John Chrysostom, On the Letter to the Romans

Of this subject he makes much account in other epistles also, setting subjects under their rulers as household servants are under their masters. And this he does to show that it was not for the subversion of the commonwealth that Christ introduced His laws, but for the better ordering of it, and to teach men not to be taking up unnecessary and unprofitable wars. For the plots that are formed against us for the truth’s sake are sufficient and we have no need to be adding temptations superfluous and unprofitable. And observe too how well-timed his entering upon this subject is. For when he had demanded that great spirit of heroism, and made men fit to deal either with friends or foes, and rendered them serviceable alike to the prosperous and those in adversity and need, and in fact to all, and had planted a conversation worthy of angels, and had discharged anger, and taken down recklessness, and had in every way made their mind even, he then introduces his exhortation upon these matters also. For if it be right to requite those that injure us with the opposite, much more is it our duty to obey those that are benefactors to us. But this he states toward the end of his exhortation, and hitherto does not enter on these reasonings which I mention, but those only that enjoin one to do this as a matter of debt. And to show that these regulations are for all, even for priests, and monks, and not for men of secular occupations only, he hath made this plan at the outset, by saying as follows: “let every soul be subject unto the higher powers,” if thou be an Apostle even, or an Evangelist, or a Prophet, or anything whatsoever, inasmuch as this subjection is not subversive of religion. And he does not say merely “obey,” but “be subject.” And the first claim such an enactment has upon us, and the reasoning that suiteth the faithful, is, that all this is of God’s appointment.

“For there is no power,” he says, “but of God.” What say you? it may be said; is every ruler then elected by God? This I do not say, he answers. Nor am I now speaking about individual rulers, but about the thing in itself. For that there should be rulers, and some rule and others be ruled, and that all things should not just be carried on in one confusion, the people swaying like waves in this direction and that; this, I say, is the work of God’s wisdom. Hence he does not say, “for there is no ruler but of God;” but it is the thing he speaks of, and says, “there is no power but of God.373 The distinction which Chrys. carries through his interpretation of this passage on human government, between authority in abstracto and in concreto belongs rather to a philosophical treatment of the subject than to an exposition of the apostle’s language. The use of general terms like ἐξουσία and οὖσία cannot have been designed to leave room for concrete exceptions since the apostle blends general and specific terms throughout the passage [ἄρχοντες (3) θεοῦ διάκονος (4)]. The question of obeying unjust rulers and supporting the “powers” in unjust measures, the apostle does not raise. He is stating a general principle and he says nothing of exceptions. His language does not exclude the possibility of exceptions when the reign of rulers becomes clearly subversive of moral order and opposed to the principles of the divine government.—G.B.S. And the powers that be, are ordained of God.” Thus when a certain wise man saith, “It is by the Lord that a man is matched with a woman” (Prov. xix. 14, LXX.), he means this, God made marriage, and not that it is He that joineth together every man that cometh to be with a woman. For we see many that come to be with one another for evil, even by the law of marriage, and this we should not ascribe to God. But as He said Himself, “He which made them at the beginning, made them male and female, and said, For this cause shall a man leave father and mother, and shall cleave to his wife, and they twain shall be one flesh.” (Matt. xix. 4, 5; Gen. ii. 24.) And this is what that wise man meant to explain. For since equality of honor does many times lead to fightings, He hath made many governments and forms of subjection; as that, for instance, of man and wife, that of son and father, that of old men and young, that of bond and free,374 See 1 Cor. vii. 21; Col. iii. 22; 1 Tim. vi. 2. Slavery is clearly recognized as a lawful state of life, appointed by Providence, and in Col. iv. 1, is shown to have a typical meaning; this does not necessarily imply the common opinion of the Greeks (Ar. Pol. i. 1), that there is a natural distinction of men into the free and the slavish. that of ruler and ruled, that of master and disciple. And why are you surprised in the case of mankind, when even in the body He hath done the same thing? For even here He hath not made all parts of equal honor, but He hath made one less and another greater, and some of the limbs hath He made to rule and some to be ruled. And among the unreasoning creatures one may notice this same principle, as amongst bees, amongst cranes, amongst herds of wild cattle. And even the sea itself is not without this goodly subordination; for there too many of the clans are ranged under one among the fishes, and are led thus as an army, and make long expeditions from home. For anarchy, be where it may, is an evil, and a cause of confusion. After having said then whence governments come, he proceeds, “Whosoever therefore resisteth the power, resisteth the ordinance of God.” See what he has led the subject on to, and how fearful he makes it, and how he shows this to be a matter of debt. For lest the believers should say, You are making us very cheap and despicable, when you put us, who are to enjoy the Kingdom of Heaven, under subjection to rulers, he shows that it is not to rulers, but to God again that he makes them subject in doing this. For it is to Him, that he who subjects himself to authorities is obedient. Yet he does not say this—for instance that it is God to Whom a man who listens to authorities is obedient—but he uses the opposite case to awe them, and gives it a more precise form by saying, that he who listeneth not thereto is fighting with God, Who framed these laws. And this he is in all cases at pains to show, that it is not by way of favor that we obey them, but by way of debt. For in this way he was more likely to draw the governors who were unbelievers to religion, and the believers to obedience. For there was quite a common report in those days (Tert. Ap. 1, 31, 32), which maligned the Apostles, as guilty of a sedition and revolutionary scheme, and as aiming in all they did and said at the subversion of the received institutions. When then you show our common Master giving this in charge to all His, you will at once stop the mouths of those that malign us as revolutionists, and with great boldness will speak for the doctrines of truth. Be not then ashamed, he says, at such subjection. For God hath laid down this law, and is a strong Avenger of them if they be despised. For it is no common punishment that He will exact of thee, if thou disobey, but the very greatest; and nothing will exempt thee, that thou canst say to the contrary, but both of men thou shalt undergo the most severe vengeance, and there shall be no one to defend thee, and thou wilt also provoke God the more. And all this he intimates when he says,

“And they that resist shall receive to themselves damnation.” Then to show the gain of the thing after the fear, he uses reasons too to persuade them as follows:

Ver. 3. “For rulers are not a terror to good works, but to the evil.”

For when he has given a deep wound, and stricken them down, he again uses gentler treatment, like a wise physician, who applies soothing medicines, and he comforts them, and says, why be afraid? why shudder? For does he punish a person that is doing well? Or is he terrible to a person who lives in the practice of virtue? Wherefore also he proceeds, “Wilt thou then not be afraid of the power? Do that which is good, and thou shall have praise of the same.” You see how he has made him friends (ᾥκείωσεν) with the ruler, by showing that he even praises him from his throne. You see how he has made wrath unmeaning.

Ver. 4. “For he is the minister of God to thee for good.”

So far is he from terrifying thee, he says, that he even praises thee: so far from being a hindrance to thee, that he even works with thee. When then thou hast his praise and his succor, how is it that thou art not in subjection to him? For he maketh virtue easier for thee in other ways also, by chastising the wicked, by benefiting and honoring375 Most mss. omit “and honoring.” the good, and by working together with the will of God. Whence too he has even given him the name of “Minister.”376 Or Deacon; the Coronation Service illustrates the sacred view of the kingly office; as by the use of the Dalmatic (sect. x.), which belongs also to Deacons; see Palmer, Or. Lit. append. sect. iv. And consider: I give you counsel to be sober-minded, and he, by the laws, speaks the same language. I exhort you not to be rapacious and grasping. And he sits in judgment in such cases, and so is a worker together with us, and an assistant to us, and has been commissioned by God for this end.377 Compare Butler, Analogy 1, 2, and Arist. Eth. v. 1. “The law commands to do the acts of a brave man, such as not quitting one’s post, not flying, not throwing away one’s arms. And those of a sober man, as not to commit adultery, or to insult any one. And those of a meek person, as not to strike, not to defame; and so with other virtues and vices,…” Where he means that the law cannot enforce the character but can demand the acts, and is so far drawing man towards what is suitable to his nature. Butler shows that this is a part of God’s moral government. Hence there are both reasons for reverencing him, both because he was commissioned by God, and because it was for such an object. “But if thou do that which is evil, be afraid.” It is not then the ruler that maketh the fear, but our own wickedness.

“For he beareth not the sword in vain.” You see how he hath furnished him with arms, and set him on guard like a soldier, for a terror to those that commit sin. “For he is the minister of God to execute wrath, a revenger upon him that doeth evil.” Now lest you should start off at hearing again of punishment, and vengeance, and a sword, he says again that it is God’s law he is carrying out. For what if he does not know it himself? yet it is God that hath so shaped things (οὕτως ἐτύπωσεν). If then, whether in punishing, or in honoring, he be a Minister, in avenging virtue’s cause, in driving vice away, as God willeth, why be captious against him, when he is the cause of so many good doings, and paves the way for thine too? since there are many who first practised virtue through the fear of God. For there are a duller sort, whom things to come have not such a hold upon as things present. He then who by fear and rewards gives the soul of the majority a preparatory turn towards its becoming more suited for the word of doctrine, is with good reason called “the Minister of God.”

Ver. 5. “Wherefore ye must needs be subject, not only for wrath but also for conscience sake.”

What is the meaning of, “not only for wrath?” It means not only because thou dost resist God by not being subject, nor only because thou art procuring great evils for thyself, both from God and the rulers, but also because he is a benefactor to thee in things of the greatest importance, as he procures peace to thee, and the blessings of civil institutions. For there are countless blessings to states through these authorities; and if you were to remove them, all things would go to ruin, and neither city nor country, nor private nor public buildings, nor anything else would stand, but all the world will be turned upside down, while the more powerful devour the weaker. And so even if some wrath were not to follow man’s disobedience, even on this ground thou oughtest to be subject, that thou mayest not seem devoid of conscience and feeling towards the benefactor.

Ver. 6. “For, for this cause pay ye tribute also; for they are God’s ministers, attending continually on this very thing.”

Without going one by one into the benefits done to states by the rulers, as that of good order and peace, the other services, as regarding the soldiery, and those over the public business, he shows the whole of this by a single case. For that thou art benefited by him, he means, thou bearest witness thyself, by paying him a salary. Observe the wisdom and judgment of the blessed Paul. For that which seemed to be burdensome and annoying—the system of imposts—this he turns into a proof of their care for men. What is the reason, he means, that we pay tribute to a king? It is not as providing for us? And yet we should not have paid it unless we had known in the first instance that we were gainers from this superintendence. Yet it was for this that from of old all men came to an agreement that governors should be maintained by us, because to the neglect of their own affairs, they take charge of the public,378 Arist. Eth. viii. 8, “The political union of men seems to have been first formed for advantage, and for this it is upheld.” See Pol. i. 2, where he says of it, that “it is formed that men may live, but is (in the nature of things) that they may live well.” and on this they spend their whole leisure, whereby our goods also are kept safe. After saying then what the external goods are, he again averts to the former line of argument (for in this way he was more likely to attract the believer to him), and he shows again that this is God’s decree, and on it he makes his advice rest finally, in these words, “they are God’s ministers.” Then to show the pains they take, and their hard life, he proceeds,

“Waiting continually upon this very thing.”

For this is their life, this their business, that thou mayest enjoy peace. Wherefore in another Epistle, he bids them not only be subject, but also “pray” in their behalf. And as showing there too that the advantage was common to all, he adds, “that we may lead a quiet and peaceable life in all things.”379 St. Augustin de Civ. Dei, xix. 17, writes, “But the heavenly city, or rather that part of it which sojourneth in this mortal state, and liveth by faith, must likewise make use of this kind of peace, till that mortality, for which such peace is needful, pass away.” And xix. 26, he quotes 1 Tim. ii. 2, and Jer. xxix. 7, to the same purpose. (1 Tim. ii. 1, 2.) For it is in no small degree that they contribute to the settled state of the present life, by keeping guard, beating off enemies, hindering those who are for sedition in the cities, putting an end to differences among any. For do not tell me of some one who makes an ill use of the thing, but look to the good order that is in the institution itself, and you will see the great wisdom of Him who enacted this law from the first.

Ver. 7, 8. “Render therefore to all their dues; tribute to whom tribute, custom to whom custom, fear to whom fear, honor to whom honor. Owe (or ye owe) no man anything, but to love one another.”

He still keeps upon the same line, bidding them pay them not money only, but honor and fear. And how is it when he said above, “Wilt thou not be afraid of the power? do that which is good;” that he here says “render fear?” He does it meaning exceeding honor, and not the fear which comes from a bad conscience, which he alluded to before. And it is not “give,” that he says, but “render” (or “give back,” ἀπόδοτε), and then adds to it, the “dues.” For it is not a favor that you confer by so doing, since the thing is matter of due. And if you do it not, you will be punished as obstinate. Do not suppose that you are lowering yourself, and detracting from the dignity of your own philosophy, if you rise up at the presence of a ruler, or if you uncover your head. For if he laid these laws down at that time, when the rulers were Gentiles, much more ought this to be done with them now they are believers. But if you mean to say, that you are entrusted with greater privileges, be informed that this is not thy time. For thou art a stranger and a sojourner. A time will be when thou shalt appear brighter than all. Now thy “life is hid with Christ in God. When Christ shall appear, then shall ye also appear with Him in glory” (Col. iii. 3, 4.) Seek not then in this life of accidents thy change, but even if thou hast to be with fear in a ruler’s presence, do not think that this is unworthy thy noble birth. For so God willeth, that the ruler who has his place marked380 τυπωθεὶς, see p. 513, οὕτως ἐτύπωσεν. The sense appears to be, “whose precise character in every form of government Himself determines.” by Him, should have his own power. And when he who is conscious of no evil in himself, stands with fear in the judge’s presence, much more will he who doth evil things be affrighted, and thou in this way wilt be the more respected. For it is not from honoring that the lowering of self comes but from dishonoring him. And the ruler will treat thee with greater respect, and he will glorify thy Master owing to this, even if he be an unbeliever. “Owe381 Or “ye owe,” it may seem that this is his sense, from “thou owest,” but he would have it look the other way. no man anything, but to love one another.” Again he has recourse to the mother of good deeds, and the instructress of the things spoken of, who is also productive of every virtue, and says that this is a debt also, not however such as the tribute or the custom, but a continuous one. For he does not wish it ever to be paid off, or rather he would have it always rendered, yet never fully so, but to be always owing. For this is the character of the debt, that one keeps giving and owing always. Having said then how he ought to love, he also shows the gain of it, saying,

“For he that loveth another hath fulfilled the Law.”

And do not, pray, consider even this a favor; for this too is a debt. For thou owest love to thy brother, through thy spiritual relationship. And not for this only, but also because “we are members one of another.” And if love leave us, the whole body is rent in pieces. Love therefore thy brother. For if from his friendship thou gainest so much as to fulfil the whole Law, thou owest him love as being benefited by him.

Ver. 9. “For this, Thou shalt not commit adultery, Thou shalt not kill, Thou shalt not steal, Thou shalt not bear false witness,382 St. Chrysostom omits “Thou shalt not covet.” Many mss. of the New Testament omit “Thou shalt not bear false witness,” but all known mss. of St. Chrysostom have it, as well as the printed copies. and any other commandment, is briefly comprehended in this saying, Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.”

He does not say merely it is fulfilled, but “it is briefly comprehended,”383 ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται, see p. 472, note 3. that is, the whole work of the commandments is concisely and in a few words completed. For the beginning and the end of virtue is love. This it has for its root, this for its groundwork, this for its summit. If then it be both beginning and fulfilment, what is there equal to it? But he does not seek love merely, but intense love. For he does not say merely “love thy neighbor,” but, “as thyself.” Hence also Christ said384 Matt. xxii. 39. St. Hilary on the place notices that the second could not be called like unto it, were it not that our Neighbor means Christ, i.e. as present in His members. that “the Law and the Prophets hang upon” it. And in making two kinds of love, see how He has raised this! For after saying that the first commandment is, “Thou shalt love the Lord thy God,” He added a second;385 So most mss. while the old edd. read “added, and the second—” and He did not stay, but added, “like unto it; Thou shalt love thy neighbor as thyself.” What can be equal to this love to man, or this gentleness? That when we were at infinite distance from Him, He brings the love to us into comparison with that toward Himself, and says that “is like unto this.” Hence then, to put the measures of either as nearly the same, of the one He says, “with all thy heart, and with all thy soul,” but of this towards one’s neighbor, He says, “as thyself.” But Paul said, that when this did not exist even the other was of no great profit to us. As then we, when we are fond of any one, say, if you love him, then you love me; so He also to show this saith, “is like unto it;” and to Peter, “If thou lovest Me, feed My sheep.” (John xxi. 16.)

Ver. 10. “Love worketh no ill to his neighbor, therefore love is the fulfilling of the Law.”

Observe how it has both virtues, abstinence from evils (for it “worketh no ill,” he says), and the working of good deeds. “For it is,” he says, “the fulfilling (or filling up) of the Law;” not bringing before us instruction only on moral duties in a concise form, but making the accomplishment of them easy also. For that we should become acquainted with things profitable to us was not all that he was careful for (which is the Law’s care), but also with a view to the doing of them it brought us great assistance; accomplishing not some part of the commandments, but the whole sum of virtue in us. Let us then love one another, since in this way we shall also love God,386 Ms. “be beloved of God,” which makes a fair sense with the context. Who loveth us. For in the case of men, if you love a man’s beloved, he that loveth him is contentious at it. But here He deemeth thee worthy to share His love, and hateth thee when thou sharest not. For man’s love is laden with envy and grudging;387 Plato, Phædr. p. 217, B. ὁ φθόνος ἔξω Θείου χοροῦ ἵσταται, Envy standeth without the Divine circle. but God’s is free from all passion, whence also He seeketh for those to share His love. For He says, love thou with Me, and then thyself also will I love the more. You see the words of a vehement lover! If thou love My beloved, then will I also reckon Myself to be greatly beloved of thee. For He vehemently desireth our salvation, and this He showed from of old. Now hear what He saith when He was forming the man, “Let Us make man in Our Image:” and again, “Let Us388 Gen. ii. 18. This plural is in the LXX., not in the Hebrew. See in Gen. c. ii. Hom. xiv. make an help meet for him. It is not good for him to be alone.” (Gen. i. 26.) And when he had transgressed, He rebuked him, observe how gently;389 On the Fall, see Hom. xvii. in Gen. and He does not say, Wretch! thou very wretch! after receiving so great benefits, hast thou after all trusted to the devil? and left thy Benefactor, to take up with the evil spirit? But what saith He? “Who told thee that thou art naked, unless thou hast eaten of the Tree, from which alone I commanded thee not to eat?” (ib. iii. 11.) As if a father were to say to a child, who was ordered not to touch a sword, and then disobeyed and got wounded, “How camest thou wounded? Thou camest so by not listening to me.” You see they are the words of a friend rather than a master, of a friend despised, and not even then forsaking. Let us then imitate Him, and when we rebuke, let us preserve this moderation. For even the woman He also rebuketh again with the same gentleness. Or rather what He said was not so much rebuke as admonition and correction, and security against the future. This is why He saith nothing390 Nothing before or beside his sentence. Nothing of admonition. See Ben. to the serpent. For he was the designer of the mischiefs, and had it not in his power to put off the accusation on any one else, wherefore He punished him severely: and even here He did not come to a pause, but made the earth also to share in the curse. But if He cast them out of paradise, and condemned them to labor, even for this we ought to adore and reverence Him the most. For since self-indulgence issues in listlessness, He trenches upon the pleasure by building a fort of pain against listlessness, that we may return to the love of Him. And what of Cain’s case? Doth he not meet with the same gentleness? For being by him also insulted, He doth not reproach (same word as insult) in return, but entreats, (or comforts) him, and says, “Why is thy countenance fallen?” (Gen. iv. 6.) And yet what he had done allowed of no excuse whatever. And this the younger brother shows. But still even then He doth not rebuke him: but what saith He? “Hast thou sinned: keep peace;” “do so no more.” “To thee shall his turning be, and thou shalt rule over him”391 See Hom. xix. in Gen. St. Cyr. Al. Glaph. lib. i. §2, p. 20 B. takes this as said to Abel. (ib. 7, LXX.), meaning his brother. “For if thou art afraid, lest for this sacrifice,” He means, “I should deprive thee of the preëminence of the first-born, be of good cheer, for the entire command over him do I put into thy hands. Only be thou better, and love him that hath done thee no wrong; for I have an interest in you both. And what maketh Me most glad is, that ye be not at variance one with another.” For as a devoted mother, so doth God do and plan everything to keep one from being torn from another; but that you may get a clearer view, by an example, of my meaning, call to your mind, pray, Rebecca in her trouble, and running about everywhere, when the elder son was at enmity with the younger. For if she loved Jacob, still she did not feel averse to Esau. And therefore she said, Lest by any means “I be deprived of both of you, my children, in one day.” (ib. xxvii. 45.) Therefore also God upon that occasion said, “Thou hast sinned: be at peace: unto thee shall his turning be” (ib. iv. 7), so repressing the murder beforehand, and aiming at the peace of them both. But when he had murdered him, He did not even then bring His care for him to a close, but again answers the fratricide in gentle terms, saying, “Where is thy brother Abel?” that even now, if he would, he might make a full confession. But he struggled in defence of his former misdeeds, with a greater and sadder shamelessness. But even then God doth not leave him, but again speaks the language of an iujured and despised lover, and says, “The voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto Me.” (Gen. iv. 10.) And again He rebukes the earth with the murderer, turning His wrath off to it, and saying, “Cursed be the earth, which opened her mouth to receive thy brother’s blood” (ib. ii.); and doing like those who lament (ἀνακαλοὕντας), as David also did when Saul was fallen. For he made an address to the mountains which received him as he died, in the words, “Ye mountains of Gilboa, let there fall on you neither rain nor dew, because there were the shields of the mighty cast away.” (2 Sam. i. 21.) And thus God also, as though singing some solitary dirge (μονῳδίαν), saith, “The voice of thy brother’s blood crieth unto Me; and now art thou cursed from the earth, which hath opened her mouth to receive thy brother’s blood from thy hand.” And this He said to humble his fiery passion, and to persuade him to love him at least now he was gone. Hast thou extinguished his life? He would say; why dost thou not now extinguish the hatred also? But what doth He do? He loveth both the one and the other, since He made them both. What then?392 Alluding to the στένων καὶ τρέμων of the LXX., v. 12. doth (4 mss. will) He let the murderer go unpunished? Nay, he would but have grown worse. Will He punish him then? Nay, He hath more tenderness than a father. See then how He at once punisheth and also displays, even in this, His love. Or rather, He doth not so much as punish, but only corrects. For He doth not kill him, but only fetters him with trembling, that he may divest himself of the crime, that so at least he may come back to a natural tenderness for the other, and that so at last he may make a truce with him now he hath gone; for He were fain he should not go away to the other world in enmity with him that was deceased. This is the way wherein they that love, when in doing acts of kindness they meet with no love in return, are led on to be vehement and to threaten, not with their will indeed, but led by their love to do this: that at least in this way they may win over those that scorn them. Yet affection of this sort is one of compulsion, and still this even solaces them, through the vehemency of their love. And so punishment itself comes from affection, since unless pained at being hated, they would not choose to punish either. Now observe, how this is what Paul says to the Corinthians. For “who is he” (says he) “that maketh me glad, but the same which is made sorry by me?” (2 Cor. ii. 2.) And so when he is going to the full extent of punishment, then he shows his love. Thus the Egyptian woman too, from her vehement love, as vehemently punished Joseph: and she indeed did so for mischief, the love being unchaste; but God for good, since the love was worthy of Him who loved. This is why He does not refuse even to condescend to grosser words, and to speak the names of human passions, and to call Himself jealous. For “I am a jealous God” (Ex. xx. 5), He saith, that you may learn the intenseness of the love. Let us then love Him as He would have us: for He sets great store thereby. And if we turn away, He keepeth inviting us, and if we will not be converted, He chasteneth us through His affection, not through a wish to exact punishment of us. And see what He saith in Ezekiel to the city that was beloved, yet had despised Him. “I will bring thy lovers against thee, and will deliver thee into their hands, and they shall stone thee, and shall slay thee, and My jealousy shall be taken away from thee, and I will rest, and I will not trouble Myself any more.” (From Ezek. xvi. 37–42.) What more than this could a vehement lover have said, when despised by his beloved, and after all again ardently loving her? For God doeth everything that He may be loved by us, and owing to this He spared not even His Son. But we are unbending, and savage. Yet let us become gentle at last, and love God as we ought to love Him, that we may with pleasure enjoy virtue. For if any that hath a beloved wife does not perceive any of the vexations that come day by day, He that loveth with this divine and pure love, only consider what great pleasure he will have to enjoy! For this is, indeed it is, the kingdom of Heaven; this is fruition of good things, and pleasure, and cheerfulness, and joy, and blessedness. Or rather, say as many things as I may, I shall still be unable to give you any such representation of it as should be, but the trial of it alone can give a knowledge of this goodly thing. Wherefore also the Prophet saith, “Delight thyself in the Lord” (Ps. xxxvii. 4), and, “Taste and see that the Lord is gracious.” (Ib. xxxiv. 8.) Let us then be persuaded, and indulge ourselves in His love. For in this way we shall both see His Kingdom even from out of this life, and shall be living the life of Angels, and while we abide on earth, we shall be in as goodly a condition as they that dwell in heaven; and after our departing hence, shall stand the brightest of beings by the judgment-seat of Christ, and shall enjoy that glory unutterable, which may we all attain unto, by the grace and love toward man of our Lord Jesus Christ. For to Him is the glory forever, Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΚΓʹ. Πᾶσα ψυχὴ ἐξουσίαις ὑπερεχούσαις ὑπο τασσέσθω. αʹ. Πολὺν τοῦ πράγματος τούτου ποιεῖται λόγον καὶ ἐν ἑτέραις ἐπιστολαῖς, καθάπερ τοὺς οἰκέτας τοῖς δεσπόταις, οὕτω καὶ τοὺς ἀρχομένους τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ὑποτάσσων. Ποιεῖ δὲ τοῦτο, δεικνὺς ὡς οὐκ ἐπ' ἀνατροπῇ τῆς κοινῆς πολιτείας ὁ Χριστὸς τοὺς παρ' αὐτοῦ νόμους εἰσήγαγεν, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ διορθώσει βελτίονι, καὶ παιδεύων μὴ περιττοὺς ἀναδέχεσθαι πολέμους καὶ ἀνονήτους. Ἀρκοῦσι γὰρ αἱ διὰ τὴν ἀλήθειαν ἡμῖν ἐπαγόμεναι ἐπιβουλαὶ, καὶ περιττοὺς οὐ δεῖ προστιθέναι πειρασμοὺς καὶ ἀνονήτους. Σκόπει δὲ πῶς καὶ εὐκαίρως εἰς τὸν περὶ τούτων ἐνέβαλε λόγον. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὴν πολλὴν ἐκείνην ἀπῄτησε φιλοσοφίαν, καὶ τοῖς φίλοις καὶ τοῖς ἐχθροῖς κατεσκεύασεν ἐπιτηδείους, καὶ τοῖς ἐν εὐημερίᾳ καὶ τοῖς δυσπραγοῦσι, καὶ τοῖς δεομένοις καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς χρησίμους εἰργάσατο, καὶ τὴν ἀγγέλοις πρέπουσαν κατεφύτευσε πολιτείαν, καὶ θυμὸν ἐκένωσε καὶ ἀπόνοιαν κατέστειλε, καὶ διὰ πάντων κατελέανεν αὐτῶν τὴν διάνοιαν, τότε καὶ τὴν περὶ τούτων εἰσάγει παραίνεσιν. Εἰ γὰρ τοὺς ἀδικοῦντας τοῖς ἐναντίοις ἀμείβεσθαι χρὴ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τοῖς εὐεργετοῦσι πείθεσθαι προσήκει. Ἀλλὰ τοῦτο μὲν πρὸς τῷ τέλει τῆς παραινέσεως τίθησι: τέως δὲ οὐ τούτους κινεῖ τοὺς λογισμοὺς, οὓς εἶπον, ἀλλὰ τοὺς κατὰ ὀφειλὴν κελεύοντας τοῦτο ποιεῖν. Καὶ δεικνὺς, ὅτι πᾶσι ταῦτα διατάττεται, καὶ ἱερεῦσι καὶ μοναχοῖς, οὐχὶ τοῖς βιωτικοῖς μόνον, ἐκ προοιμίων αὐτὸ δῆλον ἐποίησεν, οὕτω λέγων: Πᾶσα ψυχὴ ἐξουσίαις ὑπερεχούσαις ὑποτασσέσθω: κἂν ἀπόστολος ᾖς, κἂν εὐαγγελιστὴς, κἂν προφήτης, κἂν ὁστισοῦν: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀνατρέπει τὴν εὐσέβειαν αὕτη ἡ ὑποταγή. Καὶ οὐχ ἁπλῶς εἶπε, Πειθέσθω, ἀλλ', Ὑποτασσέσθω. Καὶ πρῶτον δικαίωμα τῆς τοιαύτης νομοθεσίας, καὶ λογισμοῖς πρέπον πιστοῖς, τὸ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ταῦτα διατετάχθαι: Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐξουσία, φησὶν, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τί λέγεις; πᾶς οὖν ἄρχων ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ κεχειροτόνηται; Οὐ τοῦτο λέγω, φησίν: οὐδὲ γὰρ περὶ τῶν καθ' ἕκαστον ἀρχόντων ὁ λόγος μοι νῦν, ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ πράγματος. Τὸ γὰρ ἀρχὰς εἶναι, καὶ τοὺς μὲν ἄρχειν, τοὺς δὲ ἄρχεσθαι, καὶ μηδὲ ἁπλῶς καὶ ἀνέδην ἅπαντα φέρεσθαι, ὥσπερ κυμάτων τῇδε κἀκεῖσε τῶν δήμων περιαγομένων, τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίας ἔργον εἶναί φημι. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐκ εἶπεν: Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἄρχων, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ περὶ τοῦ πράγματος διαλέγεται λέγων: Οὐ γάρ ἐστιν ἐξουσία εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ Θεοῦ: αἱ δὲ οὖσαι ἐξουσίαι ὑπὸ Θεοῦ τεταγμέναι εἰσίν. Οὕτω καὶ ὅταν λέγῃ τις σοφὸς, ὅτι Παρὰ Κυρίου ἁρμόζεται ἀνδρὶ γυνὴ, τοῦτο λέγει, ὅτι τὸν γάμον ὁ Θεὸς ἐποίησεν, οὐχ ὅτι ἕκαστον συνιόντα γυναικὶ αὐτὸς συνάπτει: καὶ γὰρ ὁρῶμεν πολλοὺς ἐπὶ κακῷ, καὶ οὐ νόμῳ γάμου, συνιόντας ἀλλήλοις, καὶ οὐκ ἂν τῷ Θεῷ τοῦτο λογισαίμεθα. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ αὐτὸς ἔλεγεν: Ὁ ποιήσας ἐξ ἀρχῆς, ἄρσεν καὶ θῆλυ ἐποίησεν αὐτούς: καὶ εἶπεν, Ἀντὶ τούτου καταλείψει ἄνθρωπος τὸν πατέρα αὑτοῦ καὶ τὴν μητέρα, καὶ προσκολληθήσεται πρὸς τὴν γυναῖκα αὑτοῦ, τοῦτο καὶ ὁ σοφὸς ἐκεῖνος ἑρμηνεύων ἔλεγεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ ὁμότιμον μάχην πολλάκις εἰσάγει, πολλὰς ἐποίησε τὰς ἀρχὰς καὶ τὰς ὑποταγὰς, οἷον ὡς ἀνδρὸς καὶ γυναικὸς, ὡς παιδὸς καὶ πατρὸς, ὡς πρεσβύτου καὶ νέου, ὡς δούλου καὶ ἐλευθέρου, ὡς ἄρχοντος καὶ ἀρχομένου, ὡς διδασκάλου καὶ μαθητοῦ. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις ἐπὶ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ὅπου γε καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο πεποίηκεν; Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα ὁμότιμα πάντα εἰργάσατο, ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν ἔλαττον, τὸ δὲ κρεῖττον κατεσκεύασε, καὶ τὰ μὲν ἄρχειν τῶν μελῶν, τὰ δὲ ἄρχεσθαι ἐποίησε. Καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἀλόγοις δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἴδοι τις ἂν, ὡς ἐν ταῖς μελίσσαις, ὡς ἐν ταῖς γεράνοις, ὡς ἐν ταῖς ἀγέλαις τῶν ἀγρίων προβάτων. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἡ θάλασσα ταύτης ἐστέρηται τῆς εὐταξίας, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκεῖ πολλὰ τῶν γενῶν ὑφ' ἑνὶ τάττεται τῶν ἰχθύων καὶ στρατηγεῖται, καὶ οὕτω μακρὰς ἀποδημίας ἀποδημεῖ. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἀναρχία πανταχοῦ κακὸν, καὶ συγχύσεως αἴτιον. Εἰπὼν τοίνυν πόθεν εἰσὶν αἱ ἀρχαὶ, ἐπήγαγεν: Ὥστε ὁ ἀντιτασσόμενος τῇ ἐξουσίᾳ, τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ διαταγῇ ἀνθέστηκεν. Ἴδε ποῦ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀνήγαγε, καὶ πόθεν ἐφόβησε, καὶ πῶς ἔδειξε τοῦτο κατὰ ὀφειλὴν γινόμενον. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ λέγωσιν οἱ πιστοὶ, ὅτι Ἐξευτελίζεις ἡμᾶς καὶ εὐκαταφρονήτους ποιεῖς, τοὺς τῆς τῶν οὐρανῶν βασιλείας ἀπολαύειν μέλλοντας ἄρχουσιν ὑποτάττων, δείκνυσιν ὅτι οὐκ ἄρχουσιν, ἀλλὰ τῷ Θεῷ πάλιν ὑποτάττει τοῦτο ποιῶν: ἐκείνῳ γὰρ ὁ ταῖς ἀρχαῖς ὑποτασσόμενος πείθεται. Ἀλλ' οὐ λέγει οὕτως, οἷον ὅτι τῷ Θεῷ πείθεται ὁ τοῖς ἄρχουσιν ὑπακούων, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐναντίου φοβεῖ καὶ ἀκριβέστερον αὐτὸ κατασκευάζει λέγων, ὅτι ὁ μὴ ὑπακούων ἐκείνῳ, τῷ Θεῷ πολεμεῖ τῷ ταῦτα νομοθετήσαντι. Καὶ τοῦτο σπουδάζει δεῖξαι πανταχοῦ, ὅτι οὐ χαριζόμεθα αὐτοῖς τὴν ὑπακοὴν, ἀλλ' ὀφείλομεν. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τοὺς ἄρχοντας τοὺς ἀπίστους ἐπεσπάσατο μᾶλλον πρὸς εὐσέβειαν, καὶ τοὺς πιστοὺς πρὸς ὑπακοήν. Καὶ γὰρ πολὺς περιεφέρετο λόγος τότε, ἐπὶ στάσει καὶ καινοτομίᾳ διαβάλλων τοὺς ἀποστόλους, καὶ ὡς ἐπ' ἀνατροπῇ τῶν κοινῶν νόμων ἅπαντα καὶ ποιοῦντας καὶ λέγοντας. Ὅταν οὖν δείξῃς τὸν κοινὸν ἡμῶν Δεσπότην τοῦτο παρεγγυῶντα τοῖς αὑτοῦ πᾶσι, καὶ τῶν διαβαλλόντων ὡς νεωτεροποιῶν ἀποῤῥάψεις τὰ στόματα, καὶ μετὰ πλείονος τῆς παῤῥησίας ὑπὲρ τῶν τῆς ἀληθείας διαλέξῃ δογμάτων. βʹ. Μὴ τοίνυν αἰσχύνου, φησὶ, τῇ τοιαύτῃ ὑποταγῇ. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς τοῦτο ἐνομοθέτησε, καὶ σφοδρός ἐστι τιμωρὸς καταφρονουμένων τούτων. Οὐ γὰρ τὴν τυχοῦσάν σε ἀπαιτήσει δίκην παρακούσαντα, ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα μεγίστην, καὶ οὐδέν σε ἐξαιρήσεται ἀντιλέγοντα, ἀλλὰ καὶ παρ' ἀνθρώπων ὑποστήσῃ τιμωρίαν χαλεπωτάτην, καὶ οὐδείς σου προστήσεται, καὶ τὸν Θεὸν παροξυνεῖς μειζόνως. Ἅπερ ἅπαντα αἰνιττόμενος ἔλεγεν: Οἱ δὲ ἀνθεστηκότες ἑαυτοῖς κρῖμα λήψονται. Εἶτα δεικνὺς δὲ τὸ κέρδος τοῦ πράγματος μετὰ τὸν φόβον, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν λογισμῶν πείθει λέγων οὕτως: Οἱ γὰρ ἄρχοντες οὐκ εἰσὶ φόβος τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔργων, ἀλλὰ τῶν κακῶν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ βαθεῖαν ἔδωκε τὴν πληγὴν καὶ κατέπληξεν αὐτοὺς, πάλιν ἀνίησιν, ὥσπερ σοφὸς ἰατρὸς φάρμακα προσηνῆ τιθεὶς, παραμυθούμενος καὶ λέγων, Τί δέδοικας; τί φρίττεις; μὴ γὰρ ἐπιτιμᾷ καλῶς πράττοντι; μὴ γάρ ἐστι φοβερὸς ἀρετῆς ἐπιμελουμένῳ; Διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει: Θέλεις δὲ μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν; Τὸ ἀγαθὸν ποίει, καὶ ἕξεις ἔπαινον ἐξ αὐτῆς. Εἶδες πῶς ᾠκείωσεν αὐτὸν τῷ ἄρχοντι, δείξας αὐτὸν καὶ ἐπαινέτην αὐτοῦ καθήμενον; Εἶδες πῶς ἐκένωσε τὸν θυμόν; Θεοῦ γάρ ἐστι διάκονός σοι εἰς τὸ ἀγαθόν. Τοσοῦτον ἀπέχει τοῦ φοβῆσαί σε, φησὶ, ὅτι καὶ ἐπαινεῖ: τοσοῦτον ἀπέχει τοῦ κωλύειν, ὅτι καὶ συμπράττει. Ὅταν οὖν καὶ ἐπαινέτην ἔχῃς καὶ βοηθὸν, διὰ τί οὐχ ὑποτάσσῃ; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἄλλως εὐκολωτέραν σοι ποιεῖ τὴν ἀρετὴν, τοὺς μὲν πονηροὺς κολάζων, τοὺς δὲ ἀγαθοὺς εὐεργετῶν καὶ τιμῶν, καὶ τῷ βουλήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ συμπράττων: διὸ καὶ διάκονον αὐτὸν ἐκάλεσε. Σκόπει δέ: συμβουλεύω περὶ σωφροσύνης ἐγὼ, καὶ ἐκεῖνος τὰ αὐτὰ λέγει διὰ τῶν νόμων: παραινῶ περὶ τοῦ μὴ δεῖν πλεονεκτεῖν μηδὲ ἁρπάζειν, κἀκεῖνος ὑπὲρ τούτων κάθηται δικάζων. Ὥστε συνεργός ἐστιν ἡμῖν καὶ βοηθὸς, καὶ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἰς τοῦτο ἀπέσταλται. Ἀμφοτέρωθεν τοίνυν ἐστὶν αἰδέσιμος, καὶ ὅτι παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἀπεστάλη, καὶ ὅτι ἐπὶ τοιούτῳ πράγματι. Ἐὰν δὲ καὶ τὸ κακὸν ποιῇς, φοβοῦ. Οὐκ ἄρα ὁ ἄρχων ποιεῖ τὸν φόβον, ἀλλ' ἡ ἡμετέρα πονηρία. Οὐ γὰρ εἰκῆ τὴν μάχαιραν φορεῖ. Εἶδες πῶς αὐτὸν παρέστησεν, ὁπλίσας καθάπερ τινὰ στρατιώτην, φοβερὸν τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσιν ἐπιστήσας; Θεοῦ γὰρ διάκονός ἐστιν εἰς ὀργὴν, ἔνδικος τῷ τὸ κακὸν πράσσοντι. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ πάλιν ἀκούσας κόλασιν καὶ τιμωρίαν καὶ μάχαιραν, ἀποπηδήσῃς, πάλιν φησὶν, ὅτι Θεοῦ νόμον πληροῖ. Τί γὰρ, εἰ καὶ ἀγνοεῖ αὐτός; Ἀλλ' ὁ Θεὸς οὕτως ἐτύπωσεν. Εἰ τοίνυν καὶ κολάζων καὶ τιμῶν διάκονος Θεοῦ ἐστιν, ἐκδικῶν ἀρετὴν, ἀπελαύνων κακίαν, ὅπερ ὁ Θεὸς βούλεται, τίνος ἕνεκεν αὐτῷ φιλονεικεῖς τοσαῦτα εἰσάγοντι ἀγαθὰ, καὶ προοδοποιοῦντι τοῖς σοῖς; Καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ πρότερον διὰ τοὺς ἄρχοντας ἀρετὴν ἀσκήσαντες, ὕστερον καὶ διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ Θεοῦ ταύτης ἐπελάβοντο. Τῶν γὰρ παχυτέρων οὐχ οὕτω τὰ μέλλοντα, ὡς τὰ παρόντα καθάπτεται. Ὁ τοίνυν τὴν ψυχὴν τῶν πολλῶν προευτρεπίζων τῷ φόβῳ καὶ ταῖς τιμαῖς, ὥστε γενέσθαι ἐπιτηδειοτέραν τῷ τῆς διδασκαλίας λόγῳ, εἰκότως οὗτος διάκονος κέκληται τοῦ Θεοῦ. Διὸ ἀνάγκη ὑποτάσσεσθαι, οὐ μόνον διὰ τὴν ὀργὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὴν συνείδησιν. Τί ἐστιν, Οὐ μόνον διὰ τὴν ὀργήν; Οὐ μόνον, φησὶν, ὅτι ἀνθίστασαι Θεῷ μὴ ὑποτασσόμενος, οὐδ' ὅτι κακὰ σεαυτῷ προξενεῖς μεγάλα καὶ παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς μεγίστοις εὐεργέτης σου γίνεται, εἰρήνης ὢν πρόξενος καὶ οἰκονομίας πολιτικῆς. Καὶ γὰρ μυρία ἀγαθὰ διὰ τῶν ἀρχῶν τούτων ταῖς πόλεσι γίνεται: κἂν ἀνέλῃς αὐτὰς, πάντα οἰχήσεται, καὶ οὐ πόλεις, οὐ χωρία, οὐκ οἰκία, οὐκ ἀγορὰ, οὐκ ἄλλο οὐδὲν στήσεται, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἀνατραπήσεται, τῶν δυνατωτέρων τοὺς ἀσθενεστέρους καταπινόντων. Ὥστε καὶ εἰ μὴ ὀργή τις εἵπετο τῷ παρακούοντι, καὶ οὕτως ὑποτάσσεσθαί σε ἐχρῆν, ἵνα μὴ δόξῃς ἀσυνείδητος εἶναι, καὶ ἀγνώμων περὶ τὸν εὐεργέτην. Διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ φόρους τελεῖτε, φησί. Θεοῦ γάρ εἰσι λειτουργοὶ, εἰς τοῦτο αὐτὸ προσκαρτεροῦντες. Ἀφεὶς εἰπεῖν κατὰ μέρος τὰς εὐεργεσίας τὰς ἀπὸ τῶν ἀρχόντων ταῖς πόλεσι γινομένας, οἷον τὴν εὐταξίαν, τὴν εἰρήνην, τὰς ἄλλας διακονίας, τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν στρατιωτῶν, τὰς ἐπὶ τῶν τὰ κοινὰ πραττόντων, ἐξ ἑνὸς τούτου τὸ πᾶν δείκνυσιν. Ὅτι γὰρ εὐεργετῇ παρ' αὐτοῦ, φησὶ, σὺ μαρτυρεῖς, μισθὸν αὐτῷ τελῶν. Ὅρα σοφίαν καὶ σύνεσιν τοῦ μακαρίου Παύλου. Ὃ γὰρ ἐδόκει φορτικὸν εἶναι καὶ ἐπαχθὲς τὸ τῶν ἀπαιτήσεων, τοῦτο δεῖγμα ποιεῖται τῆς αὐτῶν προνοίας. Διὰ τί γὰρ, φησὶ, φόρους δίδομεν βασιλεῖ; Οὐχ ὡς προνοοῦντι, οὐχ ὡς προϊσταμένῳ μισθὸν τελοῦντες κηδεμονίας; Καίτοι γε οὐκ ἂν ἐτελέσαμεν, εἰ μὴ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔγνωμεν, ὅτι κερδαίνομεν ἐκ τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιστασίας: ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦτο ἄνωθεν κοινῇ γνώμῃ πάντων ἔδοξε τοὺς ἄρχοντας τρέφεσθαι παρ' ἡμῶν, ὅτι τῶν οἰκείων ἀμελοῦντες, τῶν κοινῶν κήδονται πραγμάτων, καὶ εἰς ταῦτα τὴν σχολὴν ἀναλίσκουσιν ἅπασαν, δι' ὧν καὶ τὰ ἡμέτερα σώζεται. γʹ. Εἰπὼν τοίνυν τὰ ἀπὸ τῶν ἔξωθεν, πάλιν ἐπὶ τὰ πρότερα τὸν λόγον ἐπάγει: τὸν γὰρ πιστὸν οὕτω μᾶλλον ἱκανὸς ἦν ἐπισπάσασθαι: καὶ δείκνυσι πάλιν, ὅτι Θεῷ τοῦτο δοκεῖ, καὶ εἰς αὐτὸ κατακλείει τὴν συμβουλὴν, οὕτω λέγων: Θεοῦ γάρ εἰσι λειτουργοί. Εἶτα καὶ τὸν πόνον αὐτῶν δεικνὺς, καὶ τὴν ταλαιπωρίαν αὐτῶν ἐπήγαγεν: Εἰς τοῦτο αὐτὸ προσκαρτεροῦντες. Οὗτος γὰρ αὐτοῖς ὁ βίος, αὕτη ἡ σπουδὴ, ὅπως ἀπολαύῃς εἰρήνης. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἐν ἑτέρᾳ ἐπιστολῇ οὐ μόνον ὑποτάσσεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ εὔχεσθαι ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν κελεύει: καὶ δεικνὺς κἀκεῖ τὸ κέρδος κοινὸν, ἐπήγαγεν: Ἵνα ἤρεμον καὶ ἡσύχιον βίον διάγωμεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ μικρόν τι συντελοῦσιν ἡμῖν εἰς τὴν τοῦ παρόντος βίου κατάστασιν, ὅπλα τιθέμενοι, τοὺς πολεμίους ἀποκρουόμενοι, τοὺς ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι στασιάζοντας κωλύοντες, τὰς ἐν πᾶσι διαφορὰς διαλύοντες. Μὴ γάρ μοι τοῦτο εἴπῃς, εἴ τις κακῶς τῷ πράγματι κέχρηται, ἀλλ' αὐτῆς βλέπε τῆς διατάξεως τὴν εὐκοσμίαν, καὶ τὴν πολλὴν ὄψει τοῦ ταῦτα ἐξ ἀρχῆς νομοθετήσαντος σοφίαν. Ἀπόδοτε οὖν πᾶσι τὰς ὀφειλὰς, τῷ τὸν φόρον, τὸν φόρον: τῷ τὸ τέλος. τὸ τέλος: τῷ τὸν φόβον, τὸν φόβον: τῷ τὴν τιμὴν, τὴν τιμήν. Μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν. Ἔτι τῶν αὐτῶν ἔχεται, οὐ χρήματα μόνον κελεύων αὐτοῖς τελεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τιμὴν καὶ φόβον. Καὶ πῶς ἀνωτέρω λέγων, Θέλεις μὴ φοβεῖσθαι τὴν ἐξουσίαν; τὸ ἀγαθὸν ποίει: ἐνταῦθα λέγει, Ἀπόδοτε τὸν φόβον; Τὴν ἐπιτεταμένην λέγων τιμὴν, οὐ τὸν ἐκ τοῦ πονηροῦ συνειδότος φόβον, ὃν ἀνωτέρω ᾐνίξατο. Καὶ οὐδὲ εἶπε, Δότε, ἀλλ', Ἀπόδοτε, καὶ τὰς ὀφειλὰς προσέθηκεν: οὐδὲ γὰρ χαρίζῃ τοῦτο ποιῶν: ὀφειλὴ γάρ ἐστι τὸ πρᾶγμα, κἂν μὴ πράττῃς αὐτὸ, ἀγνώμονος ὑποστήσῃ δίκην. Μὴ δὴ νομίσῃς ἐξευτελίζεσθαι καὶ παραβλάπτεσθαι πρὸς τὸ τῆς οἰκείας φιλοσοφίας ἀξίωμα, ἂν ἄρχοντος παρόντος ὑπαναστῇς, ἂν τὴν κεφαλὴν ἀποκαλύψῃς. Εἰ γὰρ Ἑλλήνων ὄντων τότε τῶν ἀρχόντων ταῦτα ἐνομοθέτησε, πολλῷ μᾶλλον νῦν ἐπὶ τῶν πιστῶν τοῦτο γίνεσθαι χρή. Εἰ δὲ λέγεις, ὅτι σὺ μείζονα ἐμπεπίστευσαι, μάθε ὅτι οὐκ ἔστι σου νῦν ὁ καιρός: ξένος γὰρ εἶ καὶ παρεπίδημος, Ἔσται καιρὸς, ὅτε λαμπρότερος πάντων φανήσῃ: νῦν ἡ ζωή σου κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ. Ὅταν ὁ Χριστὸς φανερωθῇ. τότε καὶ ὑμεῖς σὺν αὐτῷ φανερωθήσεσθε ἐν δόξῃ. Μὴ ζήτει τοίνυν ἐν τῷ ἐπικήρῳ τούτῳ βίῳ τὴν ἀμοιβὴν, ἀλλὰ κἂν μετὰ φόβου παρεστάναι δέῃ τῷ ἄρχοντι, μὴ νομίσῃς ἀνάξιον εἶναι τοῦτο τῆς σῆς εὐγενείας. Ὁ Θεὸς γὰρ οὕτω βούλεται, ἵνα ὁ ἄρχων ὁ παρ' αὐτοῦ τυπωθεὶς τὴν οἰκείαν ἰσχὺν ἔχῃ. Καὶ γὰρ ὅταν ὁ μηδὲν ἑαυτῷ συνειδὼς πονηρὸν, μετὰ φόβου παρεστήκῃ τῷ δικάζοντι, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὁ τὰ πονηρὰ πράττων φοβηθήσεται. Καὶ σὺ δὲ ταύτῃ λαμπρότερος ἔσῃ: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐκ τοῦ τιμᾷν τὸ ἐξευτελίζεσθαι γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἐκ τοῦ ἀτιμάζειν: καὶ ὁ ἄρχων δέ σε θαυμάσεται μειζόνως, καὶ δοξάσει σου τὸν Δεσπότην ἐντεῦθεν, κἂν ἄπιστος ᾖ. Μηδενὶ μηδὲν ὀφείλετε, εἰ μὴ τὸ ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν. Πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν μητέρα τῶν ἀγαθῶν καταφεύγει, καὶ τὴν διδάσκαλον τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ ποιητικὴν ἀρετῆς ἁπάσης, καί φησι καὶ αὐτὴν ὀφείλημα εἶναι, οὐ μὴν τοιοῦτον, οἷον τὸ φόρον, οἷον τὸ τέλος, ἀλλὰ διηνεκές. Οὐδέποτε γὰρ αὐτὴν ἀποδίδοσθαι βούλεται: μᾶλλον δὲ ἀποδίδοσθαι μὲν ἀεὶ βούλεται, οὐ μὴν πληροῦσθαι, ἀλλ' ἀεὶ ὀφείλεσθαι. Τοιοῦτον γάρ ἐστι τὸ χρέος, ὡς καὶ διδόναι καὶ ὀφείλειν ἀεί. Εἰπὼν τοίνυν πῶς ἀγαπᾷν δεῖ, καὶ τὸ κέρδος αὐτοῦ δηλοῖ λέγων: Ὁ γὰρ ἀγαπῶν τὸν ἕτερον, νόμον πεπλήρωκε. Μὴ γάρ μοι μηδὲ τοῦτο χάριν νόμιζε: καὶ γὰρ καὶ τοῦτο ὀφειλή: ὀφείλεις γὰρ τῷ ἀδελφῷ ἀγάπην διὰ τὴν συγγένειαν τὴν πνευματικήν: οὐ ταύτῃ δὲ μόνον, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ μέλη ἐσμὲν ἀλλήλων: κἂν αὕτη ἡμᾶς ἐπιλίπῃ, τὸ πᾶν διεσπάσθη. Φίλει τοίνυν τὸν ἀδελφόν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐκ τῆς φιλίας αὐτοῦ τοσαῦτα κερδανεῖς, ὡς τὸν νόμον ἅπαντα πληροῦν, ὀφείλεις αὐτῷ τὴν ἀγάπην, εὐεργετούμενος παρ' αὐτοῦ. Τὸ γὰρ, Οὐ μοιχεύσεις, οὐ φονεύσεις, οὐ κλέψεις, οὐ ψευδομαρτυρήσεις, καὶ εἴ τις ἑτέρα ἐντολὴ, ἐν τούτῳ τῷ λόγῳ ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται, ἐν τῷ, Ἀγαπήσεις τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς ἑαυτόν. Οὐκ εἶπε, Πληροῦται, ἁπλῶς, ἀλλ', Ἀνακεφαλαιοῦται: τουτέστι, συντόμως καὶ ἐν βραχεῖ τὸ πᾶν ἀπαρτίζεται τῶν ἐντολῶν τὸ ἔργον: καὶ γὰρ ἀρχὴ καὶ τέλος τῆς ἀρετῆς ἡ ἀγάπη: ταύτην ἔχει ῥίζαν, ταύτην ὑπόθεσιν, ταύτην κορυφήν. Εἰ τοίνυν καὶ ἀρχὴ καὶ πλήρωμα, τί ταύτης ἴσον; δʹ. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἀγάπην ζητεῖ, ἀλλὰ τὴν ἐπιτεταμένην. Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς εἶπεν, Ἀγάπησον τὸν πλησίον σου, ἀλλ', Ὡς ἑαυτόν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τὸν νόμον καὶ τοὺς προφήτας ἐν αὐτῇ κρεμασθῆναι ἔλεγε. Καὶ δύο τιθεὶς ἀγάπης εἴδη, ὅρα ποῦ ταύτην ἀνήγαγεν. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, ὅτι Ἡ πρώτη ἐστὶν ἐντολὴ, Ἀγαπήσεις Κύριον τὸν Θεόν σου: ἐπήγαγε, Δευτέρα δὲ, καὶ οὐκ ἐσίγησεν, ἀλλὰ προσέθηκεν: Ὁμοία αὐτῆς, Καὶ τὸν πλησίον σου ὡς ἑαυτόν. Τί ταύτης ἴσον γένοιτ' ἂν τῆς φιλανθρωπίας; τί τῆς ἡμερότητος; Ὅταν ἀπείρως ἡμῶν αὐτοῦ διεστηκότων, τὴν εἰς ἡμᾶς ἀγάπην ἐγγὺς ἄγει τῆς εἰς αὐτὸν, καὶ ὁμοίαν ταύτης ἐκείνην εἶναι λέγει. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο, καὶ μέτρα σχεδὸν ἴσα τιθεὶς ἑκάτερα, περὶ μὲν ἐκείνης ἔλεγεν, Ἐξ ὅλης τῆς καρδίας σου, καὶ ἐξ ὅλης τῆς ψυχῆς σου: περὶ δὲ ταύτης τῆς τοῦ πλησίον, Ὡς ἑαυτόν. Ὁ δὲ Παῦλος, ταύτης οὐκ οὔσης, οὐδὲ ὠφελεῖσθαι σφόδρα παρ' ἐκείνης ἔλεγεν. Ὥσπερ οὖν ἡμεῖς ἐπειδάν τινα φιλῶμεν, λέγομεν, ὅτι ἂν ἐκεῖνον ἀγαπήσῃς, ἐμὲ ἠγάπησας: οὕτω καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο δηλῶν ἔλεγεν, Ὁμοία αὐτῆς ἐστι: καὶ Πέτρῳ, Εἰ φιλεῖς με, ποίμαινε τὰ πρόβατά μου. Ἡ ἀγάπη τῷ πλησίον κακὸν οὐκ ἐργάζεται. Πλήρωμα οὖν νόμου ἡ ἀγάπη. Εἶδες πῶς ἑκατέρας ἔχει τὰς ἀρετὰς τήν τε τῶν κακῶν ἀποχήν (Κακὸν γὰρ, φησὶν, οὐκ ἐργάζεται): καὶ τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐργασίαν, Πλήρωμα γὰρ νόμου, φησὶν, ἐστὶν, οὐ τὴν διδασκαλίαν ἡμῖν τῶν πρακτέων συντόμως εἰσάγουσα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν κατόρθωσιν αὐτῶν εὔκολον ποιοῦσα. Οὐ γὰρ ὅπως ἂν μάθοιμεν τὰ ὠφελοῦντα μόνον ἐσπούδακεν (ὅπερ ἐστὶ τοῦ νόμου), ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐργασίαν αὐτῶν πολλὴν εἰσάγει συμμαχίαν ἡμῖν, οὐ μέρος τι τῶν ἐντολῶν, ἀλλ' ὁλόκληρον ἐν ἡμῖν κατορθοῦσα τὴν ἀρετήν. Φιλῶμεν οὖν ἀλλήλους, ὡς καὶ ταύτῃ τὸν φιλοῦντα ἡμᾶς ἀγαπήσοντες Θεόν. Ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων, ἂν τὸν ἐρώμενον φιλῇς, μάχεται ὁ φιλῶν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ ἀξιοῖ σε κοινωνῆσαι τοῦ ἔρωτος, καὶ μὴ κοινωνοῦντα μισεῖ. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώπινος φθόνου καὶ βασκανίας γέμει, ὁ δὲ θεῖος παντὸς ἀπήλλακται πάθους. Διὸ καὶ κοινωνοὺς ἐπιζητεῖ τῆς φιλίας: Φίλει γὰρ, φησὶ, μετ' ἐμοῦ, καὶ τότε σε καὶ ἐγὼ φιλήσω μειζόνως. Ὁρᾷς ἐραστοῦ σφοδροῦ ῥήματα; Ἐὰν φιλῇς τοὺς ἐμοὺς ἐρωμένους, τότε ἡγοῦμαι καὶ αὐτὸς σπουδαίως φιλεῖσθαι παρὰ σοῦ. Καὶ γὰρ σφόδρα ἐφίεται τῆς σωτηρίας τῆς ἡμετέρας, καὶ τοῦτο ἔδειξεν ἄνωθεν. Ὅτε γοῦν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἔπλαττεν, ἄκουσον τί φησι: Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν: καὶ πάλιν, Ποιήσωμεν αὐτῷ βοηθόν: οὐ καλὸν εἶναι αὐτὸν μόνον. Καὶ ὅτε παρανομήσαντι πάλιν ἐπετίμησεν, ὅρα πῶς ἡμέρως: οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν αὐτῷ, Μιαρὲ καὶ παμμίαρε, τοσαῦτα εὐεργετηθεὶς, τῷ διαβόλῳ μετὰ ταῦτα πάντα ἐπίστευσας, καὶ τὸν εὐεργέτην ἀφεὶς τῷ πονηρῷ προσέσχες δαίμονι: ἀλλὰ τί φησι; Τίς σοι εἶπεν, ὅτι γυμνὸς εἶ, εἰ μὴ ἀπὸ τοῦ ξύλου, οὗ ἐνετειλάμην σοι τούτου μόνου μὴ φαγεῖν, ἀπ' αὐτοῦ ἔφαγες; ὡς ἂν εἰ πατὴρ πρὸς παιδίον κελευσθὲν μὴ καθάπτεσθαι μαχαίρας, εἶτα παρακοῦσαν καὶ πληγὲν λέγοι: Πόθεν ἐπλήγης; Ἐκεῖθεν ἐπλήγης, ὅτι οὐκ ἤκουσάς μου. Ὁρᾷς φίλου τὰ ῥήματα μᾶλλον, ἢ Δεσπότου; φίλου καταφρονουμένου, καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἀφισταμένου; Μιμησώμεθα τοίνυν αὐτὸν, καὶ ὅταν ἐπιτιμῶμεν, ταύτην τηρῶμεν τὴν ἐπιείκειαν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τῇ γυναικὶ μετὰ τῆς αὐτῆς πάλιν ἡμερότητος ἐπιπλήττει: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἐπίπληξις, ἀλλὰ νουθεσία καὶ διόρθωσις τὰ λεγόμενα ἦν, καὶ πρὸς τὸ μέλλον ἀσφάλεια. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο πρὸς τὸν ὄφιν οὐδέν φησιν: αὐτὸς γὰρ ἦν ὁ τῶν κακῶν ἀρχιτέκτων, καὶ οὐκ εἶχεν ἐφ' ἕτερον μεταθεῖναι τὴν αἰτίαν: διὸ καὶ σφοδρῶς αὐτὸν ἐκόλαζε. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα ἵσταται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν γῆν κοινωνῆσαι ποιεῖ τῆς ἀρᾶς. Εἰ δὲ ἐξέβαλε παραδείσου, καὶ κατεδίκασε πόνῳ, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα προσκυνεῖν αὐτὸν καὶ θαυμάζειν χρή. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ εἰς ῥᾳθυμίαν ἐξήγαγεν ἡ τρυφὴ, περικόπτει τὴν εὐφροσύνην, λύπην ἐπιτειχίζων τῇ ῥᾳθυμίᾳ, ἵνα πρὸς τὴν ἀγάπην ἐπανέλθωμεν τὴν αὐτοῦ. Τί δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ Κάϊν; οὐ τῷ αὐτῷ κέχρηται τῆς ἡμερότητος τρόπῳ; Καὶ γὰρ παρ' ἐκείνου πάλιν ὑβρισθεὶς, οὐκ ἀνθυβρίζει, ἀλλὰ παρακαλεῖ καί φησιν: Ἵνα τί συνέπεσε τὸ πρόσωπόν σου; Καίτοι γε τὸ γενόμενον συγγνώμης ἐστέρηται πάσης: καὶ δείκνυσιν ὁ νεώτερος ἀδελφός. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐπιπλήττει, ἀλλὰ τί φησιν; Ἥμαρτες; Ἡσύχασον, μὴ προσθῇς ἔτι: πρὸς σὲ ἡ ἀποστροφὴ αὐτοῦ, καὶ σὺ αὐτοῦ ἄρξεις, τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ λέγων. Εἰ γὰρ δέδοικας, φησὶ, μήποτε διὰ τὴν θυσίαν ταύτην τὴν τοῦ πρωτοτόκου σε προεδρίαν ἀφέλωμαι, θάῤῥει: καὶ γὰρ τὴν ἀρχὴν αὐτοῦ πᾶσαν εἰς τὰς σὰς τίθημι χεῖρας: μόνον γενοῦ βελτίων, καὶ φίλει τὸν οὐδὲν ἠδικηκότα: καὶ γὰρ ἀμφοτέρων κήδομαι. Καὶ τοῦτό με μάλιστα εὐφρανεῖ τὸ μὴ στασιάζειν ὑμᾶς πρὸς ἀλλήλους. Καθάπερ γὰρ μήτηρ φιλόστοργος, οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς πάντα ποιεῖ καὶ μηχανᾶται ὥστε μηδένα ἀποῤῥαγῆναι θατέρου. εʹ. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ σαφέστερον ἐπὶ παραδείγματος ὃ λέγω μάθῃς, ἐννόησόν μοι τὴν Ῥεβέκκαν θορυβουμένην, καὶ πανταχοῦ περιτρέχουσαν, ὅτε ὁ πρεσβύτερος ἐπολέμει τῷ νεωτέρῳ παιδί. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐφίλει τὸν Ἰακὼβ, ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τὸν Ἡσαῦ ἀπεστρέφετο: διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε, Μή πως ἀτεκνωθῶ ἐκ τῶν δύο ὑμῶν ἐν ἡμέρᾳ μιᾷ. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τότε ἔλεγεν: Ἥμαρτες; Ἡσύχασον, πρὸς σὲ ἡ ἀποστροφὴ αὐτοῦ, τὴν σφαγὴν προαναστέλλων, καὶ τὴν εἰρήνην ἀμφοτέρων αὐτῶν ἐπιζητῶν. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ αὐτὸν κατέσφαξεν, οὐδὲ οὕτω κατέλυσε τὴν περὶ αὐτοῦ πρόνοιαν, ἀλλὰ πάλιν ἡμέρως ἀποκρίνεται τῷ ἀδελφοκτόνῳ, λέγων: Ποῦ ἐστιν Ἄβελ ὁ ἀδελφός σου; ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ἐξομολογήσηται. Ὁ δὲ ἐπαγωνίζεται τοῖς προτέροις, μείζονα καὶ χαλεπώτερα ἀναισχυντῶν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ οὕτως ὁ Θεὸς ἀφίσταται, ἀλλὰ καὶ πάλιν ἐραστοῦ φθέγγεται ῥήματα ὑβρισμένου καὶ καταφρονουμένου, καί φησι: Φωνὴ αἵματος τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου βοᾷ πρός με. Καὶ πάλιν τῆς γῆς καθάπτεται μετὰ τοῦ πεφονευκότος, εἰς αὐτὴν τὸν θυμὸν ἀφιεὶς, καὶ λέγων: Ἐπικατάρατος ἡ γῆ, ἣ ἔχανε τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς δέξασθαι τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου, καὶ τοὺς ἀνακαλοῦντας μιμούμενος: ὃ καὶ ὁ Δαυῒδ ἐποίει, τοῦ Σαοὺλ πεσόντος. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖνος τοῖς δεξαμένοις τὴν σφαγὴν ὄρεσιν ἐπηρᾶτο λέγων: Ὄρη τὰ Γελβουὲ, μὴ πέσοι ἐφ' ὑμᾶς δρόσος μηδὲ ὑετὸς, ὅτι ἐκεῖ ἐξήρθη σκέπη δυνατῶν. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ὥσπερ τινὰ μονῳδίαν ᾄδων φησί: Φωνὴ τοῦ αἵματος τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου βοᾷ πρός με, καὶ νῦν ἐπικατάρατος σὺ ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς, ἢ ἔχανε τὸ στόμα αὐτῆς δέξασθαι τὸ αἷμα τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ σου ἐκ τῆς χειρός σου. Ταῦτα δὲ ἔλεγε καταστέλλων αὐτοῦ τὸν θυμὸν ζέοντα, καὶ πείθων κἂν ἀπελθόντα φιλῆσαι. Ἔσβεσας αὐτοῦ τὴν ζωὴν, φησὶ, τί τὴν ἔχθραν λοιπὸν οὐ κατασβεννύεις; Ἀλλὰ τί ποιεῖ; Κἀκεῖνον φιλεῖ καὶ τοῦτον: ἀμφοτέρους γὰρ αὐτὸς ἔπλασε: τί οὖν; ἀτιμώρητον ἀφῇ τὸν πεφονευκότα; Ἀλλὰ χείρων ἂν ἐγένετο. Ἀλλὰ κολάσει; Ἀλλὰ πατρός ἐστι φιλοστοργότερος. Ὅρα τοίνυν πῶς καὶ κολάζει, καὶ τὴν ἀγάπην ἐνδείκνυται καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ τούτῳ: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ κολάζει, ἀλλὰ διορθοῦται μόνον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἀπέκτεινεν αὐτὸν, ἀλλ' ἐπέδησε τῷ τρόμῳ, ἵνα ἀποδύσηται τὸ ἔγκλημα, ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ἐπανέλθοι πρὸς τὴν ἐκείνου φιλοστοργίαν, ἵνα κἂν πρὸς ἀπελθόντα σπείσηται: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐβούλετο ἐχθρὸν αὐτὸν ἀπελθεῖν ἐντεῦθεν τῷ τετελευτηκότι. Τοιοῦτοι οἱ φιλοῦντες, ὅταν εὐεργετοῦντες μὴ φιλῶνται, προάγονται σφοδροὶ γίνεσθαι καὶ ἀπειλεῖν, οὐκ ἐθέλοντες μὲν, ἀπὸ δὲ τοῦ φιλεῖν εἰς τοῦτο ἀγόμενοι, ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ἐφελκύσωνται τοὺς καταφρονοῦντας αὐτῶν. Καίτοι γε ἀνάγκης ἡ τοιαύτη φιλία, ἀλλ' ὅμως αὐτοὺς καὶ τούτῳ παραμυθεῖται διὰ τὸ σφόδρα φιλεῖν: ὥστε καὶ ἡ κόλασις ἀπὸ φιλίας. Οἱ γὰρ μὴ ἀλγοῦντες ἐπὶ τῷ μισεῖσθαι, οὐδὲ κολάσαι αἱροῦνται. Ὅρα τοίνυν καὶ Παῦλον ταῦτα λέγοντα Κορινθίοις: Τίς γάρ ἐστι, φησὶν, ὁ εὐφραίνων με, εἰ μὴ ὁ λυπούμενος ἐξ ἐμοῦ; Ὥστε ὅταν σφόδρα ἐπιτείνῃ τὴν κόλασιν, τότε δείκνυσι τὸν ἔρωτα. Οὕτω καὶ ἡ Αἰγυπτία ἐκ τοῦ σφόδρα φιλεῖν σφοδρῶς ἐκόλασε τὸν Ἰωσήφ: ἀλλ' ἐκείνη μὲν ἐπὶ κακῷ: καὶ γὰρ ἀκόλαστος ἦν ὁ ἔρως: ὁ Θεὸς δὲ ἐπὶ ἀγαθῷ: καὶ γὰρ ἀξία ἦν τοῦ φιλοῦντος ἡ ἀγάπη. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ παραιτεῖται εἰς παχύτερα κατιέναι ῥήματα, καὶ φθέγγεσθαι παθῶν ὀνόματα ἀνθρωπίνων, καὶ ζηλωτὴν ἑαυτὸν καλεῖν: Θεὸς γάρ εἰμι ζηλωτὴς, φησίν: ἵνα μάθῃς τῆς ἀγάπης τὴν ἐπίτασιν. Φιλήσωμεν τοίνυν αὐτὸν, ὡς βούλεται: μέγα γὰρ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἡγεῖται. Κἂν ἀποστραφῶμεν, μένει παρακαλῶν, κἂν μὴ θέλωμεν ἐπιστραφῆναι, κολάζει διὰ τὸ φιλεῖν, οὐχ ἵνα τιμωρίαν ἀπαιτήσῃ. Ὅρα γοῦν τί φησιν ἐν τῷ Ἰεζεκιὴλ πρὸς τὴν φιληθεῖσαν καὶ καταφρονήσασαν αὐτοῦ πόλιν: Ἄξω ἐπὶ σὲ τοὺς ἐραστάς σου, καὶ παραδώσω σε εἰς χεῖρας αὐτῶν, καὶ λιθοβολήσουσί σε καὶ κατασφάξουσι, καὶ ἐξαιρεθήσεται ὁ ζῆλός μου ἐκ σοῦ, καὶ ἀναπαύσομαι, καὶ οὐ μὴ μεριμνήσω ἔτι. Τί τούτου πλέον ἂν εἶπε σφοδρὸς ἐραστὴς ὑπὸ τῆς ἐρωμένης καταφρονούμενος, καὶ μετὰ ταῦτα πάλιν περικαιόμενος αὐτῆς; Πάντα γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς πράττει, ἵνα φιληθῇ παρ' ἡμῶν: διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ τοῦ Υἱοῦ ἐφείσατο. Ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς ἀπηνεῖς, καὶ ὠμοί. Ἀλλὰ γενώμεθά ποτε ἥμεροι, καὶ φιλήσωμεν τὸν Θεὸν, ὡς φιλεῖν δεῖ, ἵνα μετὰ ἡδονῆς τῆς ἀρετῆς ἀπολαύσωμεν. Εἰ γὰρ γυναῖκά τις ἐρωμένην ἔχων, οὐδενὸς αἰσθάνεται τῶν καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν λυπηρῶν: ὁ τὸν θεῖον τοῦτον καὶ καθαρὸν ἐρῶν ἔρωτα, ἐννόησον ὅσης ἀπολαύσεται ἡδονῆς. Τοῦτο γὰρ, τοῦτο καὶ οὐρανῶν βασιλεία, τοῦτο ἀπόλαυσις ἀγαθῶν, τοῦτο ἡδονὴ, τοῦτο εὐφροσύνη, τοῦτο χαρὰ, τοῦτο μακαριότης: μᾶλλον δὲ ὅσα ἂν εἴπω, οὐδὲν οὐδέπω δυνήσομαι παραστῆσαι πρὸς ἀξίαν, ἀλλ' ἡ πεῖρα μόνη τοῦτο διδάσκειν οἶδε τὸ καλόν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ προφήτης ἔλεγε, Κατατρύφησον τοῦ Κυρίου, καὶ, Γεύσασθε καὶ ἴδετε ὅτι χρηστὸς ὁ Κύριος. Πειθώμεθα τοίνυν, καὶ ἐντρυφῶμεν αὐτοῦ τῇ ἀγάπῃ. Οὕτω γὰρ ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη τὴν βασιλείαν ὀψόμεθα, καὶ ἀγγελικὸν ζησόμεθα βίον, καὶ ἐν γῇ διατρίβοντες, τῶν τὸν οὐρανὸν οἰκούντων οὐδὲν ἔλαττον ἕξομεν, καὶ μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδημίαν, πάντων λαμπρότεροι τῷ βήματι τοῦ Χριστοῦ παραστησόμεθα, καὶ τῆς ἀποῤῥήτου δόξης ἀπολαύσομεν: ἧς γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς μετασχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.