II.  Wherefore we must keep the feast spiritually.  And this is the beginning of our discourse; for we must speak, even if our speech do seem a little too discursive; and we must be diligent for the sake of those who love learning, that we may as it were mix up some seasoning with our solemn festival.  The children of the Hebrews do honour to the number Seven, according to the legislation of Moses (as did the Pythagoreans in later days to the number Four, by which indeed they were in the habit of swearing2    The followers of Pythagoras swore by their master, who taught them the mystic properties of the number Four, which he called the Fountain of the Universe, because all things were made of four elements. as the Simonians and Marcionites3    The Simonians and Marcionites were two Gnostic sects, the one deriving its name from Simon Magus, the other from Marcion of Sinope.  Simon, of whom we read in the Acts c. viii., is generally regarded by the Fathers as the precursor of the Gnostic Heresies.  He maintained a system of Emanations from God, of which he claimed to be himself the chief.  In his teaching the first cause of all things was an Ineffable Existence or Non-existence, which he sometimes called Silence and sometimes Fire, from which the Universe was generated by a series of six Emanations called Roots, which he arranged in pairs, male and female; and these six contained among them the whole Essence of his first Principle Silence.  These Roots with Simon himself and his consort Helena, make up the Ogdoad referred to in the text.   Marcion was a native of Sinope in Pontus, and flourished about the middle of the Second Century.  His system of teaching was mainly rationalistic, and did not recognize (Dr. Mansel tells us, “Gnostic Heresies,” p. 203) any theory of Emanations as connecting links between God and the world; for from his point of view the Supreme God was not, even indirectly, the Author of the world.  It would seem that S. Gregory is confusing Marcion with Valentinus, and Egyptian heresiarch who flourished about the same time.  In his theory we first find a system of “Æons,” divided into an Ogdoad, a Decad, and a Dodecad.  Or he may mean Marcus, a follower of Valentinus, and founder of the subordinate sect of the Marcosians. do by the number Eight and the number Thirty, inasmuch as they have given names to and reverence a system of Æons of these numbers); I cannot say by what rules of analogy, or in consequence of what power of this number; anyhow they do honour to it.  One thing indeed is evident, that God, having in six days created matter, and given it form, and having arranged it in all kinds of shapes and mixtures, and having made this present visible world, on the seventh day rested from all His works, as is shewn by the very name of the Sabbath, which in Hebrew means Rest.  If there be, however, any more lofty reason than this, let others discuss it.  But this honour which they pay to it is not confined to days alone, but also extends to years.  That belonging to days the Sabbath proves, because it is continually observed among them; and in accordance with this the removal of leaven is for that number of days.4    Exod. xii. 15.  And that belonging to years is shewn by the seventh year, the year of Release;5    Ib. xxi. 2. and it consists not only of Hebdomads, but of Hebdomads of Hebdomads, alike in days and years.  The Hebdomads of days give birth to Pentecost, a day called holy among them; and those of years to what they call the Jubilee, which also has a release of land, and a manumission of slaves, and a release of possessions bought.  For this nation consecrates to God, not only the firstfruits of offspring, or of firstborn, but also those of days and years.  Thus the veneration paid to the number Seven gave rise also to the veneration of Pentecost.  For seven being multiplied by seven generates fifty all but one day, which we borrow from the world to come, at once the Eighth and the first, or rather one and indestructible.  For the present sabbatism of our souls can find its cessation there, that a portion may be given to seven and also to eight6    Eccles. xi. 2.  S. Gregory himself (Or. xviii. “in laudem Patris,” c. 20) comments upon this passage as enjoining liberal almsgiving.  S. Ambrose (in Luc. vi.) has a mystical interpretation somewhat resembling that here referred to:  but I cannot find a predecessor of Gregory on the verse.  Some later commentators, according to Cornelius and Lapide, take the Seven of the poor in this life, and the Eight of the souls in Purgatory, following a common interpretation of these numbers. (so some of our predecessors have interpreted this passage of Solomon).

Βʹ. Διὰ ταῦτα μὲν οὖν ἑορταστέον πνευματικῶς. Ἀρχὴ δὲ τοῦ λόγου (ῥητέον γὰρ, καὶ εἰ μικρόν τι παρεκβατικώτερος ἡμῖν ὁ λόγος, καὶ φιλοπονητέον τοῖς φιλολόγοις, ἵν' ὥσπερ ἥδυσμά τι τῇ πανηγύρει συγκαταμίξωμεν): Τὴν ἑβδομάδα τιμῶσιν Ἑβραίων παῖδες, ἐκ τῆς Μωϋσέως νομοθεσίας, ὥσπερ οἱ Πυθαγορικοὶ τὴν τετρακτὺν ὕστερον, ἣν δὴ καὶ ὅρκον πεποίηνται: καὶ τὴν ὀγδοάδα καὶ τριακάδα, οἱ ἀπὸ Σίμωνος, καὶ Μαρκίωνος, οἷς δὴ καὶ ἰσαρίθμους τινὰς Αἰῶνας ἐπονομάζουσι, καὶ τιμῶσιν. Οὐκ οἶδα μὲν οἷστισι λόγοις ἀναλογίας, ἢ κατὰ τίνα τοῦ ἀριθμοῦ τούτου δύναμιν, τιμῶσι δ' οὖν. Τὸ μὲν πρόδηλον, ὅτι ἐν ἓξ ἡμέραις ὁ Θεὸς τὴν ὕλην ὑποστήσας τε καὶ μορφώσας, καὶ διακοσμήσας παντοίοις εἴδεσι καὶ συγκρίμασι, καὶ τὸν νῦν ὁρώμενον τοῦτον κόσμον ποιήσας, τῇ ἑβδόμῃ κατέπαυσεν ἀπὸ τῶν ἔργων, ὡς δηλοῖ καὶ ἡ τοῦ Σαββάτου προσηγορία, κατάπαυσιν Ἑβραϊκῶς σημαίνουσα. Εἰ δέ τις καὶ ὑψηλότερος περὶ ταῦτα λόγος, ἄλλοι φιλοσοφείτωσαν. Ἡ τιμὴ δὲ αὐτοῖς, οὐκ ἐν ἡμέραις μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς ἐνιαυτοὺς φθάνουσα. Ἡ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἡμερῶν, τὸ Σάββατον, τοῦτο δηλοῖ τὸ συνεχῶς παρ' αὐτοῖς τιμώμενον, καθὸ καὶ ἡ τῆς ζύμης ἄρσις ἰσάριθμος: ἡ δὲ τῶν ἐτῶν, ὁ ἑβδοματικὸς ἐνιαυτὸς τῆς ἀφέσεως. Καὶ οὐκ ἐν ἑβδομάσι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν ἑβδομάσιν ἑβδομάδων, ὁμοίως ἔν τε ἡμέραις καὶ ἔτεσιν. Αἱ μὲν οὖν τῶν ἡμερῶν ἑβδομάδες γεννῶσι τὴν Πεντηκοστὴν, κλητὴν ἁγίαν παρ' αὐτοῖς ἡμέραν: αἱ δὲ τῶν ἐτῶν, τὸν Ἰωβυλαῖον παρ' αὐτοῖς ὀνομαζόμενον, ὁμοίως γῆς τε ἄφεσιν ἔχοντα, καὶ δούλων ἐλευθερίαν, καὶ κτήσεων ὠνητῶν ἀναχώρησιν. Καθιεροῦσι γὰρ, οὐ γεννημάτων μόνον, οὐδὲ πρωτοτόκων, ἀλλ' ἤδη καὶ ἡμερῶν καὶ ἐτῶν ἀπαρχὰς τῷ Θεῷ τοῦτο τὸ γένος. Οὕτως ὁ ἑπτὰ τιμώμενος ἀριθμὸς τὴν τιμὴν τῆς Πεντηκοστῆς συνεισήγαγεν. Ὁ γὰρ ἑπτὰ ἐπὶ ἑαυτὸν συντιθέμενος, γεννᾷ τὸν πεντήκοντα, μιᾶς δεούσης ἡμέρας, ἣν ἐκ τοῦ μέλλοντος αἰῶνος προσειλήφαμεν, ὀγδόην τε οὖσαν τὴν αὐτὴν καὶ πρώτην, μᾶλλον δὲ μίαν καὶ ἀκατάλυτον. Δεῖ γὰρ ἐκεῖσε καταλῆξαι τὸν ἐνταῦθα Σαββατισμὸν τῶν ψυχῶν, ὡς δοθῆναι μερίδα, τοῖς ἑπτὰ, καί γε τοῖς ὀκτὼ, καθὼς ἤδη τινὲς τῶν πρὸ ἡμῶν τὸ Σολομώντειον ἐξειλήφασι.