XII

I will now speak of the mode of encampment sanctioned by the regulation of Lycurgus. To avoid the waste incidental to the angles of a square, ²¹⁸ the encampment, according to him, should be circular, except where there was the security of a hill, ²¹⁹ or fortification, or where they had a river in their rear. He had sentinels posted during the day along the place of arms and facing inwards; ²²⁰ since they are appointed not so much for the sake of the enemy as to keep an eye on friends. The enemy is sufficiently watched by mounted troopers perched on various points commanding the widest prospect.

To guard against hostile approach by night, sentinel duty according to the ordinance was performed by the Sciritae ²²¹ outside the main body. At the present time the rule is so far modified that the duty is entrusted to foreigners, ²²² if there be a foreign contingent present, with a leaven of Spartans themselves to keep them company. ²²³

The custom of always taking their spears ²²⁴ with them when they go their rounds must certainly be attributed to the same cause which makes them exclude their slaves from the place of arms. Nor need we be surprised if, when retiring for necessary purposes, they only withdraw just far enough from one another, or from the place of arms itself, not to create annoyance. The need of precaution is the whole explanation.

The frequency with which they change their encampments is another point. It is done quite as much for the sake of benefiting their friends as of annoying their enemies.

Further, the law enjoins upon all Lacedaemonians, during the whole period of an expedition, the constant practice of gymnastic ²²⁵ exercises, whereby their pride ²²⁶ in themselves is increased, and they appear freer and of a more liberal aspect than the rest of the world. ²²⁷ The walk and the running ground must not exceed in length ²²⁸ the space covered by a regimental division, ²²⁹ so that no one may find himself far from his own stand of arms. After the gymnastic exercises the senior polemarch gives the order (by herald) to be seated. This serves all the purposes of an inspection. After this the order is given "to get breakfast," and for "the outposts ²³⁰ to be relieved." After this, again, come pastimes and relaxations before the evening exercises, after which the herald's cry is heard "to take the evening meal." When they have sung a hymn to the gods to whom the offerings of happy omen had been performed, the final order, "Retire to rest at the place of arms," ²³¹ is given.

If the story is a little long the reader must not be surprised, since it would be difficult to find any point in military matters omitted by the Lacedaemonians which seems to demand attention.