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a greater ruler, but not in the same way the one who insults a lesser one; but the one who insults the king, much more so; and the insult is the same, but by the pre-eminence of the person it becomes greater. If he who insults a king has an unbearable punishment because of the dignity of the person, for how many talents will he who insults God be liable? So that even if we sin the same things against God as we do against men, it is not the same, but as great as the distance between God and men, so great is the distance between those sins and these. But now I find the sins to be even more numerous, becoming great not only by the pre-eminence of the person, but also by their very nature; and the word which I am about to say is dreadful, and truly fearful, but it must be said, that it might in this way shake and stir our minds 62.706, showing that we fear men much more than God, and we honor men more than God. Consider this: The adulterer knows that God sees him, and he despises this; but if a man sees him, he restrains his desire. Such a one not only prefers men to God, not only insults God, but also, what is much worse, fearing them, he despises Him. For if he sees them, he restrains the flame of desire; or rather, what flame? It is not a flame, but an insult.

For if it were not permitted to have a wife, the matter would reasonably be a flame, but now it is insolence and wantonness; for if he sees men, he stops his madness, but of God's longsuffering he takes less account. Again another, the one who steals is conscious that he is robbing, and he tries to deceive men, and makes excuses to those who accuse him, and adds a pretense to his defense; but not being able to persuade God, he does not care, nor is he ashamed, nor does he honor Him. And if the king should command us to abstain from another's money, or rather to give even our own, we all readily contribute; but when God commands us not to rob, nor to gather what belongs to others, we do not tolerate it. Do you see that we prefer men to God? The saying is burdensome and offensive; but show that it is burdensome, flee the deed; but if you do not fear the deed, how can I believe you when you say, "We fear the words, and you are harsh to us"? You make yourselves harsh by the deed, and there is no argument; but if I speak the words of the things you do, you are indignant; and how is this not absurd? May what I say be false. I wish to receive the reputation of a reviler on that day, as having reviled you rashly and in vain, than to see you accused for such things. And not only do you yourselves prefer men to God, but you also compel others. Many have forced many servants, and children; some they have dragged into marriages against their will, others to serve in unfitting ministries, and with defiled love and robberies and covetousness and violence; so that the crime is twofold, and they cannot even find pardon from necessity.

For if you yourself unwillingly do evil things and because of the command of a ruler, while indeed not even so is the excuse sufficient, yet the sin becomes more grievous when you also compel them to fall into the same things. For what pardon could there be left for such a one? I have said these things, not wishing to condemn you, but to show how much we are debtors to God. For if by honoring a man equally with God, we insult God, how much more so when we prefer men. And if these sins which are committed against men are shown to be much greater against God; how much more so, when the sin itself is also greater and more grievous in its quality? Let a man examine himself, and he will see that he does all things for the sake of men. We would be most blessed, if we did as much for God as we do for men, and for the glory from men and the fear and the honor. If, therefore, we are liable for so many things, we ought with all eagerness to forgive those who wrong us and take advantage of us, and not to bear a grudge. For it is a way of remission of sins, not of toils

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μείζονα ἄρχοντα, ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁμοίως ὁ τὸν ἐλάττονα· ὁ δὲ τὸν βασιλέα, πολλῷ πλέον· καὶ ἡ μὲν ὕβρις ἐστὶν ἡ αὐτὴ, τῇ δὲ ὑπεροχῇ τοῦ προσώπου μείζων γίνεται. Εἰ δὲ ὁ βασιλέα ὑβρίζων, ἀφόρητον ἔχει τὴν τιμωρίαν διὰ τὴν τοῦ προσώπου ἀξιοπιστίαν, ὁ τὸν Θεὸν ὑβρίζων πόσων ἔσται ὑπεύθυνος ταλάντων; Ὥστε κἂν τὰ αὐτὰ εἰς τὸν Θεὸν ἁμαρτάνωμεν, ἅπερ εἰς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, οὐδὲ οὕτω τὸ ἴσον ἐστὶν, ἀλλ' ὅσον μέσον Θεοῦ καὶ ἀνθρώπων, τοσοῦτον τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων ἐκείνων καὶ τούτων. Νῦν δὲ καὶ πλείονα εὑρίσκω τὰ ἁμαρτήματα, οὐ τῇ ὑπεροχῇ τοῦ προσώπου μεγάλα μόνον γινόμενα, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτῇ τῇ φύσει· καὶ φρικτὸς μὲν ὁ λόγος, ὃν μέλλω λέγειν, καὶ φοβερὸς ὄντως, πλὴν ἀνάγκη λεχθῆναι, ἵνα κἂν οὕτως ἡμῶν τὴν διάνοιαν 62.706 κατασείσῃ καὶ παρασαλεύσῃ, δεικνὺς ὅτι πολλῷ πλέον ἀνθρώπους φοβούμεθα ἢ τὸν Θεὸν, καὶ τιμῶμεν ἀνθρώπους ἢ τὸν Θεόν. Σκόπει γάρ· Ὁ μοιχεύων οἶδεν, ὅτι Θεὸς αὐτὸν ὁρᾷ, καὶ τούτου μὲν καταφρονεῖ· ἂν δὲ ἄνθρωπος ἴδῃ, κατέχει τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν. Ὁ τοιοῦτος οὐχὶ προτιμᾷ ἀνθρώπους μόνον Θεοῦ, οὐχὶ μόνον ὑβρίζει τὸν Θεὸν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ πολλῷ χαλεπώτερον, ἐκείνους δεδοικὼς, τούτου καταφρονεῖ. Ἂν μὲν γὰρ ἐκείνους ἴδῃ, κατέχει τὴν φλόγα τῆς ἐπιθυμίας· μᾶλλον δὲ ποίαν φλόγα; οὐκ ἔστι φλὸξ, ἀλλὰ ὕβρις.

Εἰ μὲν γὰρ μὴ ἐξῆν γυναικὶ κεχρῆσθαι, εἰκότως φλὸξ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἦν, νυνὶ δὲ ὕβρις καὶ στρῆνος· ἂν μὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώπους ἴδῃ, ἵσταται τῆς μανίας, τῆς δὲ τοῦ Θεοῦ μακροθυμίας ἔλαττον φροντίζει. Πάλιν ἕτερος, ὁ κλέπτων σύνοιδεν ὅτι ἁρπάζει, καὶ ἀνθρώπους μὲν πειρᾶται ἀπατῆσαι, καὶ ἀπολογεῖται πρὸς τοὺς ἐγκαλοῦντας, καὶ σχῆμα περιτίθησι τῇ ἀπολογίᾳ· τὸν δὲ Θεὸν μὴ δυνάμενος πεῖσαι, οὐ φροντίζει, οὐδὲ αἰδεῖται, οὐδὲ τιμᾷ. Κἂν μὲν ὁ βασιλεὺς κελεύσῃ ἀπέχεσθαι τῶν ἑτέρου χρημάτων, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τὰ αὑτοῦ δοῦναι, πάντες ἑτοίμως εἰσφέρομεν· τοῦ δὲ Θεοῦ κελεύοντος μὴ ἁρπάζειν, μηδὲ τὰ ἑτέρων συνάγειν, οὐκ ἀνεχόμεθα. Ὁρᾷς, ὅτι προτιμῶμεν ἀνθρώπους τοῦ Θεοῦ; Φορτικὸν τὸ ῥῆμα καὶ ἐπαχθές· ἀλλὰ δείξατε ὅτι φορτικὸν, φεύγετε τὸ ἔργον· εἰ δὲ τὸ ἔργον οὐ δεδοίκατε, πῶς ὑμῖν πιστεῦσαι δύναμαι λέγουσιν, ὅτι Τὰ ῥήματα δεδοίκαμεν, καὶ βαρεῖς ἡμᾶς; Ὑμεῖς ἑαυτοὺς τῷ ἔργῳ βαρεῖτε, καὶ οὐδεὶς λόγος· ἐγὼ δὲ ἂν τὰ ῥήματα εἴπω, ὧν ὑμεῖς τὰ πράγματα πράττετε, ἀγανακτεῖτε· καὶ πῶς οὐκ ἄτοπον; Γένοιτο ψεῦδος εἶναι τὰ παρ' ἐμοῦ. Βούλομαι αὐτὸς λοιδορίας δόξαν λαβεῖν κατ' ἐκείνην τὴν ἡμέραν, ὡς εἰκῆ καὶ μάτην λοιδορησάμενος ὑμᾶς, ἢ ἰδεῖν ὑπὲρ τοιούτων ἐγκαλουμένους. Οὐ μόνον δὲ αὐτοὶ ἀνθρώπους προτιμᾶτε τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέρους ἀναγκάζετε. Πολλοὶ πολλοὺς οἰκέτας ἠνάγκασαν, καὶ παῖδας· οἱ μὲν εἰς γάμους εἵλκυσαν μὴ βουλομένους, οἱ δὲ ὑπηρετήσασθαι διακονίαις ἀτόποις, καὶ ἔρωτι μιαρῷ καὶ ἁρπαγαῖς καὶ πλεονεξίαις καὶ βίαις· ὥστε διπλοῦν εἶναι τὸ ἔγκλημα, καὶ μηδὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἀνάγκης δύνασθαι συγγνώμην αὐτοὺς εὑρέσθαι.

Εἰ γὰρ αὐτὸς ἄκων πράττεις τὰ πονηρὰ καὶ διὰ τὸ ἐπίταγμα τοῦ ἄρχοντος, μάλιστα μὲν οὐδὲ οὕτως ἱκανὴ ἡ ἀπολογία, πλὴν χαλεπωτέρα γίνεται ἡ ἁμαρτία, ὅταν καὶ ἐκείνους ἀναγκάζῃς τοῖς αὐτοῖς περιπίπτειν. Ποία γὰρ ἂν εἴη τῷ τοιούτῳ συγγνώμη λοιπόν; Ταῦτα εἶπον, οὐχὶ κατακρῖναι βουλόμενος ὑμᾶς, ἀλλὰ δεῖξαι, πόσων ἐσμὲν ὀφειλέται τῷ Θεῷ. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ ἐξ ἴσου τιμῶντες ἄνθρωπον τῷ Θεῷ, ὑβρίζομεν τὸν Θεὸν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον, ὅταν προτιμῶμεν ἀνθρώπους. Εἰ δὲ ταῦτα τὰ ἁμαρτήματα τὰ εἰς ἀνθρώπους γινόμενα, εἰς Θεὸν πολλῷ μείζονα δείκνυται· πόσῳ μᾶλλον, ὅταν καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ ἁμαρτία τῇ ποιότητι μείζων ᾖ καὶ χαλεπωτέρα; Ἐξεταζέτω τις ἑαυτὸν, καὶ ὄψεται πάντα δι' ἀνθρώπους ποιῶν. Σφόδρα ἂν ἦμεν μακάριοι, εἰ τοσαῦτα διὰ τὸν Θεὸν ἐπράττομεν, ὅσα διὰ τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, καὶ τὴν παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων δόξαν καὶ τὸν φόβον καὶ τὴν τιμήν. Εἰ τοίνυν τοσούτων ἐσμὲν ὑπεύθυνοι, ὀφείλομεν μετὰ πάσης προθυμίας ἀφιέναι τοῖς ἀδικοῦσιν ἡμᾶς καὶ πλεονεκτοῦσι, καὶ μὴ μνησικακεῖν. Ὁδὸς γάρ ἐστι λύσεως ἁμαρτημάτων, οὐ πόνων