others, and even if they slander him, can easily command belief, and, by magnifying trifles, take their victim captive. For the apostolic saying is reversed, “whether one member suffer, all the members suffer with it; or one member be honored, all the members rejoice with it;”71    1 Cor. xii. 26. unless indeed a man should be able by his great discretion to stand his ground against everything.

Are you then for sending me forth into so great a warfare? and did you think that my soul would be equal to a contest so various in character and shape? Whence did you learn this, and from whom? If God certified this to you, show me the oracle, and I obey; but if you cannot, and form your judgment from human opinion only, please to set yourself free from this delusion. For in what concerns my own affairs it is fairer to trust me than others; inasmuch as “no man knoweth the things of a man, save the spirit of man which is in him.”72    1 Cor. ii. 11. That I should have made myself and my electors ridiculous, had I accepted this office, and should with great loss have returned to this condition of life in which I now am, I trust I have now convinced you by these remarks, if not before. For not malice only, but something much stronger—the lust after this dignity—is wont to arm many against one who possesses it. And just as avaricious children are oppressed by the old age of their parents, so some of these, when they see the priestly office held by any one for a protracted time—since it would be wickedness to destroy him—hasten to depose him from it, being all desirous to take his place, and each expecting that the dignity will be transferred to himself.

15. Would you like me to show you yet another phase of this strife, charged with innumerable dangers? Come, then, and take a peep at the public festivals when it is generally the custom for elections to be made to ecclesiastical dignities, and you will then see the priest assailed with accusations as numerous as the people whom he rules. For all who have the privilege of conferring the honor are then split into many parties; and one can never find the council of elders73    It is not possible to say precisely who the electors to bishoprics were at this time, but probably a mixed body of the clergy and leading laymen of the diocese. Chrysostom calls the electors “fathers,” i. ch. 6, and “great men,” ch. 7, and here he speaks of a “council of elders,” which may mean the whole body of clergy of the second order, or a select body of laymen, or possibly the two combined. In one way or other, during the first five centuries, the people certainly had a considerable voice in the election of bishops. Socrates, the historian, vi. c. 2, says that Chrysostom himself was chosen for the See of Constantinople “by the common vote of all, clergy and people.” Pope Leo (A.D. 440–461) lays down the rule that “when the election of a bishop is handled he is to be preferred who is demanded by the unanimous consent of clergy and people.” Epist. 84. A law of the Emperor Justinian restricted the right of election to the clergy and the “optimates” or people of chief rank. of one mind with each other, or about the man who has won the prelacy; but each stands apart from the others, one preferring this man, another that. Now the reason is that they do not all look to one thing, which ought to be the only object kept in view, the excellence of the character; but other qualifications are alleged as recommending to this honor; for instance, of one it is said, “let him be elected because he belongs to an illustrious family,” of another “because he is possessed of great wealth, and would not need to be supported out of the revenues of the Church,” of a third “because he has come over from the camp of the adversary;” one is eager to give the preference to a man who is on terms of intimacy with himself, another to the man who is related to him by birth, a third to the flatterer, but no one will look to the man who is really qualified, or make some test of his character. Now I am so far from thinking these things trustworthy criteria of a man’s fitness for the priesthood, that even if any one manifested great piety, which is no small help in the discharge of that office, I should not venture to approve him on that account alone, unless he happened to combine good abilities with his piety. For I know many men who have exercised perpetual restraint upon themselves, and consumed themselves with fastings, who, as long as they were suffered to be alone, and attend to their own concerns, have been acceptable to God, and day by day have made no small addition to this kind of learning; but as soon as they entered public life, and were compelled to correct the ignorance of the multitude, have, some of them, proved from the outset incompetent for so great a task, and others when forced to persevere in it, have abandoned their former strict way of living, and thus inflicted great injury on themselves without profiting others at all. And if any one spent his whole time in the lowest rank of the ministry, and reached extreme old age, I would not, merely out of reverence for his years, promote him to the higher dignity; for what if, after arriving at that time of life, he should still remain unfit for the office? And I say this now, not as wishing to dishonor the grey head, nor as laying down a law absolutely to exclude from this authority those who come from the monastic circle (for there are instances of many who issued from that body, having shone conspicuously in this dignity); but the point which I am anxious to prove is, that if neither piety of itself, nor advanced age, would suffice to show that a man who had obtained the priesthood really deserved it, the reasons formerly alleged would scarcely effect this. There are also men who bring forward other pretexts yet more absurd; for some are enrolled in the ranks of the clergy, that they may not range themselves among opponents, and others on account of their evil disposition, lest they should do great mischief if they are overlooked. Could anything be more contrary to right rule than this? that bad men, laden with iniquity, should be courted on account of those things for which they ought to be punished, and ascend to the priestly dignity on account of things for which they ought to be debarred from the very threshold of the Church. Tell me, then, shall we seek any further the cause of God’s wrath, when we expose things so holy and awful to be defiled by men who are either wicked or worthless? for when some men are entrusted with the administration of things which are not at all suitable to them, and others of things which exceed their natural power, they make the condition of the Church like that of Euripus.74    A narrow strait between the island of Eubœa and the mainland of Greece, in which the tide was very rapid. Hence the “condition of Euripus” became a proverbial expression indicative of agitation and fluctuation.

Now formerly I used to deride secular rulers, because in the distribution of their honors they are not guided by considerations of moral excellence, but of wealth, and seniority, and human distinction; but when I heard that this kind of folly had forced its way into our affairs also, I no longer regarded their conduct as so atrocious. For what wonder is it that worldly men, who love the praise of the multitude, and do everything for the sake of gain, should commit these sins, when those who affect at least to be free from all these influences are in no wise better disposed than they, but although engaged in a contest for heavenly things, act as if the question submitted for decision was one which concerned acres of land, or something else of that kind? for they take commonplace men off-hand, and set them to preside over those things, for the sake of which the only begotten Son of God did not refuse to empty Himself of His glory and become man, and take the form of a servant, and be spat upon, and buffeted, and die a death of reproach in the flesh. Nor do they stop even here, but add to these offences others still more monstrous; for not only do they elect unworthy men, but actually expel those who are well qualified. As if it were necessary to ruin the safety of the Church on both sides, or as if the former provocation were not sufficient to kindle the wrath of God, they have contrived yet another not less pernicious. For I consider it as atrocious to expel the useful men as to force in the useless. And this in fact takes place, so that the flock of Christ is unable to find consolation in any direction, or draw its breath freely. Now do not such deeds deserve to be punished by ten thousand thunder-bolts, and a hell-fire hotter than that with which we are threatened [in Holy Scripture]? Yet these monstrous evils are borne with by Him who willeth not the death of a sinner, that he may be converted and live. And how can one sufficiently marvel at His lovingkindness, and be amazed at His mercy? They who belong to Christ destroy the property of Christ more than enemies and adversaries, yet the good Lord still deals gently with them, and calls them to repentance. Glory be to Thee, O Lord! Glory to Thee! How vast is the depth of Thy lovingkindness! how great the riches of Thy forbearance! Men who on account of Thy name have risen from insignificance and obscurity to positions of honor and distinction, use the honor they enjoy against Him who has bestowed it, do deeds of outrageous audacity, and insult holy things, rejecting and expelling men of zeal in order that the wicked may ruin everything at their pleasure in much security, and with the utmost fearlessness. And if you would know the causes of this dreadful evil, you will find that they are similar to those which were mentioned before; for they have one root and mother, so to say—namely, envy; but this is manifested in several different forms. For one we are told is to be struck out of the list of candidates, because he is young; another because he does not know how to flatter; a third because he has offended such and such a person; a fourth lest such and such a man should be pained at seeing one whom he has presented rejected, and this man elected; a fifth because he is kind and gentle; a sixth because he is formidable to the sinful; a seventh for some other like reason; for they are at no loss to find as many pretexts as they want, and can even make the abundance of a man’s wealth an objection when they have no other. Indeed they would be capable of discovering other reasons, as many as they wish, why a man ought not to be brought suddenly to this honor, but gently and gradually. And here I should like to ask the question, “What, then, is the prelate to do, who has to contend with such blasts? How shall he hold his ground against such billows? How shall he repel all these assaults?”

For if he manages the business75    i.e., the business of elections. Chrysostom seems to have passed on from the elections of bishops to the consideration of elections to clerical offices over which the bishop had to preside. upon upright principles, all those who are enemies and adversaries both to him and to the candidates do everything with a view to contention, provoking daily strife, and heaping infinite scorn upon the candidates, until they have got them struck off the list, or have introduced their own favorites. In fact it is just as if some pilot had pirates sailing with him in his ship, perpetually plotting every hour against him, and the sailors, and marines. And if he should prefer favor with such men to his own salvation, accepting unworthy candidates, he will have God for his enemy in their stead; and what could be more dreadful than that? And yet his relations with them will be more embarrassing than formerly, as they will all combine with each other, and thereby become more powerful than before. For as when fierce winds coming from opposite directions clash with one another, the ocean, hitherto calm, becomes suddenly furious and raises its crested waves, destroying those who are sailing over it, so also when the Church has admitted corrupt men, its once tranquil surface is covered with rough surf and strewn with shipwrecks.

16. Consider, then, what kind of man he ought to be who is to hold out against such a tempest, and to manage skillfully such great hindrances to the common welfare; for he ought to be dignified yet free from arrogance, formidable yet kind, apt to command yet sociable, impartial yet courteous, humble yet not servile, strong yet gentle, in order that he may contend successfully against all these difficulties. And he ought to bring forward with great authority the man who is properly qualified for the office, even if all should oppose him, and with the same authority to reject the man who is not so qualified, even if all should conspire in his favor, and to keep one aim only in view, the building up of the Church, in nothing actuated either by enmity or favor. Well, do you now think that I acted reasonably in declining the ministry of this office? But I have not even yet gone through all my reasons with you; for I have some others still to mention. And do not grow impatient of listening to a friendly and sincere man, who wishes to clear himself from your accusations; for these statements are not only serviceable for the defence which you have to make on my behalf, but they will also prove of no small help for the due administration of the office. For it is necessary for one who is going to enter upon this path of life to investigate all matters thoroughly well, before he sets his hand to the ministry. Do you ask why? Because one who knows all things clearly will have this advantage, if no other, that he will not feel strange when these things befall him. Would you like me then to approach the question of superintending widows, first of all, or of the care of virgins, or the difficulty of the judicial function. For in each of these cases there is a different kind of anxiety, and the fear is greater than the anxiety.

Now in the first place, to start from that subject which seems to be simpler than the others, the charge of widows appears to cause anxiety to those who take care of them only so far as the expenditure of money is concerned; but the case is otherwise, and here also a careful scrutiny is needed, when they have to be enrolled,76    That is, “put upon the Church-roll.” From apostolic times as we know from 1 Tim. v. 9, 10, the Church had recognized the care of widows as a duty; but one to be exercised with caution, lest unworthy persons should take advantage of it. In Chrysostom’s time there was an “order of widows,” which had departed very much from the primitive simplicity and devotion to religious works which distinguished the order of earlier days. The Church strongly encouraged abstinence from a second marriage: and many women seem to have taken a vow of widowhood, and secured a place in the Church-roll, only in the hope of throwing a decent veil over an irreligious, if not immoral life. for infinite mischief has been caused by putting them on the list without due discrimination. For they have ruined households, and severed marriages, and have often been detected in thieving and pilfering and unseemly deeds of that kind. Now that such women should be supported out of the Church’s revenues provokes punishment from God, and extreme condemnation among men, and abates the zeal of those who wish to do good. For who would ever choose to expend the wealth which he was commanded to give to Christ upon those who defame the name of Christ? For these reasons a strict and accurate scrutiny ought to be made so as to prevent the supply of the indigent being wasted, not only by the women already mentioned, but also by those who are able to provide for themselves. And this scrutiny is succeeded by no small anxiety of another kind, to ensure an abundant and unfailing stream of supply as from a fountain; for compulsory poverty is an insatiable kind of evil, querulous and ungrateful. And great discretion and great zeal is required so as to stop the mouths of complainers, depriving them of every excuse. Now most men, when they see any one superior to the love of money, forthwith represent him as well qualified for this stewardship. But I do not think that this greatness of soul is ever sufficient of itself, although it ought to be possessed prior to all other qualities; for without this a man would be a destroyer rather than a protector, a wolf instead of a shepherd; nevertheless, combined with this, the possession of another quality also should be demanded. And this quality is forbearance, the cause of all good things in men, impelling as it were and conducting the soul into a serene haven. For widows are a class who, both on account of their poverty, their age and natural disposition, indulge in unlimited freedom of speech (so I had best call it); and they make an unseasonable clamor and idle complaints and lamentations about matters for which they ought to be grateful, and bring accusations concerning things which they ought contentedly to accept. Now the superintendent should endure all these things in a generous spirit, and not be provoked either by their unreasonable annoyance or their unreasonable complaints. For this class of persons deserve to be pitied for their misfortunes, not to be insulted; and to trample upon their calamities, and add the pain of insult to that which poverty brings, would be an act of extreme brutality. On this account one of the wisest of men, having regard to the avarice and pride of human nature, and considering the nature of poverty and its terrible power to depress even the noblest character, and induce it often to act in these same respects without shame, in order that a man should not be irritated when accused, nor be provoked by continual importunity to become an enemy where he ought to bring aid, he instructs him to be affable and accessible to the suppliant, saying, “Incline thine ear to a poor man and give him a friendly answer with meekness.”77    Ecclus. iv. 8. And passing by the case of one who succeeds in exasperating (for what can one say to him who is overcome?), he addresses the man who is able to bear the other’s infirmity, exhorting him before he bestows his gift to correct the suppliant by the gentleness of his countenance and the mildness of his words. But if any one, although he does not take the property (of these widows), nevertheless loads them with innumerable reproaches, and insults them, and is exasperated against them, he not only fails through his gift to alleviate the despondency produced by poverty, but aggravates the distress by his abuse. For although they may be compelled to act very shamelessly through the necessity of hunger, they are nevertheless distressed at this compulsion. When, then, owing to the dread of famine, they are constrained to beg, and owing to their begging are constrained to put off shame, and then again on account of their shamelessness are insulted, the power of despondency becoming of a complex kind, and accompanied by much gloom, settles down upon the soul. And one who has the charge of these persons ought to be so long-suffering, as not only not to increase their despondency by his fits of anger, but also to remove the greater part of it by his exhortation. For as the man who has been insulted, although he is in the enjoyment of great abundance, does not feel the advantage of his wealth, on account of the blow which he has received from the insult; so on the other hand, the man who has been addressed with kindly words, and for whom the gift has been accompanied with encouragement, exults and rejoices all the more, and the thing given becomes doubled in value through the manner in which it is offered. And this I say not of myself, but borrow from him whose precept I quoted just now: “My son, blemish not thy good deeds, neither use uncomfortable words when thou givest anything. Shall not the dew assuage the heat? So is a word better than a gift. Lo! is not a word better than a gift? but both are with a gracious man.”78    Ecclus. xviii. 15–17.

But the superintendent of these persons ought not only to be gentle and forbearing, but also skillful in the management of property; for if this qualification is wanting, the affairs of the poor are again involved in the same distress. One who was entrusted not long ago with this ministry, and got together a large hoard of money, neither consumed it himself, nor expended it with a few exceptions upon those who needed it, but kept the greater part of it buried in the earth until a season of distress occurred, when it was all surrendered into the hands of the enemy. Much forethought, therefore, is needed, that the resources of the Church should be neither over abundant, nor deficient, but that all the supplies which are provided should be quickly distributed among those who require them, and the treasures of the Church stored up in the hearts of those who are under her rule.

Moreover, in the reception of strangers, and the care of the sick, consider how great an expenditure of money is needed, and how much exactness and discernment on the part of those who preside over these matters. For it is often necessary that this expenditure should be even larger than that of which I spoke just now, and that he who presides over it should combine prudence and wisdom with skill in the art of supply, so as to dispose the affluent to be emulous and ungrudging in their gifts, lest while providing for the relief of the sick, he should vex the souls of those who supply their wants. But earnestness and zeal need to be displayed here in a far higher degree; for the sick are difficult creatures to please, and prone to languor; and unless great accuracy and care are used, even a slight oversight is enough to do the patient great mischief.

17. But in the care of virgins, the fear is greater in proportion as the possession is more precious, and this flock is of a nobler character than the others. Already, indeed, even into the band of these holy ones, an infinite number of women have rushed full of innumerable bad qualities; and in this case our grief is greater than in the other; for there is just the same difference between a virgin and a widow going astray, as between a free-born damsel and her handmaid. With widows, indeed, it has become a common practice to trifle, and to rail at one another, to flatter or to be impudent, to appear everywhere in public, and to perambulate the market-place. But the virgin has striven for nobler aims, and eagerly sought the highest kind of philosophy,79    i.e., a life of religious contemplation, not, however, as a member of a monastic community, for Chrysostom, throughout this section, appears to be speaking of the canonical or ecclesiastical virgins who were consecrated to a religious life, yet remained at home under the care of their parents (if living) or of the Church. The first notices of separate houses for women who had taken the vow of virginity occur in the middle of the 4th century. St. Ambrose mentions one at Bologna. De Virg. i. 10. St. Basil is said to have founded some (see St. Greg. Naz. Orat. 47). and professes to exhibit upon earth the life which angels lead, and while yet in the flesh proposes to do deeds which belong to the incorporeal powers. Moreover, she ought not to make numerous or unnecessary journeys, neither is it permissible for her to utter idle and random words; and as for abuse and flattery, she should not even know them by name. On this account she needs the most careful guardianship, and the greater assistance. For the enemy of holiness is always surprising and lying in wait for these persons, ready to devour any one of them if she should slip and fall; many men also there are who lay snares for them; and besides all these things there is the passionateness of their own human nature, so that, speaking generally, the virgin has to equip herself for a twofold war, one which attacks her from without, and the other which presses upon her from within. For these reasons he who has the superintendence of virgins suffers great alarm, and the danger and distress is yet greater, should any of the things which are contrary to his wishes occur, which God forbid. For if a daughter kept in seclusion is a cause of sleeplessness to her father, his anxiety about her depriving him of sleep, where the fear is so great lest she should be childless, or pass the flower of her age (unmarried), or be hated (by her husband),80    Ecclus. xlii. 9. what will he suffer whose anxiety is not concerned with any of these things, but others far greater? For in this case it is not a man who is rejected, but Christ Himself, nor is this barrenness the subject merely of reproach, but the evil ends in the destruction of the soul; “for every tree,” it is said, “which bringeth not forth good fruit, is hewn down and cast into the fire.”81    Matt. iii. 10. And for one who has been repudiated by the divine Bridegroom, it is not sufficient to receive a certificate of divorce and so to depart, but she has to pay the penalty of everlasting punishment. Moreover, a father according to the flesh has many things which make the custody of his daughter easy; for the mother, and nurse, and a multitude of handmaids share in helping the parent to keep the maiden safe. For neither is she permitted to be perpetually hurrying into the market-place, nor when she does go there is she compelled to show herself to any of the passers-by, the evening darkness concealing one who does not wish to be seen no less than the walls of the house. And apart from these things, she is relieved from every cause which might otherwise compel her to meet the gaze of men; for no anxiety about the necessaries of life, no menaces of oppressors, nor anything of that kind reduces her to this unfortunate necessity, her father acting in her stead in all these matters; while she herself has only one anxiety, which is to avoid doing or saying anything unworthy the modest conduct which becomes her. But in the other case there are many things which make the custody of the virgin difficult, or rather impossible for the father; for he could not have her in his house with himself, as dwelling together in that way would be neither seemly nor safe. For even if they themselves should suffer no loss, but continue to preserve their innocence unsullied, they would have to give an account for the souls which they have offended, just as much as if they happened to sin with one another. And it being impossible for them to live together, it is not easy to understand the movements of the character, and to suppress the impulses which are ill regulated, or train and improve those which are better ordered and tuned. Nor is it an easy thing to interfere in her habits of walking out; for her poverty and want of a guardian does not permit him to become an exact investigator of the propriety of her conduct. For as she is compelled to manage all her affairs she has many pretexts for going out, if at least she is not inclined to be self-controlled. Now he who commands her to stay always at home ought to cut off these pretexts, providing for her independence in the necessaries of life, and giving her some woman who will see to the management of these things. He must also keep her away from funeral obsequies, and nocturnal festivals; for that artful serpent knows only too well how to scatter his poison through the medium even of good deeds. And the maiden must be fenced on every side, and rarely go out of the house during the whole year, except when she is constrained by inexorable necessity. Now if any one should say that none of these things is the proper work of a bishop to take in hand, let him be assured that the anxieties and the reasons concerning what takes place in every case have to be referred to him. And it is far more expedient that he should manage everything, and so be delivered from the complaints which he must otherwise undergo on account of the faults of others, than that he should abstain from the management, and then have to dread being called to account for things which other men have done. Moreover, he who does these things by himself, gets through them all with great ease; but he who is compelled to do it by converting every one’s opinion does not get relief by being saved from working single-handed, equivalent to the trouble and turmoil which he experiences through those who oppose him and combat his decisions. However, I could not enumerate all the anxieties concerned with the care of virgins; for when they have to be entered on the list, they occasion no small trouble to him who is entrusted with this business.

Again, the judicial department of the bishop’s office involves innumerable vexations, great consumption of time, and difficulties exceeding those experienced by men who sit to judge secular affairs; for it is a labor to discover exact justice, and when it is found, it is difficult to avoid destroying it. And not only loss of time and difficulty are incurred, but also no small danger. For ere now, some of the weaker brethren having plunged into business, because they have not obtained patronage have made shipwreck concerning the faith. For many of those who have suffered wrong, no less than those who have inflicted wrong, hate those who do not assist them, and they will not take into account either the intricacy of the matters in question, or the difficulty of the times, or the limits of sacerdotal authority, or anything of that kind; but they are merciless judges, recognizing only one kind of defence—release from the evils which oppress them. And he who is unable to furnish this, although he may allege innumerable excuses, will never escape their condemnation.

And talking of patronage, let me disclose another pretext for fault-finding. For if the bishop does not pay a round of visits every day, more even than the idle men about town, unspeakable offence ensues. For not only the sick, but also the whole, desire to be looked after, not that piety prompts them to this, but rather that in most cases they pretend claims to honor and distinction. And if he should ever happen to visit more constantly one of the richer and more powerful men, under the pressure of some necessity, with a view to the common benefit of the Church, he is immediately stigmatized with a character for fawning and flattery. But why do I speak of patronage and visiting? For merely from their mode of accosting persons, bishops have to endure such a load of reproaches as to be often oppressed and overwhelmed by despondency; in fact, they have also to undergo a scrutiny of the way in which they use their eyes. For the public rigorously criticize their simplest actions, taking note of the tone of their voice, the cast of their countenance, and the degree of their laughter. He laughed heartily to such a man, one will say, and accosted him with a beaming face, and a clear voice, whereas to me he addressed only a slight and passing remark. And in a large assembly, if he does not turn his eyes in every direction when he is conversing, the majority declare that his conduct is insulting.

Who, then, unless he is exceedingly strong, could cope with so many accusers, so as either to avoid being indited altogether, or, if he is indited, to escape? For he must either be without any accusers, or, if this is impossible, purge himself of the accusations which are brought against him; and if this again is not an easy matter, as some men delight in making vain and wanton charges, he must make a brave stand against the dejection produced by these complaints. He, indeed, who is justly accused, may easily tolerate the accuser, for there is no bitterer accuser than conscience; wherefore, if we are caught first by this most terrible adversary, we can readily endure the milder ones who are external to us. But he who has no evil thing upon his conscience, when he is subjected to an empty charge, is speedily excited to wrath, and easily sinks into dejection, unless he happens to have practised beforehand how to put up with the follies of the multitude. For it is utterly impossible for one who is falsely accused without cause, and condemned, to avoid feeling some vexation and annoyance at such great injustice.

And how can one speak of the distress which bishops undergo, whenever it is necessary to cut some one off from the full communion of the Church? Would indeed that the evil went no further than distress! but in fact the mischief is not trifling. For there is a fear lest the man, if he has been punished beyond what he deserves, should experience that which was spoken of by the blessed Paul and “be swallowed up by overmuch sorrow.”82    2 Cor. ii. 7. The nicest accuracy, therefore, is required in this matter also, lest what is intended to be profitable should become to him an occasion of greater damage. For whatever sins he may commit after such a method of treatment, the wrath caused by each of them must be shared by the physician who so unskillfully applied his knife to the wound. What severe punishment, then, must be expected by one who has not only to render an account of the offences which he himself has separately committed, but also incurs extreme danger on account of the sins committed by others? For if we shudder at undergoing judgment for our own misdeeds, believing that we shall not be able to escape the fire of the other world, what must one expect to suffer who has to answer for so many others? To prove the truth of this, listen to the blessed Paul, or rather not to him, but to Christ speaking in him, when he says: “Obey them that have the rule over you, and submit, for they watch for your souls as they that shall give account.”83    Hebrews xiii. 17. Can the dread of this threat be slight? It is impossible to say: but these considerations are sufficient to convince even the most incredulous and obdurate that I did not make this escape under the influence of pride or vainglory, but merely out of fear for my own safety, and consideration of the gravity of the office.

ΛΟΓΟΣ Γʹ αʹ. Ὅτι οἱ ὑπονοήσαντες δι' ἀπόνοιαν παρῃτῆσθαι ἡμᾶς τὴν ἑαυτῶν ὑπόληψιν ἔβλαψαν Τῆς μὲν οὖν ὕβρεως ἕνεκεν τῆς εἰς τοὺς τετιμηκότας, καὶ ὅτι αὐτοὺς οὐ καταισχῦναι βουλόμενοι ταύτην ἐφύγομεν τὴν τιμήν, ταῦτα ἂν ἔχοιμεν λέγειν ἅπερ εἰρήκαμεν: ὅτι δὲ οὐδὲ ὑπὸ ἀπονοίας τινὸς φυσηθέντες, καὶ τοῦτο νῦν εἰς δύναμιν τὴν ἐμὴν πειράσομαί σοι ποιῆσαι φανερόν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ στρατηγίας ἡμῖν ἢ βασιλείας αἵρεσις προὔκειτο, εἶτα ταύτην εἶχον τὴν γνώμην, εἰκότως ἄν τις τοῦτο ὑπέλαβεν, ἢ τότε μὲν ἀπονοίας οὐδείς, ἀνοίας δὲ πάντες ἂν ἡμᾶς ἔκριναν. Ἱερωσύνης δὲ προκειμένης ἣ τοσοῦτον ἀνωτέρω βασιλείας ἕστηκεν ὅσον πνεύματος καὶ σαρκὸς τὸ μέσον, τολμήσει τις ἡμᾶς ὑπεροψίας γράφεσθαι; Καὶ πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον τοὺς μὲν τὰ μικρὰ διαπτύοντας ὡς παραπαίοντας αἰτιᾶσθαι, τοὺς δὲ ἐπὶ τῶν ἄγαν ὑπερεχόντων τοῦτο ποιοῦντας τῶν μὲν τῆς παραπληξίας ἐγκλημάτων ἐξαιρεῖν, ταῖς δὲ τῆς ὑπερηφανίας ὑποβάλλειν αἰτίαις; Ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις τὸν ἀγέλης βοῶν καταφρονοῦντα καὶ μὴ βουλόμενον εἶναι βουκόλον, εἰς ὑπερηφανίαν μὲν οὐδαμῶς, εἰς δὲ φρενῶν ἔκστασιν αἰτιώμενος, τὸν ἁπάσης τῆς οἰκουμένης τὴν βασιλείαν καὶ τὸ γενέσθαι κύριον τῶν ἁπανταχοῦ στρατοπέδων μὴ δεχόμενον ἀντὶ τοῦ μαίνεσθαι τετυφῶσθαι φαίη. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, οὐκ ἔστιν, οὐδὲ ἡμᾶς μᾶλλον ἢ ἑαυτοὺς οἱ ταῦτα λέγοντες διαβάλλουσι: τὸ γὰρ ἐννοῆσαι μόνον ὅτι δυνατὸν ἀνθρωπείᾳ φύσει τῆς ἀξίας ὑπερφρονῆσαι ἐκείνης, δεῖγμα κατὰ τῶν ἐκφερόντων ἐστὶν ἧς ἔχουσι περὶ τοῦ πράγματος δόξης: εἰ γὰρ μὴ τῶν τυχόντων αὐτὸ καὶ ὧν οὐ πολὺς ὁ λόγος ἐνόμιζον εἶναι, οὐδ' ἂν ὑποπτεῦσαι τοῦτο ἐπῆλθεν αὐτοῖς. Διὰ τί γὰρ περὶ τῆς τῶν ἀγγέλων ἀξίας οὐδεὶς ἐτόλμησέ τι τοιοῦτον ὑποπτεῦσαί ποτε καὶ εἰπεῖν ὅτι ἔστιν ἀνθρωπίνη ψυχὴ δι' ἀπόνοιαν οὐκ ἂν ἑλομένη ἐπὶ τὸ τῆς φύσεως ἐκείνης ἀξίωμα ἐλθεῖν; Μεγάλα γάρ τινα φανταζόμεθα περὶ τῶν δυνάμεων ἐκείνων καὶ τοῦτο ἡμᾶς οὐκ ἀφίησι πιστεῦσαι ὅτι δύναιτ' ἂν ἄνθρωπος τῆς τιμῆς φρονῆσαί τι μεῖζον ἐκείνης, ὥστε αὐτοὺς μᾶλλον δικαίως ἄν τις γράψαιτο ἀπονοίας τοὺς ἡμῶν τοῦτο κατηγοροῦντας: οὐ γὰρ ἄν ποτε περὶ ἑτέρων τοῦτο ὑπέλαβον, εἰ μὴ πρότερον αὐτοὶ τοῦ πράγματος, ὡς οὐδενὸς ὄντος, κατέγνωσαν. βʹ. Ὅτι οὐδὲ διὰ κενοδοξίαν ἐφύγομεν Εἰ δὲ πρὸς δόξαν ὁρῶντας τοῦτο πεποιηκέναι φασί, περιπίπτοντες ἑαυτοῖς ἐλεγχθήσονται καὶ μαχόμενοι φανερῶς: οὐδὲ γὰρ οἶδα ποίους ἂν ἑτέρους πρὸ τούτων ἐζήτησαν λόγους, εἰ τῶν τῆς κενοδοξίας ἡμᾶς ἠθέλησαν ἀπαλλάξαι ἐγκλημάτων. γʹ. Ὅτι εἰ δόξης ἐπεθυμοῦμεν, ἑλέσθαι μᾶλλον τὸ πρᾶγμα ἐχρῆν Εἰ γὰρ οὗτός μέ ποτε εἰσῆλθεν ὁ ἔρως, καταδέξασθαι μᾶλλον ἐχρῆν ἢ φυγεῖν. Διά τί; Ὅτι πολλὴν ἡμῖν τοῦτο τὴν δόξαν ἤνεγκεν ἄν: τὸ γὰρ ἐν τούτῳ τῆς ἡλικίας ὄντα καὶ πρὸ βραχέος ἀποστάντα τῶν βιωτικῶν φροντίδων, ἐξαίφνης οὕτω δόξαι παρὰ πᾶσιν εἶναι θαυμαστὸν ὥστε τῶν τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον ἐν τοῖς τοιούτοις ἐξαναλωθέντων πόνοις προτιμηθῆναι καὶ πλείονας ψήφους πάντων ἐκείνων λαβεῖν, θαυμαστά τινα καὶ μεγάλα περὶ ἡμῶν πάντας ἂν ὑποπτεύειν ἔπεισε καὶ σεμνοὺς ἂν ἡμᾶς καὶ περιβλέπτους κατέστησε. Νῦν δέ, πλὴν ὀλίγων, τὸ πλέον τῆς Ἐκκλησίας μέρος οὐδὲ ἐξ ὀνόματος ἡμᾶς ἴσασιν, ὥστε οὐδὲ ὅτι παρῃτήμεθα πᾶσιν ἔσται φανερόν, ἀλλ' ὀλίγοις τισὶν οὓς οὐδ' αὐτοὺς οἶμαι τὸ σαφὲς εἰδέναι πάντας: εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ τούτων πολλοὺς ἢ μηδ' ὅλως ἡμᾶς ᾑρῆσθαι νομίσαι ἢ παρεώσασθαι μετὰ τὴν αἵρεσιν ἀνεπιτηδείους εἶναι δόξαντας, οὐχ ἑκόντας φυγεῖν.
ΒΑΣ. Ἀλλ' οἱ τἀληθὲς εἰδότες θαυμάσονται.
ΙΩ. Καὶ μὴν τούτους ἔφης ὡς κενοδόξους καὶ ὑπερηφάνους διαβάλλειν ἡμᾶς. Πόθεν οὖν ἐστιν ἐλπίσαι τὸν ἔπαινον; Ἀπὸ τῶν πολλῶν; ἀλλ' οὐκ ἴσασι τὸ σαφές. Ἀλλ' ἐκ τῶν ὀλίγων; ἀλλὰ κἀνταῦθα ἡμῖν εἰς τοὐναντίον τὸ πρᾶγμα περιτέτραπται: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἑτέρου τινὸς ἕνεκεν ἐνθάδε εἰσῆλθες νῦν, ἀλλ' ἵνα μάθῃς τί πρὸς ἐκείνους ἀπολογήσασθαι δέοι. Καὶ τί τούτων ἕνεκεν ἀκριβολογοῦμαι νῦν; Ὅτι γάρ, εἰ καὶ πάντες ᾔδεσαν τἀληθές, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἡμᾶς ἀπονοίας ἢ φιλοδοξίας ἔδει κρίνειν, μικρὸν ἀνάμεινον καὶ τοῦτο εἴσῃ σαφῶς: καὶ πρὸς τούτῳ πάλιν ἐκεῖνο ὅτι οὐ τοῖς ταύτην τολμῶσι τὴν τόλμαν μόνον_εἴπερ τίς ἐστιν ἀνθρώπων, οὐ γὰρ ἔγωγε πείθομαι_, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς περὶ ἑτέρων ὑποπτεύουσι κίνδυνος ἐπικείσεται οὐ μικρός.
δʹ. Ὅτι φρικτὸν ἡ ἱερωσύνη καὶ πολὺ τῆς παλαιᾶς λατρείας ἡ καινὴ φρικωδεστέρα Ἡ γὰρ ἱερωσύνη τελεῖται μὲν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς, τάξιν δὲ ἐπουρανίων ἔχει πραγμάτων. Καὶ μάλα γε εἰκότως: οὐ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος, οὐκ ἄγγελος, οὐκ ἀρχάγγελος, οὐκ ἄλλη τις κτιστὴ δύναμις, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ Παράκλητος ταύτην διετάξατο τὴν ἀκολουθίαν καὶ ἔτι μένοντας ἐν σαρκὶ τὴν τῶν ἀγγέλων ἔπεισε φαντάζεσθαι διακονίαν. Διὸ χρὴ τὸν ἱερωμένον ὥσπερ ἐν αὐτοῖς ἑστῶτα τοῖς οὐρανοῖς μεταξὺ τῶν δυνάμεων ἐκείνων οὕτως εἶναι καθαρόν. Φοβερὰ μὲν γὰρ καὶ φρικωδέστατα καὶ τὰ πρὸ τῆς χάριτος, οἷον οἱ κώδωνες, οἱ ῥοΐσκοι, οἱ λίθοι οἱ τοῦ στήθους, οἱ τῆς ἐπωμίδος, ἡ μίτρα, ἡ κίδαρις, ὁ ποδήρης, τὸ πέταλον τὸ χρυσοῦν, τὰ Ἅγια τῶν ἁγίων, ἡ πολλὴ τῶν ἔνδον ἠρεμία: ἀλλ' εἴ τις τὰ τῆς χάριτος ἐξετάσειε, μικρὰ ὄντα εὑρήσει τὰ φοβερὰ καὶ φρικωδέστατα ἐκεῖνα, καὶ τὸ περὶ τοῦ νόμου λεχθὲν κἀνταῦθα ἀληθὲς ὂν ὅτι »Οὐ δεδόξασται τὸ δεδοξασμένον ἐν τούτῳ τῷ μέρει ἕνεκεν τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης δόξης.« Ὅταν γὰρ ἴδῃς τὸν Κύριον τεθυμένον καὶ κείμενον, καὶ τὸν ἱερέα ἐφεστῶτα τῷ θύματι καὶ ἐπευχόμενον, καὶ πάντας ἐκείνῳ τῷ τιμίῳ φοινισσομένους αἵματι, ἆρα ἔτι μετὰ ἀνθρώπων εἶναι νομίζεις καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἑστάναι, ἀλλ' οὐκ εὐθέως ἐπὶ τοὺς οὐρανοὺς μετανίστασαι καὶ πᾶσαν σαρκικὴν διάνοιαν ἐκβάλλων, γυμνῇ τῇ ψυχῇ καὶ τῷ νῷ καθαρῷ περιβλέπεις τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς; Ὢ τοῦ θαύματος: ὢ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίας. Ὁ μετὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἄνω καθήμενος κατὰ τὴν ὥραν ἐκείνην ταῖς ἁπάντων κατέχεται χερσὶ καὶ δίδωσιν αὐτὸν τοῖς βουλομένοις περιπτύξασθαι καὶ περιλαβεῖν, ποιοῦσι δὲ τοῦτο πάντες διὰ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τότε. Ἆρά σοι τοῦ καταφρονεῖσθαι ταῦτα ἄξια καταφαίνεται, ἢ τοιαῦτα εἶναι ὡς δυνηθῆναί τινα καὶ ἐπαρθῆναι κατ' αὐτῶν; Βούλει καὶ ἐξ ἑτέρου θαύματος τῆς ἁγιαστίας ταύτης ἰδεῖν τὴν ὑπερβολήν; Ὑπόγραψόν μοι τὸν Ἠλίαν τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς καὶ τὸν ἄπειρον ὄχλον περιεστῶτα καὶ τὴν θυσίαν ἐπὶ τῶν λίθων κειμένην καὶ πάντας μὲν ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ τοὺς λοιποὺς καὶ πολλῇ τῇ σιγῇ, μόνον δὲ τὸν προφήτην εὐχόμενον, εἶτα ἐξαίφνης τὴν φλόγα ἐκ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπὶ τὸ ἱερεῖον ῥιπτουμένην, θαυμαστὰ ταῦτα καὶ πάσης ἐκπλήξεως γέμοντα. Μετάβηθι τοίνυν ἐκεῖθεν ἐπὶ τὰ νῦν τελούμενα, καὶ οὐ θαυμαστὰ ὄψει μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πᾶσαν ἔκπληξιν ὑπερβαίνοντα: ἕστηκε γὰρ ὁ ἱερεύς, οὐ πῦρ καταφέρων, ἀλλὰ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον, καὶ τὴν ἱκετηρίαν ἐπὶ πολὺ ποιεῖται, οὐχ ἵνα τις λαμπὰς ἄνωθεν ἀφεθεῖσα καταναλώσῃ τὰ προκείμενα, ἀλλ' ἵνα ἡ χάρις ἐπιπεσοῦσα τῇ θυσίᾳ δι' ἐκείνης τὰς ἁπάντων ἀνάψῃ ψυχὰς καὶ ἀργυρίου λαμπροτέρας ἀποδείξῃ πεπυρωμένου. Ταύτης οὖν τῆς φρικωδεστάτης τελετῆς τίς μὴ μαινόμενος μηδὲ ἐξεστηκὼς ὑπερφρονῆσαι δυνήσεται; ἢ ἀγνοεῖς ὅτι οὐκ ἄν ποτε ἀνθρωπίνη ψυχὴ τὸ πῦρ ἐκεῖνο τῆς θυσίας ἐβάσταζεν, ἀλλ' ἄρδην ἂν ἅπαντες ἠφανίσθησαν, εἰ μὴ πολλὴ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριτος ἦν ἡ βοήθεια; εʹ. Ὅτι πολλὴ τῶν ἱερέων ἡ ἐξουσία καὶ ἡ τιμή Εἰ γάρ τις ἐννοήσειεν ὅσον ἐστὶν ἄνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ ἔτι σαρκὶ καὶ αἵματι πεπλεγμένον τῆς μακαρίας καὶ ἀκηράτου φύσεως ἐκείνης ἐγγὺς δυνηθῆναι γενέσθαι, τότε ὄψεται καλῶς ὅσης τοὺς ἱερεῖς τιμῆς ἡ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἠξίωσε χάρις. διὰ γὰρ ἐκείνων καὶ ταῦτα τελεῖται καὶ ἕτερα τούτων οὐδὲν ἀποδέοντα καὶ εἰς ἀξιώματος καὶ εἰς σωτηρίας τῆς ἡμετέρας λόγον. Οἱ γὰρ τὴν γῆν οἰκοῦντες καὶ ἐν ταύτῃ ποιούμενοι τὴν διατριβὴν τὰ ἐν οὐρανοῖς διοικεῖν ἐπετράπησαν καὶ ἐξουσίαν ἔλαβον ἣν οὔτε ἀγγέλοις οὔτε ἀρχαγγέλοις ἔδωκεν ὁ Θεός: οὐ γὰρ πρὸς ἐκείνους εἴρηται: »Ὅσα ἂν δήσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται δεδεμένα καὶ ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ, καὶ ὅσα ἂν λύσητε ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς ἔσται λελυμένα ἐν τῷ οὐρανῷ.« Ἔχουσι μὲν γὰρ καὶ οἱ κρατοῦντες ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς τὴν τοῦ δεσμεῖν ἐξουσίαν, ἀλλὰ σωμάτων μόνων: οὗτος δὲ ὁ δεσμὸς αὐτῆς ἅπτεται τῆς ψυχῆς καὶ διαβαίνει τοὺς οὐρανοὺς καὶ ἅπερ ἂν ἐργάσωνται κάτω οἱ ἱερεῖς, ταῦτα ὁ Θεὸς ἄνω κυροῖ καὶ τὴν τῶν δούλων γνώμην ὁ δεσπότης βεβαιοῖ. Καὶ τί γὰρ ἀλλ' ἢ πᾶσαν αὐτοῖς τὴν οὐράνιον ἔδωκεν ἐξουσίαν; »Ὧν γὰρ ἄν, φησίν, ἀφῆτε τὰς ἁμαρτίας, ἀφέωνται, καὶ ὧν ἂν κρατῆτε, κεκράτηνται.« Τίς ἂν γένοιτο ταύτης ἐξουσία μείζων; »Πᾶσαν τὴν κρίσιν ἔδωκεν ὁ πατὴρ τῷ υἱῷ.« Ὁρῶ δὲ πᾶσαν αὐτὴν τούτους ἐγχειρισθέντας ὑπὸ τοῦ υἱοῦ: ὥσπερ γὰρ εἰς οὐρανοὺς ἤδη μετατεθέντες καὶ τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ὑπερβάντες φύσιν καὶ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἀπαλλαγέντες παθῶν, οὕτως εἰς τοσαύτην ἤχθησαν τὴν ἀρχήν. Εἶτα ἂν μὲν βασιλεύς τινι τῶν ὑπ' αὐτὸν ὄντων ταύτης μεταδῷ τῆς τιμῆς ὥστε ἐμβάλλειν εἰς δεσμωτήριον οὓς ἂν ἐθέλῃ καὶ ἀφιέναι πάλιν, ζηλωτὸς καὶ περίβλεπτος παρὰ πᾶσιν οὗτος: ὁ δὲ παρὰ Θεοῦ τοσούτῳ μείζονα ἐξουσίαν λαβὼν ὅσῳ γῆς τιμιώτερος ὁ οὐρανὸς καὶ σωμάτων ψυχαί, οὕτω μικράν τισιν ἔδοξεν εἰληφέναι τιμὴν ὡς δυνηθῆναι κἂν ἐννοῆσαι ὅτι τῶν ταῦτά τις πιστευθέντων καὶ ὑπερφρονήσει τῆς δωρεᾶς. Ἄπαγε τῆς μανίας: μανία γὰρ περιφανὴς ὑπερορᾶν τῆς τοσαύτης ἀρχῆς ἧς ἄνευ οὔτε σωτηρίας ἡμῖν, οὔτε τῶν ἐπηγγελμένων ἀγαθῶν ἔστι τυχεῖν. Ϛʹ. Ὅτι τῶν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ μεγίστων δωρεῶν εἰσι διάκονοι Εἰ γὰρ οὐ δύναταί τις εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἐὰν μὴ δι' ὕδατος καὶ πνεύματος ἀναγεννηθῇ, καὶ ὁ μὴ τρώγων τὴν σάρκα τοῦ Κυρίου καὶ τὸ αἷμα αὐτοῦ πίνων ἐκβέβληται τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς, πάντα δὲ ταῦτα δι' ἑτέρου μὲν οὐδενός, μόνον δὲ διὰ τῶν ἁγίων ἐκείνων ἐπιτελεῖται χειρῶν, τῶν τοῦ ἱερέως λέγω, πῶς ἄν τις τούτων ἐκτὸς ἢ τὸ τῆς γεέννης ἐκφυγεῖν δυνήσεται πῦρ ἢ τῶν ἀποκειμένων στεφάνων τυχεῖν; Οὗτοι γάρ εἰσιν, οὗτοι οἱ τὰς πνευματικὰς πιστευθέντες ὠδῖνας καὶ τὸν διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος ἐπιτραπέντες τόκον: διὰ τούτων ἐνδυόμεθα τὸν Χριστὸν καὶ συνθαπτόμεθα τῷ υἱῷ τοῦ Θεοῦ, μέλη γινόμεθα τῆς μακαρίας ἐκείνης κεφαλῆς, ὥστε ἡμῖν οὐκ ἀρχόντων μόνον οὐδὲ βασιλέων φοβερώτεροι, ἀλλὰ καὶ πατέρων τιμιώτεροι δικαίως ἂν εἶεν: οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐξ αἱμάτων καὶ ἐκ θελήματος σαρκὸς ἐγέννησαν, οἱ δὲ τῆς ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ γεννήσεως ἡμῖν εἰσιν αἴτιοι, τῆς μακαρίας παλιγγενεσίας ἐκείνης, τῆς ἐλευθερίας τῆς ἀληθοῦς καὶ τῆς κατὰ χάριν υἱοθεσίας. Λέπραν σώματος ἀπαλλάττειν, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀπαλλάττειν μὲν οὐδαμῶς, τοὺς δὲ ἀπαλλαγέντας δοκιμάζειν μόνον εἶχον ἐξουσίαν οἱ τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἱερεῖς, καὶ οἶσθα πῶς περιμάχητον ἦν τὸ τῶν ἱερέων τότε: οὗτοι δὲ οὐ λέπραν σώματος, ἀλλ' ἀκαθαρσίαν ψυχῆς, οὐκ ἀπαλλαγεῖσαν δοκιμάζειν, ἀλλ' ἀπαλλάττειν παντελῶς ἔλαβον ἐξουσίαν, ὥστε οἱ τούτων ὑπερορῶντες πολλῷ καὶ τῶν περὶ Δαθὰν εἶεν ἐναγέστεροι καὶ μείζονος ἄξιοι τιμωρίας: οἱ μὲν γάρ, εἰ καὶ μὴ προσηκούσης αὐτοῖς ἀντεποιοῦντο τῆς ἀρχῆς, ἀλλ' ὅμως θαυμαστήν τινα περὶ αὐτῆς εἶχον δόξαν καὶ τοῦτο τῷ μετὰ πολλῆς ἐφίεσθαι σπουδῆς ἔδειξαν: οὗτοι δέ, ὅτε ἐπὶ τὸ κρεῖττον διεκοσμήθη καὶ τοσαύτην ἔλαβεν ἐπίδοσιν τὸ πρᾶγμα, τότε ἐξ ἐναντίας μὲν ἐκείνοις, πολλῷ δὲ ἐκείνων μείζονα τετολμήκασιν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴσον εἰς καταφρονήσεως λόγον ἐφίεσθαι μὴ προσηκούσης τιμῆς καὶ ὑπερορᾶν τοσούτων ἀγαθῶν, ἀλλὰ τοσούτῳ μεῖζον ἐκεῖνο τούτου ὅσῳ τοῦ διαπτύειν καὶ θαυμάζειν τὸ μέσον ἐστί. Τίς οὖν οὕτως ἀθλία ψυχὴ ὡς τοσούτων ὑπεριδεῖν ἀγαθῶν; Οὐκ ἄν ποτε φαίην ἐγώ, πλὴν εἴ τις οἶστρον ὑπομείνειε δαιμονικόν. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἐπάνειμι πάλιν ὅθεν ἐξέβην: οὐ γὰρ ἐν τῷ κολάζειν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ ποιεῖν εὖ, μείζονα τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἔδωκε δύναμιν τῶν φυσικῶν γονέων ὁ Θεός, καὶ τοσοῦτον ἀμφοτέρων τὸ διάφορον ὅσον τῆς παρούσης καὶ τῆς μελλούσης ζωῆς: οἱ μὲν γὰρ εἰς ταύτην, οἱ δὲ εἰς ἐκείνην γεννῶσι. Κἀκεῖνοι μὲν οὐδὲ τὸν σωματικὸν αὐτοῖς δύναιντ' ἂν ἀμύνασθαι θάνατον, οὐ νόσον ἐπενεχθεῖσαν ἀποκρούσασθαι: οὗτοι δὲ καὶ κάμνουσαν καὶ ἀπόλλυσθαι μέλλουσαν τὴν ψυχὴν πολλάκις ἔσωσαν, τοῖς μὲν πραοτέραν τὴν κόλασιν ἐργασάμενοι, τοὺς δὲ οὐδὲ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἀφέντες ἐμπεσεῖν, οὐ τῷ διδάσκειν μόνον καὶ νουθετεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ δι' εὐχῶν βοηθεῖν. Οὐ γὰρ ὅταν ἡμᾶς ἀναγεννῶσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ μετὰ ταῦτα συγχωρεῖν ἔχουσιν ἐξουσίαν ἁμαρτήματα. »Ἀσθενεῖ γάρ τις, φησίν, ἐν ὑμῖν; Προσκαλεσάσθω τοὺς πρεσβυτέρους τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, καὶ προσευξάσθωσαν ἐπ' αὐτόν, ἀλείψαντες αὐτὸν ἐλαίῳ ἐν τῷ ὀνόματι τοῦ Κυρίου: καὶ ἡ εὐχὴ τῆς πίστεως σώσει τὸν κάμνοντα καὶ ἐγερεῖ αὐτὸν ὁ Κύριος, κἂν ἁμαρτίας ᾖ πεποιηκώς, ἀφεθήσεται αὐτῷ.« Ἔπειτα οἱ μὲν φυσικοὶ γονεῖς, εἴ τισι τῶν ὑπερεχόντων καὶ μεγάλα δυναμένων προσκρούσαιεν οἱ παῖδες, οὐδὲν αὐτοὺς ἔχουσιν ὠφελεῖν, οἱ δὲ ἱερεῖς οὐκ ἄρχοντας, οὐδὲ βασιλεῖς, ἀλλ' αὐτὸν αὐτοῖς πολλάκις ὀργισθέντα κατήλλαξαν τὸν Θεόν. Ἔτι οὖν ἡμᾶς μετὰ ταῦτα τολμήσει τις ἀπονοίας κρίνειν; Ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων τοσαύτην εὐλάβειαν οἶμαι τὰς τῶν ἀκουόντων κατασχεῖν ψυχὰς ὡς μηκέτι τοὺς φεύγοντας, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἀφ' ἑαυτῶν προσιόντας καὶ σπουδάζοντας ταύτην ἑαυτοῖς κτήσασθαι τὴν τιμὴν ἀπονοίας καὶ τόλμης κρίνειν. Εἰ γὰρ οἱ τὰς τῶν πόλεων ἀρχὰς πιστευθέντες, ὅταν μὴ συνετοὶ καὶ λίαν ὀξεῖς τυγχάνωσιν ὄντες, καὶ τὰς πόλεις ἀνέτρεψαν καὶ ἑαυτοὺς προσαπώλεσαν, ὁ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὴν νύμφην κατακοσμεῖν λαχὼν πόσης σοι δοκεῖ δεῖσθαι δυνάμεως καὶ τῆς παρ' αὐτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἄνωθεν πρὸς τὸ μὴ διαμαρτεῖν; ζʹ. Ὅτι καὶ Παῦλος περιδεὴς ἦν πρὸς τὸ μέγεθος τῆς ἀρχῆς ὁρῶν Οὐδεὶς μᾶλλον Παύλου τὸν Χριστὸν ἠγάπησεν, οὐδεὶς μείζονα ἐκείνου σπουδὴν ἐπεδείξατο, οὐδεὶς πλείονος ἠξιώθη χάριτος: ἀλλ' ὅμως μετὰ τοσαῦτα πλεονεκτήματα δέδοικεν ἔτι καὶ τρέμει περὶ ταύτης τῆς ἀρχῆς καὶ τῶν ἀρχομένων ὑπ' αὐτοῦ. »Φοβοῦμαι γάρ, φησί, μή πως ὡς ὁ ὄφις Εὖαν ἐξηπάτησεν, οὕτω φθαρῇ τὰ νοήματα ὑμῶν ἀπὸ τῆς ἁπλότητος τῆς εἰς τὸν Χριστόν.« Καὶ πάλιν: »Ἐν φόβῳ καὶ ἐν τρόμῳ πολλῷ ἐγενόμην πρὸς ὑμᾶς.« Ἄνθρωπος εἰς τρίτον ἁρπαγεὶς οὐρανὸν καὶ ἀπορρήτων κοινωνήσας Θεῷ καὶ τοσούτους ὑπομείνας θανάτους ὅσας μετὰ τὸ πιστεῦσαι ἔζησεν ἡμέρας, ἄνθρωπος μηδὲ τῇ δοθείσῃ παρὰ Χριστοῦ χρήσασθαι ἐξουσίᾳ βουληθείς, ἵνα μή τις τῶν πιστευσάντων σκανδαλισθῇ. Εἰ τοίνυν ὁ τὰ προστάγματα ὑπερβαίνων τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ μηδαμοῦ τὸ ἑαυτοῦ ζητῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ τῶν ἀρχομένων, οὕτως ἔμφοβος ἦν ἀεὶ πρὸς τὸ τῆς ἀρχῆς μέγεθος ἀφορῶν, τί πεισόμεθα ἡμεῖς οἱ πολλαχοῦ τὰ ἑαυτῶν ζητοῦντες, οἱ τὰς ἐντολὰς τοῦ Χριστοῦ οὐ μόνον οὐχ ὑπερβαίνοντες, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκ πλείονος παραβαίνοντες μοίρας; »Τίς ἀσθενεῖ, φησί, καὶ οὐκ ἀσθενῶ; τίς σκανδαλίζεται, καὶ οὐκ ἐγὼ πυροῦμαι;« Τοιοῦτον εἶναι δεῖ τὸν ἱερέα, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ τοιοῦτον μόνον: μικρὰ γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ τὸ μηδὲν πρὸς ὃ μέλλω λέγειν. Τί δὲ τοῦτό ἐστιν; »Ηὐχόμην, φησίν, ἀνάθεμα εἶναι ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀδελφῶν μου, τῶν συγγενῶν μου τῶν κατὰ σάρκα.« Εἴ τις δύναται ταύτην ἀφεῖναι τὴν φωνήν, εἴ τις ἔχει τὴν ψυχὴν ταύτης ἐφικνουμένην τῆς εὐχῆς, ἐγκαλεῖσθαι δίκαιος ἂν εἴη φεύγων. Εἰ δέ τις ἀποδέοι τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐκείνης τοσοῦτον ὅσον ἡμεῖς, οὐχ ὅταν φεύγῃ, ἀλλ' ὅταν δέχηται μισεῖσθαι δίκαιος. ηʹ. Ὅτι πολλά τις ἁμαρτάνειν προάγεται εἰς τὸ μέσον ἐλθών, ἂν μὴ σφόδρα γενναῖος ᾖ Οὐδὲ γάρ, εἰ στρατιωτικῆς ἀξίας αἵρεσις προὔκειτο, εἶτα χαλκοτύπον ἢ σκυτοτόμον ἤ τινα τῶν τοιούτων δημιουργῶν ἑλκύσαντες εἰς τὸ μέσον οἱ δοῦναι κύριοι τὴν τιμήν, ἐνεχείριζον τὸν στρατόν, ἐπῄνεσα ἂν τὸν δείλαιον ἐκεῖνον οὐ φεύγοντα καὶ πάντα ποιοῦντα ὥστε μὴ εἰς προὖπτον ἑαυτὸν ἐμβαλεῖν κακόν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἁπλῶς τὸ κληθῆναι ποιμένα καὶ μεταχειρίσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα ὡς ἔτυχεν ἀρκεῖ, καὶ κίνδυνος οὐδείς, ἐγκαλείτω κενοδοξίας ἡμῖν ὁ βουλόμενος: εἰ δὲ πολλὴν μὲν σύνεσιν, πολλὴν δὲ πρὸ τῆς συνέσεως τὴν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ χάριν καὶ τρόπων ὀρθότητα καὶ καθαρότητα βίου καὶ μείζονα ἢ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον ἔχειν δεῖ τὴν ἀρετὴν τὸν ταύτην ἀναδεχόμενον τὴν φροντίδα, μή με ἀποστερήσῃς συγγνώμης μάτην ἀπολέσθαι μὴ βουλόμενον καὶ εἰκῇ. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ μυριαγωγόν τις ὁλκάδα ἄγων, πεπληρωμένην ἐρετῶν καὶ φορτίων γέμουσαν πολυτελῶν, εἶτα ἐπὶ τῶν οἰάκων καθίσας ἐκέλευε περᾶν τὸ Αἰγαῖον ἢ τὸ Τυρρηνικὸν πέλαγος, ἐκ πρώτης ἂν ἀπεπήδησα τῆς φωνῆς: καὶ εἴ τις ἤρετο, Διὰ τί; Ἵνα μὴ καταδύσω τὸ πλοῖον, εἶπον ἄν. Εἶτα ἔνθα μὲν εἰς χρήματα ἡ ζημία καὶ ὁ κίνδυνος σωματικὸς μέχρι θανάτου, οὐδεὶς ἐγκαλέσει πολλῇ κεχρημένοις προνοίᾳ: ὅπου δὲ τοῖς ναυαγοῦσιν οὐκ εἰς τὸ πέλαγος τοῦτο, ἀλλ' εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον τοῦ πυρὸς ἀπόκειται πεσεῖν καὶ θάνατος αὐτοὺς οὐχ ὁ τὴν ψυχὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ σώματος διαιρῶν, ἀλλ' ὁ ταύτην μετ' ἐκείνου εἰς κόλασιν παραπέμπων αἰώνιον ἐκδέχεται, ἐνταῦθα ὅτι μὴ προπετῶς εἰς τοσοῦτον ἑαυτοὺς ἐρρίψαμεν κακὸν ὀργιεῖσθε καὶ μισήσετε; Μή, δέομαι καὶ ἀντιβολῶ. Οἶδα τὴν ἐμαυτοῦ ψυχήν, τὴν ἀσθενῆ ταύτην καὶ μικράν: οἶδα τῆς διακονίας ἐκείνης τὸ μέγεθος καὶ τὴν πολλὴν τοῦ πράγματος δυσκολίαν. θʹ. Ὅτι κενοδοξίᾳ καὶ τοῖς ταύτης ἁλίσκεται δεινοῖς Πλείονα γὰρ τῶν τὴν θάλατταν ταραττόντων πνευμάτων χειμάζει κύματα τὴν τοῦ ἱερωμένου ψυχήν. Καὶ πρῶτον ἁπάντων ὁ δεινότατος τῆς κενοδοξίας σκόπελος, χαλεπώτερος ὢν οὗπερ οἱ μυθοποιοὶ τερατεύονται. Τοῦτον γὰρ πολλοὶ μὲν ἴσχυσαν διαπλεύσαντες διαφυγεῖν ἀσινεῖς: ἐμοὶ δὲ οὕτω τοῦτο χαλεπὸν ὡς μηδὲ νῦν, ὅτε οὐδὲ μία μέ τις ἀνάγκη πρὸς ἐκεῖνο ὠθεῖ τὸ βάραθρον, δύνασθαι καθαρεύειν τοῦ δεινοῦ. Εἰ δὲ καὶ τὴν ἐπιστασίαν τις ἐγχειρίζοι ταύτην, μονονουχὶ δήσας ὀπίσω τὼ χεῖρε παραδώσει τοῖς ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ σκοπέλῳ κατοικοῦσι θηρίοις καθ' ἑκάστην με σπαράττειν τὴν ἡμέραν. Τίνα δέ ἐστι τὰ θηρία; Θυμός, ἀθυμία, φθόνος, ἔρις, διαβολαί, κατηγορίαι, ψεῦδος, ὑπόκρισις, ἐπιβουλαί, ὀργαὶ κατὰ τῶν ἠδικηκότων οὐδέν, ἡδοναὶ ἐπὶ ταῖς τῶν συλλειτουργούντων ἀσχημοσύναις, πένθος ἐπὶ ταῖς εὐημερίαις, ἐπαίνων ἔρως, τιμῆς πόθος_τοῦτο δὴ τὸ μάλιστα πάντων τὴν ἀνθρωπείαν ἐκτραχηλίζον ψυχήν_, διδασκαλίαι πρὸς ἡδονήν, ἀνελεύθεροι κολακεῖαι, θωπεῖαι ἀγεννεῖς, καταφρονήσεις πενήτων, θεραπεῖαι πλουσίων, ἀλόγιστοι τιμαὶ καὶ ἐπιβλαβεῖς χάριτες, κίνδυνον φέρουσαι καὶ τοῖς παρέχουσι καὶ τοῖς δεχομένοις αὐτάς, φόβος δουλοπρεπὴς καὶ τοῖς φαυλοτάτοις τῶν ἀνδραπόδων προσήκων μόνοις, παρρησίας ἀναίρεσις, ταπεινοφροσύνης τὸ μὲν σχῆμα πολύ, ἡ ἀλήθεια δὲ οὐδαμοῦ, ἔλεγχοι δὲ ἐκποδὼν καὶ ἐπιτιμήσεις, μᾶλλον δὲ κατὰ μὲν τῶν ταπεινῶν καὶ πέρα τοῦ μέτρου, ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν δυναστείαν περιβεβλημένων οὐδὲ διᾶραί τις τὰ χείλη τολμᾷ. Ταῦτα γὰρ ἅπαντα καὶ τὰ τούτων πλείονα ὁ σκόπελος ἐκεῖνος τρέφει θηρία οἷς τοὺς ἅπαξ ἁλόντας εἰς τοσαύτην ἀνάγκη καθελκυσθῆναι δουλείαν ὡς καὶ εἰς γυναικῶν ἀρέσκειαν πράττειν πολλὰ πολλάκις ἃ μηδὲ εἰπεῖν καλόν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ θεῖος νόμος αὐτὰς ταύτης ἐξέωσε τῆς λειτουργίας, ἐκεῖναι δὲ ἑαυτὰς εἰσωθεῖν βιάζονται: καὶ ἐπειδὴ δι' ἑαυτῶν ἰσχύουσιν οὐδέν, δι' ἑτέρων ἅπαντα πράττουσι καὶ τοσαύτην περιβέβληνται δύναμιν ὡς τῶν ἱερέων καὶ ἐγκρίνειν καὶ ἐκβάλλειν οὓς ἂν θέλωσι: καὶ τὰ ἄνω κάτω_τοῦτο δὴ τὸ τῆς παροιμίας λεγόμενον ἔστιν ἰδεῖν_τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἄγουσιν οἱ ἀρχόμενοι, καὶ εἴθε μὲν ἄνδρες, ἀλλ' αἷς οὐδὲ διδάσκειν ἐπιτέτραπται. Τί λέγω διδάσκειν; Οὐδὲ λαλεῖν μὲν οὖν αὐταῖς ἐν ἐκκλησίᾳ συνεχώρησεν ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος. Ἐγὼ δέ τινος ἤκουσα λέγοντος ὅτι καὶ τοσαύτης αὑταῖς μετέδωκαν παρρησίας ὡς καὶ ἐπιτιμᾶν τοῖς τῶν Ἐκκλησιῶν προεστῶσι καὶ καθάπτεσθαι πικρότερον ἐκείνων ἢ τῶν ἰδίων οἰκετῶν οἱ δεσπόται. Καὶ μή μέ τις οἰέσθω πάντας ταῖς εἰρημέναις ὑποβάλλειν αἰτίαις: εἰσὶ γάρ, εἰσὶ πολλοὶ οἱ τούτων ὑπερενεχθέντες τῶν δικτύων καὶ τῶν ἁλόντων πλείους. ιʹ. Ὅτι οὐχ ἡ ἱερωσύνη τούτων αἰτία, ἀλλ' ἡ ἡμετέρα ῥαθυμία Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τὴν ἱερωσύνην αἰτιάσαιμι ἂν τούτων τῶν κακῶν_μή ποτε οὕτω μανείην ἐγώ_, οὔτε γὰρ τὸν σίδηρον τῶν φόνων, οὔτε τὸν οἶνον τῆς μέθης, οὔτε τὴν ῥώμην τῆς ὕβρεως, οὔτε τὴν ἀνδρείαν τῆς ἀλόγου τόλμης, ἀλλὰ τοὺς οὐκ εἰς δέον χρωμένους ταῖς παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ δεδομέναις δωρεαῖς ἅπαντες οἱ νοῦν ἔχοντες αἰτίους εἶναί φασι καὶ κολάζουσιν. Ἐπεὶ ἥ γε ἱερωσύνη κἂν ἐγκαλέσῃ δικαίως ἡμῖν οὐκ ὀρθῶς αὐτὴν μεταχειρίζουσιν: οὐ γὰρ αὐτὴ τῶν εἰρημένων ἡμῖν αἰτία κακῶν, ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς αὐτὴν τοσούτοις, τό γε εἰς ἡμᾶς ἧκον, κατερρυπάναμεν μολυσμοῖς, ἀνθρώποις τοῖς τυχοῦσιν ἐγχειρίζοντες αὐτήν. Οἱ δὲ οὔτε τὰς ἑαυτῶν πρότερον καταμαθόντες ψυχάς, οὔτε εἰς τὸν τοῦ πράγματος ὄγκον ἀποβλέψαντες, δέχονται μὲν προθύμως τὸ διδόμενον, ἡνίκα δ' ἂν εἰς τὸ πράττειν ἔλθωσιν, ὑπὸ τῆς ἀπειρίας σκοτούμενοι, μυρίων ἐμπιπλῶσι κακῶν οὓς ἐπιστεύθησαν λαούς. Τοῦτο δή, τοῦτο ὅπερ καὶ ἐφ' ἡμῶν μικροῦ δεῖν ἔμελλε γίνεσθαι, εἰ μὴ ταχέως ἡμᾶς ὁ Θεὸς τῶν κινδύνων ἐκείνων ἐξείλκυσε καὶ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τῆς αὑτοῦ καὶ τῆς ἡμετέρας φειδόμενος ψυχῆς. Ἢ πόθεν, εἰπέ μοι, νομίζεις τὰς τοσαύτας ἐν ταῖς Ἐκκλησίαις τίκτεσθαι ταραχάς; Ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲ ἄλλοθέν ποθεν, οἶμαι, ἢ ἐκ τοῦ τὰς τῶν προεστώτων αἱρέσεις καὶ ἐκλογὰς ἁπλῶς καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε γίνεσθαι. Τὴν γὰρ κεφαλὴν ἰσχυροτάτην εἶναι ἐχρῆν, ἵνα τοὺς ἐκ τοῦ λοιποῦ σώματος κάτωθεν πεμπομένους ἀτμοὺς πονηροὺς διοικεῖν καὶ εἰς τὸ δέον καθιστᾶν δύνηται, ὅταν δὲ καθ' ἑαυτὴν ἀσθενὴς οὖσα τύχῃ, τὰς νοσοποιοὺς ἐκείνας προσβολὰς ἀποκρούσασθαι μὴ δυναμένη, αὐτή τε ἀσθενεστέρα μᾶλλον ἤπερ ἐστὶ καθίσταται καὶ τὸ λοιπὸν μεθ' ἑαυτῆς προσαπόλλυσι σῶμα. Ὅπερ ἵνα μὴ καὶ νῦν γένηται, ἐν τῇ τάξει τῶν ποδῶν ἡμᾶς ἐφύλαξεν ὁ Θεὸς ἥνπερ καὶ ἐλάχομεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς. Πολλὰ γάρ ἐστιν, ὦ Βασίλειε, πρὸς τοῖς εἰρημένοις, πολλὰ ἕτερα ἃ τὸν ἱερωμένον ἔχειν χρή, ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐκ ἔχομεν, καὶ πρό γε τῶν ἄλλων ἐκεῖνο. Πανταχόθεν αὐτῷ τῆς τοῦ πράγματος ἐπιθυμίας καθαρεύειν δεῖ τὴν ψυχήν, ὡς ἐὰν προσπαθῶς πρὸς ταύτην διακείμενος τύχῃ τὴν ἀρχήν, γενόμενος ἐπ' αὐτῆς ἰσχυροτέραν ἀνάπτει τὴν φλόγα καὶ κατὰ κράτος ἁλοὺς ὑπὲρ τοῦ βεβαίαν ἔχειν αὐτὴν μυρία ὑπομένει δεινά, κἂν κολακεῦσαι δέῃ, κἂν ἀγεννές τι καὶ ἀνάξιον ὑπομεῖναι, κἂν χρήματα ἀναλῶσαι πολλά. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ φόνων τὰς ἐκκλησίας ἐνέπλησάν τινες καὶ πόλεις ἀναστάτους ἐποίησαν ὑπὲρ ταύτης μαχόμενοι τῆς ἀρχῆς, παρίημι νῦν μὴ καὶ ἄπιστα δόξω λέγειν τισίν. Ἐχρῆν δέ, οἶμαι, τοσαύτην τοῦ πράγματος ἔχειν εὐλάβειαν ὡς καὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐκφυγεῖν τὸν ὄγκον καὶ μετὰ τὸ γενέσθαι ἐν αὐτῷ μὴ περιμένειν τὰς παρ' ἑτέρων κρίσεις, εἴ ποτε συμβαίη καθαίρεσιν ἱκανὸν ἐργάσασθαι ἁμάρτημα, ἀλλὰ προλαβόντα ἐκβάλλειν ἑαυτὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς: οὕτω μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἔλεον ἐπισπάσασθαι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰκὸς ἦν. Τὸ δὲ ἀντέχεσθαι παρὰ τὸ πρέπον τῆς ἀξίας, πάσης ἑαυτὸν ἀποστερεῖν συγγνώμης ἐστὶ καὶ μᾶλλον ἐκκαίειν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν ὀργήν, δεύτερον χαλεπώτερον προστιθέντα πλημμέλημα. Ἀλλ' οὐδεὶς ἀνέξεταί ποτε: δεινὸν γὰρ ἀληθῶς, δεινὸν τὸ ταύτης γλίχεσθαι τῆς τιμῆς. Καὶ οὐ μαχόμενος τῷ μακαρίῳ Παύλῳ λέγω, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάνυ συνᾴδων αὐτοῦ τοῖς ῥήμασι. Τί γὰρ ἐκεῖνός φησιν; »Εἴ τις ἐπισκοπῆς ὀρέγεται, καλοῦ ἔργου ἐπιθυμεῖ.« Ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ τοῦ ἔργου, τῆς δὲ αὐθεντίας καὶ δυναστείας ἐπιθυμεῖν εἶπον εἶναι δεινόν. Καὶ τοῦτον οἶμαι δεῖν τὸν πόθον πάσῃ σπουδῇ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐξωθεῖν καὶ μηδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν κατασχεθῆναι αὐτὴν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ συγχωρεῖν ἵνα μετ' ἐλευθερίας ἅπαντα αὐτῷ πράττειν ἐξῇ. Ὁ γὰρ οὐκ ἐπιθυμῶν ἐπὶ ταύτης δειχθῆναι τῆς ἐξουσίας οὐδὲ τὴν καθαίρεσιν αὐτῆς δέδοικεν, οὐ δεδοικὼς δὲ μετὰ τῆς προσηκούσης χριστιανοῖς ἐλευθερίας πάντα πράττειν δύναιτ' ἄν. Ὡς οἵ γε φοβούμενοι καὶ τρέμοντες κατενεχθῆναι ἐκεῖθεν πικρὰν ὑπομένουσι δουλείαν καὶ πολλῶν γέμουσαν τῶν κακῶν καὶ ἀνθρώποις καὶ Θεῷ προσκρούειν ἀναγκάζονται πολλάκις. Δεῖ δὲ οὐχ οὕτω διακεῖσθαι τὴν ψυχήν, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ἐν τοῖς πολέμοις τοὺς γενναίους τῶν στρατιωτῶν ὁρῶμεν καὶ πολεμοῦντας προθύμως καὶ πίπτοντας ἀνδρείως, οὕτω καὶ τοὺς ἐπὶ ταύτην ἥκοντας τὴν οἰκονομίαν καὶ ἱερᾶσθαι καὶ παραλύεσθαι τῆς ἀρχῆς ὡς χριστιανοῖς ἐστι προσῆκον ἀνδράσιν, εἰδότας ὡς ἡ τοιαύτη καθαίρεσις οὐκ ἐλάττονα φέρει τῆς ἀρχῆς τὸν στέφανον. Ὅταν γάρ τις ὑπὲρ τοῦ μηδὲν ἀπρεπὲς μηδ' ἀνάξιόν τι τῆς ἀξίας ὑπομεῖναι ἐκείνης πάθῃ τι τοιοῦτο, καὶ τοῖς ἀδίκως καθελοῦσι τὴν κόλασιν, καὶ αὐτῷ μείζονα προξενεῖ τὸν μισθόν. »Μακάριοι γάρ, φησίν, ἐστε ὅταν ὀνειδίσωσι καὶ διώξωσιν ὑμᾶς καὶ εἴπωσι πᾶν πονηρὸν καθ' ὑμῶν ψευδόμενοι ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ: χαίρετε καὶ ἀγαλλιᾶσθε, ὅτι πολύς ἐστιν ὁ μισθὸς ὑμῶν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς.« Καὶ ταῦτα μὲν ὅταν ὑπὸ τῶν ὁμοταγῶν ἢ διὰ φθόνον ἢ πρὸς ἑτέρων χάριν ἢ πρὸς ἀπέχθειαν ἢ ἑτέρῳ τινὶ μὴ ὀρθῷ τις ἐκβάλληται λογισμῷ, ὅταν δὲ καὶ ὑπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων τοῦτο πάσχειν συμβαίνῃ, οὐδὲ λόγου δεῖν οἶμαι πρὸς τὸ δεῖξαι τὸ κέρδος ὅσον αὐτῷ διὰ τῆς ἑαυτῶν συλλέγουσι πονηρίας ἐκεῖνοι. Τοῦτο οὖν δεῖ πανταχόθεν περισκοπεῖν καὶ ἀκριβῶς διερευνᾶν μή πού τις σπινθὴρ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἐκείνης ἐντυφόμενος λάθῃ. Ἀγαπητὸν γὰρ καὶ τοὺς ἐξ ἀρχῆς καθαρεύοντας τοῦ πάθους ἡνίκα ἂν ἐμπέσωσιν εἰς τὴν ἀρχὴν δυνηθῆναι τοῦτο διαφυγεῖν: εἰ δέ τις καὶ πρὶν ἢ τυχεῖν τῆς τιμῆς τρέφει παρ' ἑαυτῷ τὸ δεινὸν καὶ ἀπηνὲς τοῦτο θηρίον, οὐδὲ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν εἰς ὅσην ἑαυτὸν ἐμβαλεῖ κάμινον μετὰ τὸ τυχεῖν. Ἡμεῖς δέ_ καὶ μή τοι νομίσῃς μετριάζοντας ἡμᾶς ἐθελῆσαι ἄν ποτε ψεύσασθαι πρὸς σέ_, πολλὴν ταύτην κεκτήμεθα τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν καὶ μετὰ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων οὐχ ἧττον ἡμᾶς καὶ τοῦτο ἐφόβησε καὶ πρὸς ταύτην ἔτρεψε τὴν φυγήν. Καθάπερ γὰρ οἱ σωμάτων ἐρῶντες, ἕως μὲν ἂν πλησίον εἶναι τῶν ἐρωμένων ἐξῇ, χαλεπωτέραν τοῦ πάθους τὴν βάσανον ἔχουσιν, ὅταν δὲ ὡς πορρωτάτω τῶν ποθουμένων ἑαυτοὺς ἀπαγάγωσι, καὶ τὴν μανίαν ἀπήλασαν: οὕτω καὶ τοῖς ταύτης ἐπιθυμοῦσι τῆς ἀρχῆς, ὅταν μὲν πλησίον αὐτῆς γένωνται, ἀφόρητον γίνεται τὸ κακόν, ὅταν δὲ ἀπελπίσωσι, καὶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν μετὰ τῆς προσδοκίας ἔσβεσαν. Μία μὲν οὖν αὕτη πρόφασις οὐ μικρά: ἀλλ' εἰ καὶ μόνη καθ' ἑαυτὴν οὖσα ἐτύγχανεν, ἱκανὴ ταύτης ἡμᾶς ἀπεῖρξαι τῆς ἀξίας. Νῦν δὲ καὶ ἑτέρα ταύτης οὐχ ἧττον προστέθειται. Τίς δέ ἐστιν αὕτη; Νηφάλιον εἶναι δεῖ τὸν ἱερέα καὶ διορατικὸν καὶ μυρίους πανταχόθεν κεκτῆσθαι τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς ὡς οὐχ ἑαυτῷ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πλήθει ζῶντα τοσούτῳ. Ἡμεῖς δὲ ὅτι νωθροὶ καὶ παρειμένοι καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτῶν μόλις ἀρκοῦντες σωτηρίαν, καὶ αὐτὸς ἂν ὡμολογήσειας, ὁ μάλιστα πάντων τὰ ἡμέτερα, διὰ τὸ φιλεῖν, κρύπτειν σπουδάζων κακά. Μὴ γάρ μοι νηστείαν εἴπῃς, μηδὲ ἀγρυπνίαν, μηδὲ χαμευνίαν καὶ τὴν λοιπὴν τοῦ σώματος σκληραγωγίαν: καὶ τούτων μὲν γὰρ ὅσον ἀπέχομεν, οἶδας. Εἰ δὲ καὶ εἰς ἀκρίβειαν ἡμῖν κατώρθωτο, οὐδὲ οὕτως μετὰ τῆς παρούσης νωθρότητος ἴσχυσεν ἄν τι πρὸς τὴν ἐπιστασίαν ἡμᾶς ταῦτα ὠφελῆσαι ἐκείνην. Ἀνθρώπῳ μὲν γὰρ εἰς οἰκίσκον τινὰ κατακλεισθέντι καὶ τὰ αὑτοῦ μεριμνῶντι μόνον, πολλὴν ἂν ταῦτα παράσχοι τὴν ὠφέλειαν: εἰς δὲ τοσοῦτον σχιζομένῳ πλῆθος καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον τῶν ἀρχομένων ἰδίας κεκτημένῳ φροντίδας, τί δύναιτ' ἂν πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνων ἐπίδοσιν ἀξιόπιστον συμβάλλεσθαι κέρδος, ἐὰν μὴ ψυχὴν εὔτονον καὶ ἰσχυροτάτην ἔχων τύχῃ; Καὶ μὴ θαυμάσῃς εἰ μετὰ τοσαύτης καρτερίας ἑτέραν βάσανον ζητῶ τῆς ἀνδρείας τῆς ἐν ψυχῇ. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ σίτων καὶ ποτῶν καὶ στρωμνῆς καταφρονεῖν ἁπαλῆς, πολλοῖς οὐδὲ ἔργον ὁρῶμεν ὄν, καὶ μάλιστά γε τοῖς ἀγροικότερον διακειμένοις καὶ οὕτως ἐκ πρώτης τραφεῖσι τῆς ἡλικίας, καὶ πολλοῖς δὲ ἑτέροις, τῆς τε τοῦ σώματος κατασκευῆς καὶ τῆς συνηθείας ἐξευμαριζούσης τὴν ἐν ἐκείνοις τοῖς πόνοις τραχύτητα: ὕβριν δὲ καὶ ἐπήρειαν καὶ λόγον φορτικὸν καὶ τὰ παρὰ τῶν ἐλαττόνων σκώμματα τά τε ἁπλῶς καὶ τὰ ἐν δίκῃ λεγόμενα, καὶ μέμψεις τὰς εἰκῇ καὶ μάτην παρὰ τῶν ἀρχόντων καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἀρχομένων γινομένας, οὐ τῶν πολλῶν ἐνεγκεῖν, ἀλλ' ἑνός που καὶ δευτέρου: καὶ ἴδοι τις ἂν τοὺς ἐν ἐκείνοις ἰσχυροὺς πρὸς ταῦτα οὕτως ἰλιγγιῶντας ὡς μᾶλλον τῶν χαλεπωτάτων ἀγριαίνειν θηρίων. Τοὺς δὲ τοιούτους μάλιστα τῶν τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἀπείρξομεν περιβόλων: τὸ μὲν γὰρ μήτε πρὸς τὰ σῖτα ἀπηγχονίσθαι μήτε ἀνυπόδετον εἶναι τὸν προεστῶτα οὐδὲν ἂν βλάψειε τὸ κοινὸν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, θυμὸς δὲ ἄγριος εἴς τε τὸν κεκτημένον εἴς τε τοὺς πλησίον μεγάλας ἐργάζεται συμφοράς: καὶ τοῖς μὲν ἐκεῖνα μὴ ποιοῦσιν οὐδεμία ἀπειλὴ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ κεῖται, τοῖς δὲ ἁπλῶς ὀργιζομένοις γέεννα καὶ τὸ τῆς γεέννης ἠπείληται πῦρ. Ὥσπερ οὖν ὁ δόξης ἐρῶν κενῆς, ὅταν τῆς τῶν πολλῶν ἀρχῆς ἐπιλάβηται, μείζονα τῷ πυρὶ παρέχει τὴν ὕλην, οὕτως ὁ καθ' ἑαυτὸν καὶ ἐν ταῖς πρὸς ὀλίγους ὁμιλίαις κρατεῖν ὀργῆς μὴ δυνάμενος, ἀλλ' ἐκφερόμενος εὐχερῶς, ὅταν πλήθους ὅλου προστασίαν ἐμπιστευθῇ, καθάπερ τι θηρίον πανταχόθεν καὶ ὑπὸ μυρίων κεντούμενον, οὔτε αὐτὸς ἐν ἡσυχίᾳ δύναιτ' ἄν ποτε διάγειν καὶ τοὺς ἐμπιστευθέντας αὐτῷ μυρία διατίθησι κακά. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω καθαρότητα νοῦ καὶ τὸ διειδὲς θολοῖ τῶν φρενῶν ὡς θυμὸς ἄτακτος καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς φερόμενος τῆς ῥύμης. »Οὗτος γάρ, φησίν, ἀπόλλυσι καὶ φρονίμους.« Καθάπερ γὰρ ἔν τινι νυκτομαχίᾳ σκοτωθεὶς ὁ τῆς ψυχῆς ὀφθαλμὸς οὐχ εὑρίσκει διακρῖναι τοὺς φίλους τῶν πολεμίων, οὐδὲ τοὺς ἀτίμους τῶν ἐντίμων, ἀλλὰ πᾶσιν ἐφεξῆς ἑνὶ κέχρηται τρόπῳ, κἂν λαβεῖν τι δέῃ κακόν, ἅπαντα εὐκόλως ὑπομένων ὑπὲρ τοῦ πληρῶσαι τὴν τῆς ψυχῆς ἡδονήν. Ἡδονὴ γάρ τίς ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ θυμοῦ πύρωσις καὶ ἡδονῆς χαλεπώτερον τυραννεῖ τὴν ψυχήν, πᾶσαν αὐτῆς τὴν ὑγιῆ κατάστασιν ἄνω καὶ κάτω ταράττουσα. Καὶ γὰρ πρὸς ἀπόνοιαν αἴρει ῥᾳδίως καὶ ἔχθρας ἀκαίρους καὶ μῖσος ἄλογον καὶ προσκρούματα ἁπλῶς καὶ εἰκῇ προσκρούειν παρασκευάζει συνεχῶς καὶ πολλὰ ἕτερα τοιαῦτα καὶ λέγειν καὶ πράττειν βιάζεται, πολλῷ τῷ ῥοίζῳ τοῦ πάθους τῆς ψυχῆς ὑποσυρομένης καὶ οὐκ ἐχούσης ὅποι τὴν αὐτῆς ἐρείσασα δύναμιν ἀντιστήσεται πρὸς τοσαύτην ὁρμήν. Καὶ ὁ Βασίλειος: Ἀλλ' οὐκέτι σὲ εἰρωνευόμενον ἀνέξομαι περαιτέρω: τίς γὰρ οὐκ οἶδε, φησίν, ὅσον ταύτης ἀπέχεις τῆς νόσου;
ΙΩ. Τί οὖν, ἔφην, ὦ μακάριε, βούλει πλησίον με τῆς πυρᾶς ἀγαγεῖν καὶ παροξῦναι τὸ θηρίον ἠρεμοῦν; ἢ ἀγνοεῖς ὡς οὐκ οἰκείᾳ τοῦτο κατωρθώσαμεν ἀρετῇ, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ τὴν ἡσυχίαν ἀγαπᾶν, τὸν δὲ οὕτω διακείμενον ἀγαπητὸν ἐφ' ἑαυτοῦ μένοντα καὶ ἑνὶ μόνῳ ἢ δευτέρῳ χρώμενον φίλῳ, δυνηθῆναι τὸν ἐκεῖθεν διαφυγεῖν ἐμπρησμόν, μὴ ὅτι εἰς τὴν ἄβυσσον τῶν τοσούτων ἐμπεσόντα φροντίδων; Τότε γὰρ οὐχ ἑαυτὸν μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρους πολλοὺς ἐπισύρει μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ πρὸς τὸν τῆς ἀπωλείας κρημνὸν καὶ περὶ τὴν τῆς ἐπιεικείας ἐπιμέλειαν ἀργοτέρους καθίστησι: πέφυκε γὰρ ὡς τὰ πολλὰ τὸ τῶν ἀρχομένων πλῆθος ὥσπερ εἰς ἀρχέτυπόν τινα εἰκόνα τοὺς τῶν ἀρχόντων τρόπους ὁρᾶν καὶ πρὸς ἐκείνους ἐξομοιοῦν ἑαυτούς. Πῶς οὖν ἄν τις τὰς ἐκείνων παύσειε φλεγμονάς, οἰδαίνων αὐτός; τίς δ' ἂν ἐπιθυμήσειε ταχέως τῶν πολλῶν γενέσθαι μέτριος, τὸν ἄρχοντα ὀργίλον ὁρῶν; Οὐ γὰρ ἔστι τὰ τῶν ἱερέων κρύπτεσθαι ἐλαττώματα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ μικρότατα ταχέως κατάδηλα γίνεται. Καὶ γὰρ ἀθλητής, ἕως μὲν ἂν οἴκοι μένῃ καὶ μηδενὶ συμπλέκηται, δύναται λανθάνειν, κἂν ἀσθενέστατος ὢν τύχῃ, ὅταν δὲ ἀποδύσηται πρὸς τοὺς ἀγῶνας, ῥᾳδίως ἐλέγχεται: καὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων οἱ μὲν τὸν ἰδιωτικὸν τοῦτον καὶ ἀπράγμονα βιοῦντες βίον ἔχουσι παραπέτασμα τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτημάτων τὴν μόνωσιν, εἰς δὲ τὸ μέσον ἀχθέντες καθάπερ ἱμάτιον τὴν ἠρεμίαν ἀποδῦναι ἀναγκάζονται καὶ πᾶσι γυμνὰς ἐπιδεῖξαι τὰς ψυχὰς διὰ τῶν ἔξωθεν κινημάτων. Ὥσπερ οὖν αὐτῶν τὰ κατορθώματα πολλοὺς ὤνησε πρὸς τὸν ἴσον παρακαλοῦντα ζῆλον, οὕτω καὶ τὰ πλημμελήματα ῥαθυμοτέρους κατέστησε περὶ τὴν τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐργασίαν καὶ βλακεύειν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν σπουδαίων παρεσκεύασε πόνους: διὸ χρὴ πάντοθεν αὐτοῦ τὸ κάλλος ἀποστίλβειν τῆς ψυχῆς ἵνα καὶ εὐφραίνειν ἅμα καὶ φωτίζειν δύνηται τὰς τῶν ὁρώντων ψυχάς. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ τῶν τυχόντων ἁμαρτήματα, ὥσπερ ἔν τινι σκότῳ πραττόμενα, τοὺς ἐργαζομένους ἀπώλεσε μόνους: ἀνδρὸς δὲ ἐπιφανοῦς καὶ πολλοῖς γνωρίμου πλημμέλεια κοινὴν ἅπασι φέρει τὴν βλάβην, τοὺς μὲν ἀναπεπτωκότας πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἱδρῶτας ὑπτιωτέρους ποιοῦσα, τοὺς δὲ προσέχειν ἑαυτοῖς βουλομένους ἐρεθίζουσα πρὸς ἀπόνοιαν. Χωρὶς δὲ τούτων τὰ μὲν τῶν εὐτελῶν παραπτώματα, κἂν εἰς τὸ μέσον ἔλθῃ, οὐδένα ἔπληξεν ἀξιόλογον πληγήν: οἱ δὲ ἐν τῇ κορυφῇ ταύτης καθήμενοι τῆς τιμῆς πρῶτον μὲν πᾶσίν εἰσι κατάδηλοι, ἔπειτα, κἂν ἐν τοῖς μικροτάτοις σφαλῶσι, μεγάλα τὰ μικρὰ τοῖς ἄλλοις φαίνεται: οὐ γὰρ τῷ μέτρῳ τοῦ γεγονότος, ἀλλὰ τῇ τοῦ διαμαρτόντος ἀξίᾳ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν μετροῦσιν ἅπαντες. Καὶ δεῖ τὸν ἱερέα καθάπερ τισὶν ἀδαμαντίνοις ὅπλοις πεφράχθαι τῇ τε συντόνῳ σπουδῇ καὶ τῇ διηνεκεῖ περὶ τὸν βίον νήψει, πάντοθεν περισκοπεῖν μή πού τις γυμνὸν εὑρὼν τόπον καὶ παρημελημένον πλήξῃ καιρίαν πληγήν: πάντες γὰρ περιεστήκασι τρῶσαι ἕτοιμοι καὶ καταβαλεῖν, οὐ τῶν ἐχθρῶν μόνον καὶ πολεμίων, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτῶν πολλοὶ τῶν προσποιουμένων φιλίαν. Τοιαύτας οὖν ἐπιλέγεσθαι δεῖ ψυχὰς οἷα τὰ τῶν ἁγίων ἐκείνων ἀπέδειξε σώματα ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ χάρις ἐν τῇ βαβυλωνίᾳ καμίνῳ ποτέ: οὐ γὰρ κληματὶς καὶ πίσσα καὶ στυππεῖον ἡ τοῦ πυρὸς τούτου τροφή, ἀλλὰ πολὺ τούτων χαλεπωτέρα, ἐπεὶ μηδὲ πῦρ τὸ αἰσθητὸν ὑπόκειται ἐκεῖνο, ἀλλ' ἡ παμφάγος αὐτὸν τῆς βασκανίας περιστοιχίζεται φλόξ, πανταχόθεν αἰρομένη καὶ ἀκριβέστερον αὐτῶν ἐπιοῦσα καὶ διερευνωμένη τὸν βίον ἢ τὸ πῦρ τότε τῶν παίδων ἐκείνων τὰ σώματα. Ὅταν οὖν εὕρῃ καλάμης ἴχνος μικρόν, προσπλέκεται ταχέως καὶ τὸ μὲν σαθρὸν ἐκεῖνο κατέκαυσε μέρος, τὴν δὲ λοιπὴν ἅπασαν οἰκοδομήν, κἂν τῶν ἡλιακῶν ἀκτίνων λαμπροτέρα οὖσα τύχῃ, ἀπ' ἐκείνου τοῦ καπνοῦ προσέφλεξε καὶ ἠμαύρωσεν ἅπασαν. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἂν πανταχόθεν ἡρμοσμένος ᾖ καλῶς ὁ τοῦ ἱερέως βίος, ἀνάλωτος γίνεται ταῖς ἐπιβουλαῖς: ἂν δὲ τύχῃ μικρόν τι παριδών, οἷα εἰκὸς ἄνθρωπον ὄντα καὶ τὸ πολυπλανὲς τοῦ βίου τούτου περαιοῦντα πέλαγος, οὐδὲν αὐτῷ τῶν λοιπῶν κατορθωμάτων ὄφελος πρὸς τὸ δυνηθῆναι τὰ τῶν κατηγόρων στόματα διαφυγεῖν, ἀλλ' ἐπισκιάζει παντὶ τῷ λοιπῷ τὸ μικρὸν ἐκεῖνο παράπτωμα καὶ οὐχ ὡς σάρκα περικειμένῳ, οὐδὲ ἀνθρωπείαν λαχόντι φύσιν, ἀλλ' ὡς ἀγγέλῳ καὶ τῆς λοιπῆς ἀσθενείας ἀπηλλαγμένῳ δικάζειν ἅπαντες ἐθέλουσι τῷ ἱερεῖ. Καὶ καθάπερ τύραννον, ἕως μὲν ἂν κρατῇ, ἅπαντες πεφρίκασι καὶ κολακεύουσι διὰ τὸ μὴ δύνασθαι καθελεῖν, ὅταν δὲ ἴδωσι προχωροῦν ἐκεῖνο, τὴν μεθ' ὑποκρίσεως ἀφέντες τιμὴν οἱ πρὸ μικροῦ φίλοι γεγόνασιν ἐξαίφνης ἐχθροὶ καὶ πολέμιοι καὶ πάντα αὐτοῦ τὰ σαθρὰ καταμαθόντες ἐπιτίθενται παραλύοντες τῆς ἀρχῆς, οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν ἱερέων, οἱ πρὸ βραχέος, καὶ ἡνίκα ἐκράτει, τιμῶντες καὶ θεραπεύοντες, ὅταν μικρὰν εὕρωσι λαβήν, παρασκευάζονται σφοδρῶς, οὐχ ὡς τύραννον μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτου χαλεπώτερον καθαιρήσειν μέλλοντες. Καὶ ὥσπερ ἐκεῖνος τοὺς τοῦ σωματοφύλακας δέδοικεν, οὕτω καὶ οὗτος τοὺς πλησίον καὶ συλλειτουργοῦντας αὐτῷ μάλιστα πάντων τρέμει: οὔτε γὰρ ἕτεροί τινες οὕτω τῆς ἀρχῆς ἐπιθυμοῦσι τῆς ἐκείνου καὶ τὰ ἐκείνου μάλιστα πάντων ἴσασιν ὡς οὗτοι: ἐγγύθεν γὰρ ὄντες, εἴ τι συμβαίη τοιοῦτο, πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων αἰσθάνονται καὶ δύναιντ' ἂν εὐχερῶς καὶ διαβάλλοντες πιστευθῆναι καὶ τὰ μικρὰ μεγάλα ποιοῦντες τὸν συκοφαντούμενον ἑλεῖν. Τὸ γὰρ ἀποστολικὸν ἐκεῖνο ῥῆμα ἀντέστραπται: Καὶ εἴτε πάσχει ἓν μέλος, χαίρει πάντα τὰ μέλη: εἴτε δοξάζεται ἓν μέλος, πάσχει πάντα τὰ μέλη, πλὴν εἴ τις εὐλαβείᾳ πολλῇ πρὸς ἅπαντα στῆναι δυνηθείη. Εἰς τοσοῦτον οὖν ἡμᾶς ἐκπέμπεις πόλεμον; καὶ πρὸς μάχην οὕτω ποικίλην καὶ πολυειδῆ τὴν ἡμετέραν ἐνόμισας ἀρκέσειν ψυχήν; πόθεν καὶ παρὰ τίνος μαθών; Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς τοῦτο ἀνεῖλεν, ἐπίδειξον τὸν χρησμόν, καὶ πείθομαι: εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔχεις, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ δόξης ἀνθρωπίνης φέρεις τὴν ψῆφον, ἀπαλλάγηθί ποτε ἐξαπατώμενος: ὑπὲρ γὰρ τῶν ἡμετέρων ἡμῖν μᾶλλον ἢ ἑτέροις πείθεσθαι δίκαιον, ἐπειδὴ »τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ«. Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς καὶ τοὺς ἑλομένους καταγελάστους ἂν ἐποιήσαμεν, ταύτην δεξάμενοι τὴν ἀρχὴν καὶ μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ζημίας εἰς ταύτην ἂν ἐπανήλθομεν τοῦ βίου τὴν κατάστασιν ἐν ᾗ καὶ νῦν ἐσμέν, εἰ καὶ μὴ πρότερον, ἀλλὰ νῦν σε τούτοις οἶμαι πεπεικέναι τοῖς ῥήμασιν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ βασκανία μόνον, ἀλλὰ πολλῷ καὶ τῆς βασκανίας σφοδρότερον ἡ τῆς ἀρχῆς ταύτης ἐπιθυμία τοὺς πολλοὺς ὁπλίζειν εἴωθε κατὰ τοῦ ταύτην ἔχοντος. Καὶ καθάπερ οἱ φιλάργυροι τῶν παίδων βαρύνονται τὸ τῶν πατέρων γῆρας, οὕτω καὶ τούτων τινές, ὅταν ἴδωσιν εἰς μακρὸν παραταθεῖσαν τὴν ἱερωσύνην χρόνον, ἐπειδὴ ἀνελεῖν οὐκ εὐαγές, παραλῦσαι σπεύδουσιν αὐτὸν τῆς ἀρχῆς, πάντες ἀντ' ἐκείνου γενέσθαι ἐπιθυμοῦντες καὶ εἰς ἑαυτὸν ἕκαστος μεταπεσεῖσθαι τὴν ἀρχὴν προσδοκῶντες.
ιαʹ. Ὅτι τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τῆς φιλαρχίας ἐκβεβλῆσθαι δεῖ τῆς τοῦ ἱερέως ψυχῆς Βούλει σοι καὶ ἕτερον ἐπιδείξω ταύτης τῆς μάχης εἶδος, μυρίων ἐμπεπλησμένον κινδύνων; Ἴθι δὴ καὶ διάκυψον εἰς τὰς δημοτελεῖς ἑορτὰς ἐν αἷς μάλιστα τῶν ἐκκλησιαστικῶν ἀρχῶν τὰς αἱρέσεις ποιεῖσθαι νόμος καὶ τοσαύταις ὄψει κατηγορίαις τὸν ἱερέα βαλλόμενον ὅσον τῶν ἀρχομένων τὸ πλῆθός ἐστι. Πάντες γὰρ οἱ δοῦναι κύριοι τὴν τιμὴν εἰς πολλὰ τότε σχίζονται μέρη καὶ οὔτε πρὸς ἀλλήλους, οὔτε πρὸς αὐτὸν τὸν λαχόντα τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν τὸ τῶν πρεσβυτέρων συνέδριον ὁμογνωμονοῦν ἴδοι τις ἄν, ἀλλ' ἕκαστος καθ' ἑαυτὸν ἑστήκασιν, ὁ μὲν τοῦτον, ὁ δὲ ἐκεῖνον αἱρούμενος. Τὸ δὲ αἴτιον, οὐκ εἰς ἓν πάντες ὁρῶσιν εἰς ὃ μόνον ὁρᾶν ἐχρῆν, τῆς ψυχῆς τὴν ἀρετήν, ἀλλ' εἰσὶ καὶ ἕτεραι προφάσεις αἱ ταύτης πρόξενοι τῆς τιμῆς: οἷον, ὁ μὲν ὅτι γένους ἐστὶ λαμπροῦ, ἐγκρινέσθω, φησίν, ὁ δὲ ὅτι πλοῦτον περιβέβληται πολὺν καὶ οὐκ ἂν δέοιτο τρέφεσθαι ἐκ τῶν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας προσόδων, ὁ δὲ ὅτι παρὰ τῶν ἐχθρῶν ηὐτομόλησε. Καὶ ὁ μὲν τὸν οἰκείως πρὸς αὐτὸν διακείμενον, ὁ δὲ τὸν γένει προσήκοντα, ὁ δὲ τὸν κολακεύοντα μᾶλλον τῶν ἄλλων προτιμᾶν σπουδάζουσιν: εἰς δὲ τὸν ἐπιτήδειον οὐδεὶς ὁρᾶν βούλεται, οὐδὲ ψυχῆς τινα ποιεῖσθαι βάσανον. Ἐγὼ δὲ τοσούτου δέω ταύτας ἡγεῖσθαι τὰς αἰτίας ἀξιοπίστους εἶναι πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἱερέων δοκιμασίαν ὡς μηδὲ εἴ τις πολλὴν εὐλάβειαν ἐπιδείξαιτο, τὴν οὐ μικρὸν ἡμῖν πρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν συντελοῦσαν ἐκείνην, μηδὲ τοῦτον ἀπὸ ταύτης εὐθέως ἐγκρίνειν τολμᾶν, εἰ μὴ μετὰ τῆς εὐλαβείας πολλὴν καὶ τὴν σύνεσιν ἔχων τύχοι. Καὶ γὰρ οἶδα πολλοὺς ἐγὼ τῶν ἅπαντα τὸν χρόνον καθειρξάντων ἑαυτοὺς καὶ νηστείαις δαπανηθέντων, ὅτι ἕως μὲν αὐτοῖς μόνοις εἶναι ἐξῆν καὶ τὰ αὐτῶν μεριμνᾶν, εὐδοκίμουν παρὰ Θεῷ καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν ἐκείνῃ προσετίθεσαν τῇ φιλοσοφίᾳ μέρος οὐ μικρόν: ἐπειδὴ δὲ εἰς τὸ πλῆθος ἦλθον καὶ τὰς τῶν πολλῶν ἀμαθίας ἐπανορθοῦν ἠναγκάσθησαν, οἱ μὲν οὐδὲ τὴν ἀρχὴν ἤρκεσαν πρὸς τὴν τοσαύτην πραγματείαν, οἱ δὲ βιασθέντες ἐπιμεῖναι, τὴν προτέραν ἀκρίβειαν ῥίψαντες, ἑαυτούς τε ἐζημίωσαν τὰ μέγιστα καὶ ἑτέρους ὤνησαν οὐδέν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ εἴ τις τὸν ἅπαντα χρόνον ἀνήλωσεν ἐν τῇ ἐσχάτῃ τῆς λειτουργίας τάξει μένων καὶ εἰς ἔσχατον ἤλασε γῆρας, τοῦτον ἁπλῶς διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν αἰδεσθέντες ἐπὶ τὴν ἀρχὴν οἴσομεν τὴν ἀνωτέρω. Τί γάρ, εἰ καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν ἐκείνην ἀνεπιτήδειος ὢν μένοι; Καὶ οὐ τὴν πολιὰν ἀτιμάσαι βουλόμενος, οὐδὲ νομοθετῶν τοὺς ἀπὸ χοροῦ μοναζόντων ἥκοντας πάντως ἀπείργεσθαι τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιστασίας ταῦτα εἶπον νῦν_συνέβη γὰρ πολλοὺς καὶ ἐξ ἐκείνης ἐλθόντας τῆς ἀγέλης εἰς ταύτην διαλάμψαι τὴν ἀρχήν_, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο δεῖξαι σπουδάζων ὅτι εἰ μήτε εὐλάβεια καθ' ἑαυτήν, μήτε γῆρας μακρὸν ἱκανὰ γένοιτ' ἂν δεῖξαι τὸν κεκτημένον ἱερωσύνης ἄξιον ὄντα, σχολῇ γ' ἂν αἱ προειρημέναι προφάσεις τοῦτο ἐργάσαιντο. Οἱ δὲ καὶ ἑτέρας προστιθέασιν ἀτοπωτέρας: καὶ γὰρ οἱ μὲν ἵνα μὴ μετὰ τῶν ἐναντίων τάξωσιν ἑαυτοὺς εἰς τὴν τοῦ κλήρου καταλέγονται τάξιν, οἱ δὲ διὰ πονηρίαν καὶ ἵνα μὴ παροφθέντες μεγάλα ἐργάσωνται κακά. Ἆρα γένοιτ' ἄν τι τούτου παρανομώτερον, ὅταν ἄνθρωποι μοχθηροὶ καὶ μυρίων γέμοντες κακῶν διὰ ταῦτα θεραπεύονται δι' ἃ κολάζεσθαι ἔδει καὶ ὧν ἕνεκεν μηδὲ τὸν οὐδὸν τῆς ἐκκλησίας ὑπερβαίνειν ἐχρῆν, ὑπὲρ τούτων καὶ εἰς τὴν ἱερατικὴν ἀναβαίνωσιν ἀξίαν; Ἔτι οὖν ζητήσομεν, εἰπέ μοι, τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς ὀργῆς τὴν αἰτίαν, πράγματα οὕτως ἅγια καὶ φρικωδέστατα ἀνθρώποις τοῖς μὲν πονηροῖς, τοῖς δὲ οὐδενὸς ἀξίοις λυμαίνεσθαι παρέχοντες; Ὅταν γὰρ οἱ μὲν τῶν μηδὲν αὐτοῖς προσηκόντων, οἱ δὲ τῶν πολλῷ μειζόνων τῆς οἰκείας δυνάμεως προστασίαν ἐμπιστευθῶσιν, οὐδὲν Εὐρίπου τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν διαφέρειν ποιοῦσιν. Ἐγὼ δὲ πρότερον τῶν ἔξωθεν ἀρχόντων κατεγέλων ὅτι τὰς τῶν τιμῶν διανομὰς οὐκ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀρετῆς τῆς ἐν ταῖς ψυχαῖς, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ χρημάτων καὶ πλήθους ἐτῶν καὶ ἀνθρωπίνης ποιοῦνται προστασίας: ἐπεὶ δὲ ἤκουσα ὅτι αὕτη ἡ ἀλογία καὶ εἰς τὰ ἡμέτερα εἰσεκώμασεν, οὐκέτι ὁμοίως ἐποιούμην τὸ πρᾶγμα δεινόν. Τί γὰρ θαυμαστὸν ἀνθρώπους βιωτικοὺς καὶ δόξης τῆς παρὰ τῶν πολλῶν ἐρῶντας καὶ χρημάτων ἕνεκα πάντα πράττοντας ἁμαρτάνειν τοιαῦτα, ὅπου γε οἱ πάντων ἀπηλλάχθαι προσποιούμενοι τούτων οὐδὲν ἄμεινον ἐκείνων διάκεινται, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τῶν οὐρανίων τὸν ἀγῶνα ἔχοντες ὡς περὶ πλέθρων γῆς ἢ ἑτέρου τινὸς τοιούτου τῆς βουλῆς αὐτοῖς προκειμένης, ἁπλῶς ἀνθρώπους ἀγελαίους λαβόντες ἐφιστᾶσι πράγμασι τοιούτοις ὑπὲρ ὧν καὶ τὴν ἑαυτοῦ κενῶσαι δόξαν καὶ ἄνθρωπος γενέσθαι καὶ δούλου μορφὴν λαβεῖν καὶ ἐμπτυσθῆναι καὶ ῥαπισθῆναι καὶ θάνατον τὸν ἐπονείδιστον ἀποθανεῖν διὰ τῆς σαρκὸς οὐ παρῃτήσατο ὁ μονογενὴς τοῦ Θεοῦ παῖς; Καὶ οὐδὲ μέχρι τούτων ἵστανται μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερα προστιθέασιν ἀτοπώτερα: οὐ γὰρ τοὺς ἀναξίους ἐγκρίνουσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς ἐπιτηδείους ἐκβάλλουσιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ δέον ἀμφοτέρωθεν λυμήνασθαι τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τὴν ἀσφάλειαν ἢ ὥσπερ οὐκ ἀρκούσης τῆς προτέρας προφάσεως ἐκκαῦσαι τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν ὀργήν, οὕτω τὴν δευτέραν συνῆψαν, οὐχ ἧττον οὖσαν χαλεπήν: καὶ γὰρ ἐξ ἴσης οἶμαι εἶναι δεινὸν τό τε τοὺς χρησίμους ἀπείργειν καὶ τὸ τοὺς ἀχρείους εἰσωθεῖν: καὶ τοῦτο δὲ γίνεται ἵνα μηδαμόθεν παραμυθίαν εὑρεῖν μηδὲ ἀναπνεῦσαι δυνηθῇ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὸ ποίμνιον. Ταῦτα οὐ μυρίων ἄξια σκηπτῶν; ταῦτα οὐ γεέννης σφοδροτέρας, οὐ ταύτης μόνον τῆς ἠπειλημένης ἡμῖν; Ἀλλ' ὅμως ἀνέχεται καὶ φέρει τὰ τοσαῦτα κακὰ ὁ μὴ βουλόμενος τὸν θάνατον τοῦ ἁμαρτωλοῦ, ὡς τὸ ἐπιστρέψαι αὐτὸν καὶ ζῆν. Πῶς ἄν τις αὐτοῦ τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν θαυμάσειε; πῶς ἂν ἐκπλαγείη τὸν ἔλεον; Οἱ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὰ τοῦ Χριστοῦ διαφθείρουσιν ἐχθρῶν καὶ πολεμίων μᾶλλον, ὁ δὲ ἀγαθὸς ἔτι χρηστεύεται καὶ εἰς μετάνοιαν καλεῖ. Δόξα σοι, Κύριε, δόξα σοι. Πόσης φιλανθρωπίας ἄβυσσος παρὰ σοί; πόσης ἀνεξικακίας πλοῦτος; Οἱ διὰ τὸ ὄνομα τὸ σὸν ἐξ εὐτελῶν καὶ ἀτίμων ἔντιμοι καὶ περίβλεπτοι γεγονότες τῇ τιμῇ κατὰ τοῦ τετιμηκότος κέχρηνται καὶ τολμῶσι τὰ ἀτόλμητα καὶ ἐνυβρίζουσιν εἰς τὰ ἅγια, τοὺς σπουδαίους ἀπωθούμενοι καὶ ἐκβάλλοντες ἵνα ἐν ἠρεμίᾳ πολλῇ καὶ μετὰ ἀδείας τῆς ἐσχάτης οἱ πονηροὶ πάντα ὅσαπερ ἂν ἐθέλωσιν ἀνατρέπωσι. Καὶ τούτου δὲ τοῦ δεινοῦ τὰς αἰτίας εἰ θέλεις μαθεῖν, ὁμοίας ταῖς προτέραις εὑρήσεις: τὴν μὲν γὰρ ῥίζαν καί, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, μητέρα μίαν ἔχουσι, τὴν βασκανίαν: αὐταὶ δὲ οὐ μιᾶς εἰσιν ἰδέας, ἀλλὰ διεστήκασιν. Ὁ μὲν γάρ, ἐπειδὴ νέος ἐστίν, ἐκβαλλέσθω, φησίν, ὁ δέ, ἐπειδὴ κολακεύειν οὐκ οἶδεν, ὁ δέ, ἐπειδὴ τῷ δεῖνι προσέκρουσεν: καὶ ὁ μέν, ἵνα μὴ ὁ δεῖνα λυπῆται, τὸν μὲν ὑπ' αὐτοῦ δοθέντα ἀποδοκιμασθέντα, τοῦτον δὲ ἐγκεκριμένον ὁρῶν, ὁ δέ, ἐπειδὴ χρηστός ἐστι καὶ ἐπιεικής, ὁ δέ, ἐπειδὴ τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσι φοβερός, ὁ δέ, δι' ἄλλην αἰτίαν τοιαύτην: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀποροῦσι προφάσεων ὅσων ἂν ἐθέλωσιν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ πλῆθος τῶν ὄντων ἐστὶν αὐτοῖς αἰτιᾶσθαι, ὅταν μηδὲν ἔχωσιν ἕτερον, καὶ τὸ μὴ δεῖν ἀθρόως εἰς ταύτην ἄγεσθαι τὴν τιμήν, ἀλλ' ἠρέμα καὶ κατὰ μικρόν: καὶ ἑτέρας ὅσας ἂν βούλωνται δύναιντ' ἂν αἰτίας εὑρεῖν. Ἐγὼ δέ σε ἡδέως ἐνταῦθα ἐρήσομαι τί οὖν δεῖ τὸν ἐπίσκοπον ποιεῖν τοσούτοις μαχόμενον πνεύμασι; πῶς πρὸς τοσαῦτα στήσεται κύματα; πῶς πάσας ταύτας ἀπώσεται τὰς προσβολάς; Ἂν μὲν γὰρ ὀρθῷ λογισμῷ τὸ πρᾶγμα διαθῇ, ἐχθροὶ καὶ πολέμιοι καὶ αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς αἱρεθεῖσιν ἅπαντες καὶ πρὸς φιλονεικίαν τὴν ἐκείνου ἅπαντα πράττουσιν, στάσεις καθ' ἑκάστην ἐμβάλλοντες τὴν ἡμέραν καὶ σκώμματα μυρία τοῖς αἱρεθεῖσιν ἐπιτιθέντες, ἕως ἂν ἢ τούτους ἐκβάλωσιν ἢ τοὺς αὑτῶν εἰσαγάγωσιν, καὶ γίνεται παραπλήσιον οἷον ἂν εἴ τις κυβερνήτης ἔνδον ἐν τῇ νηῒ τῇ πλεούσῃ πειρατὰς ἔχοι συμπλέοντας καὶ αὐτῷ καὶ τοῖς ναύταις καὶ τοῖς ἐπιβάταις συνεχῶς καὶ καθ' ἑκάστην ἐπιβουλεύοντας ὥραν. Ἂν δὲ τὴν πρὸς ἐκείνους χάριν προτιμήσῃ τῆς αὑτοῦ σωτηρίας, δεξάμενος οὓς οὐκ ἔδει, ἕξει μὲν τὸν Θεὸν ἀντ' ἐκείνων ἐχθρόν, οὗ τί γένοιτ' ἂν χαλεπώτερον; Καὶ τὰ πρὸς ἐκείνους δὲ αὐτῷ δυσκολώτερον ἢ πρότερον διακείσεται, πάντων συμπραττόντων ἀλλήλοις καὶ τούτων μᾶλλον ἰσχυρῶν γινομένων: ὥσπερ γὰρ ἀγρίων ἀνέμων ἐξ ἐναντίας προσπεσόντων ἀλλήλοις, τὸ τέως ἡσυχάζον πέλαγος μαίνεται ἐξαίφνης καὶ κορυφοῦται καὶ τοὺς ἐμπλέοντας ἀπόλλυσιν, οὕτω καὶ ἡ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας γαλήνη, δεξαμένη φθόρους ἀνθρώπους, ζάλης καὶ ναυαγίων πληροῦται πολλῶν. Ἐννόησον οὖν ὁποῖόν τινα εἶναι χρὴ τὸν πρὸς τοσοῦτον μέλλοντα ἀνθέξειν χειμῶνα καὶ τοσαῦτα κωλύματα τῶν κοινῇ συμφερόντων διαθήσειν καλῶς. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ σεμνὸν καὶ ἄτυφον καὶ φοβερὸν καὶ προσηνῆ καὶ ἀρχικὸν καὶ κοινωνικὸν καὶ ἀδέκαστον καὶ θεραπευτικὸν καὶ ταπεινὸν καὶ ἀδούλωτον καὶ σφοδρὸν καὶ ἥμερον εἶναι δεῖ, ἵνα πρὸς ἅπαντα ταῦτα εὐκόλως μάχεσθαι δύνηται καὶ τὸν ἐπιτήδειον μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς ἐξουσίας, κἂν ἅπαντες ἀντιπίπτωσι, παράγειν καὶ τὸν οὐ τοιοῦτον μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς ἐξουσίας, κἂν ἅπαντες συμπνέωσι, μὴ προσίεσθαι, ἀλλ' εἰς ἓν μόνον ὁρᾶν, τὴν ἐκκλησιαστικὴν οἰκοδομὴν καὶ μηδὲν πρὸς ἀπέχθειαν ἢ χάριν ποιεῖν. Ἆρά σοι δοκοῦμεν εἰκότως παρῃτῆσθαι τοῦ πράγματος τούτου τὴν διακονίαν; Καίτοι γε οὔπω πάντα διῆλθον πρὸς σέ: ἔχω γὰρ καὶ ἕτερα λέγειν. Ἀλλὰ μὴ ἀποκάμῃς ἀνδρὸς φίλου καὶ γνησίου βουλομένου σε πείθειν ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐγκαλεῖς ἀνεχόμενος: οὐδὲ γὰρ πρὸς τὴν ἀπολογίαν σοι τὴν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ταῦτα χρήσιμά ἐστι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς αὐτὴν τοῦ πράγματος τὴν διοίκησιν τάχα οὐ μικρὸν συμβαλεῖται κέρδος. Καὶ γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον τὸν μέλλοντα ἐπὶ ταύτην ἔρχεσθαι τοῦ βίου τὴν ὁδὸν πρότερον ἅπαντα διερευνησάμενον καλῶς, οὕτως ἅψασθαι τῆς διακονίας. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι εἰ καὶ μηδὲν ἄλλο τὸ γοῦν μὴ ξενοπαθεῖν, ἡνίκα ἂν ταῦτα προσπίπτῃ, περιέσται τῷ πάντα εἰδότι σαφῶς. ιβʹ. [Περὶ χηρῶν] Βούλει οὖν ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν χηρῶν προστασίαν ἴωμεν πρότερον ἢ τὴν τῶν παρθένων κηδεμονίαν ἢ τοῦ δικαστικοῦ μέρους τὴν δυσχέρειαν; Καὶ γὰρ ἐφ' ἑκάστου τούτων διάφορος ἡ φροντὶς καὶ τῆς φροντίδος μείζων ὁ φόβος. Καὶ πρῶτον, ἵνα ἀπὸ τοῦ τῶν ἄλλων εὐτελεστέρου δοκοῦντος εἶναι ποιησώμεθα τὴν ἀρχήν, ἡ τῶν χηρῶν θεραπεία δοκεῖ μὲν μέχρι τῆς τῶν χρημάτων δαπάνης τοῖς ἐπιμελουμένοις αὐτῶν παρέχειν φροντίδα: τὸ δὲ οὐ τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ πολλῆς δεῖται κἀνταῦθα τῆς ἐξετάσεως, ὅταν αὐτὰς καταλέγειν δέῃ, ὡς τό γε ἁπλῶς καὶ ὡς ἔτυχεν αὐτὰς ἐγγράφεσθαι μυρία εἰργάσατο δεινά. Καὶ γὰρ οἴκους διέφθειραν καὶ διέσπασαν γάμους καὶ ἐπὶ κλοπαῖς πολλάκις καὶ καπηλείαις καὶ ἑτέροις τοιούτοις ἀσχημονοῦσαι ἑάλωσαν. Τὸ δὲ τὰς τοιαύτας ἀπὸ τῶν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τρέφεσθαι χρημάτων καὶ παρὰ Θεοῦ τιμωρίαν καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώπων φέρει τὴν ἐσχάτην κατάγνωσιν καὶ τοὺς εὖ ποιεῖν βουλομένους ὀκνηροτέρους καθίστησι. Τίς γὰρ ἂν ἕλοιτό ποτε, ἃ τῷ Χριστῷ προσετάχθη δοῦναι χρήματα, ταῦτα ἀναλίσκειν εἰς τοὺς τὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ διαβάλλοντας ὄνομα; Διὰ ταῦτα πολλὴν δεῖ καὶ ἀκριβῆ ποιεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξέτασιν, ὥστε μὴ μόνον τὰς εἰρημένας, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τὰς ἑαυταῖς ἐπαρκεῖν δυναμένας τὴν τῶν ἀδυνάτων λυμαίνεσθαι τράπεζαν. Μετὰ δὲ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ταύτην ἑτέρα διαδέχεται φροντὶς οὐ μικρά, ἵνα αὐταῖς τὰ τῆς τροφῆς ἀθρόως, ὥσπερ ἐκ πηγῶν, ἐπιρρέῃ καὶ μὴ διαλιμπάνῃ ποτέ: καὶ γὰρ ἀκόρεστόν πως κακὸν ἡ ἀκούσιος πενία καὶ μεμψίμοιρον καὶ ἀχάριστον. Καὶ δεῖ πολλῆς μὲν τῆς συνέσεως, πολλῆς δὲ τῆς σπουδῆς, ὥστε αὐτῶν ἐμφράττειν τὰ στόματα, πᾶσαν ἐξαιροῦντα κατηγορίας πρόφασιν. Οἱ μὲν οὖν πολλοί, ὅταν τινὰ ἴδωσι χρημάτων κρείττονα, εὐθέως αὐτὸν ἐπιτήδειον εἶναι πρὸς ταύτην ἀποφαίνονται τὴν οἰκονομίαν: ἐγὼ δὲ οὐχ ἡγοῦμαί ποτε ταύτην αὐτῷ τὴν μεγαλοψυχίαν ἀρκεῖν μόνον, ἀλλὰ δεῖ μὲν αὐτὴν πρὸ τῶν ἄλλων ἔχειν_χωρὶς γὰρ ταύτης λυμεὼν ἂν εἴη μᾶλλον ἢ προστάτης καὶ λύκος ἀντὶ ποιμένος_, μετὰ δὲ αὐτῆς καὶ ἑτέραν ζητεῖν εἰ κεκτημένος τυγχάνοι. Αὕτη δέ ἐστιν ἡ πάντων αἰτία ἀνθρώποις τῶν ἀγαθῶν, ἀνεξικακία, ὥσπερ εἴς τινα εὔδιον λιμένα ὁρμίζουσα καὶ παραπέμπουσα τὴν ψυχήν. Τὸ γὰρ τῶν χηρῶν γένος καὶ διὰ τὴν πενίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν καὶ διὰ τὴν φύσιν ἀμέτρῳ τινὶ κέχρηται παρρησίᾳ_οὕτω γὰρ ἄμεινον εἰπεῖν_καὶ βοῶσιν ἀκαίρως καὶ αἰτιῶνται μάτην καὶ ἀποδύρονται ὑπὲρ ὧν χάριν εἰδέναι ἐχρῆν καὶ κατηγοροῦσιν ὑπὲρ ὧν ἀποδέχεσθαι ἔδει. Καὶ δεῖ τὸν προεστῶτα ἅπαντα φέρειν γενναίως καὶ μήτε πρὸς τὰς ἀκαίρους ἐνοχλήσεις, μήτε πρὸς τὰς ἀλόγους παροξύνεσθαι μέμψεις. Ἐλεεῖσθαι γὰρ ἐκεῖνο τὸ γένος ὑπὲρ ὧν δυστυχοῦσιν, οὐχ ὑβρίζεσθαι, δίκαιον: ὡς τό γε ἐπεμβαίνειν αὐτῶν ταῖς συμφοραῖς καὶ τῇ διὰ τὴν πενίαν ὀδύνῃ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ὕβρεως προστιθέναι, τῆς ἐσχάτης ὠμότητος ἂν εἴη. Διὰ τοῦτο καί τις ἀνὴρ σοφώτατος, εἴς τε τὸ φιλοκερδὲς καὶ τὸ ὑπεροπτικὸν τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως ἀπιδὼν καὶ τῆς πενίας τὴν φύσιν καταμαθὼν δεινὴν οὖσαν καὶ τὴν γενναιοτάτην ψυχὴν καταβαλεῖν καὶ πεῖσαι περὶ τῶν αὐτῶν ἀναισχυντεῖν πολλάκις, ἵνα μή τις αἰτούμενος παρ' αὐτῶν ὀργίζηται, μηδὲ τῷ συνεχεῖ τῆς ἐντεύξεως παροξυνθεὶς πολέμιος ὁ βοηθεῖν ὀφείλων γένηται, παρασκευάζει προσηνῆ τε αὐτὸν καὶ εὐπρόσιτον εἶναι τῷ δεομένῳ, λέγων: »Κλῖνον πτωχῷ ἀλύπως τὸ οὖς σου, καὶ ἀποκρίθητι αὐτῷ ἐν πραότητι εἰρηνικά.« Καὶ τὸν παροξύνοντα ἀφείς_τί γὰρ ἄν τις τῷ κειμένῳ λέγοι; _τῷ δυναμένῳ τὴν ἐκείνου φέρειν ἀσθένειαν διαλέγεται, παρακαλῶν τῷ τε ἡμέρῳ τῆς ὄψεως καὶ τῇ τῶν λόγων πραότητι πρὸ τῆς δόσεως αὐτὸν ἀνορθοῦν. Ἂν δέ τις τὰ μὲν ἐκείνων μὴ λαμβάνῃ, μυρίοις δὲ αὐτὰς ὀνείδεσι περιβάλλῃ καὶ ὑβρίζῃ καὶ παροξύνηται κατ' αὐτῶν, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐπεκούφισε τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς πενίας ἀθυμίαν τῷ δοῦναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ μεῖζον ταῖς λοιδορίαις εἰργάσατο τὸ δεινόν. Κἂν γὰρ λίαν ἀναισχυντεῖν βιάζωνται διὰ τὴν τῆς γαστρὸς ἀνάγκην, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἀλγοῦσιν ἐπὶ τῇ βίᾳ ταύτῃ: ὅταν οὖν διὰ μὲν τὸ τοῦ λιμοῦ δέος προσαιτεῖν ἀναγκάζωνται, διὰ δὲ τὸ προσαιτεῖν ἀναιδεύεσθαι, διὰ δὲ τὸ ἀναιδεύεσθαι πάλιν ὑβρίζωνται, ποικίλη τις καὶ πολὺν φέρουσα τὸν ζόφον ἐπὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἐκείνων κατασκήπτει τῆς ἀθυμίας ἡ δύναμις. Καὶ δεῖ τὸν τούτων ἐπιμελούμενον ἐπὶ τοσοῦτον εἶναι μακρόθυμον ὡς μὴ μόνον αὐταῖς μὴ πλεονάζειν τὴν ἀθυμίαν ταῖς ἀγανακτήσεσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς οὔσης τὸ πλέον κοιμίζειν διὰ τῆς παρακλήσεως: ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνος ὁ ὑβρισθεὶς οὐκ αἰσθάνεται τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν χρημάτων ὠφελείας διὰ τὴν ἀπὸ τῆς ὕβρεως πληγήν, οὕτως οὗτος ὁ προσηνῆ λόγον ἀκούσας καὶ μετὰ παρακλήσεως τὸ διδόμενον δεξάμενος, γάνυται πλέον καὶ χαίρει καὶ διπλοῦν αὐτῷ τὸ δοθὲν τῷ τρόπῳ γίνεται. Καὶ ταῦτα οὐκ ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ἀπ' ἐκείνου τοῦ τὰ πρότερα παραινέσαντος φθέγγομαι: »Τέκνον γάρ, φησίν, ἐν ἀγαθοῖς μὴ δῷς μῶμον καὶ ἐν πάσῃ δόσει λύπην λόγου. Οὐχὶ καύσωνα ἀναπαύσει δρόσος; Οὕτω κρεῖσσον λόγος ἢ δόσις. Ἰδοὺ γὰρ λόγος ὑπὲρ δόμα ἀγαθὸν καὶ ἀμφότερα παρὰ ἀνδρὶ κεχαριτωμένῳ.« Οὐκ ἐπιεικῆ δὲ μόνον καὶ ἀνεξίκακον τὸν τούτων προστάτην, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἰκονομικὸν οὐχ ἧττον εἶναι χρὴ ὡς, ἐὰν τοῦτο ἀπῇ, πάλιν εἰς τὴν ἴσην περιΐσταται ζημίαν τὰ τῶν πενήτων χρήματα. Ἤδη γάρ τις ταύτην πιστευθεὶς τὴν διακονίαν καὶ χρυσὸν συναγαγὼν πολύν, αὐτὸς μὲν οὐ κατέφαγεν, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ εἰς τοὺς δεομένους πλὴν ὀλίγων ἀνήλωσε, τὸ δὲ πλέον κατορύξας ἐφύλαττεν, ἕως οὗ καιρὸς χαλεπὸς ἐπιστὰς παρέδωκεν αὐτὰ ταῖς τῶν ἐναντίων χερσί. Πολλῆς οὖν δεῖ τῆς προμηθείας ὡς μήτε πλεονάζειν μήτε ἐλλείπειν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τὴν περιουσίαν, ἀλλὰ πάντα μὲν σκορπίζειν ταχέως τοῖς δεομένοις τὰ ποριζόμενα, ἐν δὲ ταῖς τῶν ἀρχομένων προαιρέσεσι συνάγειν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας τοὺς θησαυρούς. Τὰς δὲ τῶν ξένων ὑποδοχὰς καὶ τὰς τῶν ἀσθενούντων θεραπείας, πόσης μὲν οἴει δεῖσθαι χρημάτων δαπάνης, πόσης δὲ τῆς τῶν ἐπιστατούντων ἀκριβείας τε καὶ συνέσεως; Καὶ γὰρ τῆς εἰρημένης ἀναλώσεως ταύτην ἥττονα μὲν οὐδαμῶς, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ μείζονα εἶναι ἀνάγκη, καὶ τὸν ἐπιστατοῦντα ποριστικόν τινα μετ' εὐλαβείας καὶ φρονήσεως ὡς παρασκευάζειν καὶ φιλοτίμως καὶ ἀλύπως διδόναι τοὺς κεκτημένους τὰ παρ' αὐτῶν, ἵνα μὴ τῆς τῶν ἀσθενούντων ἀναπαύσεως προνοῶν τὰς τῶν παρεχόντων πλήττῃ ψυχάς. Τὴν δὲ προθυμίαν καὶ τὴν σπουδὴν πολλῷ πλείονα ἐνταῦθα ἐπιδείκνυσθαι δεῖ: δυσάρεστον γάρ πως οἱ νοσοῦντες χρῆμα καὶ ῥάθυμον. Κἂν μὴ πολλὴ πανταχόθεν εἰσφέρηται ἀκρίβεια καὶ φροντίς, ἀρκεῖ καὶ τὸ μικρὸν ἐκεῖνο παροφθὲν μεγάλα ἐργάσασθαι τῷ νοσοῦντι κακά. ιγʹ. Περὶ παρθένων Ἐπὶ δὲ τῆς τῶν παρθένων ἐπιμελείας τοσούτῳ μείζων ὁ φόβος ὅσῳ καὶ τὸ κτῆμα τιμιώτερον καὶ βασιλικωτέρα αὕτη τῶν ἄλλων ἡ ἀγέλη: ἤδη γὰρ καὶ εἰς τὸν τῶν ἁγίων τούτων χορὸν μυρίαι μυρίων γέμουσαι κακῶν εἰσεκώμασαν, μεῖζον δὲ ἐνταῦθα τὸ πένθος. Καὶ καθάπερ οὐκ ἴσον κόρην τε ἐλευθέραν καὶ τὴν ταύτης θεράπαιναν ἁμαρτεῖν, οὕτως οὐδὲ παρθένον καὶ χήραν. Ταῖς μὲν γὰρ καὶ ληρεῖν καὶ λοιδορεῖσθαι πρὸς ἀλλήλας καὶ κολακεύειν καὶ ἀναισχυντεῖν καὶ πανταχοῦ φαίνεσθαι καὶ τὸ περιϊέναι τὴν ἀγορὰν γέγονεν ἀδιάφορον: ἡ δὲ παρθένος ἐπὶ μείζοσιν ἀπεδύσατο καὶ τὴν ἀνωτάτω φιλοσοφίαν ἐζήλωσε καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀγγέλων πολιτείαν δεῖξαι ἐπὶ γῆς ἐπαγγέλλεται καὶ μετὰ τῆς σαρκὸς ταύτης τὰ τῶν ἀσωμάτων αὐτῇ δυνάμεων κατορθῶσαι πρόκειται. Καὶ οὐ δεῖ οὔτε προόδους περιττὰς ποιεῖσθαι καὶ πολλάς, οὔτε ῥήματα αὐτῇ φθέγγεσθαι εἰκῇ καὶ μάτην ἐφεῖται, λοιδορίας δὲ καὶ κολακείας οὐδὲ τοὔνομα εἰδέναι χρή. Διὰ τοῦτο ἀσφαλεστάτης φυλακῆς καὶ πλείονος δεῖται τῆς συμμαχίας. Ὅτε γὰρ τῆς ἁγιωσύνης ἐχθρὸς ἀεὶ καὶ μᾶλλον αὐταῖς ἐφέστηκε καὶ προσεδρεύει, καταπιεῖν ἕτοιμος, εἴ πού τις ἐξολισθήσειε καὶ καταπέσοι, ἀνθρώπων τε οἱ ἐπιβουλεύοντες πολλοὶ καὶ μετὰ τούτων ἁπάντων ἡ τῆς φύσεως μανία: καὶ πρὸς διπλοῦν τὸν πόλεμον ἡ παράταξις αὐτῇ, τὸν μὲν ἔξωθεν προσβάλλοντα, τὸν δὲ ἔσωθεν ἐνοχλοῦντα. Διὰ ταῦτα τῷ γοῦν ἐπιστατοῦντι πολὺς μὲν ὁ φόβος, μείζων δὲ ὁ κίνδυνος καὶ ἡ ὀδύνη, εἴ τι τῶν ἀβουλήτων_ὃ μὴ γένοιτο_ συμβαίη ποτέ. Εἰ γὰρ »πατρὶ θυγάτηρ ἀπόκρυφος ἀγρυπνία, καὶ ἡ μέριμνα αὐτῆς ἀφιστᾷ ὕπνον«, ὅπου περὶ τοῦ στειρωθῆναι ἢ παρακμάσαι ἢ μισηθῆναι τοσοῦτον δέος, τί πείσεται ὁ τούτων μὲν οὐδέν, ἕτερα δὲ τούτων πολλῷ μείζονα μεριμνῶν; οὐ γὰρ ἀνὴρ ἐνταῦθα ὁ ἀθετούμενος, ἀλλ' αὐτὸς ὁ Χριστός: οὐδὲ μέχρις ὀνειδῶν ἡ στείρωσις, ἀλλ' εἰς ἀπώλειαν ψυχῆς τελευτᾷ τὸ δεινόν. »Πᾶν γὰρ δένδρον, φησί, μὴ ποιοῦν καρπὸν καλὸν ἐκκόπτεται καὶ εἰς πῦρ βάλλεται.« Καὶ μισηθείσῃ δὲ παρὰ τοῦ νυμφίου οὐκ ἀρκεῖ λαβεῖν ἀποστασίου βιβλίον καὶ ἀπελθεῖν, ἀλλὰ κόλασιν αἰώνιον τοῦ μίσους δίδωσι τὴν τιμωρίαν. Καὶ ὁ μὲν κατὰ σάρκα πατὴρ πολλὰ ἔχει τὰ ποιοῦντα αὐτῷ τὴν φυλακὴν εὔκολον τῆς θυγατρός: καὶ γὰρ καὶ μήτηρ καὶ τροφὸς καὶ θεραπαινῶν πλῆθος καὶ οἰκίας ἀσφάλεια συναντιλαμβάνεται τῷ γεννησαμένῳ πρὸς τὴν τῆς παρθένου τήρησιν: οὔτε γὰρ εἰς ἀγορὰν αὐτὴν ἐμβάλλειν ἐφίεται συνεχῶς, οὔτε, ἡνίκα ἂν ἐμβάλλῃ, φαίνεσθαί τινι τῶν ἐντυγχανόντων ἀναγκάζεται, τοῦ σκότους τῆς ἑσπέρας οὐχ ἧττον τῶν τῆς οἰκίας τοίχων καλύπτοντος τὴν φανῆναι μὴ βουλομένην. Χωρὶς δὲ τούτων πάσης αἰτίας ἀπήλλακται, ὡς μὴ ἄν ποτε εἰς ἀνδρῶν ὄψιν βιασθῆναι ἐλθεῖν: οὔτε γὰρ ἡ τῶν ἀναγκαίων φροντίς, οὔτε αἱ τῶν ἀδικούντων ἐπήρειαι, οὐδ' ἄλλο τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν εἰς ἀνάγκην αὐτὴν τοιαύτης συντυχίας καθίστησιν, ἀντὶ πάντων αὐτῇ γινομένου τοῦ πατρός: αὐτὴ δὲ μίαν ἔχει φροντίδα μόνον, τὸ μηδὲν ἀνάξιον μήτε πρᾶξαι μήτε εἰπεῖν τῆς αὐτῇ προσηκούσης κοσμιότητος. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ πολλὰ τὰ ποιοῦντα τῷ πατρὶ δύσκολον, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἀδύνατον τὴν φυλακήν: οὔτε γὰρ ἔνδον ἔχειν αὐτὴν μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ δύναιτ' ἄν: οὔτε γὰρ εὐσχήμων οὔτε ἀκίνδυνος ἡ τοιαύτη συνοίκησις. Κἂν γὰρ μηδὲν αὐτοὶ ζημιωθῶσιν, ἀλλ' ἀκεραίαν μείνωσι τὴν ἁγιωσύνην φυλάττοντες, οὐκ ἐλάττονα δώσουσι λόγον ὑπὲρ ὧν ἐσκανδάλισαν ψυχῶν ἢ εἰ εἰς ἀλλήλους ἁμαρτάνοντες ἔτυχον. Τούτου δὲ οὐκ ὄντος δυνατοῦ, οὔτε τὰ κινήματα τῆς ψυχῆς καταμαθεῖν εὔπορον καὶ τὰ μὲν ἀτάκτως φερόμενα περικόψαι, τὰ δὲ ἐν τάξει καὶ ῥυθμῷ μᾶλλον ἀσκῆσαι καὶ ἐπὶ τὸ βέλτιον ἀγαγεῖν, οὔτε τὰς ἐξόδους περιεργάζεσθαι ῥᾴδιον. Ἡ γὰρ πενία καὶ τὸ ἀπροστάτευτον οὐκ ἀφίησιν αὐτὸν ἀκριβῆ τῆς ἐκείνῃ προσηκούσης εὐκοσμίας γενέσθαι ἐξεταστήν: ὅταν γὰρ ἑαυτῇ πάντα διακονεῖν ἀναγκάζηται, πολλάς, εἴ γε βούλοιτο μὴ σωφρονεῖν, τῶν προόδων τὰς προφάσεις ἔχει. Καὶ δεῖ τὸν κελεύοντα διαπαντὸς οἴκοι μένειν καὶ ταύτας περικόψαι τὰς προφάσεις καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀναγκαίων αὐτάρκειαν παρασχόντα καὶ τὴν πρὸς ταῦτα διακονησομένην αὐτῇ: δεῖ δὲ καὶ ἐκφορῶν καὶ παννυχίδων ἀπείργειν. Οἶδε γάρ, οἶδεν ὁ πολυμήχανος ὄφις ἐκεῖνος καὶ διὰ χρηστῶν πράξεων τὸν αὐτοῦ παρασπείρειν ἰόν. Καὶ χρὴ τὴν παρθένον πανταχόθεν τειχίζεσθαι καὶ ὀλιγάκις τοῦ παντὸς ἐνιαυτοῦ προβαίνειν τῆς οἰκίας, ὅταν ἀπαραίτητοι καὶ ἀναγκαῖαι κατεπείγωσι προφάσεις. Εἰ δὲ λέγοι τις οὐδὲν εἶναι τούτων ἔργον ἐπισκόπῳ μεταχειρίζειν, εὖ ἴστω ὅτι τῶν ἐφ' ἑκάστῳ αἱ φροντίδες καὶ αἱ αἰτίαι εἰς ἐκεῖνον ἔχουσι τὴν ἀναφοράν. Πολλῷ δὲ λυσιτελέστερον αὐτὸν ἅπαντα διακονούμενον ἀπηλλάχθαι ἐγκλημάτων ἃ διὰ τὰς τῶν ἑτέρων ἁμαρτίας ὑπομένειν ἀνάγκη ἢ τῆς διακονίας ἀφειμένον τὰς ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔπραξαν ἕτεροι τρέμειν εὐθύνας. Πρὸς δὲ τούτοις ὁ μὲν δι' ἑαυτοῦ ταῦτα πράττων μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς εὐκολίας ἅπαντα διεξέρχεται: ὁ δὲ ἀναγκαζόμενος μετὰ τοῦ πείθειν τὰς ἁπάντων γνώμας τοῦτο ποιεῖν οὐ τοσαύτην ἔχει τὴν ἄνεσιν ἐκ τοῦ τῆς αὐτουργίας ἀφεῖσθαι ὅσα πράγματα καὶ θορύβους διὰ τοὺς ἀντιπίπτοντας καὶ ταῖς αὐτοῦ κρίσεσι μαχομένους. Ἀλλὰ πάσας μὲν οὐκ ἂν δυναίμην καταλέγειν τὰς ὑπὲρ τῶν παρθένων φροντίδας: καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὅταν αὐτὰς ἐγγράφεσθαι δέῃ οὐ τὰ τυχόντα παρέχουσι πράγματα τῷ ταύτην πεπιστευμένῳ τὴν οἰκονομίαν. ιδʹ. Περὶ κρίσεως Τὸ δὲ τῶν κρίσεων μέρος μυρίας μὲν ἔχει τὰς ἐπαχθείας, πολλὴν δὲ τὴν ἀσχολίαν καὶ δυσκολίας τοσαύτας ὅσας οὐδὲ οἱ τοῖς ἔξωθεν δικάζειν καθήμενοι φέρουσι: καὶ γὰρ εὑρεῖν αὐτὸ τὸ δίκαιον ἔργον καὶ εὑρόντα μὴ διαφθεῖραι χαλεπόν. Οὐκ ἀσχολία δὲ μόνον καὶ δυσκολία, ἀλλὰ καὶ κίνδυνος πρόσεστιν οὐ μικρός: ἤδη γάρ τινες τῶν ἀσθενεστέρων πράγμασιν ἐμπεσόντες, ἐπειδὴ προστασίας οὐκ ἔτυχον, ἐναυάγησαν περὶ τὴν πίστιν. Πολλοὶ γὰρ τῶν ἠδικημένων οὐχ ἧττον τῶν ἠδικηκότων τοὺς μὴ βοηθοῦντας μισοῦσι: καὶ οὔτε πραγμάτων διαστροφήν, οὔτε καιρῶν χαλεπότητα, οὔτε ἱερατικῆς δυναστείας μέτρον, οὔτε ἄλλο τοιοῦτον οὐδὲν λογίζεσθαι βούλονται, ἀλλ' εἰσὶν ἀσύγγνωστοι δικασταί, μίαν ἀπολογίαν εἰδότες, τὴν τῶν συνεχόντων αὐτοὺς κακῶν ἀπαλλαγήν: ὁ δὲ μὴ δυνάμενος ταύτην παρασχεῖν, κἂν μυρίας λέγῃ προφάσεις, οὐδέποτε τὴν κατάγνωσιν φεύξεται τὴν παρ' ἐκείνων. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ προστασίας ἐμνήσθην, φέρε σοι καὶ ἑτέραν μέμψεων ἀποκαλύψω πρόφασιν: εἰ γὰρ μὴ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν μᾶλλον τῶν ἀγοραίων περινοστεῖ τὰς οἰκίας ὁ τὴν ἐπισκοπὴν ἔχων, προσκρούματα ἐντεῦθεν ἀμύθητα: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀρρωστοῦντες μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑγιαίνοντες ἐπισκοπεῖσθαι βούλονται, οὐ τῆς εὐλαβείας αὐτοὺς ἐπὶ τοῦτο προκαλουμένης, τιμῆς δὲ καὶ ἀξιώματος οἱ πολλοὶ ἀντιποιούμενοι μᾶλλον. Εἰ δέ ποτε συμβαίη τινὰ τῶν πλουσιωτέρων καὶ δυνατωτέρων, χρείας τινὸς κατεπειγούσης, εἰς τὸ κοινὸν τῆς Ἐκκλησίας κέρδος συνεχέστερον ἰδεῖν, εὐθέως ἐντεῦθεν θωπείας καὶ κολακείας προσετρίψατο δόξαν. Καὶ τί λέγω προστασίας καὶ ἐπισκέψεις; Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν προσρήσεων μόνον τοσοῦτο φέρουσιν ἐγκλημάτων ἄχθος ὡς καὶ βαρύνεσθαι καὶ καταπίπτειν ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας πολλάκις, ἤδη δὲ καὶ βλέμματος εὐθύνας ὑπέχουσι: τὰ γὰρ ἁπλῶς παρ' αὐτῶν γινόμενα βασανίζουσιν ἀκριβῶς οἱ πολλοὶ καὶ μέτρον φωνῆς ἐξετάζοντες καὶ διάθεσιν ὄψεως καὶ ποσότητα γέλωτος. Τὸν μὲν δεῖνα, φησί, δαψιλῶς ἐπεγέλασε καὶ φαιδρῷ τῷ προσώπῳ καὶ μεγάλῃ προσεῖπε τῇ φωνῇ, ἐμὲ δὲ ἔλαττον καὶ ὡς ἔτυχε: καὶ ἂν πολλῶν συγκαθημένων μὴ πανταχοῦ περιφέρῃ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς διαλεγόμενος, ὕβριν τὸ πρᾶγμά φασιν οἱ πολλοί. Τίς οὖν μὴ λίαν ἰσχυρὸς ὢν τοσούτοις ἂν ἀρκέσειε κατηγόροις ἢ πρὸς τὸ μηδ' ὅλως γραφῆναι παρ' αὐτῶν ἢ πρὸς τὸ διαφυγεῖν μετὰ τὴν γραφήν; Δεῖ μὲν γὰρ μηδὲ ἔχειν κατηγόρους: εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἀδύνατον, ἀπολύεσθαι τὰ παρ' ἐκείνων ἐγκλήματα: εἰ δὲ οὐδὲ τοῦτο εὔπορον, ἀλλὰ τέρπονταί τινες εἰκῇ καὶ ἁπλῶς αἰτιώμενοι, γενναίως πρὸς τὴν τῶν μέμψεων τούτων ἀθυμίαν ἵστασθαι. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ δικαίως ἐγκαλούμενος κἂν ἐνέγκῃ τὸν ἐγκαλοῦντα ῥᾳδίως: ἐπειδὴ γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι πικρότερος τοῦ συνειδότος κατήγορος, διὰ τοῦτο, ὅταν ὑπ' ἐκείνου τοῦ χαλεπωτάτου πρότερον ἁλῶμεν, τοὺς ἔξωθεν ἡμερωτέρους ὄντας εὐκόλως φέρομεν. Ὁ δὲ οὐδὲν ἑαυτῷ συνειδέναι πονηρὸν ἔχων, ὅταν ἐγκαλῆται μάτην, καὶ πρὸς ὀργὴν ἐκφέρεται ταχέως καὶ πρὸς ἀθυμίαν καταπίπτει ῥᾳδίως, ἂν μὴ πρότερον ᾖ τῇ ψυχῇ μεμελετηκὼς τὰς τῶν πολλῶν φέρειν ἀνοίας: οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστι συκοφαντούμενον εἰκῇ καὶ καταδικαζόμενον μὴ ταράττεσθαι καὶ πάσχειν τι πρὸς τὴν τοσαύτην ἀλογίαν. Τί ἄν τις λέγοι τὰς λύπας ἃς ὑπομένουσιν, ἡνίκα ἂν δέῃ τινὰ τοῦ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας περικόψαι πληρώματος; Εἴθε μὲν οὖν μέχρι λύπης ἵστατο τὸ δεινόν. Νῦν δὲ καὶ ὄλεθρος οὐ μικρός: δέος γὰρ μή ποτε πέρα τοῦ δέοντος κολασθεὶς ἐκεῖνος πάθῃ τοῦτο δὴ τὸ ὑπὸ τοῦ μακαρίου Παύλου λεχθέν, »ὑπὸ τῆς περισσοτέρας λύπης καταποθῇ«. Πλείστης οὖν κἀνταῦθα δεῖ τῆς ἀκριβείας ὥστε μὴ τὴν τῆς ὠφελείας ὑπόθεσιν μείζονος αὐτῷ γενέσθαι ζημίας ἀφορμήν. Ὧν γὰρ ἂν ἁμάρτῃ μετὰ τὴν τοιαύτην θεραπείαν ἐκεῖνος, κοινωνεῖ τῆς ἐφ' ἑκάστῳ τούτων ὀργῆς ὁ μὴ καλῶς τὸ τραῦμα τεμὼν ἰατρός. Πόσας οὖν χρὴ προσδοκᾶν τιμωρίας ὅταν μὴ μόνον ὑπὲρ ὧν αὐτὸς ἕκαστος ἐπλημμέλησεν ἀπαιτῆται λόγον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἑτέροις ἁμαρτηθέντων εἰς τὸν ἔσχατον καθίσταται κίνδυνον; Εἰ γὰρ τῶν οἰκείων πλημμελημάτων εὐθύνας ὑπέχοντες φρίττομεν, ὡς οὐ δυνησόμενοι τὸ πῦρ ἐκφυγεῖν ἐκεῖνο, τί χρὴ πείσεσθαι προσδοκᾶν τὸν ὑπὲρ τοσούτων ἀπολογεῖσθαι μέλλοντα; Ὅτι γὰρ τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθές, ἄκουσον τοῦ μακαρίου λέγοντος Παύλου, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐκ ἐκείνου, ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἐν αὐτῷ λαλοῦντος Χριστοῦ: »Πείθεσθε τοῖς ἡγουμένοις ὑμῶν καὶ ὑπείκετε, ὅτι αὐτοὶ ἀγρυπνοῦσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν ψυχῶν ὑμῶν ὡς λόγον ἀποδώσοντες.« Ἆρα μικρὸς οὗτος ὁ τῆς ἀπειλῆς φόβος; Οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς σφόδρα ἀπειθεῖς καὶ σκληροὺς ἱκανὰ ταῦτα πάντα πεῖσαι ὡς οὔτε ἀπονοίᾳ οὔτε φιλοδοξίᾳ ἁλόντες, ὑπὲρ δὲ ἑαυτῶν δεδοικότες μόνον καὶ εἰς τὸν τοῦ πράγματος ὄγκον ἀποβλέψαντες, ταύτην ἐφύγομεν τὴν φυγήν.