Chapter XX.

Now it is impossible, as far as manual exercise goes, to ply two arts at once; for instance, husbandry and sailing, or tinkering and carpentering. If one is to be honestly taken in hand, the other must be left alone. Just so, there are these two marriages for our choice, the one effected in the flesh, the other in the spirit; and preoccupation in the one must cause of necessity alienation from the other. No more is the eye able to look at two objects at once; but it must concentrate its special attention on one at a time; no more can the tongue effect utterances in two different languages, so as to pronounce, for instance, a Hebrew word and a Greek word in the same moment: no more can the ear take in at one and the same time a narrative of facts, and a hortatory discourse; if each special tone is heard separately, it will impress its ideas upon the hearers’ minds; but if they are combined and so poured into the ear, an inextricable confusion of ideas will be the result, one meaning being mutually lost in the other: and no more, by analogy, do our emotional powers possess a nature which can at once pursue the pleasures of sense and court the spiritual union; nor, besides, can both those ends be gained by the same courses of life; continence, mortification of the passions, scorn of fleshly needs, are the agents of the one union; but all that are the reverse of these are the agents of bodily habitation. As, when two masters are before us to choose between, and we cannot be subject to both, for “no man can serve two masters142    S. Matt. vi. 24,” he who is wise will choose the one most useful to himself, so, when two marriages are before us to choose between, and we cannot contract both, for “he that is unmarried cares for the things of the Lord, but he that is married careth for the things of the world143    1 Cor. vii. 32.,” I repeat that it would be the aim of a sound mind not to miss choosing the more profitable one; and not to be ignorant either of the way which will lead it to this, a way which cannot be learnt but by some such comparison as the following. In the case of a marriage of this world a man who is anxious to avoid appearing altogether insignificant pays the greatest attention both to physical health, and becoming adornment, and amplitude of means and the security from any disgraceful revelations as to his antecedents or his parentage; for so he thinks things will be most likely to turn out as he wishes. Now just in the same way the man who is courting the spiritual alliance will first of all display himself, by the renewal of his mind144    See Eph. iv. 22, 23., a young man, without a single touch of age upon him; next he will reveal a lineage rich in that in which it is a noble ambition to be rich, not priding himself on worldly wealth, but luxuriating only in the heavenly treasures. As for family distinction, he will not vaunt that which comes by the mere routine of devolution even to numbers of the worthless, but that which is gained by the successful efforts of his own zeal and labours; a distinction which only those can boast of who are “sons of the light” and children of God, and are styled “nobles from the sunrise145    See S. Matt. viii. 11; S. Luke xiii. 29. The same expression (εὐγενὴς τῶν ἀφ᾽ ἡλίου ἀνατολῶν) is used of Meletius, in Gregory’s funeral oration on him.” because of their splendid deeds. Strength and health he will not try to gain by bodily training and feeding, but by all that is the contrary of this, perfecting the spirit’s strength in the body’s weakness. I could tell also of the suitor’s gifts to the bride in such a wedding146    τὰ ἕδνα τοῦ γάμου, i.e. given by the bridegroom. The Juris-consults called it Donatio propter nuptias, or simply Donatio. The human soul here espouses Wisdom, i.e. Christ, as its Bride. See below, where Prov. iv. 6 is quoted.; they are not procured by the money that perishes, but are contributed out of the wealth peculiar to the soul. Would you know their names? You must hear from Paul, that excellent adorner of the Bride147    νυμφοστόλου, in what the wealth of those consists who in everything commend themselves. He mentions much else that is priceless in it, and adds, “in chastity148    2 Cor. vi. 6.”; and besides this all the recognized fruits of the spirit from any quarter whatever are gifts of this marriage. If a man is going to carry out the advice of Solomon and take for helpmate and life-companion that true Wisdom of which he says, “Love her, and she shall keep thee,” “honour her, that she may embrace thee149    Prov. iv. 6.,” then he will prepare himself in a manner worthy of such a love, so as to feast with all the joyous wedding guests in spotless raiment, and not be cast forth, while claiming to sit at that feast, for not having put on the wedding garment. It is plain moreover that the argument applies equally to men and women, to move them towards such a marriage. “There is neither male nor female150    Gal. iii. 28.,” the Apostle says; “Christ is all, and in all151    Col. iii. 11.”; and so it is equally reasonable that he who is enamoured of wisdom should hold the Object of his passionate desire, Who is the True Wisdom; and that the soul which cleaves to the undying Bridegroom should have the fruition of her love for the true Wisdom, which is God. We have now sufficiently revealed the nature of the spiritual union, and the Object of the pure and heavenly Love.

[20] Κεφάλαιον κʹ Ὅτι ἀδύνατον ὁμοῦ ταῖς σωματικαῖς ὑπηρετεῖν ἡδοναῖς καὶ τὴν κατὰ θεὸν εὐφροσύνην καρποῦσθαι Ἔστι δέ τις καὶ παρὰ τῷ ἀποστόλῳ τοιοῦτος λόγος, ὡς ἄρα διπλοῦς ἡμῶν ἐστιν ὁ καθ' ἕκαστον ἄνθρωπος, ὁ μὲν ὁρώμενος ἔξωθεν, ᾧ τὸ διαφθείρεσθαι κατὰ φύσιν ἐστίν, ὁ δὲ κατὰ τὸ κρυπτόμενον τῆς καρδίας νοούμενος, ὃς ἐπιδέχεται τὸ ἀνακαινοῦσθαι. Εἰ οὖν ἀληθὴς ὁ λόγος_πάντως δέ ἐστιν ἀληθὴς διὰ τὴν ἐν αὐτῷ λαλοῦσαν ἀλήθειαν_, οὐδὲν ἀπεικὸς καὶ γάμον διπλοῦν ἐννοεῖν ἑκατέρῳ τῶν ἐν ἡμῖν ἀνθρώπων πρόσφορόν τε καὶ κατάλληλον: καὶ τάχα ὁ τολμήσας εἰπεῖν τὴν σωματικὴν παρθενίαν τοῦ ἔνδοθεν καὶ πνευματικοῦ γάμου συνεργὸν καὶ πρόξενον γίνεσθαι οὐ πόρρω τοῦ εἰκότος ἀποτολμήσει.
Ὡς γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι κατὰ ταὐτὸν δύο τισὶ τέχναις ὑπηρετεῖν διὰ τῆς τῶν χειρῶν ἐνεργείας, οἷον γεωργοῦντα καὶ ναυτιλλόμενον, ἢ χαλκεύοντά τε καὶ τεκτονεύοντα, ἀλλ' εἰ μέλλοι τις τῆς μιᾶς ὑγιῶς ἀντιλήψεσθαι, τῆς ἑτέρας ἀφεκτέον αὐτῷ: οὕτως ἡμῖν καὶ δύο προκειμένων γάμων, τοῦ μὲν διὰ σαρκὸς ἐπιτελουμένου, τοῦ δὲ διὰ πνεύματος, ἡ περὶ τὸν ἕνα σπουδὴ τὸν τοῦ ἑτέρου χωρισμὸν ἀναγκαῖον ποιεῖ. Οὔτε γὰρ δύο κατὰ ταὐτὸν ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς ἰδεῖν ἱκανός ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ ἀνὰ μέρος καὶ ἰδίᾳ ἑκατέρῳ τῶν ὁρατῶν ἐπερείσειεν, οὔτε ἡ γλῶσσα διαφόροις ὑπηρετήσει φωναῖς, Ἑβραίων τε ῥήματα καὶ Ἑλλήνων ἐν τῷ αὐτῷ φθεγγομένη, οὔτε ἡ ἀκοὴ διηγήσεώς τε πραγμάτων καὶ διδακτικῶν λόγων κατὰ ταὐτὸν ἀκροάσεται: ἡ γὰρ διαφορὰ τῆς φωνῆς, εἰ μὲν ἀνὰ μέρος ἀκούοιτο, ἐνσημανεῖται τῷ ἀκροωμένῳ τὴν ἔννοιαν, εἰ δὲ κατὰ ταὐτὸν μιχθεῖσα περιηχοίη τὴν ἀκοήν, συγχυσίς τις ἀδιάκριτος τὴν διάνοιαν λήψεται τῶν σημαινομένων ἐν ἀλλήλοις συγχεομένων.
Κατὰ τὸν αὐτὸν λόγον καὶ τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν ἡμῶν φύσιν οὐκ ἔχει ὁμοῦ ταῖς σωματικαῖς ὑπηρετεῖν ἡδοναῖς καὶ τὸν πνευματικὸν μετιέναι γάμον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ διὰ τῶν ὁμοίων ἐπιτηδευμάτων δυνατόν ἐστιν ἑκατέρου τῶν σκοπῶν λαβέσθαι: τοῦ μὲν γὰρ ἐγκράτεια καὶ σώματος νέκρωσις καὶ τῶν κατὰ σάρκα πάντων ὑπεροψία πρόξενοι γίνονται, τῆς δὲ σωματικῆς συναφείας πάντα τὰ ἐναντία. Οὐκοῦν ὥσπερ δύο κυρίων ἐν αἱρέσει προκειμένων, ἐπειδὴ κατὰ ταὐτὸν οὐκ ἔστιν ἀμφοτέρων γενέσθαι ὑπήκοον _«Οὐδεὶς γὰρ δύναται δυσὶ κυρίοις δουλεύειν»_, τὸν ὠφελιμώτερον ὁ εὖ φρονῶν ἐπιλέξεται: οὕτως ἡμῖν καὶ δύο προκειμένων γάμων, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἔστιν ἐν ἀμφοτέροις εἶναι _«Ὁ γὰρ ἄγαμος μεριμνᾷ τὰ τοῦ κυρίου, ὁ δὲ γαμήσας μεριμνᾷ τὰ τοῦ κόσμου»_, σωφρονούντων ἂν εἴη μήτε διαμαρτεῖν τῆς ἐκλογῆς τοῦ συμφέροντος μήτε τὴν ἐπὶ τοῦτον ἄγουσαν ὁδὸν ἀγνοῆσαι, ἣν οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλως ἢ διὰ τοιαύτης τινὸς ἀναλογίας μαθεῖν.
Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν τῷ σωματικῷ γάμῳ ὁ μὴ ἀπόβλητος γενέσθαι σπουδάζων, καὶ τῆς τοῦ σώματος εὐεξίας καὶ τοῦ πρέποντος καλλωπισμοῦ καὶ πλούτου περιουσίας καὶ τοῦ μηδὲν μήτε ἐκ τοῦ βίου μήτε ἐκ τοῦ γένους ἐπάγεσθαί τι ὄνειδος πολλὴν ποιήσεται πρόνοιαν_οὕτω γὰρ ἂν τύχοι μάλιστα τῶν κατὰ γνώμην_: τὸν αὐτὸν τρόπον καὶ ὁ τὸν πνευματικὸν γάμον ἑαυτῷ μετιὼν πρῶτον μὲν νέον ἑαυτὸν καὶ πάσης παλαιότητος κεχωρισμένον τῇ ἀνακαινώσει τοῦ νοὸς ἐπιδείξει, εἶτα πλούσιον ἐν οἷς τὸ πλουτεῖν ἐστι περισπούδαστον, οὐ τοῖς ἀπὸ γῆς σεμνυνόμενον χρήμασιν, ἀλλὰ τοῖς οὐρανίοις θησαυροῖς κομῶντα. Γένους δὲ σεμνότητα οὐ κατὰ τὴν αὐτόματον συντυχίαν πολλοῖς καὶ τῶν φαύλων προσοῦσαν κἀκεῖνος ἔχειν φιλοτιμήσεται, ἀλλὰ τὴν πόνῳ καὶ σπουδῇ δι' οἰκείων κατορθωμάτων προσγινομένην, ἣν μόνοι αὐχοῦσιν οἱ τοῦ φωτὸς υἱοὶ καὶ τέκνα θεοῦ καὶ «τῶν ἀφ' ἡλίου ἀνατολῶν εὐγενεῖς» διὰ τῶν ἔργων τῶν φωτεινῶν χρηματίζοντες. Ἰσχὺν δὲ καὶ εὐεξίαν οὐ σῶμα ἀσκῶν οὐδὲ καταπιαίνων τὴν σάρκα περιποιήσεται, ἀλλὰ πᾶν τὸ ἐναντίον ἐν τῇ τοῦ σώματος ἀσθενείᾳ τελειῶν τὴν τοῦ πνεύματος δύναμιν. Οἶδα δὲ καὶ τὰ ἕδνα τοῦ γάμου τούτου οὐκ ἀπὸ φθαρτῶν χρημάτων πεποιημένα, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ ἰδίου πλούτου τῆς ψυχῆς δωροφορούμενα. Βούλει μαθεῖν τὰ τῶν δώρων ὀνόματα; Ἄκουσον Παύλου τοῦ καλοῦ νυμφοστόλου ἐν τίσι πλουτοῦσιν οἱ ἐν παντὶ συνιστῶντες ἑαυτούς, ἐν οἷς ἄλλα τε πολλὰ καὶ μεγάλα εἰπών, «Καὶ ἐν ἁγνότητι» φησίν. Καὶ πάλιν ὅσα ἑτέρωθι ἐν τοῖς τοῦ πνεύματος καρποῖς ἀπαριθμεῖται, πάντα τοῦ γάμου τούτου δῶρά ἐστι. Καὶ εἴ τις μέλλοι πείθεσθαι τῷ Σολομῶντι καὶ τὴν ἀληθινὴν σοφίαν σύνοικόν τε καὶ βίου κοινωνὸν ἑαυτῷ λαμβάνειν, περὶ ἧς φησιν ὅτι «Ἐράσθητι αὐτῆς, καὶ τηρήσει σε, τίμησον αὐτήν, ἵνα σε περιλάβῃ», ἐπαξίως τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ταύτης παρασκευάσεται ἐν καθαρᾷ τῇ στολῇ τοῖς ἐν τῷ γάμῳ τούτῳ εὐφραινομένοις συνεορτάζων, ἵνα μὴ ἀπόβλητος γένηται, τῆς μὲν ἑορτῆς συμμετασχεῖν ἀξιῶν, τὸ δὲ ἔνδυμα τοῦ γάμου μὴ περικείμενος. Δῆλον δὲ ὅτι κοινὸς ὁ λόγος ἐστὶν ἐπί τε ἀνδρῶν ὁμοίως καὶ γυναικῶν εἰς τὴν περὶ τὸν τοιοῦτον γάμον σπουδήν: ἐπειδὴ γάρ, καθώς φησιν ὁ ἀπόστολος, «οὐκ ἔνι ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ», «πάντα δὲ καὶ ἐν πᾶσι Χριστός», εἰκότως ὁ τῆς σοφίας ἐρασθεὶς τὸν ἔνθεον ἔχει τῆς ἐπιθυμίας σκοπόν, ὅς ἐστιν ἡ ἀληθὴς σοφία, καὶ ἡ τῷ ἀφθάρτῳ νυμφίῳ προσκολληθεῖσα ψυχὴ τῆς ἀληθινῆς σοφίας ἔχει τὸν ἔρωτα, ἥτις ἐστὶν ὁ θεός. Ἀλλὰ τί μὲν ὁ πνευματικός ἐστι γάμος καὶ πρὸς τίνα βλέπει σκοπὸν ὁ καθαρός τε καὶ οὐράνιος ἔρως, μετρίως ἡμῖν ἐκ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀνακεκάλυπται.