Chapter XXI.—The namelessness of God.

For God cannot be called by any proper name, for names are given to mark out and distinguish their subject-matters, because these are many and diverse; but neither did any one exist before God who could give Him a name, nor did He Himself think it right to name Himself, seeing that He is one and unique, as He Himself also by His own prophets testifies, when He says, “I God am the first,” and after this, “And beside me there is no other God.”42    Isa. xliv. 6. On this account, then, as I before said, God did not, when He sent Moses to the Hebrews, mention any name, but by a participle He mystically teaches them that He is the one and only God. “For,” says He; “I am the Beingi;” manifestly contrasting Himself, “the Being,” with those who are not,43    Literally, “with the not-beings.” that those who had hitherto been deceived might see that they were attaching themselves, not to beings, but to those who had no being. Since, therefore, God knew that the first men remembered the old delusion of their forefathers, whereby the misanthropic demon contrived to deceive them when he said to them, “If ye obey me in transgressing the commandment of God, ye shall be as gods,” calling those gods which had no being, in order that men, supposing that there were other gods in existence, might believe that they themselves could become gods. On this account He said to Moses, “I am the Being,” that by the participle “being” He might teach the difference between God who is and those who are not.44    Literally, “between the God being and not-beings.” Men, therefore, having been duped by the deceiving demon, and having dared to disobey God, were cast out of Paradise, remembering the name of gods, but no longer being taught by God that there are no other gods. For it was not just that they who did not keep the first commandment, which it was easy to keep, should any longer be taught, but should rather be driven to just punishment. Being therefore banished from Paradise, and thinking that they were expelled on account of their disobedience only, not knowing that it was also because they had believed in the existence of gods which did not exist, they gave the name of gods even to the men who were afterwards born of themselves. This first false fancy, therefore, concerning gods, had its origin with the father of lies. God, therefore, knowing that the false opinion about the plurality of gods was burdening the soul of man like some disease, and wishing to remove and eradicate it, appeared first to Moses, and said to him, “I am He who is.” For it was necessary, I think, that he who was to be the ruler and leader of the Hebrew people should first of all know the living God. Wherefore, having appeared to him first, as it was possible for God to appear to a man, He said to him, “I am He who is;” then, being about to send him to the Hebrews, He further orders him to say, “He who is hath sent me to you.”

Οὐδὲν γὰρ ὄνομα ἐπὶ θεοῦ κυριολογεῖσθαι δυνατόν. Τὰ γὰρ ὀνόματα εἰς δήλωσιν καὶ διάγνωσιν τῶν ὑποκειμένων κεῖται πραγμάτων, πολλῶν καὶ διαφόρων ὄντων: θεῷ δὲ οὔτε ὁ τιθεὶς ὄνομα προϋπῆρχεν, οὔτε αὐτὸς ἑαυτὸν ὀνομάζειν ᾠήθη δεῖν, εἷς καὶ μόνος ὑπάρχων, ὡς αὐτὸς διὰ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ προφητῶν μαρτυρεῖ λέγων: Ἐγὼ θεὸς πρῶτος καὶ ἐγὼ μετὰ ταῦτα καὶ πλὴν ἐμοῦ θεὸς ἕτερος οὐκ ἔστι. Διὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν, ὡς καὶ πρότερον ἔφην, οὐδὲ ὀνόματός τινος ὁ θεὸς ἀποστέλλων πρὸς τοὺς Ἑβραίους τὸν Μωϋσέα μέμνηται, ἀλλὰ διά τινος μετοχῆς ἕνα καὶ μόνον θεὸν ἑαυτὸν εἶναι μυστικῶς διδάσκει. Ἐγὼ γάρ, φησίν, εἰμὶ ὁ ὤν, ἀντιδιαστέλλων ἑαυτὸν δῆλον ὅτι ὁ ὢν τοῖς μὴ οὖσιν, ἵνα γνῶσιν οἱ πρότερον ἀπατηθέντες ὅτι οὐχὶ τοῖς οὖσιν ἀλλὰ τοῖς μὴ οὖσι προσέσχον. Ἐπεὶ τοίνυν ὁ θεὸς ἠπίστατο τοὺς πρώτους ἀνθρώπους τῆς παλαιᾶς τῶν προγόνων μεμνημένους ἀπάτης, ἣν ἀπατῆσαι αὐτοὺς ὁ μισάνθρωπος δαίμων ἐβουλήθη φήσας πρὸς αὐτοὺς Εἰ πεισθείητέ μοι τὴν τοῦ θεοῦ παρελθεῖν ἐντολήν, ἔσεσθε ὡς θεοί, θεοὺς ὀνομάζων τοὺς μὴ ὄντας, ἵν' οἱ ἄνθρωποι οἰηθέντες καὶ ἑτέρους εἶναι θεοὺς καὶ ἑαυτοὺς δύνασθαι γενέσθαι θεοὺς πιστεύσωσι, διὰ τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν Μωϋσέα ἔφη Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν, ἵνα διὰ τῆς μετοχῆς ὄντος τοῦ θεοῦ ὄντος καὶ μὴ ὄντων διαφορὰν διδάξῃ. Πεισθέντες τοίνυν οἱ ἄνθρωποι τῷ ἠπατηκότι δαίμονι καὶ θεοῦ παρακοῦσαι τολμήσαντες ἐξῆλθον τοῦ παραδείσου, τοῦ μὲν ὀνόματος τῶν θεῶν μεμνημένοι, μηκέτι δὲ παρὰ θεοῦ μὴ εἶναι θεοὺς ἑτέρους διδαχθέντες: οὐ γὰρ δίκαιον ἦν τοὺς τὴν πρώτην ἐντολὴν μὴ φυλάξαντας, ἣν φυλάξαι ῥᾴδιον ἦν, διδάσκειν ἔτι, ἀλλὰ τιμωρίαν αὐτοῖς ἐπάγειν δικαίαν. Ἐκβληθέντες τοίνυν τοῦ παραδείσου καὶ οἰόμενοι διὰ τὴν παρακοὴν ἐκβεβλῆσθαι μόνην, οὐ μὴν εἰδότες διότι καὶ θεοὺς μὴ ὄντας ἐπείσθησαν εἶναι, τὸ τῶν θεῶν ὄνομα καὶ τοῖς μετὰ ταῦτα ἐξ αὐτῶν γενομένοις ἀνθρώποις παρέδοσαν. Αὕτη τοίνυν πρώτη περὶ θεῶν ψευδὴς φαντασία, ἀπὸ τοῦ ψεύστου πατρὸς τὴν ἀρχὴν ἐσχηκυῖα. Εἰδὼς τοίνυν ὁ θεὸς τὴν τῆς πολυθεότητος μὴ ἀληθῆ δόξαν ὥσπερ τινὰ νόσον τῇ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐνοχλοῦσαν ψυχῇ, ἀνελεῖν καὶ ἀνατρέψαι βουλόμενος, πρῶτον μὲν τῷ Μωϋσεῖ φανεὶς ἔφη πρὸς αὐτόν: Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν. Ἔδει γάρ, οἶμαι, τὸν ἄρχοντα καὶ στρατηγὸν τοῦ τῶν Ἑβραίων γένους ἔσεσθαι μέλλοντα πρῶτον ἁπάντων τὸν ὄντα γινώσκειν θεόν. Διὸ καὶ τούτῳ πρώτῳ φανείς, ὡς ἦν δυνατὸν ἀνθρώπῳ φανῆναι θεόν, ἔφη πρὸς αὐτόν: Ἐγώ εἰμι ὁ ὤν. Εἶτα, ἀποστέλλειν αὐτὸν πρὸς τοὺς Ἑβραίους μέλλων, κἀκείνοις αὐτὸν τὰ αὐτὰ προστάττει λέγειν: Ὁ ὢν ἀπέσταλκέ με πρὸς ὑμᾶς.