Basil of Caesarea, Letters

To Martinianus.525 A dignitary of Cappadocia otherwise unknown, whom Basil asks to intercede with the Emperor Valens to prevent that division of Cappadocia which afterward led to so much trouble. Basil had left Cæsarea in the autumn of 371, on a tour of visitation, or to consecrate his brother bishop of Nyssa (Maran, Vit. Bas. Cap. xix.), and returned to Cæsarea at the appeal of his people there.

1. How high do you suppose one to prize the pleasure of our meeting one another once again? How delightful to spend longer time with you so as to enjoy all your good qualities! If powerful proof is given of culture in seeing many men’s cities and knowing many men’s ways,526 cf. the opening of the Odyssey, and the imitation of Horace, De Arte Poet. 142: “Qui mores hominum multorum vidit et urbes.” such I am sure is quickly given in your society. For what is the difference between seeing many men singly or one who has gained experience of all together? I should say that there is an immense superiority in that which gives us the knowledge of good and beautiful things without trouble, and puts within our reach instruction in virtue, pure from all admixture of evil. Is there question of noble deed; of words worth handing down; of institutions of men of superhuman excellence? All are treasured in the store house of your mind. Not then, would I pray, that I might listen to you, like Alcinous to Ulysses, only for a year, but throughout all my life; and to this end I would pray that my life might be long, even though my state were no easy one. Why, then, am I now writing when I ought to be coming to see you? Because my country in her troubles calls me irresistibly to her side. You know, my friend, how she suffers. She is torn in pieces like Pentheus by veritable Mænads, dæmons. They are dividing her, and dividing her again, like bad surgeons who, in their ignorance, make wounds worse. Suffering as she is from this dissection, it remains for me to tend her like a sick patient. So the Cæsareans have urgently appealed to me by letter, and I must go, not as though I could be of any help, but to avoid any blame of neglect. You know how ready men in difficulties are to hope; and ready too, I ween, to find fault, always charging their troubles on what has been left undone.

2. Yet for this very reason I ought to have come to see you, and to have told you my mind, or rather to implore you to bethink you of some strong measure worthy of your wisdom; not to turn aside from my country falling on her knees, but to betake yourself to the Court, and, with the boldness which is all your own, not to let them suppose that they own two provinces instead of one. They have not imported the second from some other part of the world, but have acted somewhat in the same way in which some owner of horse or ox might act, who should cut it in two, and then think that he had two instead of one, instead of failing to make two and destroying the one he had. Tell the Emperor and his ministers that they are not after this fashion increasing the empire, for power lies not in number but in condition. I am sure that now men are neglecting the course of events, some, possibly, from ignorance of the truth, some from their being unwilling to say anything offensive, some because it does not immediately concern them. The course likely to be most beneficial, and worthy of your high principles, would be for you, if possible, to approach the Emperor in person. If this is difficult both on account of the season of the year and of your age, of which, as you say, inactivity is the foster brother, at all events you need have no difficulty in writing. If you thus give our country the aid of a letter, you will first of all have the satisfaction of knowing that you have left nothing undone that was in your power, and further, by showing sympathy, if only in appearance, you will give the patient much comfort. Would only that it were possible for you to come yourself among us and actually see our deplorable condition! Thus, perhaps, stirred by the plain evidence before you, you might have spoken in terms worthy alike of your own magnanimity and of the affliction of Cæsarea. But do not withhold belief from what I am telling you. Verily we want some Simonides, or other like poet, to lament our troubles from actual experience. But why name Simonides? I should rather mention Æschylus, or any other who has set forth a great calamity in words like his, and uttered lamentation with a mighty voice.

3. Now we have no more meetings, no more debates, no more gatherings of wise men in the Forum, nothing more of all that made our city famous. In our Forum nowadays it would be stranger for a learned or eloquent man to put in an appearance, than it would for men, shewing a brand of iniquity or unclean hands, to have presented themselves in Athens of old. Instead of them we have the imported boorishness of Massagetæ and Scythians. And only one noise is heard of drivers of bargains, and losers of bargains, and of fellows under the lash. On either hand the porticoes resound with doleful echoes, as though they were uttering a natural and proper sound in groaning at what is going on. Our distress prevents our paying any attention to locked gymnasia and nights when no torch is lighted. There is no small danger lest, our magistrates being removed, everything crash down together as with fallen props. What words can adequately describe our calamities? Some have fled into exile, a considerable portion of our senate, and that not the least valuable, prefering perpetual banishment to Podandus.527 Now Podando, in Southern Cappadocia, made by Valens the chief town of the new division of the province. When I mention Podandus, suppose me to mean the Spartan Ceadas528 So the Spartans named the pit into which condemned criminals were thrown. Pausanias, Book IV. 18, 4. Thucyd., i. 134. Strabo, viii. 367. or any natural pit that you may have seen, spots breathing a noxious vapour, to which some have involuntarily given the name Charonian. Picture to yourself that the evils of Podandus are a match for such a place. So, of three parts, some have left their homes and are in exile, wives and hearth and all; some are being led away like captives, the majority of the best men in the city, a piteous spectacle to their friends, fulfilling their enemies’ prayers; if, that is, any one has ever been found to call down so dire a curse upon our heads. A third division yet remains: these, unable to endure abandonment by their old companions, and at the same time unable to provide for themselves, have to hate their very lives.

This is what I implore you to make known everywhere with an eloquence all your own, and that righteous boldness of speech which your manner of life gives you. One thing distinctly state; that, unless the authorities soon change their counsels, they will find none left on whom to exercise their clemency. You will either prove some help to the state, or at least you will have done as Solon did, who, when he was unable to defend his abandoned fellow citizens on the capture of the Acropolis, put on his armour, and sat down before the gates, thus making it plain by this guise that he was no party to what was going on.529 i.e. on the seizure of the Acropolis by Pisistratus, Solon, resisting the instance of his friends that he should flee, returned them for answer, when they asked him on what he relied for protection, “on my old age.” Plutarch, Solon 30. The senate being of the faction of Pisistratus, said that he was mad. Solon replied: Δείξει δὴ μανίην μὲν ἐμὴν Βαιὸς χρόνος ἀστοῖς, Δείξει ἀληθείης ἐς μέσον ἐρχομένης. Diog. Laert. 1–49 Of one thing I am assured, even though at the present moment there may be some who do not approve of your advice, the day is not far distant when they will give you the greatest credit for benevolence and sagacity, because they see events corresponding with your prediction.

ΜΑΡΤΙΝΙΑΝῼ

[1] Ἐμὲ τί οἴει, πόσου ποτ' ἂν τιμήσασθαι τὸ εἰς ταὐτόν ποθ' ἡμᾶς ἀλλήλοις ἐλθεῖν καὶ ἐπὶ πλεῖόν σοι συγγενέσθαι ὥστε πάντων ἀπολαῦσαι τῶν ἐν σοὶ καλῶν; Καὶ γάρ, εἰ μέγα πρὸς μαρτυρίαν παιδεύσεως τὸ πολλῶν ἀνθρώπων ἰδεῖν ἄστεα καὶ νόον γνῶναι, τοῦτο οἶμαι δι' ὀλίγου χαρίζεσθαι τὴν σὴν ὁμιλίαν. Τί γὰρ διαφέρει πολλοὺς ἰδεῖν κατὰ μέρος ἢ ἕνα τὸν πάντων ὁμοῦ τὴν πεῖραν ἀναδεξάμενον; Μᾶλλον δὲ ἐγὼ καὶ πλεῖστον ἂν ἔχειν εἴποιμι τὸ διάφορον ὅσα ἀταλαίπωρον τὴν γνῶσιν τῶν καλῶν προξενεῖ καὶ καθαρὰν τῆς πρὸς τὸ χεῖρον ἐπιμιξίας συνάγει τὴν ἱστορίαν τῆς ἀρετῆς. Εἴτε γὰρ πρᾶξις ἀρίστη, εἴτε λόγος μνήμης ἄξιος, εἴτε πολιτεῖαι ἀνδρῶν ὑπερπεφυκότων τοὺς ἄλλους, πάντα σου τῷ ταμιείῳ τῆς ψυχῆς ἐναπόκειται. Ὥστε οὐκ εἰς ἐνιαυτὸν μόνον, ὡς ὁ Ἀλκίνους τοῦ Ὀδυσσέως, ἀλλ' εἰς πάντα μου τὸν βίον εὐξαίμην ἄν σου ἀκούειν, καὶ μακρὸν ἄν μοι γενέσθαι τούτου γε ἕνεκα τοῦτον, καὶ ταῦτα δυσχερῶς πρὸς αὐτὸν διακείμενος, Τί δήποτ' οὖν ἐπιστέλλω νῦν, παρεῖναι δέον; Ὅτι με κάμνουσα ἡ πατρὶς ἐπείγει πρὸς ἑαυτήν. Οἷα γὰρ πέπονθεν οὐκ ἀγνοεῖς, ὦ ἄριστε: ὅτι Πενθέως τρόπον Μαινάδες ὄντως τινές, δαίμονες, αὐτὴν διεσπάσαντο. Διαιροῦσι γὰρ αὐτὴν καὶ ἐπιδιαιροῦσιν, ὥσπερ οἱ κακοὶ τῶν ἰατρῶν χαλεπώτερα τὰ ἕλκη ποιοῦντες τῇ παρ' ἑαυτῶν ἀπειρίᾳ. Ἐπεὶ οὖν κέκμηκε κατατεμνομένη, λείπεται αὐτὴν θεραπεύειν ὡς ἀρρωστοῦσαν. Ἐπέστειλαν οὖν ἐπείγοντες ἡμᾶς οἱ πολῖται, καὶ ἀνάγκη ἀπαντᾶν, οὐχ ὥς τι ὄφελος ἐσομένους τοῖς πράγμασιν, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐκ τῆς ἀπολείψεως μέμψιν ἐκκλίνοντας. Οἶσθα γὰρ ὡς εὔκολοι μὲν ἐλπίσαι οἱ ἀμηχανοῦντες, εὔκολοι δέ που καὶ καταμέμψασθαι, ἐπὶ τὸ παρεθὲν ἀεὶ τρέποντες τὰς αἰτίας.

[2] Καίτοι ἔγωγε καὶ αὐτοῦ τούτου ἕνεκεν ἐδεόμην σοι συνελθεῖν καὶ δοῦναι γνώμην, μᾶλλον δὲ παρακαλέσαι ἐνθυμηθῆναί τι νεανικὸν καὶ πρέπον τῷ σεαυτοῦ φρονήματι καὶ εἰς γόνυ κλιθεῖσαν τὴν πατρίδα ἡμῶν μὴ περιιδεῖν, ἀλλὰ καταλαβόντα τὸ Στρατόπεδον εἰπεῖν μετὰ παρρησίας τῆς σῆς μήτοι νομίζειν αὐτοὺς δύο κεκτῆσθαι ἀντὶ μιᾶς ἐπαρχίας: οὐ γὰρ ἐξ ἄλλης τινὸς οἰκουμένης ἐπεισήγαγον τὴν ἑτέραν, ἀλλὰ παραπλήσιόν τι πεποιήκασιν ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἵππον ἢ βοῦν κεκτημένος, εἶτα δίχα διελών, δύο νομίζοι ἔχειν ἀνθ' ἑνός: οὔτε γὰρ δύο ἐποίησε καὶ τὸν ἕνα διέφθειρεν: εἰπεῖν δὲ καὶ τοῖς παραδυναστεύουσι μὴ τοῦτον αὔξειν τὸν τρόπον τὴν Βασιλείαν: οὐ γὰρ ἐν ἀριθμῷ εἶναι τὴν δύναμιν, ἀλλ' ἐν τοῖς πράγμασιν: ἐπεὶ νῦν γε ἡγούμεθα τοὺς μὲν ἀγνοίᾳ τῆς ἀληθείας ἴσως, τοὺς δὲ τῷ μὴ βούλεσθαι λυπεῖν τοῖς ῥήμασι, τοὺς δὲ καὶ οὐ μέλον αὐτοῖς, περιορᾶν τὰ γινόμενα. Εἰ μὲν οὖν ἦν δυνατὸν αὐτὸν ἐλθεῖν πρὸς Βασιλέα, τοῦτο κράτιστον μὲν τοῖς πράγμασι, πρέπον δέ σου τῇ ὅλῃ τοῦ βίου προαιρέσει. Εἰ δὲ βαρὺ ἄλλως καὶ διὰ τὴν ὥραν τοῦ ἔτους καὶ διὰ τὴν ἡλικίαν, ὡς αὐτὸς ἔφης, σύντροφον ἔχουσαν ἐν ἑαυτῇ τὸν ὄκνον, ἀλλὰ τό γε ἐπιστεῖλαι πόνος οὐδείς. Ὥστε, τὴν ἀπὸ τῶν γραμμάτων βοήθειαν χαρισάμενος τῇ πατρίδι, πρῶτον μὲν σαυτῷ συνειδήσεις μηδὲν τῶν εἰς δύναμιν ἡκόντων ἐλλελοιπότι, ἔπειτα μέντοι καὶ τοῖς κάμνουσιν, αὐτῷ τῷ φαίνεσθαι συναλγῶν, ἀρκοῦσαν δώσεις παραμυθίαν. Ἀλλ' εἴθε γὰρ ἦν οἷόν τε αὐτὸν ἐπιστάντα τοῖς πράγμασιν ὄψει λαβεῖν τὰ σκυθρωπά. Οὕτω γὰρ ἂν ἴσως ἀπ' αὐτῆς τῆς ἐναργείας τῶν ὁρωμένων συγκινηθεὶς ἀφῆκάς τινα φωνὴν πρέπουσαν καὶ τῇ σῇ μεγαλονοίᾳ καὶ τῇ κατηφείᾳ τῆς πόλεως. Σὺ δὲ ἀλλ' ἡμῖν διηγουμένοις μὴ ἀπιστήσῃς ὅτι Σιμωνίδου ὄντως ἤ τινος τοιούτου μελοποιοῦ ἐδεόμεθα, ἐναργῶς εἰδότος ἐπιστενάζειν τοῖς πάθεσι. Καίτοι τί λέγω Σιμωνίδην, δέον Αἰσχύλον εἰπεῖν ἢ εἰ δή τις ἕτερος παραπλησίως ἐκείνῳ, συμφορᾶς μέγεθος ἐναργῶς διαθέμενος, μεγαλοφώνως ὠδύρατο;

[3] Σύλλογοι μὲν γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι καὶ λόγοι, αἱ κατ' ἀγορὰν συντυχίαι τῶν ἐλλογίμων ἀνδρῶν καὶ ὅσα πρότερον ἐποίει τὴν ἡμετέραν ὀνομαστὴν πόλιν ἡμᾶς ἐπιλελοίπασιν. Ὥστε τῶν περὶ παιδείαν καὶ λόγους ἧττον ἂν φανείη νῦν τις ἐμβαλὼν τῇ ἀγορᾷ ἢ Ἀθήνησι πρότερον οἱ ἀτιμίαν κατεγνωσμένοι ἢ τὰς χεῖρας ὄντες μὴ καθαροί. Ἀντεισῆκται δὲ τούτοις Σκυθῶν τινων ἢ Μασσαγετῶν ἀμουσία. Μία δὲ φωνὴ ἀπαιτούντων καὶ ἀπαιτουμένων καὶ ξαινομένων ταῖς μάστιξι. Στοαὶ δ' ἑκατέρωθεν σκυθρωπὸν ἐπηχοῦσαι οἷον οἰκείαν δοκοῦσιν ἀφιέναι φωνὴν τοῖς γινομένοις ἐπιστενάζουσαι. Γυμνάσια δὲ κεκλεισμένα καὶ νύκτας ἀλαμπεῖς οὐκ ἐᾷ ἡμᾶς λογίζεσθαι ἡ περὶ τοῦ ζῆν ἀγωνία. Κίνδυνος γὰρ οὐχ ὁ τυχών, τῶν κρατούντων ὑφαιρεθέντων, ὥσπερ ἐρείσμασι πεσοῦσι συγκατενεχθῆναι τὰ πάντα. Καὶ τίς ἂν λόγος τῶν κακῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων ἐφίκοιτο; Οἳ μὲν οἴχονται φεύγοντες, μέρος τῆς βουλῆς ἡμῶν, οὐ τὸ φαυλότατον, τὴν ἀειφυγίαν Ποδανδοῦ προτιμήσαντες. Ὅταν δὲ Ποδανδὸν εἴπω, τὸν Κεάδαν με οἴου λέγειν τὸν Λακωνικὸν ἢ εἴ που τῆς οἰκουμένης εἶδες βάραθρον αὐτοφυές, ἃ δὴ καὶ Χαρώνειά τισι προσαγορεύειν αὐτομάτως ἐπῆλθεν, ἀέρα φθοροποιὸν ἀναπνέοντα. Τοιούτῳ τινὶ ἐοικὸς νόμισον καὶ τὸ Ποδανδοῦ κακόν. Τριῶν τοίνυν μοιρῶν, οἳ μὲν φεύγουσιν αὐταῖς γυναιξὶ καὶ ἑστίαις ἀπαναστάντες: οἳ δὲ ἀπάγονται ὥσπερ αἰχμάλωτοι, οἱ πλεῖστοι τῶν ἐν τῇ πόλει ἄριστοι, ἐλεεινὸν φίλοις θέαμα, ἐχθροῖς δὲ εὐχὴν ἐκπληροῦντες, εἰ δή τις γέγονεν ὅλως τοσοῦτον ἡμῖν ἐπαρασάμενος. Τριτάτη δέ που μοῖρα λέλειπται. Οὗτοι δὲ τήν τε ἀπόλειψιν τῶν συνήθων οὐ φέροντες καὶ ἅμα τῆς χρείας ἀτονώτεροι ἀπελεγχόμενοι πρὸς αὐτὸ τὸ ζῆν ἀπειρήκασι. Ταῦτά σε φανερὰ ποιῆσαι πᾶσι παρακαλοῦμεν τῇ σεαυτοῦ φωνῇ καὶ τῇ σεαυτοῦ παρρησίᾳ τῇ δικαίᾳ, ἣν ἔχεις ἀπὸ τοῦ βίου, ἐκεῖνο σαφῶς προειπόντα ὅτι, ἐὰν μὴ ταχὺ μεταβουλεύσωνται, οὐδ' ἕξουσιν εἰς οὓς τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν ἐνδείξονται. Ἢ γὰρ ἐγένου τι ὄφελος τοῖς κοινοῖς ἢ τό γε τοῦ Σόλωνος πεποιηκὼς ἔσει, ὃς ἀμύνειν αὐτοῖς τῇ ἐλευθερίᾳ οὐκ ἔχων, τῆς ἀκροπόλεως ἤδη κατεχομένης, τὰ ὅπλα ἐνδὺς πρὸ τῶν θυρῶν ἐκαθέζετο, εὔδηλος ὢν τῷ σχήματι τοῖς γινομένοις μὴ συντιθέμενος. Ἐκεῖνο δ' ἀκριβῶς οἶδα, ὅτι, καὶ εἴ τίς σου νῦν τὴν γνώμην μὴ ἀποδέχοιτο, μικρὸν ὕστερον εὐνοίας τε ὁμοῦ καὶ συνέσεως τὴν μεγίστην δόξαν προσθήσει, ὅταν ἴδῃ τὰ πράγματα κατὰ τὴν πρόρρησιν ἀπαντήσαντα.