Lives of the Eminent Philosophers

 Table of Contents

 Book I .

 Prologue

 and this idea was borrowed by Anaxagoras when he declared that all things were originally together until Mind came and set them in order. Linus died i

 And thus it was from the Greeks that philosophy took its rise: its very name refuses to be translated into foreign speech.

 But the advocates of the theory that philosophy took its rise among the barbarians go on to explain the different forms it assumed in different countr

 Thales

 But according to others he wrote nothing but two treatises, one On the Solstice and one On the Equinox History of Astronomy.

 Accordingly they give it to Thales, and he to another, and so on till it comes to Solon, who, with the remark that the god was the most wise, sent it

 But the prose inscription is:

 and it was given in reply to a question put by Anacharsis. Daimachus the Platonist and Clearchus allege that a bowl was sent by Croesus to Pittacus an

 Some relate that a vessel with its freight was sent by Periander to Thrasybulus, tyrant of Miletus, and that, when it was wrecked in Coan waters, the

 That of the Milesians beginning Who shall possess the tripod? has been quoted above. So much for this version of the story.

 His writings are said by Lobon of Argos to have run to some two hundred lines. His statue is said to bear this inscription:

 Of songs still sung these verses belong to him:

 Here too are certain current apophthegms assigned to him:

 I may also cite one of my own, from my first book, Epigrams in Various Metres

 To him belongs the proverb Know thyself, which Antisthenes in his Successions of Philosophers attributes to Phemonoë, though admitting that it was a

 Nor is there any agreement how the number is made up for Maeandrius, in place of Cleobulus and Myson, includes Leophantus, son of Gorgiadas, of Lebed

 Solon

 and

 He also persuaded the Athenians to acquire the Thracian Chersonese. And lest it should be thought that he had acquired Salamis by force only and not o

 Solon inserted one of his own:

 Thereafter the people looked up to him, and would gladly have had him rule them as tyrant he refused, and, early perceiving the designs of his kinsma

 That he foresaw the tyranny of Pisistratus is proved by a passage from a poem of his:

 When Pisistratus was already established, Solon, unable to move the people, piled his arms in front of the generals' quarters, and exclaimed, My coun

 and Solon, perceiving this, treated them with scant respect. Excellent, too, is his provision that the guardian of an orphan should not marry the moth

 and to have replied thus:

 Of the songs sung this is attributed to Solon:

 He flourished, according to Sosicrates, about the 46th Olympiad, in the third year of which he was archon at Athens it was then that he enacted his l

 An epigram of my own is also contained in the collection of Epigrams in Various Metres mentioned above, where I have discoursed of all the illustrious

 It is said that he was the author of the apophthegm Nothing too much, Ne quid nimis. According to Dioscurides in his Memorabilia,

 Chilon

 The inscription on his statue runs thus:

 His apophthegm is: Give a pledge, and suffer for it. A short letter is also ascribed to him.

 Pittacus

 He also wrote poems in elegiac metre, some 600 lines, and a prose work On Laws for the use of the citizens.

 To him belongs the apophthegm, Know thine opportunity.

 The advice seems to have been prompted by his situation. For he had married a wife superior in birth to himself: she was the sister of Draco, the son

 Bias

 and Hipponax thus: More powerful in pleading causes than Bias of Priene.

 My own epitaph is:

 He wrote a poem of 2000 lines on Ionia and the manner of rendering it prosperous. Of his songs the most popular is the following:

 For this earns most gratitude the headstrong spirit often flashes forth with harmful bane.

 Cleobulus

 His apophthegm was: Moderation is best. And he wrote to Solon the following letter:

 Periander

 My own epitaph on him is:

 To him belongs the maxim: Never do anything for money leave gain to trades pursued for gain. He wrote a didactic poem of 2000 lines. He said that tho

 Anacharsis

 It was a saying of his that the vine bore three kinds of grapes: the first of pleasure, the next of intoxication, and the third of disgust. He said he

 Myson

 His curiosity aroused, Anacharsis went to the village in summer time and found him fitting a share to a plough and said, Myson, this is not the seaso

 Aristoxenus in his Historical Gleanings says he was not unlike Timon and Apemantus, for he was a misanthrope. At any rate he was seen in Lacedaemon la

 Epimenides

 Pherecydes

 Ion of Chios says of him:

 There is also an epigram of my own in the Pherecratean metre:

 Book II .

 Anaximander

 Anaximenes

 Anaxagoras

 He was eminent for wealth and noble birth, and furthermore for magnanimity, in that he gave up his patrimony to his relations. For, when they accused

 I also have written an epigram upon him:

 There have been three other men who bore the name of Anaxagoras [of whom no other writer gives a complete list]. The first was a rhetorician of the sc

 Archelaus

 Socrates

 And again he calls Euripides an engine riveted by Socrates. And Callias in The Captives :

 Aristophanes in The Clouds

 According to some authors he was a pupil of Anaxagoras, and also of Damon, as Alexander states in his Successions of Philosophers. When Anaxagoras was

 that frequently, owing to his vehemence in argument, men set upon him with their fists or tore his hair out and that for the most part he was despise

 He showed his contempt for Archelaus of Macedon and Scopas of Cranon and Eurylochus of Larissa by refusing to accept their presents or to go to their

 This disdainful, lofty spirit of his is also noticed by Aristophanes when he says:

 he got up and left the theatre. For he said it was absurd to make a hue and cry about a slave who could not be found, and to allow virtue to perish in

 and he told Aeschines, On the third day I shall die. When he was about to drink the hemlock, Apollodorus offered him a beautiful garment to die in:

 For this he was most envied and especially because he would take to task those who thought highly of themselves, proving them to be fools, as to be s

 Dionysodorus denies that he wrote the paean. He also composed a fable of Aesop, not very skilfully, beginning:

 So he was taken from among men and not long afterwards the Athenians felt such remorse that they shut up the training grounds and gymnasia. They bani

 Xenophon

 There is another on the circumstances of his death:

 Aeschines

 Aristippus

 He is said to have ordered a partridge to be bought at a cost of fifty drachmae, and, when someone censured him, he inquired, Would not you have give

 Aristippus, however, put on the dress and, as he was about to dance, was ready with the repartee:

 He made a request to Dionysius on behalf of a friend and, failing to obtain it, fell down at his feet. And when some one jeered at him, he made reply,

 he retorted:

 This is stated by Diocles in his work On the Lives of Philosophers other writers refer the anecdotes to Plato. After getting in a rage with Aeschine

 Phaedo

 Euclides

 He too was a dialectician and was supposed to have been the first who discovered the arguments known as the Veiled Figure and the Horned One. When

 The successors of Euclides include Ichthyas, the son of Metallus, an excellent man, to whom Diogenes the Cynic has addressed one of his dialogues Cli

 Stilpo

 In character Stilpo was simple and unaffected, and he could readily adapt himself to the plain man. For instance, when Crates the Cynic did not answer

 The pun upon καινοῦ (new) and καὶ νοῦ (mind as well) recurs vi. 3.

 Crito

 Simon

 Glaucon

 Simmias

 Cebes

 Menedemus

 and Timon as follows:

 He was a man of such dignity that, when Eurylochus of Casandrea was invited by Antigonus to court along with Cleïppides, a youth of Cyzicus, he declin

 which are from the Omphale, a satiric drama of Achaeus. Therefore it is a mistake to say that he had read nothing except the Medea

 Book III

 Plato

 From that time onward, having reached his twentieth year (so it is said), he was the pupil of Socrates. When Socrates was gone, he attached himself to

 Furthermore he said that, according to Homer, beyond all men the Egyptians were skilled in healing. Plato also intended to make the acquaintance of th

 Moreover, there are verses of Timon which refer to Plato:

 Then there is Timon who puns on his name thus:

 Alexis again in the Meropis :

 And Alexis in the Olympiodorus :

 And in the Parasite :

 Anaxilas, again, in the Botrylion Circe Rich Women

 And another:

 And he wrote thus upon Dion:

 This, they say, was actually inscribed upon his tomb at Syracuse.

 And another:

 And again:

 And again:

 Further, Molon, being his enemy, said, It is not wonderful that Dionysius should be in Corinth, but rather that Plato should be in Sicily. And it se

 There is also an epitaph of my own which runs thus:

Euclides

Euclides was a native of Megara on the Isthmus, 76 or according to some of Gela, as Alexander states in his Successions of Philosophers. He applied himself to the writings of Parmenides, and his followers were called Megarians after him, then Eristics, and at a later date Dialecticians, that name having first been given to them by Dionysius of Chalcedon because they put their arguments into the form of question and answer. Hermodorus tells us that, after the death of Socrates, Plato and the rest of the philosophers came to him, being alarmed at the cruelty of the tyrants. He held the supreme good to be really one, though called by many names, sometimes wisdom, sometimes God, and again Mind, and so forth. But all that is contradictory of the good he used to reject, declaring that it had no existence.

When he impugned a demonstration, it was not the premisses but the conclusion that he attacked. He rejected the argument from analogy, declaring that it must be taken either from similars or from dissimilars. If it were drawn from similars, it is with these and not with their analogies that their arguments should deal; if from dissimilars, it is gratuitous to set them side by side. Hence Timon says of him, with a side hit at the other Socratics as well: 77

But I care not for these babblers, nor for anyone besides, not for Phaedo whoever he be, nor wrangling Euclides, who inspired the Megarians with a frenzied love of controversy.

He wrote six dialogues, entitled Lamprias, Aeschines, Phoenix, Crito, Alcibiades, and a Discourse on Love. To the school of Euclides belongs Eubulides of Miletus, the author of many dialectical arguments in an interrogatory form, namely, The Liar, The Disguised, Electra, The Veiled Figure, The Sorites, The Horned One, and The Bald Head. Of him it is said by one of the Comic poets: 78

Eubulides the Eristic, who propounded his quibbles about horns and confounded the orators with falsely pretentious arguments, is gone with all the braggadocio of a Demosthenes.

Demosthenes was probably his pupil and thereby improved his faulty pronunciation of the letter R. Eubulides kept up a controversy with Aristotle and said much to discredit him.

Among other members the school of Eubulides included Alexinus of Elis, a man very fond of controversy, for which reason he was called Elenxinus. In particular he kept up a controversy with Zeno. Hermippus says of him that he left Elis and removed to Olympia, where he studied philosophy. His pupils inquired why he took up his abode here, and were told that it was his intention to found a school which should be called the Olympian school. But as their provisions ran short and they found the place unhealthy, they left it, and for the rest of his days Alexinus lived in solitude with a single servant. And some time afterwards, as he was swimming in the Alpheus, the point of a reed ran into him, and of this injury he died.

I have composed the following lines upon him: 79

It was not then a vain tale that once an unfortunate man, while diving, pierced his foot somehow with a nail; since that great man Alexinus, before he could cross the Alpheus, was pricked by a reed and met his death.

He has written not only a reply to Zeno but other works, including one against Ephorus the historian.

To the school of Eubulides also belonged Euphantus of Olynthus, who wrote a history of his own times. He was besides a poet and wrote several tragedies, with which he made a great reputation at the festivals. He taught King Antigonus 80 and dedicated to him a work On Kingship which was very popular. He died of old age.

There are also other pupils of Eubulides, amongst them Apollonius surnamed Cronus. He had a pupil Diodorus, the son of Ameinias of Iasus, who was also nicknamed Cronus. 81 Callimachus in his Epigrams says of him:

Momus himself chalked up on the walls "Cronus is wise."