John Chrysostom, Homilies on Ephesians

“Let all bitterness, and wrath, and anger, and clamor, and railing be put away from you, with all malice. And be ye kind one to another, tender-hearted, forgiving each other, even as God also in Christ forgave you.”

If we are to attain to the kingdom of Heaven, it is not enough to abandon wickedness, but there must be abundant practice of that which is good also. To be delivered indeed from hell we must abstain from wickedness; but to attain to the kingdom we must cleave fast to virtue.196 [This way of putting it would imply that there is an intermediate place, neither hell nor heaven, which Chrysostom felt; and so he corrects himself a little below. This does not appear to be a trick of the orator.—G.A.] Know ye not that even in the tribunals of the heathen, when examination is made of men’s deeds, and the whole city is assembled, this is the case? Nay, there was an ancient custom amongst the heathen, to crown with a golden crown,197 [The Athenians, for example, bestowed a golden crown upon Demosthenes, and his celebrated oration “On the Crown” was occasioned by this custom to which Chrysostom refers.]—not the man who had done no evil to his country, for this were in itself no more than enough to save him from punishment;—but him who had displayed great public services. It was thus that a man was to be advanced to this distinction. But what I had especial need to say, had, I know not how, well nigh escaped me. Accordingly having made some slight correction of what I have said, I retract the first portion of this division.

For as I was saying that the departure from evil is sufficient to prevent our falling into hell, whilst I was speaking, there stole upon me a certain awful sentence, which does not merely bring down vengeance on them that dare to commit evil, but which also punishes those who omit any opportunity of doing good. What sentence then is this? When the day, the dreadful day, He saith, was arrived, and the set time was come, the Judge, seated on the judgment seat, set the sheep on the right hand and the goats on the left; and to the sheep He said, “Come, ye blessed of My Father, inherit the kingdom prepared for you from the foundation of the world: for I was an hungered, and ye gave me meat.” (Matt. xxv. 34.) So far, well. For it was meet that for such compassion they should receive this reward. That those, however, who did not communicate of their own possessions to them that were in need, that they should be punished, not merely by the loss of blessings, but by being also sent to hell-fire, what just reason, I say, can there be in this? Most certainly this too will have a fair show of reason, no less than the other case: for we are hence instructed, that they that have done good shall enjoy those good things that are in heaven, but they, who, though they have no evil indeed to be charged with, yet have omitted to do good, will be hurried away with them that have done evil into hell-fire. Unless one might indeed say this, that the very not doing good is a part of wickedness, inasmuch as it comes of indolence, and indolence is a part of vice, or rather, not a part, but a source and baneful root of it. For idleness is the teacher of all vice. Let us not then foolishly ask such questions as these, what place shall he occupy, who has done neither any evil nor any good? For the very not doing good, is in itself doing evil. Tell me, if thou hadst a servant, who should neither steal, nor insult, nor contradict thee, who moreover should keep from drunkenness and every other kind of vice, and yet should sit perpetually in idleness, and not doing one of those duties which a servant owes to his master, wouldest thou not chastise him, wouldest thou not put him to the rack? Tell me. And yet forsooth he has done no evil. No, but this is in itself doing evil. But let us, if you please, apply this to other cases in life. Suppose then that of an husbandman. He does no damage to our property, he lays no plots against us, and he is not a thief, he only ties his hands behind him, and sits at home, neither sowing, nor cutting a single furrow, nor harnessing oxen to the yoke, nor looking after a vine, nor in fact discharging any one of those other labors required in husbandry. Now, I say, should we not punish such a man? And yet he has done no wrong to any one; we have no charge to make against him. No, but by this very thing has he done wrong. He does wrong in that he does not contribute his own share to the common stock of good. And what again, tell me, if every single artisan or mechanic were only to do no harm, say to one of a different craft,—nay, were to do no harm, even to one of his own, but only were to be idle, would not our whole life at that rate be utterly at an end and perish? Do you wish that I yet further extend the discourse with reference to the body also? Let the hand then neither strike the head, nor cut out the tongue, nor pluck out the eye, nor do any evil of this sort, but only remain idle, and not render its due service to the body at large; would it not be more fitting that it should be cut off, than that one should carry it about in idleness, and a detriment to the whole body? And what too, if the mouth, without either devouring the hand, or biting the breast, should nevertheless fail in all its proper duties; were it not far better that it should be stopped up? If therefore both in the case of servants, and of mechanics, and of the whole body, not only the commission of evil, but also the omission of what is good, is great unrighteousness, much more will this be the case in regard to the body of Christ.

Moral. And therefore the blessed Paul also, in leading us away from sin, leads us on to virtue. For where, tell me, is the advantage of all the thorns being cut out, if the good seeds be not sown? For our labor, remaining unfinished, will come round and end in the same mischief. And therefore Paul also, in his deep and affectionate anxiety for us, does not let his admonitions stop at eradicating and destroying evil tempers, but urges us at once to evidence the implanting of good ones. For having said, “Let all bitterness, and wrath, and clamor, and railing be put away from you, with all malice,” he adds, “And be198 [“Not ‘be’ (ἔστε), but ‘become’ (γίνεσθε), in keeping with the ἀρθήτω ἀφ᾽ ὑμῶν, ‘let it be put away’ from you.”—Meyer.—G.A.] ye kind one to another, tender-hearted, forgiving each other.” For all these are habits and dispositions. And our abandonment of the one thing is not sufficient to settle us in the habitual practice of the other, but there is need again of some fresh impulse, and of an effort not less than that made in our avoidance of evil dispositions, in order to our acquiring good ones. For so in the case of the body, the black man, if he gets rid of this complexion, does not straightway become white. Or rather let us not conduct our discourse with an argument from physical subjects, but draw our example from those which concern moral choice. He who is not our enemy, is not necessarily our friend; but there is an intermediate state, neither of enmity nor of friendship, which is perhaps that in which the greater part of mankind stand toward us. He that is not crying is not therefore necessarily also laughing, but there is a state between the two. And so, I say, is the case here. He that is not “bitter” is not necessarily “kind,” neither is he that is not “wrathful” necessarily “tender-hearted”; but there is need of a distinct effort, in order to acquire this excellence. And now look how the blessed Paul, according to the rules of the best husbandry, thoroughly cleans and works the land entrusted to him by the Husbandman. He has taken away the bad seeds; he now exhorts us to retain the good plants. “Be ye kind,” saith he, for if, when the thorns are plucked up, the field remains idle, it will again bear unprofitable weeds. And therefore there is need to preoccupy its unoccupied and fallow state by the setting of good seeds and plants. He takes away “anger,” he puts in “kindness”; he takes away “bitterness,” he puts in “tender-heartedness”; he extirpates “malice” and “railing,” he plants “forgiveness” in their stead. For the expression, “forgiving one another,” is this; be disposed, he means, to forgive one another. And this forgiveness is greater than that which is shown in money-matters. For he indeed who forgives a debt of money to him that has borrowed of him, does, it is true, a noble and admirable deed, but then the kindness is confined to the body, though to himself indeed he repays a full recompense by that benefit which is spiritual and concerns the soul; whereas he who forgives trespasses will be benefiting alike his own soul, and the soul of him who receives the forgiveness. For by this way of acting, he not only renders himself, but the other also, more charitable. Because we do not so deeply touch the souls of those who have wronged us by revenging ourselves, as by pardoning them, and thus shaming them and putting them out of countenance. For by the other course we shall be doing no good, either to ourselves or to them, but shall be doing harm to both by seeking ourselves for retaliation, like the rulers of the Jews, and by kindling up the wrath that is in them; but if we return injustice with gentleness, we shall disarm all his anger, and shall be setting up in his breast a tribunal which will give a verdict in our favor, and will condemn him more severely than we ourselves could. For he will convict and will pass sentence upon himself, and will look for every pretext for repaying the share of long-suffering granted him with fuller measure, knowing that, if he repay it in equal measure, he is thus at a disadvantage, in not having himself made the beginning, but received the example from us. He will strive accordingly to exceed in measure, in order to eclipse, by the excess of his recompense, the disadvantage he himself sustains in having been second in making advances towards requital; and the disadvantage again which accrues to the other from the time, if he was the first sufferer, this he will make up by excess of kindness. For men, if they are right-minded, are not so affected by evil as by the good treatment they may receive at the hands of those whom they have injured. For it is a base sin, and it is matter of reproach and scorn for a man who is well-treated not to return it; whilst for a man who is ill-treated, not to go about to resent it, this has the praise and applause, and the good word of all. And therefore they are more deeply touched by this conduct than any.

So that if thou hast a wish to revenge thyself, revenge thyself in this manner. Return good for evil, that thou mayest render him even thy debtor, and achieve a glorious victory. Hast thou suffered evil? Do good; thus avenge thee of thine enemy. For if thou shalt go about to resent it, all will blame both thee and him alike. Whereas if thou shalt endure it, it will be otherwise. Thee they will applaud and admire; but him they will reproach. And what greater punishment can there be to an enemy, than to behold his enemy admired and applauded by all men? What more bitter to an enemy, than to behold himself reproached by all before his enemy’s face? If thou shalt avenge thee on him, thou wilt both be condemned perhaps thyself, and wilt be the sole avenger; whereas, if thou shalt forgive him, all will be avengers in thy stead. And this will be far more severe than any evil he can suffer, that his enemy should have so many to avenge him. If thou openest thy mouth, they will be silent; but if thou art silent, not with one tongue only, but with ten thousand tongues of others, thou smitest him, and art the more avenged. And on thee indeed, if thou shalt reproach him, many again will cast imputations (for they will say that thy words are those of passion); but when others who have suffered no wrong from him thus overwhelm him with reproaches, then is the revenge especially clear of all suspicion. For when they who have suffered no mischief, in consequence of thy excessive forbearance feel and sympathize with thee, as though they had been wronged themselves, this is a vengeance clear of all suspicion. “But what then,” ye will say, “if no man should take vengeance?” It cannot be that men will be such stones, as to behold such wisdom and not admire it. And though they wreak not their vengeance on him at the time; still, afterwards, when they are in the mood, they will do so, and they will continue to scoff at him and abuse him. And if no one else admire thee, the man himself will most surely admire thee, though he may not own it. For our judgment of what is right, even though we be come to the very depth of wickedness, remains impartial and unbiased. Why, suppose ye, did our Lord Christ say, “Whosoever smiteth thee on the right cheek, turn to him the other also”? (Matt. v. 39.) Is it not because the more long-suffering a man is, the more signal the benefit he confers both on himself and on the other? For this cause He charges us to “turn the other also,” to satisfy the desire of the enraged. For who is such a monster as not to be at once put to shame? The very dogs are said to feel it; for if they bark and attack a man, and he throws himself on his back and does nothing, he puts a stop to all their wrath.199 [Compare Odyssey, Bk. xiv. 33–36, where Ulysses thus quiets the dogs of Eumæus:— “Soon as Ulysses near the enclosure drew, With open mouths the furious mastiffs flew; Down sat the sage, and, cautious to withstand, Let fall the offensive truncheon from his hand.” Pope’s translation.—G.A.] If they then reverence the man who is ready to suffer evil from them, much more will the race of man do so, inasmuch as they are more rational.

However, it is right not to overlook what a little before came into my recollection, and was brought forward for a testimony. And what then was this? We were speaking of the Jews, and of the chief rulers amongst them, how that they were blamed, as seeking retaliation. And yet this the law permitted them; “eye for eye, and tooth for tooth.” (Lev. xxiv. 20.) True, but not to the intent that men should pluck out each other’s eyes, but that they should check boldness in aggression, by fear of suffering in return, and thus should neither do any evil to others, nor suffer any evil from others themselves. Therefore it was said, “eye for eye,” to bind the hands of the aggressor, not to let thine loose against him; not to ward off the hurt from thine eyes only, but also to preserve his eyes safe and sound.

But, as to what I was enquiring about,—why, if retaliation was allowed, were they arraigned who practiced it? Whatever can this mean? He here speaks of vindictiveness; for on the spur of the moment he allows the sufferer to act, as I was saying, in order to check the aggressor; but to bear a grudge he permits no longer; because the act then is no longer one of passion, nor of boiling rage, but of malice premeditated. Now God forgives those who may be carried away, perhaps upon a sense of outrage, and rush out to resent it. Hence He says, “eye for eye”; and yet again, “the ways of the revengeful lead to death.”200 [Prov. xii. 28, according to Septuagint, which has ὁδοὶ δὲ μνησικάκων εἰς θάνατον. The Rev. Ver., following the Hebrew, has, “And in the pathway thereof (righteousness) there is no death.”—G.A.] Now, if, where it was permitted to put out eye for eye, so great a punishment is reserved for the revengeful, how much more for those who are bidden even to expose themselves to ill-treatment. Let us not then be revengeful, but let us quench our anger, that we may be counted worthy of the lovingkindness, which comes from God (“for with what measure,” saith Christ, “ye mete, it shall be measured unto you, and with what judgment ye judge, ye shall be judged”) (Matt. vii. 2.), and that we may both escape the snares of this present life, and in the day that is at hand, may obtain pardon at His hands, through the grace and loving-kindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom, to the Father, together with the Holy Ghost, be glory, power, honor, both now and forever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙϚʹ. Πᾶσα πικρία καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ κραυγὴ καὶ βλασφημία ἀρθήτω ἀφ' ὑμῶν σὺν πάσῃ κακίᾳ. Γίνεσθε δὲ εἰς ἀλλήλους χρηστοὶ, εὔσπλαγ χνοι, χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς, καθὼς καὶ ὁ Θεὸς ἐχαρίσατο ὑμῖν. αʹ. Οὐκ ἀρκεῖ κακίας ἀπαλλαγῆναι, εἰ δεῖ τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπιτυχεῖν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ καὶ πολλῆς τῆς τῶν ἀρετῶν ἐργασίας. Ἵνα μὲν γὰρ γεέννης ἀπαλλαγῶμεν, ἀπέχεσθαι δεῖ πονηρίας: ἵνα δὲ βασιλείας ἐπιτύχωμεν, ἀντέχεσθαι τῆς ἀρετῆς. Ἢ οὐκ ἴστε, ὅτι καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἔξωθεν δικαστηρίοις, ὅταν ἐξέτασις ᾖ τῶν εἰργασμένων, καὶ ἐκκλησιάζῃ πᾶσα ἡ πόλις, οὕτω γίνεται; Καὶ γὰρ ἐπὶ τῶν ἔξωθεν ἔθος ἦν παλαιὸν, χρυσῷ στεφανοῦσθαι στεφάνῳ, οὐ τὸν μηδὲν κακὸν ἐργασάμενον τὴν πόλιν: τοῦτο γὰρ αὐτὸ πρὸς τὸ μὴ δοῦναι δίκην ἀπόχρη μόνον: ἀλλὰ τὸν μεγάλας εὐεργεσίας ἐπιδειξάμενον. Οὕτως ἐπὶ ταύτην ἐχρῆν ἄγεσθαι τὴν τιμήν. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ οὐκ οἶδα πῶς μικροῦ δεῖν με παρέλαθεν ὃ μάλιστα πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἀναγκαῖον ἦν εἰπεῖν. Τῆς γὰρ διαιρέσεως ταύτης τὸ πρῶτον ἀνατίθεμαι μέρος, μικρᾷ τινι ἐπιδιορθώσει χρησάμενος. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἔφην, πρὸς τὸ μὴ περιπεσεῖν γεέννῃ ὅτι τῶν κακῶν ἡμῖν ἡ ἀναχώρησις ἀρκεῖ, μεταξύ με λέγοντα ὑπεισῆλθέ τις ἀπειλὴ φοβερὰ, οὐ τοῖς κακόν τι τολμήσασι τὴν τιμωρίαν ἐπάγουσα, ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἐλλελοιπότας τι τῶν ἀγαθῶν κολάζουσα. Τίς δὴ οὖν αὕτη ἐστί; Τῆς ἡμέρας, φησὶν, ἐπιστάσης τῆς φοβερᾶς, καὶ παραγενομένης τῆς κυρίας, καθεσθεὶς ἐπὶ τοῦ βήματος ὁ Κριτὴς, καὶ τὰ μὲν πρόβατα στήσας ἐκ δεξιῶν, τὰ δὲ ἐρίφια ἐξ ἀριστερῶν, πρὸς μὲν τὰ πρόβατα ἔλεγε: Δεῦτε, οἱ εὐλογημένοι τοῦ Πατρός μου, κληρονομήσατε τὴν ἡτοιμασμένην ὑμῖν βασιλείαν ἀπὸ καταβολῆς κόσμου: ἐπείνασα γὰρ, καὶ ἐδώκατέ μοι φαγεῖν. Τοῦτο καλῶς: ἔδει γὰρ αὐτοὺς τῆς τοσαύτης φιλανθρωπίας ταυτὴν λαβεῖν τὴν ἀντίδοσιν: τὸ μέντοι τοὺς μὴ μεταδόντας τοῖς δεομένοις ἐξ ὧν εἶχον αὐτοὶ, μὴ μέχρι τῆς τῶν ἀγαθῶν στερήσεως κολάζεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ τῆς γεέννης παραπέμπεσθαι πυρὶ, ποῖον ἂν ἔχοι λόγον τοῦτο δή; Μάλιστα μὲν οὖν καὶ τοῦτο εὐπρόσωπον ἂν ἔχοι λόγον, οὐχ ἧττον ἢ ἐκεῖνο τὸ πρότερον. Διὰ γὰρ τούτου παιδευόμεθα, ὅτι οἱ μὲν τὰ ἀγαθὰ πράξαντες, τῶν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἀπολαύσονται ἀγαθῶν: οἱ δὲ ἐγκληθῆναι μὲν οὐδὲν ἔχοντες κακὸν, ἐλλελοιπότες δέ τι τῶν ἀγαθῶν, μετὰ τῶν τὰ κακὰ ἐργασαμένων εἰς τὸ γεέννης ἀπαχθήσονται πῦρ. Εἰ μή τις ἐκεῖνο λέγοι, ὅτι καὶ τὸ ἀγαθὸν μὴ ποιῆσαι, κακίας μέρος ἐστίν: ἀργίας γὰρ τοῦτό ἐστιν, ἀργία δὲ κακίας μέρος: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐ μέρος, ἀλλὰ ὑπόθεσις καὶ ῥίζα πονηρά: πᾶσαν γὰρ κακίαν ἐδίδαξεν ἡ ἀργία. Μὴ τοίνυν ἀνοήτως ταύτας τὰς ἐρωτήσεις ἐρωτῶμεν, οἷον, ὁ μηδὲν πεποιηκὼς κακὸν, μηδὲν ἀγαθὸν, ποῖον δέξεται τόπον; Τὸ γὰρ μὴ ποιῆσαι ἀγαθὸν, τοῦτο ποιῆσαί ἐστι κακόν. Εἰπὲ γάρ μοι, εἴ τινα οἰκέτην ἔχοις, μήτε κλέπτοντα, μήτε ὑβρίζοντα, μήτε ἀντιλέγοντα, ἀλλὰ καὶ μέθης κρατοῦντα καὶ τῶν ἄλλων ἁπάντων, καθήμενον δὲ διαπαντὸς ἀργὸν, καὶ οὐδὲν τῶν ὀφειλόντων παρὰ οἰκέτου δεσπότῃ πληροῦσθαι ποιοῦντα, οὐ μαστιγώσεις, οὐ στρεβλώσεις αὐτόν; Ναὶ, φησί: καὶ μὴν οὐδὲν εἰργάσατο κακόν. Αὐτὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦτό ἐστι κακόν. Ἀλλ', εἰ δοκεῖ, ἀγάγωμεν καὶ ἐπὶ τὸν λοιπὸν βίον τὸν λόγον. Ἔστω τις γεωργὸς, καὶ μηδὲν λυμαινέσθω τοῖς ἡ μετέροις ὑπάρχουσι, μήτε ἐπιβουλευέτω, μήτε κλεπτέτω, μόνον δὲ τὰς αὑτοῦ χεῖρας δήσας, οἴκοι καθεζέσθω μήτε σπείρων, μὴτε αὔλακα τέμνων, μήτε βοῦς ὑποζευγνὺς, μήτε ἄμπελον θεραπεύων, μήτε ἄλλο τι τῶν περὶ τὴν γῆν πονῶν: ἆρα οὐ κολάσομεν τὸν τοιοῦτον; Καίτοι γε οὐδὲν ἠδίκησεν, οὐδὲ ἔχομεν ἐγκαλεῖν αὐτῷ τι: ἀλλ' αὐτῷ μὲν οὖν τούτῳ ἠδίκησεν: ἀδικεῖ γὰρ κοινῷ λόγῳ, τὴν παρ' ἑαυτοῦ συντέλειαν μὴ παρεχόμενος. Τί δὲ, εἰπέ μοι; ἂν τῶν δημιουργῶν ἕκαστος καὶ χειροτεχνῶν τὸν μὲν ἑτερότεχνον, ἀλλὰ μηδὲ τὸν ὁμότεχνον βλάπτῃ μηδὲν, ἀργῇ δὲ μόνον, οὐχὶ ἀπόλωλεν ἅπας ὑμῖν ὁ βίος οὕτω καὶ διέφθαρται; Βούλει καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος τὸν λόγον ἑλκύσωμεν; Οὐκοῦν ἡ χεὶρ μὴ πληττέτω τὴν κεφαλὴν, μηδὲ ἐκκοπτέτω τὴν γλῶσσαν, μηδὲ ἐξορυττέτω τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν, μηδὲ ἄλλο τι τοιοῦτον ἐργαζέσθω κακόν: μόνον δὲ ἀργὴ μενέτω, καὶ τὴν παρ' ἑαυτῆς λειτουργίαν μὴ πληρούτω τῷ παντὶ σώματι: ἆρα οὐκ ἄξιον ἐκκοπῆναι αὐτὴν, ἢ περιφέρειν ἀργοῦσαν, καὶ παντὶ λυμαινομένην τῷ σώματι; Τί δέ; ἂν τὸ στόμα μὴ κατεσθίῃ τὴν χεῖρα, μηδὲ δάκνῃ τὸ στῆθος, τὰ δὲ παρ' ἑαυτοῦ πάντα ἐλλείπῃ, οὐ βέλτιον ἐμπεφράχθαι μᾶλλον; Εἰ τοίνυν καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν οἰκετῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν δημιουργῶν, καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος παντὸς ἀδικία μεγάλη, οὐ μόνον τὸ κακόν τι πρᾶξαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἔλλειψις, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος τοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦτο γένοιτ' ἄν. βʹ. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος ἀπάγων ἡμᾶς τῆς πονηρίας, ἄγει πρὸς τὴν ἀρετήν. Τί γὰρ ὄφελος, εἰπέ μοι, τὰς ἀκάνθας ἐκκοπῆναι πάσας, ἂν τὰ χρηστὰ μὴ καταβάληται σπέρματα; Εἰς γὰρ τὴν αὐτὴν περιστήσεται πάλιν ζημίαν ἡμῖν ὁ πόνος μείνας ἀτελής. Διά τοι τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος σφόδρα κηδόμενος ἡμῶν, οὐ μέχρι τῆς τῶν κακῶν ἐκκοπῆς καὶ ἀναιρέσεως ἵστησι τὰ παραγγέλματα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ταχὺ τῶν ἀγαθῶν τὴν καταφύτευσιν ἐπιδείκνυσθαι προτρέπει. Εἰπὼν γὰρ, Πᾶσα πικρία καὶ θυμὸς καὶ ὀργὴ καὶ κραυγὴ καὶ βλασφημία ἀρθήτω ἀφ' ὑμῶν σὺν πάσῃ κακίᾳ, ἐπήγαγε: Γίνεσθε δὲ εἰς ἀλλήλους χρηστοὶ, εὔσπλαγχνοι, χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς. Ἕξεις γάρ εἰσιν αὗται καὶ διαθέσεις. Καὶ οὐκ ἀρκεῖ ἡ τῆς ἑτέρας ἀπαλλαγὴ εἰς τὴν τῆς ἑτέρας ἡμᾶς ἕξιν καταστῆσαι πάλιν, ἀλλὰ δεῖ πάλιν κινήσεώς τινος, καὶ ὁρμῆς οὐκ ἐλάττονος τῆς ἐν τῇ φυγῇ τῶν κακῶν, ὥστε γενέσθαι ἐν τῇ κτήσει τῶν ἀγαθῶν. Καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ σώματος ὁ μέλας ἂν ἀπαλλαγῇ τῆς ποιότητος ταύτης, οὐκ εὐθέως γίνεται λευκός. Μᾶλλον δὲ μὴ ἐπὶ τῶν φυσικῶν τὸν λόγον γυμνάσωμεν, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τῶν κατὰ προαίρεσιν τὸ παράδειγμα παραγάγωμεν. Ὁ μὴ ἐχθρὸς οὐ πάντως φίλος ἐστὶν, ἀλλ' ἔστι τι μέσον, ὃ μήτε ἔχθρας, μήτε φιλίας ἐστὶν, ἐν ᾧ μάλιστα οἱ πλείους τῶν ἀνθρώπων καθεστήκασι πρὸς ἡμᾶς. Ὁ μὴ δακρύων, οὐ πάντως καὶ γελᾷ, ἀλλ' ἔστι μέση κατάστασις. Οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, οὐχ ὁ μὴ πικρὸς πάντως χρηστὸς, οὐδὲ ὁ μὴ θυμώδης πάντως εὔσπλαγχνος: ἀλλὰ δεῖ πάλιν ἑτέρας σπουδῆς, ὥστε κτήσασθαι τοῦτο τὸ καλόν. Καὶ θέα πῶς κατὰ νόμον ἀρίστης γεωργίας ὁ μακάριος Παῦλος τὴν ἐμπιστευθεῖσαν αὐτῷ γῆν παρὰ τοῦ Γεωργοῦ διακαθαίρει τε καὶ ἐργάζεται. Ἀνεῖλε τὰ νόθα σπέρματα, παρακαλεῖ λοιπὸν, ὥστε κατασχεῖν τὰ γνήσια φυτά. Γίνεσθε χρηστοὶ, φησίν. Ἂν γὰρ τῶν ἀκανθῶν ἀνασπασθεισῶν μένῃ ἡ χώρα ἀργοῦσα, ἀνονήτους πάλιν οἴσει βοτάνας. Διὸ τὴν σχολὴν αὐτῆς καὶ τὴν ἀργίαν προκαταλαμβάνειν δεῖ τῇ τῶν ἀγαθῶν σπερμάτων τε καὶ φυτῶν καταβολῇ. Ἀνεῖλεν ὀργὴν, ἔθηκε χρηστότητα: ἀνεῖλε πικρίαν, ἔθηκεν εὐσπλαγχνίαν: ἐξέτεμε κακίαν καὶ βλασφημίαν, ἐφύτευσε συγγνώμην: τὸ γὰρ, Χαριζόμενοι ἑαυτοῖς, τοῦτό ἐστι. Συγγνωμικοὶ, φησὶ, γίνεσθε. Μείζων γὰρ αὕτη ἡ χάρις τῆς ἐν τοῖς χρήμασιν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ χρήματα ἀφιεὶς τῷ δανεισαμένῳ παρ' αὐτοῦ, καινὸν μὲν ἐργάζεται ἔργον καὶ θαυμαστὸν, πλὴν ἀλλὰ μέχρι τοῦ σώματος ἡ χάρις, εἰ καὶ ἑαυτῷ τὴν ἀμοιβὴν ἐν τοῖς πνευματικοῖς καὶ τοῖς κατὰ ψυχὴν ἀποδίδωσι δώροις: ὁ δὲ ἁμαρτήματα χαρισάμενος, τήν τε ψυχὴν ὠφέλησε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ, καὶ τὴν ἐκείνου τοῦ τῆς συγγνώμης τυχόντος: οὐ γὰρ ἑαυτὸν μόνον τούτῳ τῷ τρόπῳ, ἀλλὰ κἀκεῖνον ἐπιεικέστερον ἐποίησεν. Οὐ γὰρ οὕτως ἐπεξερχόμενοι τοῖς ἠδικηκόσιν ἡμᾶς, ὡς συγχωροῦντες δάκνομεν αὐτῶν τὰς ψυχὰς, ἐντρέποντες καὶ δυσωποῦντες. Ἐκείνως μὲν γὰρ οὔτε ἡμᾶς αὐτοὺς, οὔτε ἐκείνους ὠνήσαμεν, ἀλλ' ἀμφοτέρους ἐβλάψαμεν, αὐτοί τε τὸ ἀνταπόδομα διώξαντες κατὰ τοὺς παρὰ Ἰουδαίοις ἄρχοντας, καὶ τὸν ἐν ἐκείνοις ἐκκαύσαντες θυμόν: ἂν δὲ ἐπιεικείᾳ τὴν ἀδικίαν ἀμειψώμεθα, πᾶσαν αὐτοῦ τὴν ὀργὴν ἐκλύσαντες, ἐκαθίσαμεν παρ' αὐτῷ δικαστήριον ἡμῖν φέρον τὰς ψήφους, καταδικάζον αὐτὸν χαλεπώτερον ἢ ἡμεῖς. Καταγνώσεται γὰρ αὑτοῦ καὶ καταψηφιεῖται, καὶ πᾶσαν ζητήσει πρόφασιν, δι' ἧς ἀποτίσει τὸ δανεισθὲν τῆς μακροθυμίας μέρος μετὰ πλείονος τοῦ μέτρου, εἰδὼς ἂν μὲν τὸ ἴσον ἀποδῷ, καὶ οὕτως ἠλάττωται, τῷ μὴ αὐτὸς ἄρξασθαι, ἀλλὰ τῷ παρ' ἡμῶν τὸ ὑπόδειγμα λαβεῖν ἔλαττον φέρων. Σπουδάσει τοίνυν ὑπερβαλέσθαι τῷ μέτρῳ, ἵνα τὴν ἐλάττωσιν, ἣν ἐκ τοῦ δεύτερος ἐλθεῖν ἐπὶ τὴν ἀνταπόδοσιν ὑπέμεινε, τῇ τῆς ἀντιδόσεως ὑπερβολῇ κατακρύψῃ, καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ χρόνου γενομένην αὐτῷ ἐλάττωσιν τοῦ προτέρου παθόντος κακῶς, ταύτην ἀπὸ τῆς καθ' ὑπερβολὴν ἐπιεικείας κοινὴν ἐργάσηται. Οἱ γὰρ ἄνθρωποι, ὅταν εὐγνώμονες ὦσιν, οὐχ οὕτως ἐπὶ τοῖς κακοῖς, ὡς ἐπὶ τοῖς ἀγαθοῖς, οἷς ἂν εὖ πάσχωσι παρὰ τῶν ἠδικημένων, στένουσι. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ κακίας, τὸ δὲ καὶ ὀνείδους καὶ γέλωτος μεστὸν, τὸν εὖ παθόντα μὴ ἀντευποιεῖν. Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ ἔπαινον ἔχει καὶ κρότους παρὰ πάντων καὶ εὐφημίας, τὸ κακῶς παθόντα μὴ ἀντεπεξελθεῖν. Διὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα τούτῳ δάκνονται. Ὥστε, εἰ βούλει ἀμύνασθαι, τούτῳ ἀμύνου τῷ τρόπῳ: κακοῖς ἀγαθὰ ἀνταπόδος, ἵνα αὐτὸν καὶ ὀφειλέτην καταστήσῃς, καὶ νικήσῃς νίκην θαυμαστήν. Ἔπαθες κακῶς; Ποίησον καλῶς, οὕτως ἀμύνου τὸν ἐχθρόν. Ἂν μὲν γὰρ ἐπεξέλθῃς, ὁμοίως καὶ σὲ κἀκεῖνον ἅπαντες μέμφονται: ἂν δὲ ἐνέγκῃς, ἑτέρως σε μὲν κροτήσουσι καὶ θαυμάσονται, ἐκεῖνον δὲ κατηγορήσουσι. γʹ. Τί δὲ ἐχθρῷ γένοιτο ἂν μεῖζον τοῦ τὸν ἐχθρὸν ἰδεῖν παρὰ πάντων θαυμαζόμενον καὶ κροτούμενον; τί ἐχθρῷ πικρότερον τοῦ ἑαυτὸν θεάσασθαι παρὰ πάντων ὑβριζόμενον ἐπ' ὄψεσι τοῦ ἐχθροῦ; Ἐὰν αὐτὸν ἀμύνῃ, καὶ κατεγνώσθης ἴσως, καὶ σὺ μόνος ἠμύνω: ἂν δὲ ἀφῇς, ἀντὶ σοῦ πάντες ἀμυνοῦνται αὐτόν: ὅπερ τοῦ παθεῖν κακῶς χαλεπώτερον, τὸ τὸν ἐχθρὸν τοσούτους τοὺς ἀμύνοντας ἔχειν. Ἂν ἀνοίξῃς σὺ τὸ στόμα, ἐκεῖνοι σιγήσονται: ἂν δὲ σιγήσῃς, οὐκέτι ἑνὶ στόματι, ἀλλὰ μυρίοις τοῖς τῶν ἄλλων αὐτὸν βάλλεις, καὶ μᾶλλον ἀμύνῃ. Καὶ σοὶ μὲν ὑβρίζοντι πολλοὶ καὶ ἐγκαλοῦσιν: ἐροῦσι γὰρ τοῦ πάθους εἶναι τὰ ῥήματα: ὅταν δὲ ὁ μηδὲν ἠδικημένος οὕτως αὐτὸν πλύνῃ ταῖς ὕβρεσι, τότε μάλιστα καθαρὰ πάσης ὑποψίας ἡ ἄμυνα. Ὅταν γὰρ οἱ μηδὲν παθόντες δεινὸν, διὰ τὴν ὑπερβολὴν τῆς σῆς ἐπιεικείας ὡς ἠδικημένοι συναλγῶσι καὶ συμπάσχωσι, πάσης ὑποψίας καθαρὰ αὕτη ἡ ἐκδικία. Τί οὖν, ἂν μηδεὶς ἀμύνηται; φησίν. Οὐκ ἔστιν εἶναι λιθίνους ἀνθρώπους, ὡς τοσαύτην φιλοσοφίαν ὁρῶντας μὴ θαυμάσαι: κἂν μὴ τότε ἀμύνωσιν, ὕστερον ὅμως ἐν καταστάσει γενόμενοι, τοῦτο ἐργάσονται, σκώπτοντες ἐκεῖνον καὶ λοιδοροῦντες. Κἂν ἕτερος δὲ μηδεὶς θαυμάσῃ, αὐτός σε ἐκεῖνος πάντως θαυμάσεται, κἂν μὴ λέγῃ. Ἡ γὰρ τοῦ καλοῦ κρίσις ἡμῖν, κἂν εἰς αὐτὸ τῆς κακίας τὸ βάραθρον ἔλθωμεν, ἀδέκαστος καθέστηκεν, οὐ παρακλινομένη. Ἢ διὰ τί τὸν Κύριον ἡμῶν οἴει τὸν Χριστὸν ταῦτα λέγειν, Ἐάν τίς σε ῥαπίσῃ εἰς τὴν δεξιὰν σιαγόνα, στρέψον αὐτῷ καὶ τὴν ἄλλην; οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ὅσῳ ἐάν τις μακρόθυμος γένηται, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον καὶ ἑαυτὸν κἀκεῖνον ὠφέλησεν ὠφέλειαν τὴν μεγίστην; Διὰ τοῦτο στρέφειν καὶ τὴν ἄλλην προσέταξεν, ἵνα ἐμπλήσῃ τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν τοῦ θυμουμένου. Τίς γὰρ οὕτω θηρίον ἐστὶν, ὡς μὴ ἐντραπῆναι λοιπόν; Οἱ κύνες λέγονται τοῦτο ποιεῖν: κἂν γὰρ ὑλακτήσωσι, καὶ ἐπέλθωσί τινι, ὁ δὲ ὕπτιον ῥίψας ἑαυτὸν μηδὲν ἐργάσηται, τὸν θυμὸν ἅπαντα ἔσβεσεν. Εἰ τοίνυν ἐκεῖνοι τὸν παθεῖν παρ' αὐτοῖς κακῶς ἕτοιμον δυσωποῦνται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος λογικώτερον. Ἀλλὰ γὰρ ἄξιον τὸ μικρὸν ἔμπροσθεν εἰς μνήμην ἐλθὸν, καὶ εἰς μαρτυρίαν ἑλκυσθὲν, μὴ παριδεῖν. Τί δὴ τοῦτό ἐστιν; Ἐλέγομεν περὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ τῶν ἀρχόντων τῶν παρ' αὐτοῖς, ὅτι ἐνεκαλοῦντο ὡς διώκοντες ἀνταπόδομα, καίτοι τοῦτο ὁ νόμος αὐτοῖς ἐπέτρεπεν: Ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ, καὶ ὀδόντα ἀντὶ ὀδόντος ἀλλ' οὐχ ἵνα τοὺς ἀλλήλων ἐξορύττωσιν ὀφθαλμοὺς, ἀλλ' ἵνα φόβῳ τοῦ παθεῖν τὴν τοῦ ποιεῖν ἄδειαν ἐπισχόντες, μήτε ἐργάζωνταί τι κακὸν ἑτέρους, μήτε πάσχωσιν αὐτοὶ παρ' ἑτέρων. Διὰ τοῦτο εἶπεν: Ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ, ἵνα τὰς ἐκείνου δήσῃ χεῖρας, οὐχ ἵνα τὰς σὰς ἀντεξαγάγῃ, οὐχ ἵνα τῶν σῶν ὀφθαλμῶν ἀπείρξῃ τὴν βλάβην μόνον, ἀλλ' ἵνα καὶ τοὺς ἐκείνου διατηρήσῃ σώους. Ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἐζήτουν, τίνος ἕνεκεν συγκεχωρημένης ἀμύνης ἐνεκαλοῦντο οἱ τῷ πράγματι κεχρημένοι; τί ποτε τοῦτό ἐστι; Τὸ μνησίκακον ἐνταῦθά φησιν. Εὐθέως μὲν γὰρ τὸν παθόντα δρᾶσαι συγχωρεῖ, ὅπερ ἔφην, κατέχων ἐκεῖνον: μνησικακεῖν δὲ οὐκέτι ἀφίησιν: οὐκέτι γὰρ τὸ πρᾶγμά ἐστι τοῦ θυμοῦ, οὐδὲ τῆς ζεούσης ὀργῆς, ἀλλὰ πονηρίας μεμελετημένης. Συγγινώσκει δὲ ὁ Θεὸς τοῖς ἀπὸ τῆς ἐπηρείας ἴσως συναρπασθεῖσι, καὶ ἐπὶ τὴν ἄμυναν ὡρμηκόσι: διὸ λέγει, Ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ: καὶ πάλιν, Ὁδοὶ μνησικάκων εἰς θάνατον. Εἰ δὲ ἔνθα ὀφθαλμὸν ἀντὶ ὀφθαλμοῦ πηροῦν ἐξῆν, τοσαύτη κεῖται τιμωρία τοῖς μνησικάκοις, πόσῳ μᾶλλον τοῖς καὶ παρέχειν ἑαυτοὺς πρὸς τὸ παθεῖν κακῶς κελευσθεῖσι; Μὴ τοίνυν ὦμεν μνησίκακοι, ἀλλὰ σβέσωμεν τὴν ὀργὴν, ἵνα τῆς παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίας ἀξιωθῶμεν. Ὧ| γὰρ μέτρῳ μετρεῖτε, φησὶν, ἀντιμετρηθήσεται ὑμῖν, καὶ ἐν ᾧ κρίματι κρίνετε, κριθήσεσθε. Τινώμεθα οὖν περὶ τοὺς ὁμοδούλους φιλάνθρωποι, συμπαθεῖς, ὅπως ἂν καὶ τὰς ἐν τῷ παρόντι βίῳ διαφύγωμεν παγίδας, καὶ κατὰ τὴν μέλλουσαν ἡμέραν τῆς παρ' αὐτοῦ τύχωμεν συγγνώμης, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ, καὶ τὰ ἑξῆς.