John Chrysostom, On the Second Letter to the Corinthians

What sayest thou, O blessed Paul? To spare them thou camest not to Corinth? Surely thou presentest us with something of a contradiction. For a little above thou saidst that thou therefore camest not, because thou purposest not according to the flesh nor art thine own master, but art led about every where by the authority of the Spirit, and didst set forth thine afflictions. But here thou sayest it was thine own act that thou camest not, and not from the authority of the Spirit; for he saith, “To spare you I forbare to come to Corinth.” What then is one to say? either, that this too was itself of the Spirit, and that he himself wished to come but the Spirit suggested to him not to do so, urging the motive of sparing them; or else, that he is speaking of some other coming, and would signify that before he wrote the former Epistle he was minded to come, and for love’s sake restrained himself lest he should find them yet unamended. Perhaps also, after the second Epistle though the Spirit no longer forbade him to go, he involuntarily stayed away for this reason. And this suspicion is the more probable, that in the first instance the Spirit forbade him: but afterwards upon his own conviction also that this was more advisable, he stayed away.

And observe, I pray you, how he remembers again his own custom, (which I shall never cease to observe,) of making what seems against him tell in his favor. For since it was natural for them to respect this and say, ‘It was because thou hatedst us, thou wouldest not come unto us,’ he shows on the contrary, that the cause for which he would not come was that he loved them.

What is the expression, “to spare you?” I heard, he saith, that some among you had committed fornication; I would not therefore come and make you sorry: for had I come, I must needs have enquired into the matter, and prosecuted and punished, and exacted justice from many. I judged it then better to be away and to give opportunity for repentance, than to be with you and to prosecute, and be still more incensed. For towards the end of this Epistle he hath plainly declared it, saying, “I fear lest when I come, my God should humble me before you, and that I should mourn for many of them that have sinned heretofore, and repented not of the lasciviousness and uncleanness170 Rec. text, “uncleanness, and fornication, and lasciviousness.” which they committed.” (2 Cor. xii. 20, 21.) This therefore here also he intimates, and he saith it indeed as in his own defence; yet rebuketh171 ἐπιστύφει. them most severely and putteth them in fear; for he implied that they were open to punishment, and will also have somewhat to suffer, unless they be quickly reformed. And he says the same thing again at the end of the Epistle thus; “If I come again, I will not spare.” (2 Cor. xiii. 2.) Only there he says it more plainly: but here, as it was the proem, he does not say it so but in a repressed172 ὐπεσταλμένως. tone; nor is he content even with this, but he softens it down, applying a corrective. For seeing the expression was that of one asserting great authority, (for a man spares those whom he has also power to punish,) in order to relieve it, and draw a shade over what seems harsh, he saith,

Ver. 24. “Not for that we have lordship over your faith.”

That is, I did not therefore say, “To spare you I came not,” as lording it over you. Again, he said not you, but “your faith,” which was at once gentler and truer. For him that hath no mind to believe, who hath power to compel?

“But are helpers of your joy.”

For since, saith he, your joy is ours, I came not, that I might not plunge you into sorrow and increase my own despondency; but I stayed away that ye being reformed by the threat might be made glad. For we do every thing in order to your joy, and give diligence in this behalf, because we are ourselves partakers of it. “For by faith ye stand.”

Behold him again speaking repressedly. For he was afraid to rebuke them again; since he had handled them severely in the former Epistle, and they had made some reformation. And if, now that they were reformed, they again received the same reproof, this was likely to throw them back. Whence this Epistle is much gentler than the former.

Chap. ii. 1. “But I determined173 Rec. text, determined this. Chrysostom omits τοῦτο. for myself that I would not come again to you with sorrow.”

The expression “again” proves that he had already been made sorry from thence, and whilst he seems to be speaking in his own defence he covertly rebukes them. Now if they had both already made him sorry and were about again to make him sorry, consider how great the displeasure was likely to be. But he saith not thus, ‘Ye made me sorry,’ but turns the expression differently yet implying the very same thing thus, ‘For this cause I came not that I might not make you sorry:’ which has the same force as what I said, but is more palatable.

[2.] Ver. 2. “For if I make you sorry, who then is he that maketh me glad, but he that is made sorry by me?”

What is this consequence? A very just one indeed. For observe, I would not, he saith, come unto you, lest I should increase your sorrow, rebuking, showing anger and disgust. Then seeing that even this was strong and implied accusation that they so lived as to make Paul sorry, he applies a corrective in the words, “For if I make you sorry, who then is he that maketh me glad, but he that is made sorry by me?”

What he saith is of this kind. ‘Even though I were to be in sorrow, being compelled to rebuke you and to see you sorry, still nevertheless this very thing would have made me glad. For this is a proof of the greatest love, that you hold me in such esteem as to be hurt at my being displeased with you.’

Behold too his prudence. Their doing what all disciples do, namely, smarting and feeling it when rebuked, he produces as an instance of their gratifying him; for, saith he, ‘No man maketh me so glad as he that giveth heed to my words, and is sorry when he seeth me angry.’

Yet what followed naturally174 τὸ ἀκόλουθον. was to say, ‘For if I make you sorry, who then is he that can make you glad?’ But he doth not say this, but turns his speech back again, dealing tenderly with them, and says, ‘Though I make you sorry, even herein ye bestow on me a very great favor in that ye are hurt at what I say.’

Ver. 3. “And I wrote this very thing unto you.”

What? That for this cause I came not, to spare you. When wrote he? In the former Epistle when he said, “I do not wish to see you now by the way?” (1 Cor. xvi. 7.) I think not; but in this Epistle when he said, “Lest when I come again, my God should humble me before you.” (2 Cor. xii. 21.) I have written then towards the end this same, saith he, “lest when I come, my God will humble me, and I should mourn for many of them that have sinned heretofore.”

But why didst thou write? “Lest when I came I should have sorrow from them of whom I ought to rejoice, having confidence in you all, that my joy is the joy of you all?” For whereas he said he was made glad by their sorrow, and this was too arrogant and harsh, again he gave it a different turn and softened it by what he subjoined. For, he saith, I therefore wrote unto you before, that I might not with anguish find you unreformed; and I said this, “lest I should have sorrow,” out of regard not to my own interest but yours. For I know that if ye see me rejoicing ye rejoice, and if ye behold me sad ye are sad. Observe therefore again the connection of what he said; for so his words will be more easy to understand. I came not, he says, lest I should cause you sorrow when finding you unreformed. And this I did, not studying my own advantage, but yours. For as to myself, when ye are made sorry I receive no little pleasure, seeing that you care so much about me as to be sorry and distressed at my being displeased. “For who is he that maketh me glad, but he that is made sorry by me.” However, though it be so with myself, yet because I study your advantage, I wrote this same thing to you that I might not be made sorry, herein also again studying not my advantage, but yours; for I know, that were ye to see me sad, ye also would be sorry; as also ye are glad when ye see me rejoicing. Observe now his prudence. He said, I came not, that I might not make you sorry; although, saith he, this makes me glad. Then, lest he should seem to take pleasure in their pain, he saith, In this respect I am glad inasmuch as I make you feel, for in another respect I am sorry in that I am compelled to make those sorry who love me so much, not only by this rebuke, but also by being myself in sorrow and by this means causing you fresh sorrow.

But observe how he puts this so as to mingle praise; saying, “from them of whom I ought to rejoice,” for these are the words of one testifying kindred and much tender affection; as if one were speaking of sons on whom he had bestowed many benefits and for whom he had toiled. If then for this I write and come not; it is with weighty meaning175 μέγα τι οἰκονομῶν. I come not, and not because I feel hate or aversion, but rather exceeding love.

[3.] Next, whereas he said, he that makes me sorry makes me glad; lest they should say ‘this then is what thou studiest, that thou mightest be made glad and mightest exhibit to all the extent of thy power;’ he added,

Ver. 4. “For out of much affliction and anguish of heart I wrote unto you with many tears, not that ye should be made sorry, but that ye might know the love which I have more abundantly unto you.”

What more tenderly affectioned than this man’s spirit is? for he showeth himself to have been not less pained than they who had sinned, but even much more. For he saith not “out of affliction” merely, but “out of much,” nor “with tears,” but “with many tears” and “anguish of heart,” that is, I was suffocated, I was choked with despondency; and when I could no longer endure the cloud of despondency, “I wrote unto you: not that ye should be grieved, but that ye might know the love,” saith he, “which I have more abundantly unto you.” And yet what naturally followed was to say, not that ye might be grieved, but that ye might be corrected: (for indeed with this purpose he wrote.) This however he doth not say, but, (more to sweeten his words, and win them to a greater affection,) he puts this for it, showing that he doth all from love. And he saith not simply “the love,” but “which I have more abundantly unto you.” For hereby also he desires to win them, by showing that he loveth them more than all and feels towards them as to chosen disciples. Whence he saith, “Even if I be not an Apostle unto others, yet at least I am to you;” (1 Cor. ix. 2.) and, “Though ye have many176 Rec. text μυρίους. tutors, yet have ye not many fathers;” (1 Cor. iv. 15.) and again, “By the grace of God we behaved ourselves in the world, and more abundantly to you ward;” (2 Cor. i. 12.) and farther on, “Though the more abundantly I love you, the less I be loved;” and here “Which I have more abundantly unto you;” (2 Cor. xii. 15.) So that if my words were full of anger, yet out of much love and sadness was the anger; and whilst writing the Epistle, I suffered, I was pained, not because ye had sinned only, but also because I was compelled to make you sorry. And this itself was out of love. Just as a father whose legitimate177 γνήσιος. son is afflicted with a gangrene, being compelled to use the knife and cautery, is pained on both accounts, that he is diseased and that he is compelled to use the knife to him. So that what ye consider a sign of hating you was indeed a sign of excessive love. And if to have made you sorry was out of love, much more my gladness at that sorrow.

[4.] Having made this defence of himself, (for he frequently defends himself, without being ashamed; for if God doth so, saying, “O My people, what have I done unto thee?” (Micah vi. 3.) much more might Paul,) having, I say, made this defence of himself, and being now about to pass on to the plea for him who had committed fornication, in order that they might not be distracted as at receiving contradictory commands, nor take to cavilling because he it was who both then was angry and was now commanding to forgive him, see how he provided178 προῳκονόμησεν. for this beforehand, both by what he has said and what he is going to say. For what saith he?

Ver. 5. “But if any hath caused sorrow, he hath caused sorrow not to me.”

Having first praised them as feeling joy and sorrow for the same things as himself, he then strikes into the subject of this person, having said first, “my joy is the joy of you all.” But if my joy is the joy of you all, need is that you should also now feel pleasure with me, as ye then were pained with me: for both in that ye were made sorry, ye made me glad; and now in that ye rejoice, (if as I suppose ye shall feel pleasure,) ye will do the same. He said not, my sorrow is the sorrow of you all; but having established this in the rest of what he said, he has now put forward that only which he most desired, namely, the joy: saying, my joy is the joy of you all. Then, he makes mention also of the former matter, saying,

“But if any hath caused sorrow he hath caused sorrow not to me, but in part (that I press not too heavily) to you all.”

I know, he saith, that ye shared in my anger and indignation against him that had committed fornication, and that what had taken place grieved in part all of you. And therefore said I “in part,” not as though ye were less hurt than I, but that I might not weigh down him that had committed fornication. He did not then grieve me only but you also equally, even though to spare him I said, “in part.” Seest thou how at once he moderated their anger, by declaring that they shared also in his indignation.

Ver. 6. “Sufficient to such a one is this punishment which was inflicted by the many.”

And he saith not “to him that hath committed fornication,” but here again “to such a one,” as also in the former Epistle. Not however for the same reason; but there out of shame, here out of mercy. Wherefore he no where subsequently so much as mentions the crime; for it was time now to excuse.

Ver. 7. “So that contrariwise ye should rather forgive him and comfort him, lest by any means such a one should be swallowed up with his overmuch sorrow.”

He bids them not only take off the censure; but, besides, restores him to his former estate; for if one let go him that hath been scourged and heal him not, he hath done nothing. And see how him too he keeps down lest he should be rendered worse by the forgiveness. For though he had both confessed and repented, he makes it manifest that he obtaineth remission not so much by his penitence as by this free gift. Wherefore he saith, “to forgive179 χαρὶσασθαι. him and to comfort him,” and what follows again makes the same thing plain. ‘For’ saith he, ‘it is not because he is worthy, not because he has shown sufficient penitence; but because he is weak, it is for this I request180 Or think it fitting. it.’ Whence also he added, “lest by any means such a one should be swallowed up with overmuch sorrow.” And this is both as testifying to his deep repentance and as not allowing him to fall into despair181 ἀπονοίαν, which is however seldom used in this sense by St. Chrysostom..

But what means this, “swallowed up?” Either doing as Judas did, or even in living becoming worse. For, saith he, if he should rush away from longer enduring the anguish of this lengthened censure, perchance also despairing he will either come to hang himself, or fall into greater crimes afterwards. One ought then to take steps beforehand182 προκαταλαβεῖν., lest the sore become too hard to deal with; and lest what we have well done we lose by want of moderation.

Now this he said, (as I have already observed,) both to keep him low, and to teach him not to be over-listless after this restoration. For, not as one who has washed all quite away; but as fearing lest he should work aught of deeper mischief, I have received him, he saith. Whence we learn that we must determine the penance, not only by the nature of the sins, but by the disposition and habit of them that sin. As the Apostle did in that instance. For he feared his weakness, and therefore said, “lest he be swallowed up,” as though by a wild beast, by a storm, by a billow.

Ver. 8. “Wherefore I beseech you.”

He no longer commands but beseeches, not as a teacher but as an equal; and having seated them on the judgment seat he placed himself in the rank of an advocate; for having succeeded in his object, for joy he adopts without restraint the tone of supplication. And what can it be that thou beseechest? Tell me.

“To confirm your love toward him.”

That is, ‘make it strong,’ not simply have intercourse with him, nor any how. Herein, again, he bears testimony to their virtue as very great; since they who were so friendly and so applauded him as even to be puffed up, were so estranged that Paul takes such pains to make them confirm their love towards him. Herein is excellence of disciples, herein excellence of teachers; that they should so obey the rein, he so manage their motions183 ῥυθμιζειν.. If this were so even now, they who sin would not have transgressed senselessly. For one ought neither to love carelessly, nor to be estranged without some reason.

[5.] Ver. 9. “For to this end also did I write to you184 Rec. text omits ὖμιν., that I might know the proof of you, whether ye are obedient in all things;” not only in cutting off but also in reuniting. Seest thou how here again he brings the danger to their doors. For as when he sinned, he alarmed their minds, except they should cut him off, saying, “A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump,” (1 Cor. v. 6.) and several other things; so here too again he confronts them with the fear of disobedience, as good as saying, ‘As then ye had to consult not for him, but for yourselves too, so now must ye not less for yourselves than for him; lest ye seem to be of such as love contention and have not human sensibilities, and not to be in all things obedient. And hence he saith, “For to this end also did I write to you, that I might know the proof of you, whether ye are obedient in all things.”

For the former instance might have seemed to proceed even of envy and malice, but this shows very especially the obedience to be pure, and whether ye are apt unto loving kindness. For this is the test of right minded disciples; if they obey not only when ordered to do certain things, but when the contrary also. Therefore he said, “in all things,” showing that if they disobey, they disgrace not him185 The incestuous person. so much as themselves, earning the character of lovers of contention; and he doth this that hence also he may drive them to obey. Whence also he saith, “For to this end did I write to you;” and yet he wrote not for this end, but he saith so in order to win them. For the leading object was the salvation of that person. But where it does no harm, he also gratifies them. And by saying, “In all things,” he again praises them, recalling to memory and bringing forth to view their former obedience.

Ver. 10. “To whom ye forgive any thing, I forgive also.”

Seest thou how again he assigns the second part to himself, showing them as beginning, himself following. This is the way to soften an exasperated, to compose a contentious spirit. Then lest he should make them careless, as though they were arbiters, and they should refuse forgiveness; he again constrains them unto this, saying, that himself also had forgiven him.

“For what I also have forgiven, if I have forgiven any thing, for your sakes have I forgiven it.” For, this very thing I have done for your sakes, he saith. And as when he commanded them to cut him off, he left not with them the power to forgive, saying, “I have judged already to deliver such an one unto Satan,” (1 Cor. v. 3, 5.) and again made them partners in his decision saying, “ye being gathered together to deliver him,” (ib. 4, 5.) (thereby securing two most important things, viz., that the sentence should be passed; yet not without their consent, lest herein he might seem to hurt them;) and neither himself alone pronounces it, lest they should consider him self-willed, and themselves to be overlooked, nor yet leaves all to them, lest when possessed of the power they should deal treacherously with the offender by unseasonably forgiving him: so also doth he here, saying, ‘I have already forgiven, who in the former Epistle had already judged.’ Then lest they should be hurt, as though overlooked, he adds, “for your sakes.” What then? did he for men’s sake pardon? No; for on this account he added, “In the person of Christ.”

What is “in the person of Christ?” Either he means according to [the will of] God, or unto the glory of Christ.186 [Modern critics understand this phrase otherwise. They take it as meaning either that the Apostle acted as Christ’s representative and by his authority (Luther, Wetstein, et al.), or that he took the course which he did in the presence of Christ, i.e., as though Christ were looking on. Either sense is good and suits the connection, but the latter has commended itself to most expositors, (Calvin, Meyer, Hodge, Beet, et al.), since nothing could be better adapted to secure both fidelity and tenderness in administering the discipline of God’s house than the feeling or rather the conviction that the eyes of Christ were fixed upon the judges. Calvin thinks such a sentiment fitted “to incline us to mercy,” but it is not easy to see why it is not as well suited to make one firm in adherence to principle. C.]

Ver. 11. “That no advantage may be gained over us by Satan: for we are not ignorant of his devices.”

Seest thou how he both committeth the power to them and again taketh away that by that he may soften them, by this eradicate their self will. But this is not all that he provides for by this, but shows also that should they be disobedient the harm would reach to all, just as he did at the outset also. For then too he said, “A little leaven leaveneth the whole lump.” (1 Cor. v. 6.) And here again, “Lest Satan should get an advantage of us.” And throughout, he maketh this forgiveness the joint act of himself and them. Consider it from the first. “But if any,” saith he, “have caused sorrow he hath caused sorrow not to me, but in part (that I press not too heavily) to you all.” Then again, “Sufficient to such a one is this punishment which was” inflicted by the “many.” This is his own decision and opinion. He rested not however with this decision, but again makes them partners saying, “So that contrariwise ye should rather forgive” him “and comfort” him. “Wherefore I beseech you to confirm your love towards him.” Having thus again made the whole their act, he passes to his own authority, saying, “For to this end did I write unto you, that I might know the proof of you, whether ye are obedient in all things.” Then, again, he makes the favor theirs, saying, “To whom ye forgive anything.” Then, his own, “I” forgive “also:” saying, “if I have forgiven anything, it is for your sakes.” Then both theirs and his, “For,” saith he, “if I have forgiven any thing, for your sakes forgave I it in the person of Christ,” either [that is] for the glory of Christ, or as though Christ commanding this also, which was most effectual to prevail with them. For after this they would have feared not to grant that which tended to His glory and which He willed. Then again he signifieth the common harm should they disobey, when he saith, “Lest Satan should get an advantage of us;” well naming it, getting advantage. For he no more takes his own, but violently seizeth ours, for he187 The incestuous person. is reformed188 So two mss. ap. Field.. And tell me not that this one only becomes the wild beast’s prey, but consider this also, that the number of the herd is diminished, and now especially when it might recover what it had lost. “For we are not ignorant of his devices,” That he destroys even under the show of piety. For not only by leading into fornication can he destroy, but even by the contrary, the unmeasured sorrow following on the repentance for it. When then besides his own he taketh ours too, when both by bidding to sin, he destroys; and when we bid repent, violently seizeth; how is not this case getting “advantage189 πλεονεξία.?” For he is not content with striking down by sin, but even by repentance he doth this except we be vigilant. Wherefore also with reason did he call it getting advantage, when he even conquereth our own weapons. For to take by sin is his proper work; by repentance, however, is no more his; for ours, not his, is that weapon. When then even by this he is able to take, think how disgraceful the defeat, how he will laugh at and run us down as weak and pitiful, if he is to subdue us with our own weapons. For it were matter for exceeding scorn and of the last disgrace, that he should inflict wounds on us through our own remedies. Therefore he said, “for we are not ignorant of his devices,” exposing his versatility, his craftiness, his evil devices, his malice, his capacity to injure under a show of piety.

[6.] These things then having in mind, let us too never despise any one; nor ever, though we fall into sin, despair; on the other hand, again, let us not be easy-minded afterwards, but, when we transgress, afflict our minds and not merely give vent to words. For I know many who say indeed that they bewail their sins, but do nothing of account. They fast and wear rough garments; but after money are more eager than hucksters, are more the prey of anger than wild beasts, and take more pleasure in detraction than others do in commendations. These things are not repentance, these things are the semblance and shadow only of repentance, not repentance itself. Wherefore in the case of these persons too it is well to say, Take heed “lest Satan should get an advantage of us, for we are not ignorant of his devices;” for some he destroys through sins, others through repentance; but these in yet another way, by suffering them to gain no fruit from repentance. For when he found not how he might destroy them by direct [attack,] he came another road, heightening their toils, whilst robbing them of the fruits, and persuading them, as if they had successfully accomplished all they had to do, therefore to be neglectful of what remains.

That we may not then fruitlessly afflict ourselves, let us address a few words to women of this character; for to women this disorder especially belongs. Praiseworthy indeed is even that which now ye do, your fasting and lying on the ground and ashes; but except the rest be added, these are of no avail. God hath showed how He remitteth sins. Why then forsaking that path, do ye carve another for yourselves. In old time the Ninevites sinned, and they did the things which ye too now are doing. Let us see however what it was that availed them. For as in the case of the sick, physicians apply many remedies; howbeit the man of understanding regardeth not that the sick person has tried this and that, but what was of service to him; such must be also our inquiry here. What then was it that availed those barbarians? They applied fasting unto the wounds, yea applied extreme fasting, lying on the ground too, putting on of sackcloth, and ashes, and lamentations; they applied also a change of life. Let us then see which of these things made them whole. And whence, saith one, shall we know? If we come to the Physician, if we ask Him: for He will not hide it from us, but will even eagerly disclose it. Rather that none may be ignorant, nor need to ask, He hath even set down in writing the medicine that restored them. What then is this? “God,” saith He, “saw that they turned every one from his evil way, and He repented of the evil that He had said He would do unto them.” (Jonah iii. 10.) He said not, He saw [their] fasting and sackcloth and ashes. And I say not this to overturn fasting, (God forbid!) but to exhort you that with fasting ye do that which is better than fasting, the abstaining from all evil. David also sinned. (2 Sam. xii. 17. &c.) Let us see then how he too repented. Three days he sat on ashes. But this he did not for the sin’s sake, but for the child’s, being as yet stupefied with that affliction. But the sin by other means did he wipe away, by humbleness, contrition of heart, compunction of soul, by falling into the like no more, by remembering it always, by bearing thankfully every thing that befalls him, by sparing those that grieve him, by forbearing to requite those who conspire against him; yea, even preventing those who desire to do this. For instance, when Shimei was bespattering him with reproaches without number (2 Sam. xvi. 5, 9.) and the captain who was with him was greatly indignant, he said, “Let him curse me, for the Lord hath bidden him:” for he had a contrite and humbled heart, and it was this especially which wiped away his sins. For this is confession, this is repentance. But if whilst we fast we are proud, we have been not only nothing profited but even injured.

[7.] Humble then thine heart, thou too, that thou mayest draw God unto thee. “For the Lord is nigh unto them that are of a contrite heart.” (Ps. xxxiii. 19.) Seest thou not in the gorgeous houses those who are in disgrace; how they answer not again when even the lower servants insult them, but put up with it because of the disgrace with which their fault hath surrounded them? So do thou too: and if any one revile thee, wax not fierce, but groan, not for the insult, but for that sin which cast thee into disgrace. Groan when thou hast sinned, not because thou art to be punished, (for this is nothing,) but because thou hast offended thy Master, one so gentle, one so kind, one that so loveth thee and longeth for thy salvation as to have given even His Son for thee. For this groan, and do this continually: for this is confession. Be not to-day cheerful, to-morrow of a sad countenance, then again cheerful; but continue ever in mourning and self contrition. For, “Blessed,” saith he, “are they that mourn,” that is, that do this perpetually. Continue then to do this perpetually, and to take heed to thyself, and to afflict thine heart; as one who had lost a beloved son might mourn. “Rend,” saith he, “your hearts, and not your garments.” (Joel ii. 13.) That which is rent will not lift itself on high; that which hath been broken cannot rise up again. Hence one saith, “Rend,” and another, “a broken and a contrite heart God will not despise.” (Ps. li. 17.) Yea, though thou be wise, or wealthy, or a ruler, rend thine heart. Suffer it not to have high thoughts nor to be inflated. For that which is rent is not inflated, and even if there be something to make it rise, from being rent it cannot retain the inflation. So also do thou be humble-minded. Consider that the publican was justified by one word, although that was not humiliation, but a true confession. Now if this hath power so great, how much more humiliation. Remit offences to those who have transgressed against thee, for this too remitteth sins. And concerning the former He saith, “I saw that he went sorrowful, and I healed his ways;” (Is. lvii. 17, 18. LXX.) and in Ahab’s case, this appeased the wrath of God: (1 Kings xxi. 29.) concerning the latter, “Remit, and it shall be remitted unto you.” There is also again another way which bringeth us this medicine; condemning what we have done amiss; for, “Declare thou first thy transgressions, that thou mayest be justified.” (Is. xliii. 26. LXX.) And for one in afflictions to give thanks looseth his sins; and almsgiving, which is greater than all.

Reckon up therefore the medicines which heal thy wounds, and apply all unremittingly190 συνεχῶς., humbleness, confession, forgetting wrongs, giving thanks in afflictions, showing mercy both in alms and actions, persevering in prayer. So did the widow propitiate the cruel and unyielding judge. And if she the unjust, much more thou the gentle. There is yet another way along with these, defending the oppressed; “for,” He saith, “judge the fatherless, and plead for the widow; and come, and let us reason together, and though your sins be as scarlet, I will make them white as snow.” (Is. i. 17, 18.) What excuse then can we deserve if with so many ways leading us up to heaven, and so many medicines to heal our wounds, even after the Laver we continue where we were. Let us then not only continue so, but let those indeed who have never yet fallen abide in their proper loveliness; yea, rather let them cultivate it more and more, (for these good works, where they find not sins, make the beauty greater:) and let us who in many things have done amiss, in order to the correction of our sins use the means mentioned: that we may stand at the tribunal of Christ with much boldness, whereunto may all we attain through the grace and love towards men of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father, together with the Holy Spirit, be glory, and power, and honor, now and ever, world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Δʹ. Ἐγὼ δὲ μάρτυρα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπικαλοῦμαι ἐπὶ τὴν ἐμὴν ψυχὴν, ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν, οὐκέτι ἦλ θον εἰς Κόρινθον. αʹ. Τί φὴς, ὦ μακάριε Παῦλε; φειδόμενος αὐτῶν οὐκ ἦλθες εἰς Κόρινθον; Οὐκοῦν ἐναντιολογίαν τινὰ ἡμῖν εἰσάγεις ἐνταῦθα. Ἀνωτέρω μὲν γὰρ ἔλεγες, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἦλθες, ἐπειδὴ οὐ κατὰ σάρκα βουλεύῃ, οὐδὲ κύριος εἶ σαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐξουσίας πανταχοῦ περιάγῃ, καὶ τὰς θλίψεις εἰς μέσον ἦγες: ἐνταῦθα δὲ σὸν φὴς εἶναι τὸ μὴ ἐλθεῖν, οὐκέτι τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος ἐξουσίας: καὶ γάρ φησιν, ὅτι Φειδόμενος ὑμῶν, οὐκ ἦλθον εἰς Κόρινθον. Τί οὖν ἔστιν εἰπεῖν; Ἢ ὅτι καὶ τοῦτο αὐτὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἦν, καὶ ἠθέλησε μὲν αὐτὸς ἐλθεῖν, ὑπέβαλε δὲ τὸ Πνεῦμα μὴ παραγενέσθαι, τὴν φειδὼ τὴν αὐτῶν προβαλλόμενον: ἢ περὶ ἑτέρας λέγει παρουσίας, δηλῶν ὅτι πρὶν ἢ γράψαι τὴν προτέραν ἐπιστολὴν, ἠθέλησεν ἐλθεῖν, καὶ κατέσχεν ἑαυτὸν δι' ἀγάπην, ὥστε μὴ ἀδιορθώτοις ἐπιστῆναι. Εἰκὸς δὲ καὶ μετὰ τὴν δευτέραν Ἐπιστολὴν, τοῦ Πνεύματος μηκέτι κωλύοντος αὐτὸν, ἑκόντα διὰ τὴν αἰτίαν ταύτην μεῖναι. Ὁ καὶ μᾶλλόν ἐστιν ὑποπτεῦσαι, ὅτι παρὰ μὲν τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸ Πνεῦμα ἐκώλυεν: ὕστερον δὲ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐπιλογισάμενος ὅτι τοῦτο βέλτιον, ἔμεινε. Σὺ δέ μοι σκόπει πῶς πάλιν ἑαυτοῦ μέμνηται, ὃ συνεχῶς λέγειν οὐ παύσομαι, ἀπὸ τῶν ἐναντίων ἑαυτῷ συνιστάμενος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο εἰκὸς ἦν ὑποπτεύειν αὐτοὺς, καὶ λέγειν, ὅτι Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἠθέλησας ἐλθεῖν: ἐμίσησας γὰρ ἡμᾶς: δείκνυσι τοὐναντίον, ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἠθέλησεν, ἐπειδὴ ἐφίλει αὐτούς. Τί δέ ἐστι τὸ, Φειδόμενος; Ἤκουσα, φησὶν, ὅτι ἐπόρνευσάν τινες παρ' ὑμῖν: οὐκ ἤθελον οὖν ἐλθὼν λυπῆσαι ὑμᾶς. Καὶ γὰρ ἀνάγκη παρόντα ἐξετάσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα, καὶ ἐπεξελθεῖν καὶ κολάσαι, καὶ πολλοὺς ἀπαιτῆσαι δίκην. Βέλτιον οὖν εἶναι ἐνόμισα ἀπεῖναι, καὶ ἐνδοῦναι μετανοῆσαι, ἢ παρὼν ἐπεξελθεῖν, καὶ παροξυνθῆναι μειζόνως. Καὶ γὰρ πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς Ἐπιστολῆς σαφῶς αὐτὸ παρεδήλωσεν εἰπών: Φοβοῦμαι μή πως ἐλθόντα με ταπεινώσῃ ὁ Θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς, καὶ πενθήσω πολλοὺς τῶν προημαρτηκότων, καὶ μὴ μετανοησάντων ἐπὶ τῇ ἀσελγείᾳ καὶ ἀκαθαρσίᾳ, ᾗ ἔπραξαν. Τοῦτο τοίνυν καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἐνδείκνυται, καὶ λέγει μὲν αὐτὸς ὡς ἀπολογούμενος, ἐπιστύφει δὲ αὐτοὺς σφοδρότατα, καὶ φοβεῖ. Καὶ γὰρ ᾐνίξατο τιμωρίας ὄντας αὐτοὺς ὑπευθύνους, καί τι καὶ πεισομένους, εἰ μὴ ταχέως διορθωθεῖεν. Ὃ καὶ αὐτὸ πάλιν ἐν τῷ τέλει τῆς Ἐπιστολῆς φησιν, ὅτι Ἐὰν ἔλθω εἰς τὸ πάλιν, οὐ φείσομαι. Πλὴν ἀλλ' ἐκεῖ μὲν σαφέστερον, ἐνταῦθα δὲ, ἐπειδὴ προοίμιον ἦν, οὐχ οὕτως αὐτὸ λέγει, ἀλλ' ὑπεσταλμένως: καὶ οὐδὲ τούτῳ ἀρκεῖται, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πάλιν θεραπεύει, ἐπιδιορθώσει κεχρημένος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐξουσίαν πολλὴν ἐνδεικνυμένου τὸ ῥῆμα ἦν: (φείδεται γάρ τις ἐκείνων, οὓς καὶ κολάσαι κύριός ἐστι), τοῦτο αὐτὸ παραμυθούμενος, καὶ τὸ δοκοῦν εἶναι τραχὺ συσκιάζων φησίν: Οὐχ ὅτι κυριεύομεν ὑμῶν τῆς πίστεως. Τουτέστι, Οὐ διὰ τοῦτο εἶπον, ὅτι φειδόμενος ὑμῶν οὐκ ἦλθον, ὡς κυριεύων ὑμῶν. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ὑμῶν, ἀλλὰ, Τῆς πίστεως: ὃ καὶ πραότερον ἦν καὶ ἀληθέστερον. Τὸν γὰρ μὴ βουλόμενον πιστεῦσαι τίς κύριος ἀναγκάσαι; Ἀλλὰ συνεργοί ἐσμεν τῆς χαρᾶς ὑμῶν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ, φησὶν, ἡ χαρὰ ὑμῶν ἡμετέρα ἐστὶν, οὐκ ἦλθον, ἵνα μὴ ἐμβάλω εἰς λύπην ὑμᾶς, καὶ αὐξήσω τὴν ἀθυμίαν τὴν ἐμήν: ἀλλ' ἔμεινα, ἵνα διορθωθέντες ἀπὸ τῆς ἀπειλῆς, εὐφρανθῆτε. Πάντα γὰρ ποιοῦμεν ὑπὲρ τῆς χαρᾶς τῆς ὑμετέρας, καὶ ὑπὲρ τούτου σπεύδομεν, ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτοὶ κοινωνοῦμεν αὐτῇ. Τῇ γὰρ πίστει ἑστήκατε. Ὅρα πάλιν ὑπεσταλμένως διαλεγόμενον. Δέδοικε γὰρ αὐτῶν καθάψασθαι πάλιν, ἐπειδὴ σφοδρῶς αὐτῶν ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ καθίκετο Ἐπιστολῇ, καί τινα μεταβολὴν ἐπεδείξαντο: καὶ ἔμελλεν αὐτοὺς τοῦτο ἀνατρέπειν, εἰ μεταβαλλόμενοι πάλιν τὴν αὐτὴν ἐπιτίμησιν ὑπέμενον. Διὸ πολλῷ τῆς προτέρας ἡμερωτέρα αὕτη. Ἔκρινα δὲ ἐμαυτῷ τὸ μὴ πάλιν ἐν λύπῃ ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Τὸ, Πάλιν, δείκνυσι καὶ ἤδη λυπηθέντα ἐκεῖθεν: καὶ δοκῶν ἀπολογεῖσθαι, λεληθότως αὐτῶν καθάπτεται. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἤδη ἐλύπησαν, καὶ πάλιν ἔμελλον λυπεῖν, ἐννόησον ὅσην εἰκὸς γενέσθαι τὴν ἀηδίαν. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὐ λέγει, ὅτι Ἐλυπήσατε: ἑτέρως δὲ μεθοδεύει τὸν λόγον τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο αἰνιττόμενος, καὶ λέγων, ὅτι Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἦλθον, ἵνα μὴ λυπήσω ὑμᾶς: ὃ τὴν αὐτὴν μὲν ἰσχὺν ἔχει τούτῳ ᾧ εἶπον, εὐπαράδεκτον δὲ μᾶλλόν ἐστι. Εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, καὶ τίς ἐστιν ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ; Ποία αὕτη ἀκολουθία; Μεγίστη μὲν οὖν. Σκόπει δέ: Οὐκ ἠθέλησα, φησὶν, ἐλθεῖν πρὸς ὑμᾶς, ἵνα μὴ λυπήσω ὑμᾶς πλέον, ἐπιτιμῶν, ἀγανακτῶν, ἀποστρεφόμενος. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ καὶ αὐτὸ σφοδρὸν ἦν, καὶ κατηγορίαν αὐτῶν εἶχεν, εἴ γε οὕτως ἔζων ὡς Παῦλον λυπεῖν, ἐπιδιορθώσει χρώμενος, φησίν: Εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, καὶ τίς ἐστιν ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ; Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστιν: Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐν λύπῃ ἔμελλον εἶναι, ἀναγκαζόμενος ὑμῖν ἐπιτιμᾷν καὶ ὁρᾷν λυπουμένους, ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ηὔφραινέ με. Μεγίστης γὰρ τοῦτο ἀγάπης τεκμήριον, τὸ τοσούτου παρ' ὑμῖν ἄξιον εἶναί με, ὡς δύνασθαι δάκνειν ὑμᾶς ἀποστρεφόμενον. βʹ. Καὶ ὅρα σύνεσιν. Ὃ γὰρ τοῦ νόμου τῶν μαθητῶν ἦν, τὸ ἀλγεῖν καὶ αἰσθάνεσθαι ἐπιτιμωμένους, τοῦτο ὡς χαριζομένους αὐτοὺς εἰσάγει. Οὐδεὶς γάρ με οὕτως εὐφραίνει, φησὶν, ὡς ἐκεῖνος ὁ ἐπιστρεφόμενος τῶν ἐμῶν ῥημάτων, καὶ λυπούμενος ὅταν βλέπῃ με ὀργιζόμενον. Καίτοι τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐγὼ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, καὶ τίς ἐστιν ὁ δυνάμενος ὑμᾶς εὐφρᾶναι; ἀλλ' οὐ λέγει τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ἀντιστρέφει πάλιν αὐτὸ, θεραπεύων αὐτοὺς, καὶ λέγων: Εἰ καὶ λυπῶ ὑμᾶς, χάριν μοι παρέχετε κἀν τούτῳ μεγίστην, ὅτι δάκνεσθε ὑπὸ τῶν παρ' ἐμοῦ λεγομένων. Καὶ γὰρ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν αὐτὸ τοῦτο. Ποῖον; Ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ ἦλθον, φειδόμενος ὑμῶν. Πότε ἔγραφεν; ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ, ὅτε ἔλεγεν: Οὐ θέλω ὑμᾶς ἄρτι ἐν παρόδῳ ἰδεῖν; Οὐκ ἔγωγε οἶμαι, ἀλλ' ἐν αὐτῇ τῇ Ἐπιστολῇ, ὅτε εἶπε. Μὴ ἐλθόντα με πάλιν ταπεινώσῃ ὁ Θεός μου πρὸς ὑμᾶς. Ἔγραψα οὖν αὐτὸ τοῦτο πρὸς τῷ τέλει, φησί: Μή πως ἐλθόντα με ταπεινώσῃ ὁ Θεός μου, καὶ πενθήσω πολλοὺς τῶν προημαρτηκότων. Διὰ τί δὲ ἔγραφες; Ἵνα μὴ ἐλθὼν λύπην σχῶ ἀφ' ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν, πεποιθὼς ἐπὶ πάντας ὑμᾶς, ὅτι ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἶπεν, ὅτι Εὐφραίνομαι, ἀλγούντων ὑμῶν, καὶ ἔτι αὐθαδέστερον τοῦτο ἦν καὶ τραχύτερον, πάλιν αὐτὸ ἀνέστρεψεν ἑτέρως, καὶ ἡμερώτερον αὐτὸ ἐποίησεν οἷς ἐπήγαγε. Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ, φησὶ, προέγραψα ὑμῖν, ἵνα μὴ ἐν ὀδύνῃ ὑμᾶς εὕρω μὴ διορθωθέντας. Διὰ τοῦτο εἶπον, Ἵνα μὴ λυπηθῶ, οὐ τὸ ἐμαυτοῦ σκοπῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὑμέτερον. Οἶδα γὰρ, ὅτι ἐὰν ἴδητε χαίροντα, χαίρετε: κἂν θεάσησθε ἀλγοῦντα, ἀλγεῖτε. Ὅρα τοίνυν ἄνωθεν τὴν ἀκολουθίαν τῶν εἰρημένων: οὕτω γὰρ εὐμαθέστερος ἡμῖν ἔσται ὁ λόγος. Οὐκ ἦλθον, φησὶν, ἵνα μὴ λυπήσω ὑμᾶς, ἀδιορθώτους εὑρών. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίουν, οὐ τὸ ἐμαυτοῦ σκοπῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὑμέτερον. Ἐγὼ μὲν γὰρ λυπουμένων ὑμῶν, ἔχω ἡδονὴν οὐ μικρὰν, ὅταν ἴδω τοσοῦτον ἐμοῦ φροντίζοντας, ὡς καὶ λυπεῖσθαι καὶ ἀλγεῖν ἀγανακτοῦντος ἐμοῦ. Τίς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ; Πλὴν ἀλλὰ καὶ οὕτω διακείμενος, ἐπειδὴ τὸ ὑμέτερον σκοπῶ, ἔγραψα ὑμῖν τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο, ἵνα μὴ λυπηθῶ: καὶ ἐν τούτῳ πάλιν οὐ τὸ ἐμὸν σκοπῶν, ἀλλὰ τὸ ὑμέτερον. Οἶδα γὰρ ὅτι καὶ ὑμεῖς μέλλετε λυπεῖσθαι, ἀλγοῦντά με ὁρῶντες, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ εὐφραίνεσθαι, χαίροντα θεωροῦντες. Σκόπει τοίνυν σύνεσιν: Εἶπεν: Ἵνα μὴ λυπήσω οὐκ ἦλθον, καίτοι γε εὐφραίνομαι, φησίν. Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ δόξῃ ἐκείνων ἀλγούντων εὐφραίνεσθαι, Κατὰ τοῦτο, φησὶ, χαίρω, καθὸ καθάπτομαι: ἐπεὶ καθ' ἕτερον λυποῦμαι, ὅταν τοὺς οὕτω φιλοῦντας ἀναγκάζωμαι λυπεῖν, οὐ τούτῳ μόνον τῷ ἐπιτιμᾷν, ἀλλὰ τῷ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐν λύπῃ εἶναι, καὶ ὑμᾶς διὰ τούτου πάλιν λυπεῖν. Σκόπει δὲ πῶς αὐτὸ καὶ μετ' ἐγκωμίου τίθησι λέγων: Ἀφ' ὧν ἔδει με χαίρειν. Τοῦτο γὰρ γνησιότητα μαρτυροῦντός ἐστι, καὶ πολλὴν φιλοστοργίαν: ὡς ἂν εἰ περὶ υἱῶν τις εἶπε πολλὰ εὐεργετηθέντων, καὶ περὶ οὓς ἐπόνησεν. Εἰ τοίνυν διὰ τοῦτο γράφω, καὶ οὐκ ἔρχομαι, μέγα τι οἰκονομῶν οὐκ ἔρχομαι, καὶ οὐ μισῶν οὐδὲ ἀποστρεφόμενος, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα φιλῶν. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ὁ λυπῶν εὐφραίνει, ἵνα μὴ λέγωσι: Τοῦτο οὖν αὐτὸ σπουδάζεις, ἵνα εὐφραίνῃ καὶ ἐπιδείξῃ πᾶσι πόσην ἔχῃς ἰσχύν; ἐπήγαγεν: Ἐκ γὰρ πολλῆς θλίψεως καὶ συνοχῆς καρδίας ἔγραψα ὑμῖν διὰ πολλῶν δακρύων: οὐχ ἵνα λυπηθῆτε, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἀγάπην ἵνα γνῶτε, ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς. Τί ταύτης φιλοστοργότερον τῆς ψυχῆς; Αὐτῶν γὰρ τῶν ἡμαρτηκότων οὐκ ἔλαττον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πολλῷ πλέον δείκνυσιν ἑαυτὸν ἀλγήσαντα. Οὐ γὰρ, Ἀπὸ θλίψεως, φησὶ μόνον, ἀλλ', Ἀπὸ πολλῆς: οὐδὲ, Δακρύων, ἀλλὰ Διὰ πολλῶν δακρύων καὶ συνοχῆς καρδίας: τουτέστιν, Ἀπηγχονιζόμην, ἀπεπνιγόμην ὑπὸ τῆς ἀθυμίας: καὶ μηκέτι φέρων τῆς ἀθυμίας τὸ νέφος, ἔγραψα ὑμῖν: Οὐχ ἵνα λυπηθῆτε, ἀλλ' ἵνα γνῶτε τὴν ἀγάπην, φησὶν, ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς. Καίτοι τὸ ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν: Οὐχ ἵνα λυπηθῆτε, ἀλλ' ἵνα διορθωθῆτε: καὶ γὰρ διὰ τοῦτο ἔγραψεν: ἀλλ' οὐ λέγει τοῦτο, ἀλλὰ καταγλυκαίνων μᾶλλον τὸν λόγον, καὶ εἰς μεῖζον φίλτρον αὐτοὺς ἐπισπώμενος, τοῦτο ἀντ' ἐκείνου τίθησι, δεικνὺς ὅτι πάντα ἀπὸ ἀγάπης ποιεῖ. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς φησιν, Ἀγάπην, ἀλλ', Ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς. Βούλεται γὰρ αὐτοὺς καὶ ταύτῃ ἐπισπάσασθαι, τῷ δεῖξαι ὅτι πλέον πάντων αὐτοὺς φιλεῖ, καὶ ὡς περὶ ἐξαιρέτους μαθητὰς διάκειται. Διό φησιν: Εἰ καὶ ἄλλοις οὐκ εἰμὶ ἀπόστολος, ἀλλά γε ὑμῖν εἰμι: καὶ, Ἐὰν πολλοὺς παιδαγωγοὺς ἔχητε, ἀλλ' οὐ πολλοὺς πατέρας: καὶ πάλιν, Ἐν χάριτι Θεοῦ ἀνεστράφημεν ἐν τῷ κόσμῳ, περισσοτέρως δὲ πρὸς ὑμᾶς: καὶ προϊών φησι: Καὶ περισσοτέρως ὑμᾶς ἀγαπῶν, ἧττον ἀγαπῶμαι: καὶ ἐνταῦθα, Ἣν ἔχω περισσοτέρως εἰς ὑμᾶς. γʹ. Ὥστε εἰ καὶ θυμοῦ τὰ ῥήματα ἔγεμεν, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἀγάπης ἦν πολλῆς καὶ ὀδύνης ὁ θυμός. Καὶ γράφων τὴν Ἐπιστολὴν, ἔπασχον, ἤλγουν, οὐχ ὅτι ἡμαρτήκατε μόνον, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ἠναγκαζόμην λυπεῖν. Καὶ τοῦτο δὲ αὐτὸ ἐξ ἀγάπης: ὥσπερ ἂν ἔχων τις παῖδα γνήσιον σηπεδόνα ἔχοντα, ἀναγκαζόμενος τέμνειν καὶ καίειν, δι' ἀμφότερα πάσχοι, καὶ ὅτι νοσεῖ, καὶ ὅτι ἀναγκάζεται αὐτὸν τέμνειν. Ὥστε ὃ νομίζετε εἶναι τοῦ μισεῖν ὑμᾶς σημεῖον, τοῦτο τοῦ σφόδρα φιλεῖν ἦν. Εἰ δὲ τὸ λυπῆσαι ἐξ ἀγάπης, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ εὐφραίνεσθαι λυπουμένων. Ἀπολογησάμενος τοίνυν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ (καὶ γὰρ ἀπολογεῖται πολλαχοῦ: καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται: εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς αὐτὸ ποιεῖ λέγων, Λαός μου, τί ἐποίησά σοι; πολλῷ μᾶλλον Παῦλος): ἀπολογησάμενος οὖν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ μέλλων μετιέναι λοιπὸν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀπολογίαν τὴν ὑπὲρ τοῦ πεπορνευκότος: ἵνα μὴ διαστραφῶσιν ὡς τἀναντία κελευόμενοι, καὶ προσφιλονεικήσωσιν, ἐπειδὴ αὐτὸς ἦν ὁ καὶ τότε ὀργισθεὶς, καὶ νῦν κελεύων αὐτὸν ἀφιέναι: ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸ προῳκονόμησεν, ἀπό τε τῶν εἰρημένων, ἀπό τε τῶν ῥηθησομένων. Τί γάρ φησιν; Εἰ δέ τις λελύπηκεν, οὐκ ἐμὲ λελύπηκε. Πρῶτον αὐτοὺς ἐπαινέσας, ὡς τὰ αὐτὰ χαίροντας, καὶ τὰ αὐτὰ λυπουμένους, τότε ἐμβάλλει εἰς τὸν περὶ τούτου λόγον, εἰπὼν πρῶτον, ὅτι Ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν. Εἰ δὲ ἡ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν χαρὰ, δεῖ μετ' ἐμοῦ καὶ νῦν ἡσθῆναι, ὥσπερ ἠλγήσατε μετ' ἐμοῦ τότε. Καὶ γὰρ δι' ὧν ἐλυπήθητε, ηὐφράνατε: καὶ δι' ὧν χαίρετε νῦν, ἂν ἄρα ἡσθῆτε, τὸ αὐτὸ ποιήσετε. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Ἡ ἐμὴ λύπη πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν: ἀλλ' ἐν τοῖς ἄλλοις κατασκευάσας τοῦτο, νῦν μόνον οὗ ἔχρῃζε, τοῦτο τέθεικε, τὴν χαρὰν, εἰπὼν, ὅτι Ἡ ἐμὴ χαρὰ πάντων ὑμῶν ἐστιν. Εἶτα καὶ τῶν προτέρων μέμνηται λέγων: Εἰ δέ τις λελύπηκεν, οὐκ ἐμὲ λελύπηκεν, ἀλλὰ ἀπὸ μέρους, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ πάντας ὑμᾶς. Οἶδα, φησὶν, ὅτι συνωργίσθητέ μοι καὶ συνηγανακτήσατε ἐπὶ τῷ πεπορνευκότι, καὶ ἐκ μέρους πάντας ὑμᾶς ἐλύπησε τὸ συμβάν. Διὰ τοῦτο δὲ εἶπον, Ἐκ μέρους, οὐχ ὡς ὑμῶν ἐλάττονα ἀλγησάντων, ἢ ἐγὼ, ἀλλ' ἵνα μὴ βαρήσω ἐκεῖνον τὸν πορνεύσαντα. Οὐκ ἐμὲ τοίνυν μόνον ἐλύπησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑμᾶς ὁμοίως, καὶ φειδόμενος αὐτοῦ εἶπον: Ἀπὸ μέρους. Εἶδες πῶς αὐτῶν εὐθέως ἐχάλασε τὸν θυμὸν, δείξας καὶ τῆς ἀγανακτήσεως κοινωνοὺς γενομένους; Ἱκανὸν τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων. Καὶ οὐ λέγει, Τῷ πεπορνευκότι, ἀλλὰ πάλιν, Τῷ τοιούτῳ, ὡς καὶ ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ: ἀλλ' οὐ διὰ τὴν αὐτὴν αἰτίαν, ἀλλ' ἐκεῖ μὲν αἰσχυνόμενος, ἐνταῦθα δὲ φειδόμενος. Διὸ οὐδὲ μέμνηται λοιπὸν οὐδαμοῦ τῆς ἁμαρτίας: καιρὸς γὰρ ἀπολογίας ἦν. Ὥστε τοὐναντίον μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς χαρίσασθαι καὶ παρακαλέσαι, μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον κελεύει λῦσαι τὴν ἐπιτίμησιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπὶ τὰ πρότερα ἐπανάγει. Τὸν γὰρ μαστιγωθέντα ἂν μόνον τις ἀφῇ, καὶ οὐ θεραπεύσῃ, οὐδὲν ἐποίησεν. Ὅρα δὲ πῶς κἀκεῖνον πάλιν καταστέλλει, ἵνα μὴ τῇ συγχωρήσει γένηται χείρων. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐξωμολογήσατο, καὶ μετενόησε, δείκνυσιν ὅτι οὐ τοσοῦτον ἀπὸ τῆς μετανοίας, ὅσον ἀπὸ τῆς δωρεᾶς λαμβάνει τὴν ἄφεσιν. Διό φησι: Χαρίσασθαι καὶ παρακαλέσαι. Καὶ τὸ ἑξῆς πάλιν τὸ αὐτὸ δηλοῖ. Οὐ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ ἄξιός ἐστιν, οὐδὲ ἐπειδὴ ἀρκοῦσαν μετάνοιαν ἐπεδείξατο, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀσθενής ἐστι, διὰ τοῦτό φησιν: Ἀξιῶ: διὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγε, Μή πως τῇ περισσοτέρᾳ λύπῃ καταποθῇ ὁ τοιοῦτος. Τοῦτο δὲ καὶ μαρτυροῦντος ἦν αὐτῷ πολλὴν τὴν μετάνοιαν, καὶ οὐκ ἀφιέντος εἰς ἀπόνοιαν ἐλθεῖν. Τί δέ ἐστι τὸ, Καταποθῇ; Ἢ τοῦτο ποιήσας ὅπερ καὶ Ἰούδας ἐποίησεν, ἢ καὶ ἐν τῷ ζῇν χείρων γενόμενος. Κἂν γὰρ ἀποσκιρτήσῃ, φησὶ, τῷ μὴ φέρειν ἐπιπλέον τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἐπιτεινομένης ἐπιπλήξεως ὀδύνην: πολλάκις καὶ ἀπογνοὺς, ἢ εἰς ἀγχόνην, ἢ εἰς μείζονα λοιπὸν ἥξει κακίαν. Δεῖ τοίνυν προκαταλαβεῖν, ἵνα μὴ χαλεπώτερον τὸ ἕλκος γένηται, μηδὲ, ὅπερ κατωρθώσαμεν, ἀπολέσωμεν τῇ ἀμετρίᾳ. Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγεν, ἐκεῖνον, ὅπερ ἔφθην εἰπὼν, καὶ καταστέλλων καὶ παιδεύων μὴ γενέσθαι μετὰ τὴν ἄφεσιν ῥᾳθυμότερον. Οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἀπονιψάμενον τέλεον, ἀλλ' ὡς δεδοικὼς μὴ χαλεπώτερόν τι ἐργάσηται, οὕτω ἐδεξάμην, φησίν. Ὅθεν μανθάνομεν, ὅτι οὐ δεῖ μόνον πρὸς τὴν φύσιν τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων, ἀλλὰ καὶ πρὸς τὴν διάνοιαν καὶ τὴν ἕξιν τῶν ἁμαρτανόντων τὴν μετάνοιαν ὁρίζειν: ὃ καὶ τότε ὁ Ἀπόστολος ἐποίησε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐφοβεῖτο αὐτοῦ τὸ ἀσθενές: καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγε, Μὴ καταποθῇ, ὡς ἐπὶ θηρίου, ὡς ἐπὶ χειμῶνος, ὡς ἐπὶ κλύδωνος. Διὸ παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς. Οὐκέτι ἐπιτάττει, ἀλλὰ παρακαλεῖ, οὐχ ὡς διδάσκαλος, ἀλλ' ὡς ὁμότιμος, κἀκείνους ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου καθίσας τοῦ δικαστικοῦ, ἑαυτὸν ἔστησεν ἐν τάξει συνηγόρου. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ κατώρθωσεν ὅπερ ἐβούλετο, ἀπλήστως ὑπὸ χαρᾶς τῇ ἱκετηρίᾳ κέχρηται. Καὶ τί ποτέ ἐστιν ὃ παρακαλεῖς, εἰπέ μοι; Κυρῶσαι εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην. Τουτέστι, βεβαιῶσαι, μὴ ἁπλῶς μηδὲ ὡς ἔτυχε προσέσθαι. Τοῦτο δὲ πάλιν μαρτυροῦντός ἐστιν αὐτοῖς ἀρετὴν μεγίστην: εἴ γε οἱ οὕτω φιλοῦντες αὐτὸν καὶ συγκροτοῦντες, ὡς καὶ φυσιωθῆναι, οὕτως ἀπεστράφησαν, ὡς τοσαῦτα κάμνειν τὸν Παῦλον, ἵνα κυρώσωσιν εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην. Τοῦτο ἀρετὴ μαθητῶν, τοῦτο ἀρετὴ διδασκάλων, τὸ οὕτως ἐκείνους εὐηνίους εἶναι, τὸ οὕτως αὐτὸν ῥυθμίζειν αὐτούς. Τοῦτο εἰ καὶ νῦν ἐγίνετο, οὐκ ἂν οἱ ἁμαρτάνοντες ἀναισθήτως ἐπλημμέλησαν. Οὔτε γὰρ φιλεῖν ἁπλῶς δεῖ, οὔτε ἀποστρέφεσθαι ἄνευ λόγου τινός. Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν, ἵνα γνῶ τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν, εἰ εἰς πάντα ὑπήκοοί ἐστε: μὴ μόνον ἐν τῷ ἀποτέμνειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τῷ συνάπτειν. Εἶδες πῶς πάλιν καὶ ἐνταῦθα αὐτοῖς περιίστησι τὸν ἀγῶνα; Ὥσπερ γὰρ, ἡνίκα ἥμαρτεν, ἐναγωνίους αὐτοὺς ἐποίησεν, εἰ μὴ ἐκτέμοιεν, εἰπὼν, Μικρὰ ζύμη ὅλον τὸ φύραμα ζυμοῖ, καὶ ἕτερα πλείονα: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν τὸν τῆς παρακοῆς αὐτοῖς ἐφίστησι φόβον, μονονουχὶ λέγων, ὅτι Ὥσπερ τότε οὐχ ὑπὲρ αὐτοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑπὲρ ὑμῶν, καὶ νῦν οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἐκείνου μᾶλλον ἢ ὑμῶν αὐτῶν βουλευτέον ὑμῖν ἐστι, μὴ δόξητε φιλόνεικοί τινες εἶναι καὶ ἀπάνθρωποι, καὶ οὐκ ἐν ἅπασιν ὑπήκοοι. Διό φησιν, Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν, ἵνα γνῶ τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν, εἰ εἰς πάντα ὑπήκοοί ἐστε. Ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ ἔδοξεν ἂν καὶ φθόνου εἶναι, καὶ βασκανίας: τοῦτο δὲ δείκνυσιν καθαρὰν μάλιστα τὴν ὑπακοὴν, καὶ εἰ πρὸς φιλανθρωπίαν ἐστὲ ἐπιτήδειοι. Τοῦτο γὰρ μαθητῶν εὐγνωμόνων, τὸ μὴ μόνον ἐκεῖνα, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἐναντία κελεύσαντι πείθεσθαι. Διὰ τοῦτο εἶπεν, Εἰς πάντα, δεικνὺς ὅτι, ἐὰν μὴ ὑπακούσωσιν, οὐχ οὕτως ἐκεῖνον ὡς ἑαυτοὺς καταισχύνουσι, φιλονείκων λαμβάνοντες δόξαν. Ποιεῖ δὲ τοῦτο, ἵνα κἀντεῦθεν αὐτοὺς ὠθήσῃ πρὸς τὸ πεισθῆναι: διὸ καὶ λέγει, Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν. Καίτοι οὐ διὰ τοῦτο ἔγραψε, λέγει δὲ διὰ τοῦτο, ὥστε αὐτοὺς ἐπισπάσασθαι: τὸ γὰρ προηγούμενον ἦν ἡ ἐκείνου σωτηρία. Ἀλλ' ἔνθα μηδὲν βλάπτεται, κἀκείνοις χαρίζεται. Τῷ δὲ εἰπεῖν, Εἰς πάντα, πάλιν ἐγκωμιάζει, τῆς προτέρας ὑπακοῆς ἀναμνήσας, καὶ εἰς μέσον αὐτὴν ἀγαγών. Ὧ| δέ τι χαρίζεσθε, κἀγώ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς πάλιν τὰ δευτερεῖα ἑαυτῷ δίδωσιν, ἐκείνους μὲν ἄρχοντας, ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἑπόμενον δεικνύς; Τοῦτό ἐστι μαλάξαι τραχυνομένην γνώμην, τοῦτο ἐκλῦσαι φιλονεικοῦσαν. Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ ὑπτίους ποιήσῃ, ὡς κυρίους ὄντας, καὶ μὴ ἀφῶσιν αὐτὸν, πάλιν αὐτοὺς ἄγχει πρὸς τοῦτο, λέγων, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὸς ἐχαρίσατο. Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι, ὃ κεχάρισμαι, δι' ὑμᾶς. Καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸ δι' ὑμᾶς ἐποίησα, φησί. Καὶ ὥσπερ ἡνίκα ἐκέλευεν ἀποτεμεῖν, οὔτε ἀφῆκεν αὐτοὺς γενέσθαι κυρίους χαρίσασθαι, εἰπὼν, Ἤδη κέκρικα παραδοῦναι τὸν τοιοῦτον τῷ σατανᾷ, καὶ ἔλαβε πάλιν κοινωνοὺς αὐτοὺς τῆς ψήφου εἰπὼν, Συναχθέντων ὑμῶν παραδοῦναι αὐτὸν, δύο τὰ μέγιστα κατασκευάζων, καὶ τὸ ἐξενεχθῆναι τὴν ἀπόφασιν, καὶ τὸ μὴ χωρὶς ἐκείνων, ὥστε μὴ δόξαι ταύτῃ πλήττειν, καὶ οὔτε μόνος αὐτὴν ἐκφέρει, ἵνα μὴ νομίσωσιν αὐθάδη εἶναι καὶ ὑπερῶφθαι αὐτοὶ, οὔτε τὸ πᾶν αὐτοῖς ἐπιτρέπει, ἵνα μὴ κύριοι γενόμενοι προδῶσι τὸν ἡμαρτηκότα, ἀκαίρως αὐτῷ χαριζόμενοι: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα ποιεῖ λέγων, ὅτι Ἐγὼ ἤδη ἐχαρισάμην, ὃς ἐν τῇ προτέρᾳ ἤδη κέκρικα Εἶτα ἵνα μὴ πληγῶσιν, ὡς ὑπεροφθέντες, φησὶ, Δι' ὑμᾶς. Τί οὖν; δι' ἀνθρώπους συνεχώρησεν; Οὐχί: διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ προσέθηκεν, Ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ. Τί ἐστιν, Ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ; Ἢ κατὰ Θεὸν, φησὶν, ἢ εἰς δόξαν τοῦ Χριστοῦ. Ἵνα μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ: οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν. Εἶδες πῶς καὶ τὴν ἐξουσίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπιτρέπει, καὶ πάλιν ἀφαιρεῖται αὐτὴν, ἵνα ἐκείνῳ μὲν μαλάξῃ, τούτῳ δὲ τὸ αὔθαδες αὐτῶν ἐκκόψῃ; Οὐ τοῦτο δὲ μόνον ἐντεῦθεν κατασκευάζει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ δεῖξαι κοινὴν τὴν βλάβην οὖσαν, εἰ παρακούσαιεν: ὅπερ καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ πεποίηκε. Καὶ γὰρ τότε ἔλεγε, Μικρὰ ζύμη ὅλον τὸ φύραμα ζυμοῖ: καὶ ἐνταῦθα πάλιν, Ἵνα μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ. Καὶ πανταχοῦ καὶ αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐκείνων ποιεῖ τὴν ἄφεσιν. εʹ. Σκόπει δὲ ἄνωθεν: Εἰ δέ τις λελύπηκε, φησὶν, οὐκ ἐμὲ λελύπηκεν, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ μέρους, ἵνα μὴ ἐπιβαρῶ πάντας ὑμᾶς: εἶτα πάλιν, Ἱκανὸν τῷ τοιούτῳ ἡ ἐπιτιμία αὕτη ἡ ὑπὸ τῶν πλειόνων. Τοῦτο αὐτοῦ ψῆφος καὶ γνώμη. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστη μέχρι τῆς ψήφου, ἀλλὰ πάλιν αὐτοὺς κοινωνοὺς ποιεῖ, λέγων: Ὥστε τοὐναντίον μᾶλλον ὑμᾶς χαρίσασθαι καὶ παρακαλέσαι. Διὸ παρακαλῶ ὑμᾶς κυρῶσαι εἰς αὐτὸν ἀγάπην. Πάλιν ἐκείνων τὸ ὅλον ποιήσας, εἰς τὴν ἐξουσίαν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ μεταβαίνει, λέγων: Εἰς τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἔγραψα ὑμῖν, ἵνα γνῶ τὴν δοκιμὴν ὑμῶν, εἰ εἰς πάντα ὑπήκοοί ἐστε. Εἶτα πάλιν αὐτῶν ποιεῖ τὴν χάριν, λέγων, Ὧ| δέ τι χαρίζεσθε: εἶτα αὐτοῦ, Καὶ ἐγὼ, λέγων, εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι, δι' ὑμᾶς: εἶτα καὶ ἐκείνων καὶ ἑαυτοῦ: Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ, φησὶν, εἴ τι κεχάρισμαι, δι' ὑμᾶς ἐν προσώπῳ Χριστοῦ: ἢ εἰς δόξαν Χριστοῦ, ἢ ὡς τοῦ Χριστοῦ καὶ τοῦτο κελεύοντος: ὃ μάλιστα αὐτοὺς ἔπειθε. Καὶ γὰρ ἐδεδοίκεισαν λοιπὸν μὴ χαρίσασθαι πρᾶγμα εἰς δόξαν αὐτοῦ διαβαῖνον, καὶ αὐτῷ δοκοῦν. Εἶτα πάλιν τὸ κοινὸν βλάβος, εἰ παρακούσαιεν, τίθησι λέγων, Ἵνα μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ: καλῶς πλεονεξίαν ὀνομάσας: οὐ γὰρ τὰ αὐτοῦ λαμβάνει λοιπὸν, ἀλλὰ τὰ ἡμῶν ἁρπάζει. Μὴ δέ μοι τοῦτο εἴπῃς, ὅτι οὗτος μόνος θηριάλωτος γίνεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο σκόπησον, ὅτι ἐλαττοῦται τῆς ἀγέλης ὁ ἀριθμὸς, καὶ νῦν μάλιστα, ὅτε δύναται ὅπερ ἀπέβαλεν ἀνακτήσασθαι. Οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν: ὅτι καὶ προσχήματι εὐλαβείας ἀπόλλυσιν. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον τῷ εἰς πορνείαν ἀγαγεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐναντίου δύναται διαφθεῖραι, τῆς ἀμέτρου λύπης τῆς ἐπὶ τῇ μετανοίᾳ. Ὅταν οὖν μετὰ τῶν ἰδίων καὶ τοὺς ἡμετέρους λαμβάνῃ, ὅταν καὶ ἁμαρτάνειν κελεύων ἀπολλύῃ, καὶ μετανοεῖν κελευόντων ἡμῶν ἁρπάζῃ, πῶς οὐχὶ πλεονεξία τὸ πρᾶγμα; Οὐ γὰρ ἀρκεῖ αὐτῷ δι' ἁμαρτίας καταβάλλειν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ μετανοίας, ἂν μὴ νήφωμεν, τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Διὸ καὶ πλεονεξίαν εἰκότως ἐκάλεσεν, ὅταν καὶ διὰ τῶν ἡμετέρων κρατῇ. Τὸ γὰρ δι' ἁμαρτίας λαμβάνειν, ἴδιον αὐτοῦ ἐστι: τὸ μέντοι διὰ μετανοίας, οὐκέτι: ἡμέτερον γὰρ, οὐκ ἐκείνου τὸ ὅπλον. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ ἐντεῦθεν δύνηται λαμβάνειν, σκόπησον πῶς ἡ ἧττα αἰσχρὰ, πῶς ὡς ἀσθενῶν καὶ ταλαιπώρων καταγελάσεται καὶ καταδραμεῖται, εἴ γε τοῖς ἡμετέροις ὅπλοις ἡμᾶς μέλλει χειροῦσθαι. Καὶ γὰρ σφόδρα καταγέλαστον καὶ τῆς ἐσχάτης αἰσχύνης, διὰ τῶν ἡμετέρων φαρμάκων τὰ τραύματα αὐτὸν κατασκευάζειν. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγεν: Οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν: τὸ ποικίλον, τὸ δολερὸν, τὸ κακομήχανον, τὸ κακοῦργον, τὸ ἐπὶ προσχήματι εὐλαβείας ἐπηρεαστικὸν ἐμφαίνων. Ταῦτ' οὖν καὶ ἡμεῖς ἐννοοῦντες, μηδέποτε μηδενὸς καταφρονῶμεν, μηδέποτε ἁμαρτάνοντες ἀπογινώσκωμεν: μηδ' αὖ ῥᾳθυμῶμεν πάλιν, ἀλλὰ συντρίβωμεν τὴν διάνοιαν πλημμελοῦντες, μὴ ἁπλῶς ῥήματα προβαλλώμεθα. Καὶ γὰρ οἶδα πολλοὺς ἐγὼ, οἳ λέγουσι μὲν πενθεῖν τὰ ἁμαρτήματα, οὐδὲν δὲ μέγα ἐργάζονται, ἀλλὰ νηστεύουσι μὲν καὶ τραχέα φοροῦσιν ἱμάτια, χρημάτων δὲ μᾶλλον τῶν καπηλευόντων ἐφίενται, καὶ ὀργῇ πλέον θηρίων ἁλίσκονται, καὶ κακηγορίαις χαίρουσι μᾶλλον, ἢ ἐγκωμίοις ἕτεροι. Οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα μετάνοια: εἰκών ἐστι μετανοίας ταῦτα καὶ σκιὰ μόνον, οὐ μετάνοια. Διὸ καὶ ἐπὶ τούτων καλὸν εἰπεῖν: Σκοπεῖτε μὴ πλεονεκτηθῶμεν ὑπὸ τοῦ σατανᾶ: οὐ γὰρ αὐτοῦ τὰ νοήματα ἀγνοοῦμεν. Τοὺς μὲν γὰρ δι' ἁμαρτημάτων, τοὺς δὲ διὰ μετανοίας ἀπόλλυσι, τούτους δὲ ἑτέρῳ τρόπῳ πάλιν, τῷ μηδὲν ἀπὸ μετανοίας ἀφεῖναι καρποῦσθαι. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἀπολέσαι ἐξ εὐθείας οὐχ εὗρεν, ἑτέραν ἦλθεν ὁδὸν τοὺς μὲν πόνους ἐπιτείνων, τοὺς δὲ καρποὺς ἀφαιρούμενος, καὶ πείθων ὡς τὸ πᾶν κατωρθωκότας, οὕτω τῶν ἄλλων ἀμελεῖν. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ εἰκῆ κόπτωμεν ἑαυτοὺς, μικρὰ πρὸς τὰς τοιαύτας διαλεχθῶμεν γυναῖκας: γυναικῶν γὰρ μάλιστα τουτὶ τὸ νόσημα. Καλὸν μὲν καὶ τοῦτο ὃ πράττετε νῦν, νηστεία καὶ χαμευνία καὶ σποδός: ἀλλ' ὅταν τὰ ἄλλα μὴ προσῇ, τούτων ὄφελος οὐδέν. Ἔδειξε πῶς ἀφίησιν ἁμαρτίας ὁ Θεός: τί τοίνυν ἐκείνην ἀφέντες τὴν ὁδὸν, ἑτέραν ἑαυτοῖς τέμνετε; Ἥμαρτον οἱ Νινευῖταί ποτε, καὶ ἐποίησαν ταῦτα, ἃ καὶ ὑμεῖς ποιεῖτε νῦν: ἀλλ' ἴδωμεν τί αὐτοὺς ὠφέλησε. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν καμνόντων πολλὰ μὲν ἐπάγουσιν οἱ ἰατροὶ, ὁ δὲ συνετὸς οὐ τοῦτο σκοπεῖ, ὅτι τὸ καὶ τὸ ἐποίησεν ὁ ἀῤῥωστῶν, ἀλλὰ τί αὐτὸν ὠφέλησεν: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα σκοπεῖν δεῖ. Τί οὖν ὠφέλησε τοὺς βαρβάρους ἐκείνους; Ἐπέθηκαν νηστείαν τοῖς τραύμασι, καὶ σφοδρὰν νηστείαν ἐπέθηκαν, καὶ χαμευνίαν καὶ σάκκου περιβολὴν καὶ τέφραν καὶ ὀδυρμούς: ἐπέθηκαν καὶ μεταβολὴν βίου. Ϛʹ. Ἴδωμεν οὖν τί τούτων ἐποίησεν αὐτοὺς ὑγιεῖς. Καὶ πόθεν εἰσόμεθα, φησίν; Ἂν πρὸς τὸν ἰατρὸν ἔλθωμεν, ἂν αὐτὸν ἐρωτήσωμεν: οὐ γὰρ ἀποκρύψεται ἡμᾶς, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα ἐρεῖ. Μᾶλλον δὲ ἵνα μηδεὶς ἀγνοῇ, μηδὲ ἐρέσθαι δέηται, καὶ ἀνέγραψε τὸ φάρμακον τὸ ἀναστῆσαν αὐτούς. Τί οὖν τοῦτό ἐστιν; Εἶδε, φησὶν, ὁ Θεὸς ὅτι ἀπέστρεψεν ἕκαστος ἀπὸ τῆς ὁδοῦ αὐτοῦ τῆς πονηρᾶς, καὶ μετενόησεν ἐπὶ τῇ κακίᾳ, ᾗ ἐλάλησε ποιῆσαι αὐτοῖς. Οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Εἶδε νηστείαν καὶ σάκκον καὶ σποδόν. Καὶ ταῦτα οὐ νηστείαν ἀναιρῶν λέγω: μὴ γένοιτο: ἀλλὰ τὸ τῆς νηστείας κρεῖττον ποιεῖν παραινῶν, τὸ πάσης κακίας ἀπέχεσθαι. Ἥμαρτε καὶ ὁ Δαυΐδ: ἴδωμεν οὖν καὶ οὗτος πῶς μετενόησε. Τρεῖς ἡμέρας ἐκάθισεν ἐπὶ τέφρας. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνος οὐχ ὑπὲρ τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐποίει, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τοῦ παιδίου, μεθύων ἔτι τῷ πάθει: τὴν δὲ ἁμαρτίαν ἑτέρως ἀπέσμηχε, ταπεινοφροσύνῃ, συντριβῇ καρδίας, κατανύξει ψυχῆς, τῷ μηκέτι τοῖς αὐτοῖς περιπεσεῖν, τῷ μεμνῆσθαι διηνεκῶς αὐτῆς, τῷ φέρειν εὐχαρίστως τὰ ἐπιόντα ἅπαντα, τῷ φείδεσθαι τῶν λυπούντων, τῷ μὴ ἀμύνεσθαι τοὺς ἐπιβουλεύοντας, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὺς βουλομένους τοῦτο ποιεῖν, κωλύειν. Ὅτε γοῦν αὐτὸν ὁ Σεμεεὶ μυρίοις ἔπλυνεν ὀνείδεσι, τοῦ στρατηγοῦ τοῦ παρόντος ἀγανακτοῦντος, ἔλεγεν, Ἄφες αὐτὸν καταρᾶσθαί με, ὅτι Κύριος ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ. Καρδίαν γὰρ συντετριμμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην εἶχεν, ὃ μάλιστα αὐτοῦ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα ἀπέσμηχε: καὶ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐξομολόγησις, τοῦτο μετάνοια. Ἂν δὲ νηστεύοντες ἀλαζόνες ὦμεν, οὐ μόνον οὐδὲν ὠφελήθημεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐβλάβημεν. Ταπείνωσον τοίνυν τὴν καρδίαν καὶ σὺ, ἵνα τὸν Θεὸν ἐπισπάσῃ: Ἐγγὺς γὰρ Κύριος τοῖς συντετριμμένοις τῇ καρδίᾳ. Οὐχ ὁρᾷς ἐν ταῖς οἰκίαις ταῖς λαμπραῖς τοὺς ἠτιμωμένους, πῶς οὐδὲ τῶν ἐλαττόνων οἰκετῶν ὑβριζόντων αὐτοὺς οὐκ ἀντιλέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ φέρουσι διὰ τὴν ἀτιμίαν, ᾗ περιέβαλεν αὐτοὺς ἡ ἁμαρτία; Οὕτω καὶ σὺ ποίει: κἂν λοιδορήσῃ σέ τις, μὴ ἀγριάνῃς, ἀλλὰ στέναξον, μὴ ἐπὶ τῇ ὕβρει, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῇ ἁμαρτίᾳ τῇ σε εἰς ἀτιμίαν ἐμβαλούσῃ. Στέναξον ὅταν ἁμάρτῃς, μὴ ὅτι κολάζεσθαι μέλλεις: τοῦτο γὰρ οὐδέν: ἀλλ' ὅτι προσέκρουσάς σου τῷ Δεσπότῃ τῷ οὕτως ἡμέρῳ, τῷ οὕτω σε φιλοῦντι καὶ ἐκκρεμαμένῳ τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς σῆς, ὡς καὶ τὸν Υἱὸν ἐπιδοῦναι ὑπὲρ σοῦ. Διὰ ταῦτα στέναξον, καὶ τοῦτο ποίει διηνεκῶς: τοῦτο γὰρ ἐξομολόγησις. Μὴ νῦν μὲν φαιδρὸς, αὔριον δὲ σκυθρωπὸς, εἶτα φαιδρὸς, ἀλλὰ διαπαντὸς μένε ἐν τῷ πενθεῖν καὶ συντρίβειν σαυτόν. Μακάριοι γὰρ, φησὶν, οἱ πενθοῦντες, τουτέστιν, οἱ διηνεκῶς τοῦτο ποιοῦντες. Μένε τοῦτο ποιῶν διηνεκῶς, καὶ σαυτῷ προσέχων, καὶ συντρίβων σου τὴν καρδίαν, ὡς ἄν τις γνήσιον υἱὸν ἀποβαλὼν πενθοίη. Διαῤῥήξατε, φησὶ, τὰς καρδίας ὑμῶν, καὶ μὴ τὰ ἱμάτια ὑμῶν. Τὸ δὲ διεῤῥωγὸς οὐκ ἂν ἐπαρθείη: τὸ συντετριμμένον οὐκ ἂν ἐξανασταίη. Διὰ τοῦτο ὁ μὲν λέγει, Διαῤῥήξατε, ὁ δὲ λέγει, Καρδίαν συντετριμμένην καὶ τεταπεινωμένην ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἐξουδενώσει. Κἂν σοφὸς ᾖς, κἂν πλούσιος, κἂν δυνάστης, διάῤῥηξον τὴν καρδίαν, μὴ ἀφῇς αὐτὴν μέγα φρονεῖν μηδὲ φυσᾶσθαι. Τὸ γὰρ διεῤῥωγὸς οὐ φυσᾶται, κἂν ᾖ τι τὸ ἐπαῖρον, οὐ δύναται στέγειν τὸ φύσημα τῷ διεῤῥῆχθαι. Οὕτω καὶ σὺ ταπεινοφρόνησον: ἐννόησον ὅτι τελώνης ἀπὸ ῥήματος ἑνὸς ἐδικαιώθη: καίτοι γε οὐδὲ ταπεινοφροσύνη ἐκεῖνο ἦν, ἀλλ' ὁμολογία ἀληθής. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο τοσαύτην ἔχει ἰσχὺν, πόσῳ μᾶλλον ταπεινοφροσύνη; Ἄφες ἁμαρτήματα τοῖς πεπλημμεληκόσιν εἰς σέ: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ἁμαρτίας ἀφίησι. Καὶ περὶ μὲν τοῦ προτέρου φησὶν, Εἶδον ὅτι ἐπορεύθη στυγνὸς, καὶ ἰασάμην τὰς ὁδοὺς αὐτοῦ: καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ἀχαὰβ δὲ τοῦτο τὴν ὀργὴν ἔλυσε τοῦ Θεοῦ: περὶ δὲ τοῦ δευτέρου, Ἄφετε, καὶ ἀφεθήσεται ὑμῖν. Ἔστι καὶ πάλιν ἄλλη ὁδὸς τοῦτο φέρουσα τὸ φάρμακον ἡμῖν, ἡ κατάγνωσις τῶν πεπλημμελημένων: Λέγε γὰρ σὺ τὰς ἀνομίας σου πρῶτος, ἵνα δικαιωθῇς. Καὶ τὸ κακῶς πάσχοντα εὐχαριστεῖν λύει τὰ ἁμαρτήματα, καὶ ἡ πασῶν μείζων ἐλεημοσύνη. Ἀρίθμει τοίνυν τὰ φάρμακα τὰ ἰώμενά σου τὰ τραύματα, καὶ πάντα ἐπιτίθει συνεχῶς, ταπεινοφροσύνην, ἐξομολόγησιν, τὸ μὴ μνησικακεῖν, τὸ πάσχοντα κακῶς εὐχαριστεῖν, τὸ ἐλεεῖν διὰ χρημάτων, διὰ πραγμάτων, τὸ εὔχεσθαι καρτερικῶς. Οὕτως ἡ χήρα τὸν ὠμὸν καὶ ἀπηνῆ ἐξιλεώσατο δικαστήν. Εἰ δὲ ἐκείνη τὸν ἄδικον, πολλῷ μᾶλλον σὺ τὸν ἥμερον. Ἔστι καὶ ἑτέρα μετὰ τούτων ὁδὸς, τὸ προΐστασθαι τῶν ἀδικουμένων: Κρίνατε γὰρ, φησὶν, ὀρφανῷ, καὶ δικαιώσατε χήραν: καὶ δεῦτε, καὶ διαλεχθῶμεν, καὶ ἐὰν ὦσι αἱ ἁμαρτίαι ὑμῶν ὡς φοινικοῦν, ὡς χιόνα λευκανῶ. Ποίας οὖν ἂν εἴημεν ἀπολογίας ἄξιοι, εἰ τοσαύτας ἔχοντες ὁδοὺς εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀναγούσας, καὶ τοιαῦτα φάρμακα ἰώμενα τὰ τραύματα, καὶ μετὰ τὸ λουτρὸν τοῖς αὐτοῖς ἐπιμένομεν; Μὴ τοίνυν ἐπιμένωμεν, ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν μηδέπω πεσόντες, ἐν τῷ οἰκείῳ μενέτωσαν κάλλει, μᾶλλον δὲ ἐπιπλέον ἀσκείτωσαν τοῦτο: κἂν γὰρ μὴ εὕρῃ ἁμαρτήματα, ταυτὶ τὰ κατορθώματα πλείονα ποιεῖ τὴν εὐμορφίαν: ἡμεῖς δὲ οἱ πολλὰ πεπλημμεληκότες, εἰς τὴν τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων διόρθωσιν χρησώμεθα τοῖς εἰρημένοις, ἵνα τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ μετὰ παῤῥησίας παραστῶμεν πολλῆς: ἧς γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.