Chapter XII.—Antiquity of Moses proved.

And I think it necessary also to consider the times in which your philosophers lived, that you may see that the time which produced them for you is very recent, and also short. For thus you will be able easily to recognise also the antiquity of Moses. But lest, by a complete survey of the periods, and by the use of a greater number of proofs, I should seem to be prolix, I think it may be sufficiently demonstrated from the following. For Socrates was the teacher of Plato, and Plato of Aristotle. Now these men flourished in the time of Philip and Alexander of Macedon, in which time also the Athenian orators flourished, as the Philippics of Demosthenes plainly show us. And those who have narrated the deeds of Alexander sufficiently prove that during his reign Aristotle associated with him. From all manner of proofs, then, it is easy to see that the history of Moses is by far more ancient than all profane34    Literally, “without,” not belonging to the true faith. histories. And, besides, it is fit that you recognise this fact also, that nothing has been accurately recorded by Greeks before the era of the Olympiads, and that there is no ancient work which makes known any action of the Greeks or Barbarians. But before that period existed only the history of the prophet Moses, which he wrote in the Hebrew character by the divine inspiration. For the Greek character was not yet in use, as the teachers of language themselves prove, telling us that Cadmus first brought the letters from Phœnicia, and communicated them to the Greeks. And your first of philosophers, Plato, testifies that they were a recent discovery. For in the Timæus35    C. 3. he wrote that Solon, the wisest of the wise men, on his return from Egypt, said to Critias that he had heard this from a very aged Egyptian priest, who said to him, “O Solon, Solon, you Greeks are ever children, and aged Greek there is none.” Then again he said, “You are all youths in soul, for you hold no ancient opinion derived through remote tradition, nor any system of instruction hoary with time; but all these things escape your knowledge, because for many generations the posterity of these ancient ages died mute, not having the use of letters.” It is fit, therefore, that you understand that it is the fact that every history has been written in these recently-discovered Greek letters; and if any one would make mention of old poets, or legislators, or historians, or philosophers, or orators, he will find that they wrote their own works in the Greek character.

Ἀναγκαῖον δὲ οἶμαι καὶ τοὺς χρόνους σκοπεῖν, καθ' οὓς οἱ καθ' ὑμᾶς γεγόνασι φιλόσοφοι, ὅπως γνῶτε ὅτι σφόδρα νέος καὶ βραχύς ἐστιν ὁ τούτους ὑμῖν ἐνεγκὼν χρόνος: οὕτω γὰρ ὑμῖν ἔσται δυνατὸν καὶ τὴν Μωϋσέως ἀρχαιότητα ῥᾳδίως γνῶναι. Ἵνα δὲ μὴ περὶ τῶν χρόνων διεξιὼν παρέλξειν δόξω, πλείοσιν ἀποδείξεσι χρώμενος, ἀποχρώντως οἶμαι καὶ ἀπὸ τούτων δεικνύναι. Σωκράτης μὲν γὰρ Πλάτωνος, Πλάτων δὲ Ἀριστοτέλους διδάσκαλος γέγονεν. Οὗτοι δὲ κατὰ τοὺς Φιλίππου καὶ Ἀλεξάνδρου τοῦ Μακεδόνος ἤκμασαν χρόνους, καθ' οὓς καὶ οἱ Ἀθηναίων ῥήτορες, ὡς δηλοῦσιν ἡμῖν σαφῶς καὶ οἱ Δημοσθένει κατὰ Φιλίππου γραφέντες λόγοι. Ὅτι δὲ καὶ Ἀριστοτέλης Ἀλεξάνδρῳ συνῆν ἐν τῷ τῆς βασιλείας χρόνῳ, ἱκανῶς δηλοῦσιν οἱ τὰς Ἀλεξάνδρου ἱστορήσαντες πράξεις. Πανταχόθεν οὖν γνῶναι ῥᾴδιον ὅτι πολλῷ ἀρχαιοτάτην πασῶν τῶν ἔξωθεν ἱστοριῶν τὴν Μωϋσέως ἱστορίαν εἶναι συμβαίνει. Ἄλλως τε οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀγνοεῖν ὑμᾶς προσήκει, ὅτι οὐδὲν Ἕλλησι πρὸ τῶν ὀλυμπιάδων ἀκριβὲς ἱστόρηται, οὐδ' ἔστι τι σύγγραμμα παλαιόν, Ἑλλήνων ἢ βαρβάρων σημαῖνον πρᾶξιν. Μόνη δὲ ἡ τοῦ πρώτου προφήτου Μωϋσέως προὐπῆρχεν ἱστορία, ἣν ἐκ θείας ἐπιπνοίας Μωϋσῆς γέγραφε τοῖς τῶν Ἑβραίων γράμμασι. Τὰ γὰρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων οὐδέπω ἦν, ὡς δηλοῦσι καὶ αὐτοὶ οἱ τῶν γραμμάτων διδάσκαλοι, φάσκοντες Κάδμον πρῶτον ἐκ Φοινίκης αὐτὰ κομίσαντα Ἕλλησι μεταδοῦναι. Καὶ ὁ πρῶτος δὲ τῶν παρ' ὑμῖν φιλοσόφων μαρτυρεῖ Πλάτων ὕστερον εὑρῆσθαι αὐτά. Γέγραφε γὰρ ἐν τῷ Τιμαίῳ τὸν τῶν σοφῶν σοφώτατον Σόλωνα, ἐκ τῆς Αἰγύπτου ἐπανελθόντα, Κριτίᾳ λέγειν ταῦτα ἅπερ ἀκηκοέναι Αἰγυπτίου τινὸς ἱερέως οὐ μάλα παλαιοῦ πρὸς αὐτὸν λέγοντος: Ὦ Σόλων Σόλων, Ἕλληνές ἐστε παῖδες ἀεί, γέρων δὲ Ἕλλην οὐκ ἔστιν. Εἶτ' αὖθις: Νέοι ἐστέ, ἔφη, τὰς ψυχὰς πάντες: οὐδεμίαν γὰρ ἐν αὐταῖς ἔχετε παλαιὰν δόξαν οὐδὲ μακρῷ χρόνῳ παλαιὸν οὐδέν. Ἀλλ' ὑμᾶς λέληθε διὰ τὸ ἐπὶ πολλὰς γενεὰς γράμμασι τελευτᾶν ἀφώνους. Εἰδέναι τοίνυν προσήκει ὅτι πᾶσαν ἱστορίαν τοῖς τῶν Ἑλλήνων ὕστερον εὑρεθεῖσι γράμμασι γεγράφθαι συμβαίνει, καὶ εἴτε ποιητῶν τις ἀρχαίων εἴτε νομοθετῶν εἴτε ἱστοριογράφων εἴτε φιλοσόφων ἢ ῥητόρων μνημονεῦσαι βούλοιτο, εὑρήσει τούτους τὰ ἑαυτῶν συγγράμματα τοῖς τῶν Ἑλλήνων γεγραφότας γράμμασιν.