Pacandus

 Bartolommeo Pacca

 St. Pachomius

 George Michael Pachtler

 Pacificus

 Bl. Pacificus of Ceredano

 St. Pacificus of San Severino

 Lucas Pacioli

 Diocese of Paderborn

 Juan de Padilla

 Diocese of Padua

 University of Padua

 Paganism

 Mario Pagano

 Ven. Anthony Page

 Antoine Pagi

 Santes Pagnino

 Religious Painting

 Pakawá Indians

 Palæography

 Palæontology

 Juan de Palafox y Mendoza

 Ven. Thomas Palasor

 Rhenish Palatinate

 Palatini

 Prefecture Apostolic of Palawan

 Diocese of Palencia

 Paleopolis

 Gabriele Paleotti

 Archdiocese of Palermo

 University of Palermo

 Diocese of Palestrina

 Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina

 Frederick Apthorp Paley

 Pall

 Andrea Palladio

 St. Palladius

 Palladius

 Pietro Sforza Pallavicino

 Pallium

 Ven. Vincent Mary Pallotti

 Palma Vecchio

 William Palmer

 Domenico Palmieri

 Luigi Palmieri

 Palm in Christian Symbolism

 Palm Sunday

 Palmyra

 Francisco Palou

 Paltus

 Peter Paludanus

 Pamelius

 Diocese of Pamiers

 St. Pammachius

 St. Pamphilus of Cæsarea

 Diocese of Pamplona

 Republic and Diocese of Panama

 Pandects

 Pandulph

 Panemotichus

 Pange Lingua Gloriosi

 Francesco Panigarola

 Arnold Pannartz and Konrad Sweinheim

 Pano Indians

 Panopolis

 Panpsychism

 Pantænus

 St. Pantaleon

 Pantheism

 Onofrio Panvinio

 Gregorio Panzani

 Ven. Angelo Paoli

 Papacy

 Pápago Indians

 Papal Arbitration

 Papal Elections

 Paphnutius

 Paphos

 St. Papias

 Bernardus Papiensis

 Nicholas Papini

 Parables

 Parabolani

 Theophrastus Paracelsus

 Paraclete

 François Para du Phanjas

 Parætonium

 Paraguay

 Books of Paralipomenon

 Diocese of Parahyba

 Parallelism

 Psycho-Physical Parallelism

 Paralus

 Diocese of Paraná

 Parasceve

 Paray-le-Monial

 Ignace-Gaston Pardies

 Pardons of Brittany

 Ambroise Paré

 Francisco Pareja

 Parents

 Diocese of Parenzo-Pola

 Giuseppe Parini

 Paris

 University of Paris

 Alexis-Paulin Paris

 Gaston-Bruno-Paulin Paris

 Matthew Paris

 Parish

 Parium

 Abbey of the Park

 Anthony Parkinson

 Parlais

 Filippo Parlatore

 Diocese of Parma

 Antoine-Augustin Parmentier

 Il Parmigiano

 Parnassus

 Parochial Mass

 Parœcopolis

 Dominique Parrenin

 Parsis

 Partnership

 Paolo Paruta

 Blaise Pascal

 St. Pascal Baylon

 Pasch or Passover

 Pope Paschal I

 Pope Paschal II

 Paschal III

 Paschal Candle

 Paschal Tide

 St. Paschasius

 St. Paschasius Radbertus

 Carlo Passaglia

 Diocese of Passau

 Ven. Joseph Passerat

 Domenico Passignano

 Domenico Passionei

 Passionists

 Passion Music

 Commemoration of the Passion of Christ

 Passion Offices

 Devotion to the Passion of Jesus Christ

 Passion of Jesus Christ in the Four Gospels

 Passion Plays

 Passions

 Passion Sunday

 Passiontide

 Passos

 Louis Pasteur

 Diocese of Pasto

 Pastor

 Crusade of the Pastoureaux

 Patagonia

 Patara

 Paten

 Ven. William Patenson

 Mental Pathology

 Coventry Patmore

 Patmos

 Patras

 Patriarch

 Patriarch and Patriarchate

 Patrician Brothers

 St. Patrick

 Francis Xavier Patrizi

 Patrology

 Feast of the Patronage of Our Lady

 Patron and Patronage

 Patron Saints

 Diocese of Patti

 St. Paul

 Pope Paul I

 Pope Paul II

 Pope Paul III

 Pope Paul IV

 Pope Paul V

 St. Paula

 Johannes Pauli

 Paulicians

 St. Paulinus

 St. Paulinus, Bishop of Nola

 St. Paulinus II, Patriarch of Aquileia

 Paulinus a S. Bartholomaeo

 Paulinus of Pella

 Paulists

 Paul of Burgos

 Paul of Middelburg

 Paul of Samosata

 St. Paul of the Cross

 St. Paul the Hermit

 St. Paul the Simple

 Paulus Diaconus

 Paulus Venetus

 Diocese of Pavia

 Nicolas Pavillon

 Pax

 Pax in the Liturgy

 Mariano Payeras

 Peter Pázmány

 Peace Congresses

 War of the Peasants (1524-25)

 Peba Indians

 John Pecham

 Reginald Pecock

 Pectoral

 Pectorale

 Pednelissus

 Pedro de Cordova

 Pelagia

 Pope Pelagius I

 Pope Pelagius II

 Pelagius and Pelagianism

 Ambrose Pelargus

 Paul Pelisson-Fontanier

 Pella

 Pierre-Joseph Pelletier

 Silvio Pellico

 Guillaume Pellissier

 Diocese of Pelotas

 Théophile-Jules Pelouze

 Madeleine de La Peltrie

 Pelusium

 Diocese of Pembroke

 Francisco Peña

 Penal Laws

 Luis Ignatius Peñalver y Cardenas

 Penance

 Henry Pendleton

 Penelakut Indians

 Los Hermanos Penitentes

 Penitential Canons

 Penitential Orders

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 Diocese of Penne and Atri

 Pennsylvania

 Penobscot Indians

 Ecclesiastical Pension

 Pentacomia

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 Feast of Pentecost (of the Jews)

 Diocese of Peoria

 Peoria Indians

 Pepin the Short

 John Percy

 Peregrinus

 Benedict Pereira

 Juan Perez

 Ginés Pérez de Hita

 Christian and Religious Perfection

 Pergamus

 Perge

 Giovanni Battista Pergolesi

 Pericui Indians

 Diocese of Périgueux

 Periodi

 Periodical Literature

 Perjury

 Franz Michael Permaneder

 Joseph Maria Pernter

 Religious of Perpetual Adoration

 Religious of the Perpetual Adoration

 Sisters of the Perpetual Adoration

 Perpetual Adorers of the Blessed Sacrament

 Sisters of Our Lady of Perpetual Help

 Our Lady of Perpetual Succour

 St. Perpetuus

 Diocese of Perpignan

 Adolphe Perraud

 Charles Perrault

 Claude Perrault

 Henri Perreyve

 Giovanni Perrone

 Stephen Joseph Perry

 Persecution

 Coptic Persecutions

 Final Perseverance

 Persia

 Ignatius Persico

 Person

 Ecclesiastical Person

 Personality

 Robert Persons

 Diocese of Perth

 Publius Helvius Pertinax

 Peru

 Archdiocese of Perugia

 Perugino (Pietro Vannucci)

 Baldassare Peruzzi

 Diocese of Pesaro

 Pescennius Niger

 Tilmann Pesch

 Diocese of Pescia

 Pessimism

 Pessinus

 Pestalozzi and Pestalozzianism

 Denis Pétau

 St. Peter

 Epistles of St. Peter

 Sarah Peter

 Sts. Peter Baptist and Twenty-five Companions

 Peterborough Abbey

 Diocese of Peterborough

 Bl. Peter Canisius

 Peter Cantor

 Peter Cellensis

 St. Peter Chrysologus

 St. Peter Claver

 Peter Comestor

 St. Peter Damian

 Peter de Blois

 Peter de Honestis

 St. Peter de Regalado

 Peter de Vinea

 Bl. Peter Faber

 St. Peter Fourier

 Peter Fullo

 St. Peter Gonzalez

 Bl. Peter Igneus

 Peter Lombard (2)

 Bl. Pierre-Louis-Marie Chanel (1)

 Peter Mongus

 St. Peter Nolasco

 St. Peter of Alcántara

 St. Peter of Alexandria

 Peter of Aquila

 St. Peter of Arbues

 Peter of Auvergne

 Peter of Bergamo

 Peter of Poitiers

 St. Peter of Sebaste

 St. Peter of Verona

 Peterspence

 Gerlac Peterssen

 Peter the Hermit

 St. Peter Urseolus

 Petinessus

 Matthieu Petit-Didier

 Petitions to the Holy See

 Petra

 Francesco Petrarch

 Family of Petre

 Petrobrusians

 St. Petronilla

 St. Petronius

 Diocese of Petropolis

 Ottavio dei Petrucci

 Petrus Alfonsus

 Petrus Bernardinus

 Petrus Diaconus

 Petrus de Natalibus

 Petun Nation

 George von Peuerbach

 Conrad Peutinger

 William Peyto

 Pez

 Franz Pfanner

 Johannes Pfefferkorn

 Adolf Pfister

 Julius von Pflug

 Pforta

 Phacusa

 Pharao

 Pharbætus

 Pharisees

 Pharsalus

 Phaselis

 Phasga

 Phenomenalism

 Philadelphia

 Archdiocese of Philadelphia

 Philanthropinism

 St. Philastrius

 Philemon

 St. Philip the Apostle

 Volume 13

 Philip II (Augustus)

 Philip II

 Philip IV

 St. Philip Benizi

 St. Philip of Jesus

 Philip of the Blessed Trinity

 Philippi (1)

 Philippi (2)

 Epistle to the Philippians

 Philippine Islands

 Philippopolis (1)

 Philippopolis (2)

 St. Philip Romolo Neri

 Peter Philips

 Philip the Arabian

 Philistines

 Robert Phillip

 George Phillips

 Philo Judæus

 Philomelium

 St. Philomena

 Philosophy

 Philoxenus

 Phocæa

 Phœnicia

 Photinus

 Photius of Constantinople

 Phylacteries

 History of Physics

 Physiocrats

 Physiologus

 Diocese of Piacenza

 Giambattista Pianciani

 Giovanni da Pianô Carpine

 Piatto Cardinalizio

 Diocese of Piauhy

 Diocese of Piazza Armerina

 Giuseppe Piazzi

 Ven. John Pibush

 Jean Picard

 Alessandro Piccolomini

 Jacopo Piccolomini-Ammannati

 Pichler

 Vitus Pichler

 Ven. Thomas Pickering

 Bernardine a Piconio

 François Picquet

 Louis-Edouard-Désiré Pie

 Piedmont

 Peter Piel

 Pie Pelicane, Jesu, Domine

 Pierius

 Bl. Pierre de Castelnau

 Pierre de Maricourt

 Jean Pierron

 Philippe Pierson

 Pietism

 Albert (Pigghe) Pighius

 Ven. Giuseppe Maria Pignatelli

 Ven. William Pike

 Nuestra Señora Del Pilar

 Pontius Pilate

 Ven. Thomas Pilchard

 Pilgrimage of Grace

 Pilgrimages

 Piligrim

 Pillar of Cloud

 Pima Indians

 Pinara

 Diocese of Pinar del Rio

 Ippolito Pindemonte

 John de Pineda

 Diocese of Pinerolo

 Alexandre Guy Pingré

 Mattheus Pinna da Encarnaçao

 Fernão Mendes Pinto

 Pinturicchio

 Martín Alonso Pinzón

 Sebastiano del Piombo

 St. Pionius

 Pious Fund of the Californias

 Pious Society of Missions

 Giambattista Piranesi

 Ernricus Pirhing

 Pirkheimer

 Piro Indians

 Archdiocese of Pisa

 University of Pisa

 Council of Pisa

 Piscataway Indians

 Piscina

 Charles Constantine Pise

 Pisidia

 Synod of Pistoia

 Diocese of Pistoia and Prato

 Johann Pistorius

 Pierre Pithou

 Joseph Pitoni

 Jean-Baptiste-François Pitra

 John Pitts

 Diocese of Pittsburg

 Pityus

 Pope St. Pius I

 Pope Pius II

 Pope Pius III

 Pope Pius IV

 Pope St. Pius V

 Pope Pius VI

 Pope Pius VII

 Pope Pius VIII

 Pope Pius IX

 Pope Pius X

 Piusverein

 Francisco Pizarro

 Galla Placidia

 St. Placidus

 Plagues of Egypt

 Plain Chant

 Henry Beaufort Plantagenet

 Christophe Plantin

 Plants in the Bible

 Diocese of Plasencia

 Bartolomeo Platina

 Plato and Platonism

 Pierre-Guillaume-Frédéric Le Play

 Plegmund

 Plenarium

 Plenary Council

 Joseph-Octave Plessis

 Georgius Gemistus Plethon

 Diocese of Plock

 Charles Plowden

 Edmund Plowden

 Francis Plowden

 Robert Plowden

 Thomas Plowden

 Thomas Percy Plowden

 Charles Plumier

 Ven. Oliver Plunket

 Pluscarden Priory

 Diocese of Plymouth

 Plymouth Brethren

 Pneumatomachi

 Hebrew Poetry of the Old Testament

 Giovanni Francesco Poggio Bracciolini

 Diocese of Poggio Mirteto

 Pogla

 Diocese of Poitiers

 Poland

 John Bede Polding

 Reginald Pole

 Polemonium

 Giovanni Poleni

 Poles in the United States

 Diocese of Policastro

 Melchior de Polignac

 Lancelot Politi

 Politian

 Science of Political Economy

 Antonio and Piero Benci Pollajuolo

 Marco Polo

 Polybotus

 St. Polycarp

 Polycarpus

 Polyglot Bibles

 Polystylum

 Polytheism

 Pomaria

 Marquis de Pombal

 Pomerania

 Pompeiopolis

 Pietro Pomponazzi

 John Ponce

 Juan Ponce de León

 Joseph Anthony de la Rivière Poncet

 Archdiocese of Pondicherry

 Pontefract Priory

 Pope St. Pontian

 Pontifical Colleges

 Pontificale

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 Pontifical Mass

 Abbey of Pontigny

 Pontius Carbonell

 Diocese of Pontremoli

 Pontus

 Pools in Scripture

 Diocese of Poona

 Care of Poor by the Church

 Little Sisters of the Poor

 Poor Brothers of St. Francis Seraphicus

 Poor Catholics

 Sisters of the Poor Child Jesus

 Poor Clares

 Poor Handmaids of Jesus Christ

 Poor Laws

 Sisters of the Poor of St. Francis

 Poor Servants of the Mother of God

 Archdiocese of Popayán

 Alexander Pope

 Pope

 Election of the Popes

 Chronological Lists of Popes

 The List of Popes

 St. Poppo

 Popular Devotions

 Theories of Population

 Giovanni Antonio Pordenone

 Odoric of Pordenone

 Ven. Thomas Pormort

 Porphyreon

 St. Porphyrius

 Serafino Porrecta

 Carlo Porta

 Giacomo della Porta

 Diocese of Portalegre

 Diocese of Port Augusta

 Archdiocese of Port-au-Prince

 Porter

 Francis Porter

 George Porter

 Portiuncula

 Diocese of Portland

 Diocese of Port Louis

 Archdiocese of Porto Alegre

 Diocese of Porto Alegre

 Diocese of Porto and Santa-Rufina

 Archdiocese of Port of Spain

 Porto Rico

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 Portraits of the Apostles

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 Portugal

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 Positivism

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 Antonius Possevinus

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 Postcommunion

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 Robert Joseph Pothier

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 Poverty

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 Andreas Pozzo

 Diocese of Pozzuoli

 Jean-Martin de Prades

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 Praelatus Nullius

 Pragmatic Sanction

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 Praxeas

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 Joseph Henri Marie de Prémare

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 Feast of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin Mary

 Prester John

 Thomas Preston

 Thomas Scott Preston

 Presumption

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 Franz Isidor Proschko

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 Psalms

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 Pierre Puvis de Chavannes

 Puyallup Indians

 Johann Ladislaus von Oberwart Pyrker

 Pyrrhonism

 Pythagoras and Pythagoreanism

 Pyx

University of Prague


The University of Prague was founded by Charles IV with the consent of the Estates on the model of the universities of Paris and Bologna and confirmed at the emperor's request by Clement VI as a studium generale. It was established by the Golden Bull of 7 April, 1345, and received imperial sanction 14 September, 1349 Archbishop Ernst of Pardübitz took an active part in the foundation by obliging the clergy to contribute. Its official title is "Imperial and Royal Franz Ferdinand University"; at the present time it is divided into two completely separated universities, one German and the other Bohemian or Czech, each having four faculties (namely, theology, jurisprudence, philosophy, and medicine), each its own rector and four deans. Both universities are national and are under the immediate control of the Imperial and Royal Ministry of Education at Vienna. All professors are appointed by the State, even the theological professors; these latter are appointed in agreement with the Archbishop of Prague, who is chancellor of both theological faculties.


I. HISTORY

From the time of its founding the University of Prague was equipped with four faculties, of which each came gradually to elect its dean for one half-year, and jointly the rector, at first for a year, then later for a half-year. On account of a dispute about an inheritance the faculty of law separated from the rest of the university in April, 1372, and from that time on, with the consent of the king, formed what might be called an independent university under the direction of a dean of its own; the chancellor was the only official whose authority extended to all the faculties; this office was held in perpetuity by the Archbishop of Prague. The list of matriculations from 1372 to 1418 of the faculty of law is still in existence. The lectures were held in the colleges, of which the oldest was the Carolinum. The chapel of the Carolinum still stands and serves as the chapel of the university for the ceremony of giving degrees. Theological instruction was given in the Carolinum and in the monasteries. For the administration of its affairs the university was divided into four "nations", according to the native land of the teachers and students, namely: the Bohemian, including Bohemians, Moravians, southern Slavs, and Hungarians; the Bavarian, including Austrians, Swabians, natives of Franconia and of the Rhine provinces; the Polish, including Silesians, Poles, Russians; the Saxon, including inhabitants of the Margravate of Meissen, Thuringia, Upper and Lower Saxony, Denmark, and Sweden. Each nation had a vote in all deliberations regarding the affairs of the university. This was changed in 1409.

Although in 1403 the university had forbidden its members to follow the teachings of Wyclif, yet his doctrine constantly gained adherents in the Bohemian nation, the most conspicuous being the magister, Jerome of Prague, and John Hus. The latter had translated Wyclif's "Trialogus" into Czech. In 1401-02 Hus had been dean of the faculty of arts, in 1402-03 rector of the university; he had also been an exceedingly popular preacher at the Bethlehem chapel. The majority of the other three nations of the university had declared themselves, together with the Archbishop of Prague, on the side of Gregory XII, to whom King Wenceslaus IV was opposed, and Hus knew how to make use of the king's displeasure at this to obtain from him what is called the "Kuttenberg Decree" of 18 January, 1409. This gave the Bohemian nation three votes in all the affairs of the university and only one vote to all the other nations together; the result of this decree was the emigration of the German professors and students to Leipzig in May, 1409. In 1408 the university had about 200 doctors and magisters, 500 bachelors, and 30,000 students; it now lost a large part of this number, accounts of the loss varying from 5000 to 20,000 including 46 professors. This was the beginning of the decline of the university, from now on a national Bohemian institution, which sank to a very low status. For the faithfulness of Hus's opponents led to a far-reaching division between the theological and the secular faculties, as the latter held firmly to his teachings even after he was burnt by the Council of Constance (1414). The faculty of arts became a centre of the Hussite movement, and the chief doctrinal authority of the Utraquists.

On account of the part taken by the university in ecclesiastico-political affairs, its position as a centre of Learning suffered. No degrees were given in the years 1417-30; at times there were only eight or nine professors, as in 1419 the faculties of theology and law disappeared, and only the faculty of arts remained in existence. There were also very few students, for many were unwilling to study under the Calixtine faculties and therefore went into foreign countries. The holdings of the university were taken by the Emperor Sigismund as his personal property. Under the impulse of Humanism some progress was made by the philosophical faculty when the Emperor Rudolf II (1612) took up his residence in Prague, but it did not last long. The only thing to the credit of the university was what it did in directing the school system of the country. In the meantime the Emperor Ferdinand I had called the Jesuits to Prague, in 1556, and these had opened an academy near St. Clement's, the imperial letter of foundation being dated 1562. This academy comprised a gymnasium of six classes as well as an institute for teaching theology and philosophy arranged according to the "Plan of Study" (Ratio studiorum) of the Society. At first there was only one teacher for each of the two departments of theology and philosophy. In addition, a large college was built near St. Clement's, which on this account was called the Clementina, or, after its founder, the Ferdinandea. The right of giving degrees, which it received from the emperor in 1562, was sharply contested by the old university, the Carolina.

After the battle of the White Mountain, the Jesuits, who had been expelled in the years 1618-21, came to have a predominant influence over the emperor in matters concerning instruction on account of their "Plan of study", and the great work they did for Catholicism. An imperial decree of 19 September, 1622, gave them the supreme control of the entire school system of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia. In November of the same year, after the resignation of the remaining four professors, they were also given control of the Carolina together with nine colleges, and all the rights and revenues of these, so that whoever was rector of the Jesuit college was the future rector of the Carolo-Ferdinandea. The right of giving degrees, of holding the chancellorship, and of appointing the secular professors was also granted to the Jesuits. Cardinal Ernst, Count von Harrach, who opposed this union of the university with another institution and the withdrawal of the archiepiscopal right to the chancellorship, prevented the drawing-up of the imperial Golden Bull for the confirmation of these grants. He also founded an archiepiscopal seminary of his own, the Collegium Adalbertinum, in order to secure his influence over the students in training for the priesthood. In 1638 Ferdinand III limited the monopoly of teaching enjoyed by the Jesuits by taking from them the rights, properties, and archives of the Carolina, the faculties of law and medicine, and making these once more independent under an imperial protector. During the last year of the Thirty Years' War the Karls Bridge of Prague was courageously defended against the Swedes by the students of the Carolina and Clementina under the leadership of the Jesuit Father George Plachý. After this war the university received its permanent constitution and by a formal ceremony (4 March, 1654) the Carolo-Ferdinandea was again united and placed under a chancellor, the Archbishop of Prague, and an imperial superintendent. The Jesuits retained all the professorships in the philosophical and theological faculties up to 1757, when a Dominican and an Augustinian were also appointed to give theological instruction. In the two secular faculties the number of lay professors increased after the abolition, in 1612, of the obligatory celibacy of the professors. The secular professors were appointed by the emperor, the Jesuit professors were merely presented to him. They held closely to the Ratio studiorum of the Society and, in regard to discipline and jurisdiction, they were entirely their own masters. The theological faculty had four regular professorships; that of law, four to six; the philosophical, three to five; the medical, five.

The dilapidated Carolinum was rebuilt in 1718 by Max Kanka at the expense of the State. The university was strictly Catholic: the profession of faith that had to be made on receiving a degree before the chancellor, the Archbishop of Prague, excluded non-Catholics from the professorships; the rector granted the degrees for the ecclesiastical chancellor (pro cancellario). The laws of the university prescribed that the whole teaching corps should receive Communion on Maundy Thursday and (after 1602) should take part as a body in the Corpus Christi procession. From 1650 those who received degrees took an oath to maintain the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin as long as the Church did not decide against it, and this oath was annually renewed on 8 December by all the cives academici. Such, on the whole, was the status which continued until the bureaucratic reform of the universities of Austria in 1752 and 1754. This reform deprived the universities of many of their corporate rights, and rectors appointed by the State were placed at the head of the faculties; as neither the rectors nor the deans so appointed were professors, the Senate was little more than an ornamental body. Matters remained thus until 1849. A great change was brought about in the entire school system of Austria by the suppression of the Jesuits in 1773: secular priests now received positions in the theological faculty, and laymen were appointed to the philosophical faculty. In 1781 the prevailing Josephinism opened academic offices to non-Catholics, and this was followed, in 1785, by the appointment of the first Protestant as professor in the philosophical faculty; in 1781 Jews were permitted to study at the university, and in 1790 they were allowed to receive degrees. The juramentum de Immaculata Conceptione and the profession of faith on receiving a degree were dropped in 1782. The new regulations concerning studies (1784) increased the number of professorships and teaching positions in all the faculties; German was made the language of instruction, only pastoral theology and obstetrics were taught in Czech. In 1784 the professors dropped the dress peculiar to the university, which has been retained to the present only by the five proctors, the upper proctor and the proctors for the four faculties. The university was completely under the guardianship of the state, which prescribed the text-books, themes for disputation, semi-annual examinations and fees; in making all these changes, practical training was kept in view. It was not until the revolutionary year of 1848 in which the students of the University of Prague took up arms that a radical change was made.

The "regulation respecting study" of 1 October, 1850, is based upon freedom of teaching and learning. By this law and that "concerning the organization of academic boards of control" the early autonomy of the university with its independent election of rectors and deans was restored. The religious limitations upon academic degrees and positions were to be entirely removed; although as late as 1863 a Protestant elected dean of the philosophical faculty failed of confirmation by the State. Since that time the election of non-Catholics as deans and rectors has been of common occurrence. Jews, also, have held the office of dean, but not, so far, that of rector, two who were elected having declined the position. Great difficulties have arisen from the national conditions. One indication of the constitutional tendency was a constant development of the national and political consciousness of the Czech majority of the Bohemian people. The university recognized this to a limited degree by founding parallel Czech professorships. Thus, in 1863, out of 187 lecture courses 22 were in Czech; the number was increased but even this did not satisfy the Czechs. Consequently, after long negotiations, the Carolo-Ferdinandea was divided into a German and a Bohemian Karl-Ferdinand University, by the law of 28 February, 1882. The academic authorities and institutions of each section are entirely independent of the other section; only the aula in the Carolinum and the university library are in common. The separation came into effect in the winter semester of 1882-83, but it did not include the theological faculty, where lectures are generally given in Latin, on account of the opposition of Cardinal Schwarzenburg. Under Schwarzenburg's successor, Cardinal Count Schönborn, this faculty was also divided in the winter semester of 1891-2, while the archiepiscopal seminary for priests remained mixed in nationality. The sum of 93,000 kronen is required for the maintenance of the 150 students of this seminary - i. e. about 620 kronen apiece (a krone is twenty cents). Of this amount 32,043 kronen come from the revenues of the seminary; the rest is granted by the State. The separation and the constantly increasing needs of the work of teaching make new buildings necessary. Two new university buildings to replace the inadequate Carolinum are in course of construction.


II. PRESENT CONDITION

In the winter semester of 1909-10 the German Karl-Ferdinand University had 1778 students; these were divided into: 58 theological students, for both the secular priesthood and religious orders; 755 law students; 376 medical; 589 philosophical. Among the students were about 80 women. The professors were divided as follows: theology, 7 regular professors, 1 assistant professor, 1 docent; law, 12 regular professors, 2 assistant professors, 4 docents; medicine, 15 regular professors, 19 assistant, 30 docents; philosophy, 30 regular professors, 8 assistant, 19 docents, 7 lecturers. The budget for the year (not including building expenses) was: 1,612,246 kronen ($322,450) for regular expenses, 94,534 kronen for extraordinary expenses. The student associations, copied from those in the German Empire, are highly developed. The principal ones are: the "Reading and Debating Club of the German Students" founded in 1848, with about 500 members; the "Germania", founded in 1892, with 600 members (both Liberal associations); the Catholic association, "Academia", founded in 1909, with over a hundred members. In the face of over twenty student corps which have colours of their own and favour duelling, the three Catholic corps with about a hundred active members have a difficult position; yet they continually increase in number. In aid of the students there is a German students' home with a hundred rooms and a students' commons. The Bohemian Karl-Ferdinand University in the winter semester of 1909-10 included 4319 students; of these 131 were theological students belonging both to the secular and regular clergy; 1962 law students; 687 medical; 1539 philosophical; 256 students were women. The professors were divided as follows: theological faculty, 8 regular professors, 2 docents; law, 12 regular, 7 assistant professors, 12 docents; medicine, 16 regular professors, 22 assistant, 24 docents; philosophy, 29 regular, 16 assistant, 35 docents, 11 lecturers. The annual budget amounts to 1,763,790 kronen ($352,758) for regular expenditures, and 117,760 kronen for extraordinary expenditures, without including building expenses. The theological faculty is temporarily housed in a private residence. The "Academic Reading Society" (Akademický ctenárský spolek) is Liberal in religion, the "Svaz cesko-slovanas-kého studentstva" is more radical still. In comparison with these the Catholic associations are comparatively weak. They are: "Druzstvo Arnosta z Pardubie" (100 to 200 members), "Ceska akademicka Liga", and the Slavonic "Dan". In addition to the Hlaska house of studies for students, there is a Catholic home for students founded by Ernst von Pardübitz. The library common to both universities, and to which the public is also admitted, contains 375,630 volumes; among these are 3921 manuscripts, and 1523 early printed books. The expenses of the library for 1910 were 178,509 kronen ($35,702).

TOMAK, Gesch. der Prager Universität (Prague, 1849); IDEM, Gesch. von Prag (12 vols., Prague, 1856-1901), in Bohemian; ZSCHOKKA, Theologische Studien und Anstalten im Osterreich (Vienna, 1894), 157-219; ERMANN-HORN, Bibliographia der deutschen Universitäten, II (Leipzig, 1904), nn. 14790 sqq.; Die Karl-Ferdinands- Universität in Prag 1848-1898 (Prague, 1898); Prag als deutscher Hochschulstadt (2nd ed., Prague, 1910); RASHDALL, Universities of the Middle Ages, II (Oxford, 1895).

KARL HILGENREINER