Homily II.

Chapter I. Verses 11–14

“In whom also we were made a heritage, having been foreordained according to the purpose of Him who worketh all things after the counsel of his will.”

Paul earnestly endeavors on all occasions to display the unspeakable loving-kindness of God towards us, to the utmost of his power. For that it is impossible to do so adequately, hear his own words. “O! the depth of the riches both of the wisdom and knowledge of God; how unsearchable are His judgments, and His ways past tracing out.” (Rom. xi. 33.) Still, notwithstanding, so far as it is possible, he does display it. What then is this which he is saying; “In whom also we were made a heritage, being predestinated?” Above he used the word, “He chose us;” here he saith, “we were made a heritage.” But inasmuch as a lot is a matter of chance, not of deliberate choice, nor of virtue, (for it is closely allied to ignorance and accident, and oftentimes passing over the virtuous, brings forward the worthless into notice,) observe how he corrects this very point: “having been foreordained,” saith he, “according to the purpose of Him who worketh all things.” That is to say, not merely have we been made a heritage, as, again, we have not merely been chosen, (for it is God who chooses,) and so neither have we merely been allotted, (for it is God who allots,)26    [Meyer against the Rev. Version and many scholars makes the meaning here to be: “In whom we were allotted the inheritance.” He shows that as πιστεύειν may take as subject when in passive voice the dative of the active construction, so also may κληροῦν which takes in the active a dative.—See also verse 14, κληρονομία.—G.A.] but it is “according to a purpose.” This is what he says also in the Epistle to the Romans, (Rom. viii. 28–30.) “To them that are called according to His purpose;” and “whom He called, them He also justified, and whom He justified, them he also glorified.” Having first used the expression, “to them that are called according to a purpose,” and at the same time wishing to declare their privilege compared with the rest of mankind, he speaks also of inheritance by lot, yet so as not to divest them of free will. That point then, which more properly belongs to happy fortune, is the very point he insists upon. For this inheritance by lot depends not on virtue, but, as one might say, on fortuitous circumstances. It is as though he had said, lots were cast, and He hath chosen us;27    “Why calls he the grace of God by the name of lot? because in a lot there is no choice, but the will of God; for when it is said, ‘a man does, he does not,’ merits are regarded; and then there is a choice, not a lot. But when God found no merits of ours, He saved us by the lot of His will, because He willed, not because we were worthy. This is a lot,” &c. August. in Psalm. xxx. Enar. iii. 13. but the whole is of deliberate choice. Men predestinated, that is to say, having chosen them to Himself, He hath separated. He saw us, as it were, chosen by lot before we were born. For marvellous is the foreknowledge of God, and acquainted with all things before their beginning.

But mark now how on all occasions he takes pains to point out, that it is not the result of any change of purpose, but that these matters had been thus modeled from the very first, so that we are in no wise inferior to the Jews in this respect; and how, in consequence, he does every thing with this view. How then is it that Christ Himself saith, “I was not sent, but unto the lost sheep of the house of Israel?” (Mat. xv. 24.) And said again to his disciples, “Go not into any way of the Gentiles, and enter not into any city of the Samaritans.” (Mat. x. 5.) And Paul again himself says, “It was necessary that the word of God should first be spoken to you. Seeing ye thrust it from you and judge yourselves unworthy of eternal life, lo, we turn to the Gentiles.” (Acts xiii. 46.) These expressions, I say, are used with this design, that no one may suppose that this work came to pass incidentally only. “According to the purpose,” he says, “of Him who worketh all things after the counsel of His will.” That is to say, He had no after workings; having modeled all things from the very first, thus he leads forward all things “according to the counsel of His will.” So that it was not merely because the Jews did not listen that He called the Gentiles, nor was it of mere necessity, nor was it on any inducement arising from them.

Ver. 12, 13. “To the end that we should be unto the praise of His glory, we who had before hoped28    [Meyer’s reference of ἡμᾶς***τοὺς προηλπικότας to Jewish Christians seems precarious. It seems better to make the ἡμᾶς refer to Christians in general, the προ in προηλπικότας refer to the time before the second Advent and the καὶ ὑμεῖς to the readers. So De Wette and Theophylact.—G.A.] in Christ. In whom ye also having heard the word of the truth, the Gospel of your salvation.”

That is to say, through whom. Observe how he on all occasions speaks of Christ, as the Author of all things, and in no case gives Him the title of a subordinate agent, or a minister. And so again, elsewhere, in his Epistle to the Hebrews, he says, “that God, having of old time spoken unto the Fathers in the prophets, hath at the end of these days spoken unto us in His Son,” (Heb. i. 1.) that is “through” His Son.

“The word of truth,” he says, no longer that of the type, nor of the image.

“The Gospel of your salvation.” And well does he call it the Gospel of salvation, intimating in the one word a contrast to the law, in the other, a contrast with punishment to come. For what is the message, but the Gospel of salvation, which forbears to destroy those that are worthy of destruction.

Ver. 14. “In whom having also believed, ye were sealed with the Holy Spirit of promise, which is an earnest of our inheritance.”

Here again, the word “sealed,” is an indication of especial forecast. He does not speak of our being predestinated only, nor of our being allotted, but further, of our being sealed. For just as though one were to make those who should fall to his lot manifest, so also did God separate them for believing, and sealed them for the allotment of the things to come.

You see how, in process of time, He makes them objects of wonder. So long as they were in His foreknowledge, they were manifest to no one, but when they were sealed, they became manifest, though not in the same way as we are; for they will be manifest except a few. The Israelites also were sealed, but that was by circumcision, like the brutes and reasonless creatures. We too are sealed, but it is as sons, “with the Spirit.”

But what is meant by, “with the Spirit of promise?” Doubtless it means that we have received that Spirit according to promise. For there are two promises, the one by the prophets, the other from the Son.

By the Prophets.—Hearken to the words of Joel; “I will pour out My spirit upon all flesh, and your sons and your daughters shall prophesy, your old men shall dream dreams, your young men shall see visions,” (Joel ii. 28.) And hearken again to the words of Christ; “But ye shall receive power, when the Holy Ghost is come upon you, and ye shall be my witnesses both in Jerusalem, and in all Judea, and Samaria, and unto the uttermost part of the earth.” (Acts i. 8.) And truly, the Apostle means, He ought, as God, to have been believed; however, he does not ground his affirmation upon this, but examines it like a case where man is concerned, speaking much as he does in the Epistle to the Hebrews; (Heb. vi. 18.) where he says, “That by two immutable things in which it was impossible for God to lie, we may have a strong encouragement.” Thus here also he makes the things already bestowed a sure token of the promise of those which are yet to come. For this reason he further calls it an “earnest,” (Cf. also 2 Cor. i. 22.) for an earnest is a part of the whole. He hath purchased what we are most concerned in, our salvation; and hath given us an earnest in the mean while. Why then did He not give the whole at once? Because neither have we, on our part, done the whole of our work. We have believed. This is a beginning; and He too on His part hath given an earnest. When we show our faith by our works, then He will add the rest. Nay, more, He hath given yet another pledge, His own blood, and hath promised another still. In the same way as in case of war between nation and nation they give hostages: just so hath God also given His Son as a pledge of peace and solemn treaties, and, further, the Holy Spirit also which is from Him. For they, that are indeed partakers of the Spirit, know that He is the earnest of our inheritance. Such an one was Paul, who already had here a foretaste of the blessings there. And this is why he was so eager, and yearned to be released from things below, and groaned within himself. He transferred his whole mind thither, and saw every thing with different eyes. Thou hast no part in the reality, and therefore failest to understand the description. Were we all partakers of the Spirit, as we ought to be partakers, then should we behold Heaven, and the order of things that is there.

It is an earnest, however, of what? of

Ver. 14. “The redemption of God’s own possession.”

For our absolute redemption takes place then.29    [“The final consummation of the redemption effected by the λύτρον of Christ (v. 7.) at the Parousia (Lu. xxi. 28.) when suffering, sin and death are wholly done away and in the glorifying of the body there sets in the δόξα of the children of God.”—Meyer.—G.A.] For now we have our life in the world, we are liable to many human accidents, and are living amongst ungodly men. But our absolute redemption will be then, when there shall be no sins, no human sufferings, when we shall not be indiscriminately mixed with all kinds of people.

At present, however, there is but an earnest, because at present we are far distant from these blessings. Yet is our citizenship not upon earth; even now we are out of the pale of the things that are here below. Yes, we are sojourners even now.

Ver. 14. “Unto the praise of His glory.”

This he adds in immediate connection. And why? Because it would serve to give those who heard it full assurance. Were it for our sake only, he means to say, that God did this, there might be some room for misgiving. But if it be for His own sake, and in order to display His goodness, he assigns, as a sort of witness, a reason why these things never possibly could be otherwise. We find the same language everywhere applied to the case of the Israelites. “Do Thou this for us for Thy Name’s sake;” (Ps. cix. 21.) and again, God Himself said, “I do it for Mine own sake;” (Isa. xlviii. 11.) and so Moses, “Do it, if for nothing else, yet for the glory of Thy Name.” This gives those who hear it full assurance; it relieves them to be told, that whatever He promises, for His own goodness’ sake He will most surely perform.

Moral. Let not the hearing, however, make us too much at our ease; for although He doth it for His own sake, yet notwithstanding He requires a duty on our part. If He says, “Them that honor Me I will honor, and they that despise Me shall be lightly esteemed,” (1 Sam. ii. 30.) let us reflect that there is that which He requires of us also. True, it is the praise of His glory to save those that are enemies, but those who, after being made friends, continue His friends. So that if they were to return back to their former state of enmity, all were vain and to no purpose. There is not another Baptism, nor is there a second reconciliation again, but “a certain fearful expectation of judgment which shall devour the adversaries.” (Heb. x. 27.) If we intend at the same time to be always at enmity with Him and yet to claim forgiveness at His hand, we shall never cease to be at enmity, and to be wanton, to grow in depravity, and to be blind to the Sun of Righteousness which has risen. Dost thou not see the ray that shall open thine eyes? render them then good and sound and quicksighted. He hath showed thee the true light; if thou shunnest it, and runnest back again into the darkness, what shall be thy excuse? What sort of allowance shall be made for thee? None from that moment. For this is a mark of unspeakable enmity. When indeed thou knewest not God, then if thou wert at enmity with Him, thou hadst, be it how it might, some excuse. But when thou hast tasted the goodness and the honey, if thou again abandonest them, and turnest to thine own vomit, what else art thou doing but bringing forward evidence of excessive hatred and contempt? ‘Nay,’ thou wilt say, ‘but I am constrained to it by nature. I love Christ indeed, but I am constrained by nature.’ If thou art under the power and force of constraint, thou wilt have allowance made; but if thou yield from indolence, not for a moment.

Now then, come, let us examine this very question, whether sins are the effect of force and constraint, or of indolence and great carelessness. The law says, “Thou shalt not kill.” What sort of force, what sort of violence, is there here? Violence indeed must one use to force himself to kill, for who amongst us would as a matter of choice plunge his sword into the throat of his neighbor, and stain his hand with blood? Not one. Thou seest then that, on the contrary, sin is more properly matter of violence and constraint. For God hath implanted in our nature a charm, which binds us to love one another. “Every beast (it saith) loveth his like, and every man loveth his neighbor.” (Ecclus. xiii. 15.) Seest thou that we have from our nature seeds which tend to virtue; whereas those of vice are contrary to nature? and if these latter predominate, this is but an evidence of our exceeding indolence.

Again, what is adultery? What sort of necessity is there to bring us to this? Doubtless, it will be said, the tyranny of lust. But why, tell me, should this be? What, is it not in every one’s power to have his own wife, and thus to put a stop to this tyranny? True, he will say, but a sort of passion for my neighbor’s wife seizes hold on me. Here the question is no longer one of necessity. Passion is no matter of necessity, no one loves of necessity, but of deliberate choice and free will. Indulgence of nature, indeed, is perhaps matter of necessity, but to love one woman rather than another is no matter of necessity. Nor is the point with you natural desire, but vanity, and wantonness, and unbounded licentiousness. For which is according to reason, that a man should have an espoused wife, and her the mother of his children, or one not acknowledged? Know ye not that it is intimacy that breeds attachment. This, therefore, is not the fault of nature. Blame not natural desire. Natural desire was bestowed with a view to marriage; it was given with a view to the procreation of children, not with a view to adultery and corruption. The laws, too, know how to make allowance for those sins which are of necessity,—or rather nothing is sin when it arises from necessity but all sin rises from wantonness. God hath not so framed man’s nature as that he should have any necessity to sin, since were this the case, there would be no such thing as punishment. We ourselves exact no account of things done of necessity and by constraint, much less would God, so full of mercy and loving-kindness.

Again, what is stealing? is it matter of necessity? Yes, a man will say, because poverty causes this. Poverty, however, rather compels us to work, not to steal. Poverty, therefore, has in fact the contrary effect. Theft is the effect of idleness; whereas poverty produces usually not idleness, but a love of labor. So that this sin is the effect of indolence, as you may learn from hence. Which, I ask, is the more difficult, the more distasteful, to wander about at night without sleep, to break open houses, and walk about in the dark, and to have one’s life in one’s hand, and to be always prepared for murder, and to be shivering and dead with fear; or to be attending to one’s daily task, in full enjoyment of safety and security? This last is the easier task; and it is because this is easier, that the majority practise it rather than the other. Thou seest then that it is virtue which is according to nature, and vice which is against nature, in the same way as disease and health are.

What, again, are falsehood and perjury? What necessity can they possibly imply? None whatever, nor any compulsion; it is a matter to which we proceed voluntarily. We are distrusted, it will be said. True, distrusted we are, because we choose it. For we might, if we would, be trusted more upon our character, than upon our oath. Why, tell me, is it that we do not trust some, no, not on their oath, whilst we deem others trustworthy even independently of oaths.30    Vid. also Hom. ad Pop. Antioch. vii. fin. However, in Act Apost. Hom. x. fin. he considers oaths allowable in order to convince the weak. St. Augustin says the same, de Serm. Dom. i. 51. thus accounting for St. Paul’s expressions, Rom. i. 9.; 1 Cor. xv. 31; 2 Cor. ii. 31; Gal. i. 20. Seest thou that there is no need of oaths in any case? ‘When such an one speaks,’ we say, ‘I believe him, even without any oath, but thee, no, not with thy oaths.’ Thus then an oath is unnecessary; and is in fact an evidence rather of distrust than of confidence. For where a man is over ready to take his oath, he does not leave us to entertain any great idea of his scrupulousness. So that the man who is most constant in his use of oaths, has on no occasion any necessity for using one, and he who never uses one on any occasion, has in himself the full benefit of its use. Some one says there is a necessity for an oath, to produce confidence; but we see that they are the more readily trusted who abstain from taking oaths.

But again, if one is a man of violence, is this a matter of necessity? Yes, he will say, because his passion carries him away, and burns within him, and does not let the soul be at rest. Man, to act with violence is not the effect of anger, but of littleness of mind. Were it the effect of anger, all men, whenever they were angry, would never cease committing acts of violence. We have anger given us, not that we may commit acts of violence on our neighbors, but that we may correct those that are in sin, that we may bestir ourselves, that we may not be sluggish. Anger is implanted in us as a sort of sting, to make us gnash with our teeth against the devil, to make us vehement against him, not to set us in array against each other. We have arms, not to make us at war amongst ourselves, but that we may employ our whole armor against the enemy. Art thou prone to anger? Be so against thine own sins: chastise thy soul, scourge thy conscience, be a severe judge, and merciless in thy sentence against thine own sins. This is the way to turn anger to account. It was for this that God implanted it within us.

But again, is plunder a matter of necessity? No, in no wise. Tell me, what manner of necessity is there to be grasping: what manner of compulsion? Poverty, a man will say, causes it, and the fear of being without common necessaries. Now this is the very reason why you ought not to be grasping. Wealth so gotten has no security in it. You are doing the very same thing as a man would do, who, if he were asked why he laid the foundation of his house in the sand, should say, he did it because of the frost and rain. Whereas this would be the very reason why he should not lay it in the sand. They are the very foundations which the rain, and blasts, and wind, most quickly overturn. So that if thou wouldest be wealthy, never be rapacious; if thou wouldest transmit wealth to thy children, get righteous wealth, at least, if any there be that is such. Because this abides, and remains firm, whereas that which is not such, quickly wastes and perishes. Tell me, hast thou a mind to be rich, and dost thou take the goods of others? Surely this is not wealth: wealth consists in possessing what is thine own. He that is in possession of the goods of others, never can be a wealthy man; since at that rate even your very silk venders, who receive their goods as a consignment from others, would be the wealthiest and the richest of men. Though for the time, indeed, it is theirs, still we do not call them wealthy. And why forsooth? Because they are in possession of what belongs to others. For though the piece itself happens to be theirs, still the money it is worth is not theirs. Nay, and even if the money is in their hands, still this is not wealth. Now, if consignments thus given render not men more wealthy because we so soon resign them, how can those which arise from rapine render them wealthy? However, if at any rate thou desirest to be wealthy, (for the matter is not one of necessity,) what greater good is it that thou wouldest fain enjoy? Is it a longer life? Yet, surely men of this character quickly become short-lived. Oftentimes they pay as the penalty of plunder and rapaciousness, an untimely death; and not only suffer as a penalty the loss of the enjoyment of their gains, but go out of life having gained but little, and hell to boot. Oftentimes too they die of diseases, which are the fruits of self-indulgence, and of toil, and of anxiety. Fain would I understand why it is that wealth is so eagerly pursued by mankind. Why surely for this reason hath God set a limit and a boundary to our nature, that we may have no need to go on seeking wealth beyond it. For instance He hath commanded us, to clothe the body in one, or perhaps in two garments; and there is no need of any more to cover us. Where is the good of ten thousand changes of raiment, and those moth-eaten? The stomach has its appointed bound, and any thing given beyond this, will of necessity destroy the whole man. Where then is the use of your herds, and flocks, and cutting up of flesh? We require but one roof to shelter us. Where then is the use of your vast ground-plots, and costly buildings? Dost thou strip the poor, that vultures and jackdaws may have where to dwell? And what a hell do not these things deserve? Many are frequently raising edifices that glisten with pillars and costly marbles, in places which they never so much as saw. What scheme is there indeed that they have not adopted? Yet neither themselves reap the benefit, nor any one else. The desolateness does not allow them to get away thither; and yet not even thus do they desist. You see that these things are not done for profit’s-sake, but in all these cases folly, and absurdity, and vainglory, is the motive. And this, I beseech you to avoid, that we may be enabled to avoid also every other evil, and may obtain those good things which are promised to them that love Him, in our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, strength, honor forever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Βʹ. Ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν προορισθέντες κατὰ πρό θεσιν τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐνεργοῦντος κατὰ τὴν βου λὴν τοῦ θελήματος αὑτοῦ, εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, τοὺς προηλπικό τας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ: ἐν ᾧ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαν τες τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ὑμῶν, ἐν ᾧ καὶ πιστεύσαντες ἐσ φραγίσθητε τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ, ὅ ἐστιν ἀῤῥαβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν, εἰς ἀπολύτρωσιν τῆς περιποιήσεως, εἰς ἔπαι νον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ. αʹ. Πανταχοῦ τὴν ἄφατον τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίαν ἐσπούδασεν ὁ Παῦλος τὴν περὶ ἡμᾶς δεῖξαι, ὡς αὐτῷ δυνατόν. Ὅτι γὰρ μετὰ ἀκριβείας οὐχ οἷόν τε, ἄκουσον τί φησιν αὐτός: Ὢ βάθος πλούτου καὶ σοφίας καὶ γνώσεως Θεοῦ! ὡς ἀνεξερεύνητα τὰ κρίματα αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἀνεξιχνίαστοι αἱ ὁδοὶ αὐτοῦ! πλὴν ἀλλ' ὡς οἷόν τέ ἐστι δείκνυσι. Τί οὖν ἐστιν ὃ λέγει, Ἐν ᾧ καὶ ἐκληρώθημεν προορισθέντες; Εἶπεν, Ἐξελέξατο ἡμᾶς, ἀνωτέρω: ἐνταῦθά φησιν: Ἐκληρώθημεν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ὁ κλῆρος συντυχίας πρᾶγμά ἐστιν, οὐ προαιρέσεως οὐδὲ ἀρετῆς: ἀγνοίας γὰρ καὶ ἐπιτυχίας ἔχεται, καὶ τοὺς ἐναρέτους πολλάκις ἀφεὶς, τοὺς οὐδενὸς ἀξίους λόγου, τούτους εἰς μέσον παρήγαγεν: ὅρα πῶς αὐτὸ διορθοῦται. Προορισθέντες, φησὶ, κατὰ πρόθεσιν τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐνεργοῦντος. Τουτέστιν: Οὐχ ἁπλῶς ἐκληρώθημεν ὥσπερ οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς ἐξελέγημεν: Θεὸς γὰρ ὁ ἐκλεξάμενος: οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς ἐκληρώθημεν: Θεὸς γὰρ ὁ κληρωσάμενος: ἀλλὰ κατὰ πρόθεσιν. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ῥωμαίους Ἐπιστολῇ γράφων φησί: Τοῖς κατὰ πρόθεσιν κλητοῖς οὖσιν. Οὓς ἐκάλεσε, τούτους καὶ ἐδικαίωσεν: οὓς δὲ ἐδικαίωσε, τούτους καὶ ἐδόξασε. Πρότερον εἰπὼν, Τοῖς κατὰ πρόθεσιν κλητοῖς οὖσιν, ὁμοῦ καὶ τὸ ἐξαίρετον τὸ πρὸς τοὺς ἄλλους δηλῶσαι βουλόμενος, καὶ κλῆρον εἶπεν, ὥστε τὸ αὐτεξούσιον μὴ ἀφελέσθαι. Ὅπερ ἐστὶ τοίνυν μακαριότητος μᾶλλον αὐτὸ τίθησιν. Ὁ γὰρ κλῆρος οὐκ ἀρετῆς ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ, ὡς ἄν τις εἴποι, συντυχίας. Ὡς ἂν εἰ ἔλεγε: Κλήρου γενομένου ἡμᾶς ἐξελέξατο. Τὸ δὲ ὅλον, ἀπὸ τῆς προαιρέσεως προορισθέντας, τουτέστιν, ἑαυτῷ ἐκλεξάμενος ἀφώρισεν: οἷον, ἑώρα ἡμᾶς πρὶν ἢ γενέσθαι κεκληρωμένους. Θαυμαστὴ γὰρ ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρόγνωσις, καὶ πάντα εἰδυῖα πρὶν γενέσεως αὐτῶν. Σὺ δὲ θέα πῶς πανταχοῦ σπουδὴν ποιεῖται δεῖξαι, ὅτι οὐκ ἐκ μετανοίας, ἀλλ' ἄνωθεν τὰ πράγματα οὕτω τετύπωτο, ὥστε μηδὲν ὑμᾶς ἔχειν τῶν Ἰουδαίων ἔλαττον κατὰ τοῦτο, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο πάντα ὑπὲρ τούτου ποιεῖ. Πῶς οὖν φησιν αὐτὸς ὁ Χριστὸς, Οὐκ ἀπεστάλην, εἰ μὴ εἰς τὰ πρόβατα τὰ ἀπολωλότα οἴκου Ἰσραήλ; καὶ πάλιν τοῖς μαθηταῖς ἔλεγεν, Εἰς ὁδὸν ἐθνῶν μὴ ἀπέλθητε, καὶ εἰς πόλιν Σαμαρειτῶν μὴ εἰσέλθητε; καὶ αὐτὸς δὲ πάλιν ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν, Ὑμῖν ἦν ἀναγκαῖον πρῶτον λαληθῆναι τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἀπωθεῖσθε αὐτὸν, καὶ οὐκ ἀξίους κρίνετε ἑαυτοὺς τῆς αἰωνίου ζωῆς, ἰδοὺ στρεφόμεθα εἰς τὰ ἔθνη; Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ταῦτα λέγεται, ἵνα μὴ ὡς ἐκ παρέργου νομίσῃ τις τοῦτο γεγενῆσθαι. Κατὰ πρόθεσιν, φησὶ, τοῦ τὰ πάντα ἐνεργοῦντος κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ. Τουτέστιν, οὐδὲν μετὰ ταῦτα ἐνήργησε, πάντα ἄνωθεν διατυπώσας. Οὕτως αὐτὸς ἐπάγει τὸ τέλος κατὰ τὴν βουλὴν τοῦ θελήματος αὐτοῦ. Ὥστε οὐκ ἐπειδὴ Ἰουδαῖοι οὐ προσεῖχον, διὰ τοῦτο τὰ ἔθνη ἐκάλεσεν, οὐδὲ ἀναγκασθεὶς, οὐδὲ ἐξ ἐκείνων ὁρμηθείς. Εἰς τὸ εἶναι ἡμᾶς, φησὶν, εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ, τοὺς προηλπικότας ἐν τῷ Χριστῷ: ἐν ᾧ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἀκούσαντες τὸν λόγον τῆς ἀληθείας, τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίαι ὑμῶν: τουτέστι, δι' οὗ. Ὅρα πανταχοῦ αἴτιον πάντων γενόμενον τὸν Χριστὸν, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ τὸ τοῦ ὑπουργοῦ ὄνομα, οὐδὲ τὸ τοῦ διακόνου: ὥσπερ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν Ἑβραίοις γράφων, ὅτι Πάλαι λαλήσας τοῖς πατράσιν ἡμῶν ἐν τοῖς προφήταις, ἐπ' ἐσχάτων τῶν ἡμερῶν ἐλάλησεν ἡμῖν ἐν Υἱῷ. Τουτέστι, δι' Υἱοῦ. Τὸν λόγον, φησὶ, τῆς ἀληθείας: οὐκέτι τὸν τοῦ τύπου, οὐδὲ τὸν τῆς εἰκόνος. Τὸ εὐαγγέλιον τῆς σωτηρίας ἡμῶν. Καὶ καλῶς εὐαγγέλιον αὐτὸ σωτηρίας καλεῖ, τὸ μὲν πρὸς τὸν νόμον αἰνιττόμενος, τὸ δὲ πρὸς τὴν μέλλουσαν κόλασιν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἄλλο ἐστὶ τὸ κήρυγμα, ἀλλ' ἢ σωτηρίας εὐαγγέλιον, ὅτι τοὺς ἀξίους ἀπόλλυσθαι οὐκέτι ἀπόλλυσιν. Ἐν ᾧ καὶ πιστεύσαντες ἐσφραγίσθητε ἐν τῷ Πνεύματι τῆς ἐπαγγελίας τῷ ἁγίῳ, ὅς ἐστιν ἀῤῥαβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν. Πάλιν πολλῆς προνοίας δεῖγμα τὸ σφραγισθῆναι, οὐ τὸ ἀφορισθῆναι, οὐδὲ τὸ κληρωθῆναι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ σφραγισθῆναι. Καθάπερ γὰρ εἴ τις τοὺς λαχόντας αὐτῷ δήλους ποιήσειεν, οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἀφώρισεν εἰς τὸ πιστεῦσαι, ἐσφράγισεν εἰς τὸ κληρονομῆσαι τὰ μέλλοντα. βʹ. Ὁρᾷς πῶς, προϊόντος τοῦ χρόνου, θαυμαστοὺς αὐτοὺς ποιεῖ; Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἦσαν ἐν τῇ προγνώσει, οὐδενὶ ἦσαν δῆλοι: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐσφραγίσθησαν, δῆλοι γεγόνασιν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὡς ἡμεῖς: ἔσονται γὰρ πλὴν ὀλίγων δῆλοι. Ἐσφραγίσθησαν καὶ οἱ Ἰσραηλῖται, ἀλλὰ περιτομῇ, καθάπερ καὶ τὰ βοσκήματα καὶ τὰ ἄλογα: ἐσφραγίσθημεν καὶ ἡμεῖς, ἀλλ' ὡς υἱοὶ, Πνεύματι. Τί ἐστι, Πνεύματι ἐπαγγελίας; Ἤτοι ὅτι κατὰ ἐπαγγελίαν αὐτὸ ἐλάβομεν. Δύο γάρ εἰσιν ἐπαγγελίαι, μία μὲν διὰ τῶν προφητῶν, ἑτέρα δὲ ἀπὸ τοῦ Υἱοῦ: διὰ τῶν προφητῶν: ἄκουε τοῦ Ἰωὴλ λέγοντος: Ἐκχεῶ ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματός μου ἐπὶ πᾶσαν σάρκα, καὶ προφητεύσουσιν οἱ υἱοὶ ὑμῶν καὶ αἱ θυγατέρες ὑμῶν, καὶ οἱ νεανίσκοι ὑμῶν ὁράσεις ὄψονται, καὶ οἱ πρεσβύτεροι ὑμῶν ἐνύπνια ἐνυπνιασθήσονται: ἄκουε δὲ πάλιν τοῦ Χριστοῦ λέγοντος: Καὶ λήψεσθε δύναμιν ἐπελθόντος τοῦ ἁγίου Πνεύματος ἐφ' ὑμᾶς, καὶ ἔσεσθέ μοι μάρτυρες ἔν τε Ἱερουσαλὴμ, καὶ ἐν πάσῃ τῇ Ἰουδαίᾳ καὶ Σαμαρείᾳ, καὶ ἕως ἐσχάτου τῆς γῆς. Καίτοι ἔδει, φησὶν, αὐτὸν ὡς Θεὸν πιστευθῆναι: ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτου διισχυρίζεται, ἀλλ' ὡς περὶ ἀνθρώπου ἐξετάζει, ὥσπερ ἐν τῇ πρὸς Ἑβραίους, λέγων: Ἵνα διὰ δύο πραγμάτων ἀμεταθέτων, ἐν οἷς ἀδύνατον ψεύσασθαι Θεὸν ἰσχυρὰν παράκλησιν ἔχωμεν. Οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα τεκμήριον ποιεῖται τῆς τῶν μελλόντων ἐπαγγελίας τὰ ἤδη δεδομένα. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἀῤῥαβῶνα καλεῖ: ὁ γὰρ ἀῤῥαβὼν μέρος ἐστὶ τοῦ παντός. Ἠγόρασε, τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν, τὴν σωτηρίαν τὴν ἡμετέραν, καὶ ἔδωκεν ἡμῖν ἀῤῥαβῶνα τέως. Διὰ τί οὖν μὴ τὸ ὅλον εὐθέως ἔδωκεν; Ἐπειδὴ μηδὲ ἡμεῖς τὸ ὅλον εἰργασάμεθα. Ἐπιστεύσαμεν: τοῦτο ἀρχή: ἔδωκε καὶ αὐτὸς ἀῤῥαβῶνα, Ὅταν τὴν πίστιν διὰ τῶν ἔργων δείξωμεν, τότε τὸ πᾶν προστίθησι. Μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἄλλην ἔδωκε τιμὴν, τὸ ἴδιον αἷμα, καὶ πάλιν ἄλλην ὑπέσχετο. Καθάπερ εἰ πόλεμος εἴη, ἔθνεσι πρὸς ἔθνη διδόασιν ὁμήρους: οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἔδωκε τὸν Υἱὸν αὐτοῦ, τῆς εἰρήνης καὶ τῶν σπονδῶν ἐνέχυρον, καὶ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον τὸ ἐξ αὐτοῦ: οἱ γὰρ ὄντως Πνεύματος μετέχοντες, ἴσασιν ὅτι ἀῤῥαβὼν τῆς κληρονομίας ἡμῶν ἐστι. Τοιοῦτος ὁ Παῦλος ἦν, ἐντεῦθεν ἤδη τῶν ἐκεῖ γεγευμένος: διὸ καὶ ἠπείγετο καὶ ὤδινε τὰ ἐνθάδε ἀφεῖναι, καὶ ἔστενεν: ἑτέροις γὰρ ὀφθαλμοῖς ἑώρα, πάντα τὸν νοῦν μεταστήσας ἐκεῖ. Οὐ μετέχεις τῶν πραγμάτων: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν ῥημάτων ἐκπίπτεις. Εἰ μετείχομεν πάντες Πνεύματος, ὡς μετέχειν ἔδει, καὶ τοὺς οὐρανοὺς ἑωρῶμεν καὶ τὴν ἐκεῖ κατάστασιν. Ἀῤῥαβὼν δὲ τίνος ἐστί; Τῆς ἀπολυτρώσεως, τῆς περιποιήσεως: ἡ γὰρ καθαρὰ ἀπολύτρωσις τότε γίνεται. Νῦν μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἐν κόσμῳ ἀναστρεφόμεθα, καὶ πολλὰ ἡμῖν ἀνθρώπινα συμπίπτει, καὶ μετὰ ἀσεβῶν ἐσμεν: ἡ δὲ καθαρὰ ἀπολύτρωσις, ὅταν μήτε ἁμαρτήματα ᾖ, μήτε πάθη ἀνθρώπινα, μήτε ἀναμὶξ μετὰ πάντων ὦμεν, τότε ἐστί. Νῦν δὲ ἀῤῥαβών. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν αὐτῶν ἀπέστημεν: οὐ γάρ ἐστι τὸ πολίτευμα ἡμῶν ἐπὶ τῆς γῆς: καὶ νῦν ἐκτός ἐσμεν τῶν ἐνταῦθα: πάροικοι γάρ ἐσμεν καὶ νῦν. Εἰς ἔπαινον τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ. Συνεχῶς τοῦτο τίθησι. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι ἱκανὸν πληροφορῆσαι τοὺς ἀκούοντας. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἡμῶν ἕνεκεν, φησὶ, ταῦτα ἐποίει, οὐκ ἂν ἦν ἀναμφίβολον: εἰ δὲ δι' αὐτὸν, καὶ ὥστε τὴν ἀγαθωσύνην αὐτοῦ δεῖξαι, ὥσπερ τινὰ μαρτυρίαν, αἰτίαν τίθησι τοῦ μὴ ἂν ἄλλως ταῦτα γενέσθαι: ἅπερ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν Ἰσραηλιτῶν ἄνω καὶ κάτω ὁρῶμεν λεγόμενα: Ποίησον ἡμῖν διὰ τὸ ὄνομά σου: καὶ πάλιν αὐτὸς ὁ Θεὸς ἔλεγε: Ποιῶ ἕνεκεν ἐμοῦ: καὶ ὁ Μωϋσῆς, Ποίησον ἡμῖν διὰ τὸ ὄνομά σου, εἰ καὶ μηδενὸς ἕνεκεν ἑτέρου. Πληροφορεῖ γὰρ τοῦτο τοὺς ἀκούοντας καὶ ἀνίησι, μαθόντας ὅτι διὰ τὴν οἰκείαν ἀγαθότητα πάντως ποιήσει, ἅπερ ἐπαγγέλλεται. Ἀλλὰ μὴ ῥᾳθυμῶμεν ἀκούοντες: εἰ γὰρ καὶ δι' ἑαυτὸν ποιεῖ, ἀλλ' ὅμως καὶ τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν ἀπαιτεῖ. Εἰ γὰρ, Τοὺς δοξάζοντάς με δοξάσω, φησὶ, καὶ οἱ ἐξουθενοῦντές με ἐξουθενηθήσονται: ἐννοήσωμεν, ὅτι καὶ τὰ παρ' ἡμῶν ἐπιζητεῖ. Ἔπαινός ἐστι τῆς δόξης αὐτοῦ τὸ τοὺς ἐχθροὺς σῶσαι, ἀλλ' ἐκείνους τοὺς μετὰ τὸ γενέσθαι φίλους μείναντας φίλους: ὡς, εἰ πάλιν ἐπὶ τὴν προτέραν ἔχθραν ἐπανέλθοιεν, πάντα εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην. γʹ. Ἕτερον γὰρ οὐκ ἔστι λουτρὸν, οὐδὲ καταλλαγὴ πάλιν δευτέρα, ἀλλὰ φοβερά τις ἐκδοχὴ κρίσεως, καὶ πυρὸς ζῆλος ἐσθίειν μέλλοντος τοὺς ὑπεναντίους. Εἰ γὰρ μέλλοιμεν, ἀεὶ ἐχθραίνοντες αὐτῷ, ἀξιοῦσθαι παρ' αὐτοῦ συγγνώμης, οὐ παυσόμεθα ἐχθραίνοντες καὶ θρυπτόμενοι καὶ χείρους γινόμενοι, καὶ πεπηρωμένοι τοῦ ἡλίου τῆς δικαιοσύνης παραγενομένου. Βούλει λαβεῖν τὴν ἀκτῖνα ἀνοίγουσάν σου τοὺς ὀφθαλμούς; Καλοὺς αὐτοὺς ἔργασαι, ὑγιεῖς, ὀξυδερκεῖς. Ἔδειξέ σοι τὸ φῶς τὸ ἀληθινόν: ἂν πάλιν αὐτὸ φυγὼν, τῷ σκότει προσδράμῃς, τίς ἔσται ἀπολογία, ποία συγγνώμη; Οὐδεμία λοιπόν: μίσους γάρ ἐστιν ἀῤῥήτου τοῦτο σημεῖον. Ὅτε μὲν γὰρ οὐκ ᾔδεις τὸν Θεὸν, ἐχθραίνων αὐτῷ, ὁπωσδήποτέ τινα συγγνώμην εἶχες: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἐγεύσω τῆς χρηστότητος καὶ τοῦ μέλιτος, ἂν πάλιν ἀφεὶς, ἐπὶ τὸν ἔμετον ἔλθῃς τὸν σαυτοῦ, οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἀλλ' ἢ μεγάλου μίσους καὶ καταφρονήσεως ἐκφέρεις σημεῖα. Οὒ, φησὶν, ἀλλ' ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως ἀναγκάζομαι: φιλῶ μὲν οὖν τὸν Χριστὸν, ἀναγκάζομαι δὲ ὑπὸ τῆς φύσεως. Εἰ ἀνάγκην καὶ βίαν ὑπομένεις, ἕξεις συγγνώμην: εἰ δὲ ἀπὸ ῥᾳθυμίας καταπίπτεις, οὐκέτι. Φέρε οὖν, αὐτὸ δὴ τοῦτο ἐξετάσωμεν, πότερον ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ βίας τὰ ἁμαρτήματα γίνεται, ἢ ἀπὸ ῥᾳθυμίας καὶ ὀλιγωρίας πολλῆς. Οὐ φονεύσεις, φησί. Ποία τοῦτο ἀνάγκη, ποία βία; Βία μὲν οὖν ἐστι τὸ φονεύειν. Τίς γὰρ ἂν ἡμῶν ἕλοιτο βαπτίσαι ξίφος εἰς τὸν λαιμὸν τοῦ πλησίον, καὶ αἱμάξαι τὴν δεξιάν; Οὐδὲ εἷς. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τοὐναντίον, ἀνάγκη τὸ ἁμαρτάνειν μᾶλλόν ἐστι καὶ βία; Ἐνέθηκε γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς φίλτρον τῇ φύσει τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ, ὥστε ἀλλήλους ἀγαπᾷν: Πᾶν γὰρ, φησὶ, ζῶον ἀγαπᾷ τὸ ὅμοιον αὐτοῦ, καὶ ἄνθρωπος τὸν πλησίον αὐτοῦ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι πρὸς τὴν ἀρετὴν ἔχομεν ἀπὸ τῆς φύσεως σπέρματα; Τὰ δὲ τῆς κακίας παρὰ φύσιν ἐστίν: εἰ δὲ ταῦτα μᾶλλον κρατεῖ, τῆς πολλῆς ἡμῶν νωθείας τοῦτο τεκμήριον. Τί δὲ τὸ μοιχεύειν; ποία ἀνάγκη ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἄγει; Ναὶ, φησὶν, ἡ τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τυραννίς. Διὰ τί, εἰπέ μοι; οὐ γὰρ ἔνεστι τῇ οἰκείᾳ κεχρῆσθαι γυναικὶ, καὶ παῦσαι τὴν τυραννίδα; Ἀλλ' ἔρως μέ τις λαμβάνει τῆς τοῦ πλησίον, φησὶ, γυναικός. Οὐκέτι τοῦτο ἀνάγκης: ἔρως γὰρ οὐκ ἔστιν ἀνάγκης: οὐδεὶς ἀνάγκῃ φιλεῖ, ἀλλὰ προαιρέσει καὶ ἑκοντί. Τὸ μὲν οὖν μίγνυσθαι ἀνάγκη ἴσως: τὸ δὲ τήνδε φιλεῖν ἢ τήνδε, οὐκ ἀνάγκης: οὐδὲ ἐπιθυμία μίξεως τὸ πρᾶγμά ἐστιν, ἀλλὰ κενοδοξία καὶ ὕβρις καὶ πέρα τοῦ μέτρου τρυφή. Ποῖον γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, κατὰ λόγον ἐστί; τὴν κατεγγυηθεῖσαν, τὴν κοινωνὸν οὖσαν παιδοποιίας, ταύτην ἔχειν, ἢ τὴν οὐκ ἐγνωσμένην; οὐκ ἴστε, ὅτι αἱ συνήθειαι τὰς φιλίας τίκτουσιν; Ὥστε οὐ τῆς φύσεώς ἐστι. Μὴ αἰτιῶ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν: ἡ γὰρ ἐπιθυμία διὰ γάμον ἐδόθη, διὰ παιδοποιίαν παρεσχέθη, οὐ διὰ μοιχείαν οὐδὲ διαφθοράν. Ἴσασι καὶ οἱ νόμοι τοῖς ἐξ ἀνάγκης συγγινώσκειν ἁμαρτήμασι: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδέν ἐστιν ἁμάρτημα ἐξ ἀνάγκης γινόμενον, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἀπὸ ὕβρεως. Οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ὁ Θεὸς τὴν φύσιν ἐδημιούργησεν, ὡς ἀνάγκην ἔχειν ἁμαρτάνειν: ἐπεὶ εἰ τοῦτο ἦν, κόλασις οὐκ ἦν. Τῶν γὰρ κατὰ ἀνάγκην καὶ βίαν οὐδὲ ἡμεῖς ἀπαιτοῦμεν λόγον, μήτιγε ὁ Θεὸς ὁ οὕτω φιλάνθρωπος καὶ ἀγαθός. Ἀλλὰ τί; τὸ κλέπτειν ἀνάγκης ἐστί; Ναὶ, φησίν: ἡ γὰρ πενία τοῦτο ποιεῖ. Ἡ πενία ἐργάζεσθαι μᾶλλον ἀναγκάζει, οὐ κλέπτειν. Ἡ πενία τοίνυν τοὐναντίον ποιεῖ: τὸ γὰρ κλέπτειν, ἀργίας ἐστὶν, ἡ δὲ πενία οὐκ ἀργίαν, ἀλλὰ φιλοπονίαν τίκτειν εἴωθεν. Ὥστε καὶ τοῦτο ῥᾳθυμίας ἐστί. Καὶ ὧδε μάθῃς: τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, δυσκολώτερον, τί δὲ ἀηδέστερον, τὰς νύκτας ἀγρυπνοῦντα περιιέναι, καὶ τοίχους διορύττειν, καὶ ἐν σκότει βαδίζειν, καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ἔχειν ἐν χερσὶ, καὶ πρὸς φόνον παρατετάχθαι, καὶ τρέμειν, καὶ τεθνηκέναι τῷ δέει, ἢ πόνοις προσέχειν καθημερινοῖς, καὶ ἀσφαλείας ἀπολαύειν μετὰ ἀδείας; Τοῦτο εὔκολον: καὶ ὅτι τοῦτο εὔκολον, οἱ πλείους τοῦτο πράττουσιν, ἢ ἐκεῖνο. δʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι κατὰ φύσιν μὲν ἡ ἀρετὴ, παρὰ φύσιν δὲ ἡ κακία, καθάπερ ἡ νόσος καὶ ἡ ὑγεία; Τί δὲ τὸ ψεύδεσθαι καὶ ἐπιορκεῖν, ποίαν ἂν ἔχοι ἀνάγκην; Οὐδεμίαν, οὐδὲ βίαν, ἀλλ' ἑκόντες ἐπὶ τοῦτο ἐρχόμεθα. Ἀπιστούμεθα, φησίν. Ἀπιστούμεθα, ἐπειδὴ βουλόμεθα: ἐξῆν γὰρ ἀπὸ τοῦ τρόπου πιστεύεσθαι μᾶλλον ἡμᾶς, ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν ὅρκων. Διὰ τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, τοῖς μὲν οὐδὲ ὀμνύουσι πιστεύομεν, τοὺς δὲ καὶ χωρὶς ὅρκων πιστοὺς ἡγούμεθα; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐδαμοῦ χρεία ὅρκων; Ἂν ὁ δεῖνα εἴπῃ, φησὶ, καὶ χωρὶς ὅρκων πιστεύω: σοὶ δὲ οὐδὲ μεθ' ὅρκων. Ἄρα περιττὸν ὁ ὅρκος, καὶ τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἀπιστίας, ἢ πίστεως τεκμήριον. Τὸ γὰρ εὔκολον εἶναι πρὸς τὸ ὀμόσαι οὐκ ἀφίησι δόξαν εὐλαβείας ἔχειν. Ὥστε ὁ μάλιστα συνεχῶς τῷ ὅρκῳ κεχρημένος, οὗτος οὐδαμοῦ τοῦ ὅρκου τὴν χρείαν ἔχει ἀναγκαίαν: ὁ δὲ μηδαμοῦ κεχρημένος, αὐτὸς αὐτοῦ τῆς χρείας ἀπολαύει. Χρεία ὅρκου πρὸς τὸ πιστεύεσθαι λοιπόν; Οὐδαμῶς: ὁρῶμεν γὰρ, ὅτι οἱ μὴ ὀμνύοντες, οὗτοι μᾶλλον πιστεύονται. Ἀλλὰ τί; τὸ ὑβριστὴν εἶναι ἀνάγκης ἐστί; Ναὶ, φησίν: ὁ γὰρ θυμὸς ἐξάγει, καὶ φλέγει, καὶ οὐκ ἀφίησι τὴν ψυχὴν ἠρεμεῖν. Οὐ τοῦ θυμοῦ ἐστιν, ἄνθρωπε, ἀλλὰ τῆς μικροψυχίας τὸ ὑβρίζειν: εἰ δὲ θυμοῦ ἦν, πάντες ἄνθρωποι ὀργιζόμενοι, οὐκ ἂν διέλειπον ὑβρίζοντες. Θυμὸν ἔχομεν, οὐχ ἵνα ὑβρίζωμεν τοὺς πλησίον, ἀλλ' ἵνα τοὺς ἁμαρτάνοντας ἐπιστρέφωμεν, ἵνα διανιστώμεθα, ἵνα μὴ νωθεῖς ὦμεν. Ὥσπερ τι κέντρον ἔγκειται ἡμῖν ὁ θυμὸς, ἵνα κατὰ τοῦ διαβόλου βρύχωμεν τοὺς ὀδόντας, ἵνα σφοδροὶ ὦμεν πρὸς αὐτὸν, οὐχ ἵνα κατ' ἀλλήλων στῶμεν. Ὅπλα ἔχομεν, οὐχ ἵνα ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς πολεμῶμεν, ἀλλ' ἵνα κατὰ τοῦ πολεμίου χρώμεθα τῇ παντευχίᾳ. Ὀργίλος εἶ; Ἔσο κατὰ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων τῶν σαυτοῦ τοιοῦτος, ἐπίπληττε τῇ ψυχῇ, μάστιζε τὸ συνειδὸς, σφοδρὸς ἔσο κριτὴς καὶ πικρὸς δικαστὴς τοῖς οἰκείοις ἁμαρτήμασι. Τοῦτο τῆς ὀργῆς τὸ κέρδος: διὰ τοῦτο ἡμῖν αὐτὴν ἐνέθηκεν ὁ Θεός. Ἀλλ' ἡ ἁρπαγὴ ἐξ ἀνάγκης ἐστίν; Οὐδαμῶς: ποία γὰρ ἀνάγκη τὸ ἁρπάζειν, εἰπέ μοι; ποία βία; Πενία, φησὶ, ποιεῖ, καὶ τὸ δέος τῶν ἀναγκαίων. Διὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὖν οὐκ ὀφείλεις ἁρπάζειν: οὐ γὰρ ἀσφαλὴς ὁ τοιοῦτος πλοῦτος. Σὺ δὲ ταυτὸν ποιεῖς, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἐρωτηθεὶς, τί δήποτε εἰς ἄμμον τὰ θεμέλια τῆς οἰκίας καταβάλλοι, εἴποι, ὅτι Διὰ τὸν κρυμὸν, διὰ τὸν ὑετόν. Διὰ τοῦτο μὲν οὖν εἰς ἄμμον οὐκ ἐχρῆν καταβάλλειν: ἀναστρέφει γὰρ αὐτὰ ταχέως καὶ ὑετὸς καὶ πνεύματα καὶ ἄνεμος. Ὥστε εἰ πλουτεῖν θέλεις, μὴ πλεονέκτει. Εἰ παισὶ βούλει παραδοῦναι πλοῦτον, δίκαιον κτῆσαι, εἴ γέ τίς ἐστι τοιοῦτος: οὗτος γὰρ μένει, καὶ βέβαιος ἕστηκεν: ὁ δὲ μὴ τοιοῦτος ταχέως ἀπόλλυται καὶ διαφθείρεται. Πλουτεῖν θέλεις, εἰπέ μοι, καὶ τὰ τῶν ἄλλων λαμβάνεις; Καὶ μὴν τοῦτο οὐκ ἔστι πλοῦτος, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὰ ἴδια κατέχειν: ὁ δὲ τὰ ἀλλότρια ἔχων, οὐκ ἂν εἴη πλούσιος: ἐπεὶ οὕτω γε ἂν καὶ οἱ τὰ σηρικὰ πωλοῦντες, ἱμάτια παρ' ἑτέρων λαμβάνοντες, καὶ εὐπορώτεροι καὶ πλουσιώτεροι πάντων λέγοιντο ἄν: καίτοι γε αὐτῶν ἐστι τέως, ἀλλ' ὅμως αὐτοὺς οὐ καλοῦμεν πλουσίους. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι τὰ ἀλλότρια ἔχουσιν. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ τὰ ἱμάτια αὐτῶν τυγχάνει, ἀλλ' ἡ τιμὴ οὐκ αὐτῶν: εἰ δὲ καὶ ἡ τιμὴ αὐτῶν, ἀλλ' οὗτος πλοῦτος οὐκ ἔστι. Εἰ δὲ τὰ συμβόλαια διδόμενα οὐ ποιεῖ πλουσίους, διὰ τὸ ταχέως ἡμᾶς αὐτῶν ἀφίστασθαι, τὰ ἐξ ἁρπαγῆς πῶς ποιεῖ πλουσίους; Εἰ δὲ καὶ ὅλως ἐπιθυμεῖς πλουτεῖν (οὐ γὰρ ἀνάγκης τὸ πρᾶγμα): τίνος ἀπολαῦσαι βουλόμενος πλείονος; ἆρα ζωῆς μακροτέρας; Καὶ μὴν οἱ τοιοῦτοι ταχέως ὀλιγοχρόνιοι γίνονται. Πολλάκις γὰρ δίκην διδόασι τῆς ἁρπαγῆς καὶ τῆς πλεονεξίας τὸν ἄωρον θάνατον καὶ τὸ τῶν κτημάτων μὴ ἀπολαῦσαι, ἀλλὰ μικρὸν, καὶ τὴν γέενναν ἀπελθεῖν λαβόντας: πολλάκις δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τρυφῆς καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πόνων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν φροντίδων νόσους τεκόντες ἀπώλοντο. Ἠβουλόμην μαθεῖν τίνος ἕνεκεν ὁ πλοῦτος διεσπούδασται τοῖς ἀνθρώποις. Καίτοι ὁ Θεὸς διὰ τοῦτο τῇ φύσει μέτρον καὶ ὅριον ἔθηκεν, ἵνα μηδεμίαν ἔχωμεν ἀνάγκην τοῦ τὸν πλοῦτον ἐπιζητεῖν, οἷον ἑνὶ ἱματίῳ ἢ καὶ δευτέρῳ περιβάλλεσθαι τὸ σῶμα ἐκέλευσε, καὶ περιττοῦ οὐ χρεία πρὸς τὴν σκέπην. Τίνος ἕνεκεν τὰ μυρία ἱμάτια, καὶ τὰ σητόβρωτα; Μέτρον ὡρισμένον ἐστὶ τῆς γαστρὸς, καὶ πέρα τούτου δοθὲν ἐξ ἀνάγκης διέφθειρε τὸ πᾶν ζῶον: τίνος ἕνεκεν αἱ ἀγέλαι καὶ τὰ ποίμνια καὶ αἱ τῶν κρεῶν κατακοπαί; Μιᾶς στέγης χρῄζομεν: τίνος ἕνεκεν οἱ περίβολοι, καὶ τὰ πολυτελῆ οἰκημάτων; ἵνα γῦπες καὶ κολοιοὶ κατοικῶσι, τοὺς πένητας ἀποδύεις; Καὶ πόσης οὐκ ἄξια ταῦτα γεέννης; Πολλοὶ πολλάκις εἰς τόπους, οὓς οὐδὲ εἶδον, κίοσι καὶ λίθοις πολυτίμοις οἰκοδομήματα ἐξαστράπτοντα κατεργάζονται (τί γὰρ οὐκ ἐμηχανήσαντο;) καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτοὶ ἀπέλαυσαν, οὐδὲ ἄλλοι τινές: ἡ γὰρ ἐρημία οὐκ ἀφίησιν αὐτοὺς ἀπελθεῖν: καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἀφίστανται. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι οὐδὲ χρηματισμοῦ ἕνεκεν ταῦτα γίνεται; Ἀλλὰ πάντων τούτων ἄνοια καὶ ἀλογία καὶ κενοδοξία αἰτία: ἣν, παρακαλῶ, φύγωμεν, ἵνα τὰ ἄλλα φυγεῖν δυνηθῶμεν κακὰ, καὶ τῶν ἐπηγγελμένων ἀγαθῶν τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτὸν τυχεῖν, ἐν Χριστῷ Ἰησοῦ τῷ Κυρίῳ ἡμῶν.