Homily XIII.

Hebrews vii. 11–14

“If therefore perfection were by287   “by means of.”the Levitical priesthood; (for under it the people have received the law’288   νενομοθέτηται is the reading of the best mss. of St. Chrys. here and throughout the Homily. The common editions had νενομοθέτητο. So while the common editions [ Textus Rec.] of the N.T. read νενομοθέτητο , the critical editors have νενομοθέτηται) what further need was there that another priest should arise after the order of Melchisedec, and not be called after the order of Aaron? For the priesthood being changed, there is289   “takes place.”made of necessity a change also of the law. For He of whom these things are spoken, pertained to another tribe, of290   “from.”which no man gave attendance at the altar. For it is evident that our Lord sprang out of Judah, of which tribe Moses spake nothing concerning priests.”291   ἱ ερέων. The editions had ἱ ερωσύνης ; so the common text of the New Test. read ἱ ερωσύνης, the critical editions have ἱ έ ρέων

[1.] “If therefore” (he says) “perfection were by the Levitical priesthood.” Having spoken concerning Melchisedec, and shown how much superior he was to Abraham, and having set forth the great difference between them, he begins from this point forward to prove the wide difference as to the covenant itself, and how the one is imperfect and the other perfect. However he does not even yet enter on the matters themselves, but first contends on the ground of the priesthood, and the tabernacle. For these things would be more easily received by the unbelieving, when the proof was derived from things already allowed, and believed.

He had shown that Melchisedec was greatly superior both to Levi and to Abraham, being to them in the rank of the priests. Again he argues from a different point. What then is this? Why (he says) did he not say, “after the order of Aaron”? And observe, I pray you, the great superiority [of his argument]. For from the very circumstance which naturally excluded His priesthood, viz. that He was not “after the order of Aaron,” from that he establishes Him, and excludes the others. For this is the very thing that I say (he declares); why has He “not been made after the order of Aaron”?

And the [saying] “what further need” has much emphasis. For if Christ had been “after the order of Melchisedec” according to the flesh, and then afterwards the law had been introduced, and all that pertained to Aaron, one might reasonably say that the latter as being more perfect, annulled the former, seeing that it had come in after it. But if Christ comes later, and takes a different type, as that of His priesthood, it is evident that it is because those were imperfect. For (he would say) let us suppose for argument’s sake, that all has been fulfilled, and that there is nothing imperfect in the priesthood. “What need” was there in that case that He should be called “after the order of Melchisedec and not after the order of Aaron”? Why did He set aside Aaron, and introduce a different priesthood, that of Melchisedec? “If then perfection,” that is the perfection of the things themselves, of the doctrines, of life, 292   εἰ μὲν οὖν τελείωσις, τουτέστι τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων, τῆς τῶν δογμάτων, τοῦ Βίου ἡ τελείωσις. It is not clear, as Mr. Field remarks, to what the articles τῆς, τῆς are to be referred. “had been by the Levitical priesthood.”

And observe how he goes forward on his path. He had said that [He was] “after the order of Melchisedec,” implying that the [priesthood] “after the order of Melchisedec” is superior: for [he was]293   or [“it is”]. S. B. have ἐ κεῖνος in the text. far superior. Afterwards he shows this from the time also, in that He was after Aaron; evidently as being better.

[2.] And what is the meaning of what follows? “For” (he says) “under [or “upon”] it the people have received the Law [or “have been legislated for”].”294   [have been subjected to the law.—F.G.] What is “under it” [&c.]? Ordereth itself295   στοιχεῖ by it; through it does all things. You cannot say that it was given to others, “the people under it have received the law,” that is, have used it, and did use it. You cannot say indeed that it was perfect, it did not govern the people; “they have been legislated for upon it,” that is, they used it.

What need was there then of another priesthood? “For the priesthood being changed, there is of necessity a change of the law also.” But if there must be another priest, or rather another priesthood, there must needs be also another law. This is for those who say, What need was there of a new Covenant? For he could indeed have alleged a testimony from prophecy also. “This is the covenant which I made with your fathers” [&c.]. ( c. viii. 10.) But for the present he contends on the ground of the priesthood. And observe, how he says this from the first. He said, “According to the order of Melchisedec.” By this he excluded the order of Aaron. For he would not have said “After the order of Melchisedec,” if the other had been better. If therefore another priesthood has been brought in, there must be also [another] Covenant; for neither is it possible that there should be a priest, without a covenant and laws and ordinances, nor that having received a different priesthood He should use the former [covenant].

In the next place, as to the ground of objection: “How could He be a priest if He were not a Levite?” Having overthrown this by what had been said above, he does not even think it worth answering, but introduces it in passing. I said (he means) that the priesthood was changed, therefore also the Covenant is. And it was changed not only in its character,296   τρόπω or in its ordinances, but also in its tribe. For of necessity [it must be changed] in its tribe also. How? “For the priesthood being changed [or “transferred”],” from tribe to tribe, from the sacerdotal to the regal [tribe], that the same might be both regal and sacerdotal.

And observe the mystery. First it was royal, and then it is become sacerdotal: so therefore also in regard to Christ: for King indeed He always was, but has become Priest from the time that He assumed the Flesh, that He offered the sacrifice. Thou seest the change, and the very things which were ground of objection these he introduces, as though the natural order of things required them. “For” (he says) “He of whom these things are spoken pertained to another tribe.” I myself also say it, I know that this tribe [of Judah] had nothing of priesthood. For there is a transferring.

[3.] Yea and I am showing another difference also (he would say): not only from the tribe, nor yet only from the Person, nor from the character [of the Priesthood], nor from the covenant, but also from the type itself. ( Ver. 16 ) “Who was made [“became” so], not according to the law of a carnal commandment, but according to the power of an endless life. He became” (he says) “a priest not according to the law of a carnal commandment”: for that law was in many respects unlawful.297   ἄ νομος

What is, “of a carnal commandment”? Circumcise the flesh, it says; anoint the flesh; wash the flesh; purify the flesh; shave the flesh; bind upon the flesh;298   See Deut. vi. 8 cherish the flesh; rest as to the flesh. And again its blessings, what are they? Long life for the flesh; milk and honey for the flesh; peace for the flesh; luxury for the flesh. From this law Aaron received the priesthood; Melchisedec however not so.

Ver. 15. “And it is yet far more evident, if after the similitude of Melchisedec there ariseth another priest.” What is evident? The interval between the two priesthoods, the difference; how much superior He is “who was made not according to the law of a carnal commandment.” (Who? Melchisedec? Nay; but Christ.) “But according to the power of an endless299   ἀ καταλύτου, “indestructible.” life. For He testifieth, Thou art a Priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec”; that is, not for a time, nor having any limit, “but according to the power of an endless life,” that is, by means of power, by means of “endless life.”

And yet this does not follow after, “who was made not according to the law of a carnal commandment”: for what would follow would be to say, “but according to that of a spiritual one.” However by “carnal,” he implied temporary. As he says also in another place, carnal ordinances imposed until the time of reformation.” ( c. ix. 10.)

“According to the power of life,” that is, because He lives by His own power.

[4.] He had said, that there is also a change of law, and up to this point he has shown it; henceforward he enquires into the cause, that which above all gives full assurance to men’s minds, [I mean] the knowing the cause thoroughly; and it leads us more to faith300   or, “conviction.” when we have learned also the cause, and the principle according to which [the thing] comes to pass.

Ver. 18. “For there is verily” (he says) “a disannulling of the commandment going before, for the weakness and unprofitableness thereof.” Here the Heretics301   The early Heretics denied the divine character of the Mosaic dispensation. press on. But listen attentively. He did not say “for the evil,” nor, “for the viciousness,” but “for the weakness and unprofitableness [thereof],” yea and in other places also he shows the weakness; as when he says “In that it was weak through the flesh.” ( Rom. viii. 3.) [The law] itself then is not weak, but we.

Ver. 19. “For the Law made nothing perfect.” What is, “make nothing perfect”? Made no man perfect, being disobeyed. And besides, even if it had been listened to, it would not have made one perfect and virtuous. But as yet he does not say this here, but that it had no strength: and with good reason. For written precepts were there set down, Do this and Do not that, being enjoined only, and not giving power within.302   ἐ ντιθέντα But “the Hope” is not such.

What is “a disannulling”? A casting out. A “disannulling” is a disannulling of things which are of force. So that he implied, that it [once] was of force, but henceforward was of no account, since it accomplished nothing. Was the Law then of no use? It was indeed of use; and of great use: but to make men perfect it was of no use. For in this respect he says, “The Law made nothing perfect.” All were figures, all shadows; circumcision, sacrifice, sabbath. There fore they could not reach through the soul, wherefore they pass away and gradually withdraw. “But the bringing in of a better hope did, by which we draw nigh unto God.”

[5.] ( Ver. 20 ) “And forasmuch as not without the taking of an oath.”303   ὁ ρκωμοσίας Thou seest that the matter of the oath becomes necessary for him here. Accordingly for this reason he previously treated much [hereon], how that God swore; and swore for the sake of [our] fuller assurance.

“But the bringing in of a better hope.” For that system also had a hope, but not such as this. For they hoped that, if they were well pleasing [to God], they should possess the land, that they should suffer nothing fearful. But in this [dispensation] we hope that, if we are well pleasing [to God], we shall possess not earth, but heaven; or rather (which is far better than this) we hope to stand near to God, to come unto the very throne of the Father, to minister unto Him with the Angels. And see how he introduces these things by little and little. For above he says “which entereth into that within the veil”, ( c. vi. 19 ), but here, “by which we draw nigh unto God.”

“And inasmuch as not without an oath.” What is “And inasmuch as not without an oath”? That is, Behold another difference also. And these things were not merely promised (he says). “For those priests were made without an oath,” ( ver. 21, 22 ) “but This with an oath, by Him that said unto Him, The Lord swore and will not repent, Thou art Priest for ever after the order of Melchisedec.304   [The words “after the order of Melchisedec” are in the text of St. Chrys. and in the Textus Rec. They are omitted in recent critical editions, but are implied in the context.—F.G.] By so much was Jesus made a surety of a better covenant.”305   The common editions add here ver. 23, 24 , “and they truly were many priests, because they were not suffered to continue by reason of death; but this [man] because he continueth ever, hath an unchangeable priesthood.” St. Chrys. alludes to these words in what follows: but without citing them. He lays down two points of difference, that it hath no end as the [covenant] of the Law had;306   The common texts add here “and that it is with oath-taking” : this is probably to be understood: as if he had said, He lays down a second point of difference that, &c. and this he proves from [its being] Christ who exercises [the priesthood]; for he says “according to the power of an endless life.” And he proves it also from the oath, because “He swore,” &c., and from the fact; for if the other was cast out, because it was weak, this stands firm, because it is powerful. He proves it also from the priest. How? Because He is One [only]; and there would not have been One [only], unless He had been immortal. For as there were many priests, because they were mortal, so [here is] The One, because He is immortal. “By so much was Jesus made a surety of a better covenant,” inasmuch as He sware to Him that He should always be [Priest]; which He would not have done, if He were not living.

[6.] ( Ver. 25 ) “Wherefore He is able also to save them to the uttermost, that come unto God by Him, seeing He ever liveth to make intercession for them.” Thou seest that he says this in respect of that which is according to the flesh. For when He [appears] as Priest, then He also intercedes. Wherefore also when Paul says, “who also maketh intercession for us” ( Rom. viii. 34 ), he hints the same thing; the High Priest maketh intercession. For He “that raiseth the dead as He will, and quickeneth them,” ( John v. 21 ), and that “even as the Father” [doth], how [is it that] when there is need to save, He “maketh intercession”? ( John v. 22.) He that hath “all judgment,” how [is it that] He “maketh intercession”? He that “sendeth His angels” ( Matt. xiii. 41, 42 ), that they may “cast” some into “the furnace,” and save others, how [is it that] He “maketh intercession”? Wherefore (he says) “He is able also to save.” For this cause then He saves, because He dies not. Inasmuch as “He ever liveth,” He hath (he means) no successor: And if He have no successor, He is able to aid all men. For there [under the Law] indeed, the High Priest although he were worthy of admiration during the time in which he was [High Priest] (as Samuel for instance, and any other such), but, after this, no longer; for they were dead. But here it is not so, but “He” saves “to the uttermost.”307   εἰς τὸ παντελές

What is “to the uttermost”? He hints at some mystery. Not here308   in this world. only (he says) but there309   in the other world. also He saves them that “come unto God by Him.” How does He save? “In that He ever liveth” (he says) “to make intercession for them.” Thou seest the humiliation? Thou seest the manhood? For he says not, that He obtained this, by making intercession once for all, but continually, and whensoever it may be needful to intercede for them.

“To the uttermost.” What is it? Not for a time only, but there also in the future life. ‘Does He then always need to pray? Yet how can [this] be reasonable? Even righteous men have oftentimes accomplished all by one entreaty, and is He always praying? Why then is He throned with [the Father]?’ Thou seest that it is a condescension. The meaning is: Be not afraid, nor say, Yea, He loves us indeed, and He has confidence towards the Father, but He cannot live always. For He doth live alway.

[7.] ( Ver. 26 ) “For such an High Priest also310   In Mr. Field’s ed. καὶ is read here, and where the words are cited afterwards, in the common texts it is omitted. So critical editors consider that the sacred text is τοιοῦτος γὰρ ἡμῖν καὶ ἔπρεπεν κ. λ. [The critical editors are not agreed; some insert the καί, others place it in brackets.—F.G.] became us, who is holy, harmless, unde filed, separate from the sinners.” Thou seest that the whole is said with reference to the manhood. (But when I say ‘the manhood,’ I mean [the manhood] having Godhead; not dividing [one from the other], but leaving [you] to suppose311   ὑ ποπτεύειν what is suitable.) Didst thou mark the difference of the High Priest? He has summed up what was said before, “in all points tempted like as we are yet without sin.” ( c. iv. 15.) “For” (he says) “such an High Priest also became us, who is holy, harmless.” “Harmless”: what is it? Without wickedness: that which another312   As this passage is cited by Facundus Hermianensis, an African Bishop, writing about the year 547, it may be well to give his words and also the two Greek texts corresponding to them, as an evidence that the text which he had was of the short and simple form now restored in Mr. Field’s edition.   “In interpretatione quoque Epistolæ ad Hebræos, Sermone xiv, de eo quod scriptum est, Sicut consummatio per Leviticum sacerdotium erat, ita locutus est: Dicit alter propheta, Dolus non est inventus in ore ejus, hoc est nulla calliditas. Hoc forsitan quisquam de Deo dicat, et non erubescit dicens, quia Deus non est callidus, neque dolosus. De eo vero qui secundum carnem est, habebit forsitan rationem.” (pro def. trium capp. lib. xi. c. 5, p. 488, ed Sirm.) [Gall. Bibl. Patr. xi. 789.]   Mr. Field’s text is, ὃ [ὃ om. ms. R.) λέγει ἕτερος προφήτης· δόλος οὐχ εὑρέθη ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ (τουτέστιν, οὐχ ὕπουλος· τοῦτο ἄν τις περὶ Θεοῦ εἴποι ; καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται λέγων, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς οὐκ ἔστιν ὕπουλος, οὐδὲ δολερός ; περὶ μέντοι τοῦ κατὰ σάκρα ἔχοι ἂν λόγον   The text of Savile and the Benedictines οὐχ ὕπουλος· καὶ ὅτι τοιοῦτος, ἄκουε τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος· οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ, τοῦτο οὖν ἄν τις περὶ Θεοῦ εἴποι ; ὁ δὲ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται λέγων, ὅτι ὁ θεὸς οὐκ ἔστιν ὕπουλος, οὐδὲ δολερός ; περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ἔχοι ἂν λόγον Prophet says: “guile was not found in His mouth” ( Isa. liii. 9 ), that is, [He is] not crafty. Could any one say this concerning God? And is one not ashamed to say that God is not crafty, nor deceitful? Concerning Him, however, in respect of the Flesh, it might be reasonable [to say it]. “Holy, undefiled.” This too would any one say concerning God? For has He a nature capable of defilement? “Separate from sinners.”

[8.] Does then this alone show the difference, or does the sacrifice itself also? How? ( Ver. 27 ) “He needeth not” (he says) “daily, as the High Priest,313   This is the reading adopted by Mr. Field. The common texts give the passage as it stands in the text of the Epistle [where there is no var. lect. of importance.—F.G.]. Indeed what is omitted must plainly be intended to be supplied. to offer up sacrifices for his sins, for this He did once for all, when He offered up Himself.” “This,” what? Here what follows sounds a prelude concerning the exceeding greatness of the spiritual sacrifice and the interval [between them]. He has mentioned the point of the priest; he has mentioned that of the faith; he has mentioned that of the Covenant; not entirely indeed, still he has mentioned it. In this place what follows is a prelude concerning the sacrifice itself. Do not then, having heard that He is a priest, suppose that He is always executing the priest’s office. For He executed it once, and thenceforward “sat down.” ( c. x. 12.) Lest thou suppose that He is standing on high, and is a minister, he shows that the matter is [part] of a dispensation [or economy]. For as He became a servant, so also [He became] a Priest and a Minister. But as after becoming a servant, He did not continue a servant, so also, having become a Minister, He did not continue a Minister. For it belongs not to a minister to sit, but to stand.

This then he hints at here, and also the greatness of the sacrifice, if being [but] one, and having been offered up once only, it affected that which all [the rest] were unable to do. But he does not yet [treat] of these points.

“For this He did,” he says. “This”; what? “For” (he says) “it is of necessity that this [Man] have somewhat also to offer” ( c. viii. 3 ); not for Himself; for how did He offer Himself? But for the people. What sayest thou? And is He able to do this? Yea (he says). “For the Law maketh men high priests, which have infirmity.” ( c. vii. 28.) And doth He not need to offer for Himself? No, he says. For, that you may not suppose that the [words, “this”] “He did once for all,” are said respecting Himself also, hear what he says: “For the law maketh men high priests, which have infirmity.” On this account they both offer continually, and for themselves. He however who is mighty, He that hath no sin, why should He offer for Himself, or oftentimes for others?

“But the word of the oath which was since the Law [maketh] the Son who has been consecrated for evermore.” “Consecrated”:314   [τετελειωμένον. This is the common Levitical term for priestly consecration. It is also used in the Classics in a corresponding sense of initiation into the mysteries. The English edition takes it in the common sense of perfected.—F.G.] what is that? Paul does not set down the common terms of contradistinction;315   τὰς ἀντιδιαστολὰς κυρίας for after saying “having Infirmity,” he did not say “the Son” who is mighty, but “consecrated”:316   [τετελειωμένον. This is the common Levitical term for priestly consecration. It is also used in the Classics in a corresponding sense of initiation into the mysteries. The English edition takes it in the common sense of perfected.—F.G.] i.e. mighty, as one might say. Thou seest that the name Son is used in contradistinction to that of servant. And by “infirmity” he means either sin or death.

What is, “for evermore”? Not now only without sin but always. If then He is perfect, if He never sins, if He lives always, why shall He offer many sacrifices for us? But for the present he does not insist strongly on this point: but what he does strongly insist upon is, His not offering on His own behalf.

[9.] Since then we have such an High Priest, let us imitate Him: let us walk in His footsteps. There is no other sacrifice: one alone has cleansed us, and after this, fire and hell. For indeed on this account he repeats it over and over, saying, “one Priest,” “one Sacrifice,” lest any one supposing that there are many [sacrifices] should sin without fear. Let us then, as many as have been counted worthy of The Seal, 317   i.e. Baptism. as many as have enjoyed The Sacrifice, as many as have partaken of the immortal Table, continue to guard our noble birth and our dignity for falling away is not without danger.

And as many as have not yet been counted worthy these [privileges], let not these either be confident on that account. For when a person goes on in sin, with the view of receiving holy baptism at the last gasp, oftentimes he will not obtain it. And, believe me, it is not to terrify you that I say what I am going to say. I have myself known many persons, to whom this has happened, who in expectation indeed of the enlightening318   Baptism. sinned much, and on the day of their death went away empty. For God gave us baptism for this cause, that He might do away our sins, not that He might increase our sins. Whereas if any man have employed it as a security for sinning more, it becomes a cause of negligence. For if there had been no Washing, they would have lived more warily, as not having [the means of] forgiveness. Thou seest that we are the ones who cause it to be said “Let us do evil, that good may come.” ( Rom. iii. 8.)

Wherefore, I exhort you also who are uninitiated, be sober. Let no man follow after virtue as an hireling, no man as a senseless319   ἀ γνώμων person, no man as after a heavy and burdensome thing. Let us pursue it then with a ready mind, and with joy. For if there were no reward laid up, ought we not to be good? But however, at least with a reward, let us become good. And how is this anything else than a disgrace and a very great condemnation? Unless thou give me a reward (says one), I do not become self-controlled. Then am I bold to say something: thou wilt never be self-controlled, no not even when thou livest with self-control, if thou dost it for a reward. Thou esteemest not virtue at all, if thou dost not love it. But on account of our great weakness, God was willing that for a time it should be practiced even for reward, yet not even so do we pursue it.

But let us suppose, if you will, that a man dies, after having done innumerable evil things, having also been counted worthy of baptism (which however I think does not readily happen), tell me, how will he depart thither? Not indeed called to account for the deeds he had done, but yet without confidence;320   ἀ παρρησιαστος as is reasonable. For when after living a hundred years, he has no good work to show,321   [St. Cyril Alex. speaks too of those who put off baptism till they are old and receive forgiveness through it, but have nought to bring to their Master. Glaph. 273.] but only that he has not sinned, or rather not even this, but that he was saved by grace322   i.e. mercy [χάριτι, the common word for “grace.” —F.G.] only, and when he sees others crowned, in splendor, and highly approved: even if he fall not into hell, tell me, will he endure his despondency?

[10.] But to make the matter clear by an example, Suppose there are two soldiers, and that one of them steals, injures, overreaches, and that the other does none of these things, but acts the part of a brave man, does important things well, sets up trophies in war, stains his right hand with blood; then when the time arrives, suppose that (from the same rank in which the thief also was) he is at once conducted to the imperial throne and the purple; but suppose that the other remains there where he was, and merely of the royal kindness does not pay the penalty of his deeds, let him however be in the last place, and let him be stationed under the King. Tell me, will he be able to endure his despair when he sees him who was [ranked] with himself ascended even to the very highest dignities, and made thus glorious, and master of the world, while he himself still remains below, and has not even been freed from punishment with honor, but through the grace and kindness of the King? For even should the King forgive him, and release him from the charges against him, still he will live in shame; for surely not even will others admire him: since in such forgiveness, we admire not those who receive the gifts, but those who bestow them. And as much as the gifts are greater, so much the more are they ashamed who receive them, when their transgressions are great.

With what eyes then will such an one be able to look on those who are in the King’s courts, when they exhibit their sweatings out of number and their wounds, whilst he has nothing to show, but has his salvation itself of the mere loving-kindness of God? For as if one were to beg off a murderer, a thief, an adulterer, when he was going to be arrested, and were to command him to stay at the porch of the King’s palace, he will not afterwards be able to look any man in the face, although he has been set free from punishment: so too surely is this man’s case.

For do not, I beseech you, suppose that because it is called a palace,323   βασίλεια, but Sav. βασιλεια, a kingdom. therefore all attain the same things. For if here in Kings’ courts there is the Prefect, and all who are about the King, and also those who are in very inferior stations, and occupy the place of what are called Decani324   “The Δεκανοὶ at Constantinople were lictors, and had the charge of burying the dead: they are otherwise called funerum elatores, lecticarii, vespillones, libitinarii, κοπιᾶται. Corippus, lib. iii., says   Jamque ordine certo   Turba decanorum, cursorum, in rebus agentum,   Cumque palatinis stans candida turba tribunis.”   Suicer, Thes. Eccles. p. 835, cited by Mr. Field. (though the interval be so great between the Prefect and the Decanus) much more shall this be so in the royal court above.

And this I say not of myself. For Paul layeth down another difference greater even than these. For (he says) as many differences as there are between the sun and the moon and the stars and the very smallest star, so many also between those in the kingdom [of Heaven]. And that the difference between the sun and the smallest star is far greater than that between the Decanus (as he is called) and the Prefect, is evident to all. For while the sun shines upon all the world at once, and makes it bright, and hides the moon and the stars, the other often does not appear, not even in the dark. For there are many of the stars which we do not see. When then we see others become suns, and we have the rank of the very smallest stars, which are not even visible, what comfort shall we have?

Let us not, I beseech you, let us not be so slothful, not so inert, let us not barter away the salvation of God for an easy life, but let us make merchandise of it, and increase it. For even if one be a Catechumen, still he knows Christ, still he understands the Faith, still he is a hearer of the divine oracles, still he is not far from the knowledge; he knows the will of his Lord. Wherefore does he procrastinate? wherefore does he delay and postpone? Nothing is better than a good life whether here or there, whether in case of the Enlightened or of the Catechumens,

[11.] For tell me what burdensome command have we enjoined? Have a wife (it is said) and be chaste. Is this difficult? How? when many, not Christians only but heathens also, live chastely without a wife. That which the heathen surpasses325   ὑ περβαίνει for vainglory, thou dost not even keep for the fear of God.

Give (He says) to the poor out of what thou hast. Is this burdensome? But in this case also heathen condemn us who for vainglory only have emptied out their whole possessions.

Use not filthy communication. Is this difficult? For if it had not been enjoined, ought we not to have done right in this, to avoid appearing degraded? For that the contrary conduct is troublesome, I mean the using filthy communication, is manifest from the fact that the soul is ashamed and blushes if it have been led to say any such thing and would not unless perhaps it were drunk. For when sitting in a public place, even if thou doest it at home, why dost thou not do it there? Because of those that are present. Why dost thou not readily do the same thing before thy wife? That thou mayest not insult her. So then thou dost it not, lest thou shouldest insult thy wife; and dost thou not blush at insulting God? For He is everywhere present, and heareth all things.

Be not drunken, He says. For this very thing of itself, is it not a chastisement? He did not say, Put thy body on the rack, but what? Do not give it free rein326   ἐ κτραχηλίσῃς so as to take away the authority of the mind: on the contrary “make not provision for the lusts thereof.” ( Rom. xiii. 14.)

Do not (He says) seize by violence what is not thine own; do not overreach; do not forswear thyself. What labors do these things require! what sweatings!

Speak evil of no man (He says) nor accuse falsely. The contrary indeed is a labor. For when thou hast spoken ill of another, immediately thou art in danger, in suspicion, [saying] Did he of whom I spake, hear? whether he be great or small. For should he be a great man, immediately thou wilt be indeed in danger; but if small, he will requite thee with as much, or rather with what is far more grievous; for he will say evil of thee in a greater degree. We are enjoined nothing difficult, nothing burdensome, if we have the will. And if we have not the will, even the easiest things will appear burdensome to us. What is easier than eating? but from great effeminacy many feel disgust even at this, and I hear many say, that it is weariness even to eat. None of these things is wearisome if thou hast but the will. For everything depends on the will after the grace from above. Let us will good things that we may attain also to the good things eternal, in Christ Jesus our Lord, whom to the Father together with the Holy Ghost be glory, might, honor, now and for ever, and world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΙΓʹ. Εἰ μὲν οὖν τελείωσις διὰ τῆς Λευϊτικῆς ἱερω σύνης ἦν (ὁ λαὸς γὰρ ἐπ' αὐτῇ νενομοθέ τητο), τίς ἔτι χρεία, κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισε δὲχ ἕτερον ἀνίστασθαι ἱερέα, καὶ οὐ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν λέγεσθαι; μετατιθεμένης γὰρ τῆς ἱερωσύνης, ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ νόμου μετάθεσις γίνεται. Ἐφ' ὃν γὰρ λέγεται ταῦτα, φυλῆς ἑτέρας μετέσχηκεν, ἀφ' ἧς οὐδεὶς προσέσχηκε τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ. Πρόδηλον γὰρ ὅτι ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν, εἰς ἣν φυλὴν οὐ δὲν περὶ ἱερωσύνης Μωϋσῆς ἐλάλησεν. αʹ. Εἰ μὲν οὖν τελείωσις διὰ τῆς Λευϊτικῆς ἱερωσύνης ἦν, φησίν. Εἰπὼν περὶ τοῦ Μελχισεδὲχ, καὶ δείξας ὅσῳ κρείττων ἦν τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ πολὺ τὸ διάφορον ἀποφήνας, ἐντεῦθεν ἄρχεται λοιπὸν τῆς διαθήκης αὐτῆς τὸ μέσον ἀποδεικνύναι, καὶ πῶς ἡ μὲν ἀτελὴς, ἡ δὲ τελεία. Καὶ οὐδέπω εἰς αὐτὰ τὰ πράγματα ἐμβαίνει, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερωσύνης τέως μάχεται καὶ τῆς διαθήκης. Τότε γὰρ ταῦτα πιστότερα ἦν τοῖς ἀπίστοις, ὅταν ἀπὸ τῶν ἤδη προειλημμένων καὶ πεπιστευμένων ἡ ἀπόδειξις γίνηται. Ἔδειξεν ὅτι πολὺ καὶ τοῦ Λευῒ καὶ τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ βελτίων ἦν ὁ Μελχισεδὲχ, ἐν τάξει ἱερέων αὐτοῖς γενόμενος. Ἐξ ἑτέρου δὲ πάλιν ἐπιχειρεῖ. Ποίου δὴ τούτου; Τῆς νῦν ἱερωσύνης, καὶ τῆς Ἰουδαϊκῆς. Καὶ θέα μοι συνέσεως ὑπερβολήν: ἀφ' οὗ γὰρ εἰκὸς ἦν αὐτὸν ἐκβαλεῖν τῆς ἱερωσύνης, ἐπειδὴ μὴ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν, ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦτον μὲν ἵστησιν; ἐκβάλλει δὲ ἐκείνους. Ποιεῖ δὲ τοῦτο ἑαυτὸν εἰσάγων ὥσπερ ἀπό τινος διαπορούμενον, τί δήποτε μὴ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν λέγεται, οὕτω τὴν διαπόρησιν λύοντα. Καὶ ἐγὼ, φησὶ, τοῦτο αὐτὸ διαπορῶ, τίνος ἕνεκεν μὴ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρὼν γέγονε. Τοῦτο γὰρ δηλοῖ τῷ εἰπεῖν, Εἰ μὲν οὖν τελείωσις διὰ τῆς Λευϊτικῆς ἱερωσύνης ἦν. Καὶ τὸ, Τίς ἔτι χρεία, πολλὴν ἔμφασιν ἔχει. Εἰ μὲν οὖν πρώην ὁ Χριστὸς τὸ κατὰ σάρκα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδὲχ, ἔπειτα ὁ νόμος γέγονε, καὶ τὰ κατὰ τὸν Ἀαρών: εἰκότως ἄν τις εἴποι, ἅτε ὄντα τελειότερα, ταῦτα ἐκεῖνα καταλύειν, ἅτε ἐπεισελθόντα: εἰ δὲ ὁ Χριστὸς ὕστερος, καὶ ἕτερον λαμβάνει τύπον τὸν τῆς ἱερωσύνης, δῆλον ὅτι ὡς ἀτελεστέρων ὄντων ἐκείνων. Θῶμεν γὰρ, φησὶ, τῷ λόγῳ πάντα πεπληρῶσθαι, καὶ μηδὲν ἀτελὲς εἶναι ἐν τῇ ἱερωσύνῃ: τί οὖν ἔδει, Κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδὲχ, λέγεσθαι, καὶ οὐ, Κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Ἀαρών; τίνος ἕνεκεν, ἀφεὶς τὸν Ἀαρὼν, ἑτέραν εἰσήνεγκεν ἱερωσύνην, τὴν τοῦ Μελχισεδέχ; Εἰ μὲν οὖν τελείωσις διὰ τῆς Λευϊτικῆς ἱερωσύνης, φησὶν, ἦν: τουτέστι, τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων, τῆς τῶν δογμάτων, τοῦ βίου ἡ τελείωσις διὰ τῆς Λευϊτικῆς ἱερωσύνης ἦν. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ὁδῷ προβαίνει. Εἶπεν ὅτι κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδὲχ, δεικνὺς ὅτι βελτίων ἡ κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ: πολὺ γὰρ βελτίων ἐκεῖνος. Λοιπὸν δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ χρόνου τοῦτο δείκνυσιν, ὅτι μετὰ Ἀαρὼν δηλονότι ὡς ἀμείνων. Καὶ τί βούλεται τὸ ἑξῆς, Ὁ λαὸς γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐπ' αὐτῇ νενομοθέτητο; τί ἐστιν, Ἐπ' αὐτῇ; Αὐτῇ στοιχεῖ, φησὶ, δι' αὐτῆς ἅπαντα πράττει: οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν, ὅτι ἑτέροις ἐδόθη. Ὁ λαὸς ἐπ' αὐτῇ νενομοθέτητο: τουτέστι, κέχρηται αὐτῇ καὶ ἐχρήσατο: οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν ὅτι τελεία μὲν ἦν, οὐ προειστήκει δὲ τοῦ λαοῦ. Ἐπ' αὐτῇ νενομοθέτητο: τουτέστιν, αὐτῇ ἐχρήσατο. Τίς οὖν ἑτέρας ἦν ἱερωσύνης χρεία, εἰ τὸ τέλειον εἶχε; Μετατιθεμένης γὰρ τῆς ἱερωσύνης, ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ νόμου μετάθεσις γίνεται: εἰ δὲ ἕτερον δεῖ ἱερέα εἶναι, μᾶλλον δὲ ἑτέραν ἱερωσύνην, ἀνάγκη καὶ νόμον ἕτερον εἶναι. Τοῦτο πρὸς τοὺς λέγοντας: Τί ἔδει καινῆς διαθήκης; Εἶχε μὲν γὰρ καὶ μαρτυρίαν εἰπεῖν ἀπὸ προφητείας: Αὕτη διαθήκη, ἣν διεθέμην τοῖς πατράσιν ὑμῶν: τέως δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερωσύνης μάχεται. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ἄνωθεν ταῦτα εἰπεῖν ὤδινεν. Εἶπε: Κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ. Τοῦτο τὴν Ἀαρὼν ἐξέβαλεν: οὐ γὰρ ἂν, Κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδὲχ, εἶπεν, εἰ αὕτη ἀμείνων ἦν. Εἰ τοίνυν ἱερωσύνη εἰσῆκται ἄλλη, δεῖ διαθήκην εἶναι ἑτέραν: οὔτε γὰρ ἱερέα ἔστι διαθήκης χωρὶς εἶναι καὶ νόμων καὶ προσταγμάτων, οὔτε ἑτέραν λαβόντα ἱερωσύνην ἐκείνῃ κεχρῆσθαι. Εἶτα, ὅπερ ἀντιθέσεως ἦν, πῶς ἱερεὺς ἂν εἴη μὴ ὢν Λευΐτης, τοῦτο διὰ τῶν ἄνω προκαταβαλὼν, οὐδὲ λῦσαι ἀξιοῖ, ἀλλ' ἐν παραδρομῇ εἰσάγει αὐτό. Εἶπον, φησὶν, ὅτι μετετέθη ἡ ἱερωσύνη: οὐκοῦν καὶ ἡ διαθήκη. Μετετέθη δὲ οὐ τῷ τρόπῳ μόνον, οὐδὲ τοῖς προστάγμασιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῇ φυλῇ: ἔδει γὰρ καὶ τῇ φυλῇ. Πῶς; Μετατιθεμένης γὰρ τῆς ἱερωσύνης, φησί. Τουτέστι, διὰ τοῦτο μετετέθη ἀπὸ φυλῆς εἰς φυλὴν, ἀπὸ τῆς ἱερατικῆς ἐπὶ τὴν βασιλικὴν, ἵνα ᾖ ἡ αὐτὴ καὶ βασιλικὴ καὶ ἱερατική. Καὶ θέα τὸ μυστήριον: Πρῶτον μὲν ἦν βασιλικὴ, καὶ νῦν γέγονεν ἱερατική: ὡσπεροῦν καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ: βασιλεὺς μὲν γὰρ ἦν ἀεὶ, ἱερεὺς δὲ γέγονεν, ὅτε τὴν σάρκα ἀνέλαβεν, ὅτε τὴν θυσίαν προσήγαγεν. Ὁρᾷς τὴν μεταβολήν; Καὶ ἅπερ ἀντιθέσεως ἦν, ταῦτα, ὡς τῆς τῶν πραγμάτων ἀκολουθίας ἀπαιτούσης, εἰσάγει: Ἐφ' ὃν γὰρ λέγεται ταῦτα, φησὶ, φυλῆς ἑτέρας μετέσχηκεν, ἀφ' ἧς οὐδεὶς προσέσχηκε τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ. Πρόδηλον γὰρ ὅτι ἐξ Ἰούδα ἀνατέταλκεν ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν, εἰς ἣν φυλὴν περὶ ἱερωσύνης οὐδὲν Μωϋσῆς ἐλάλησεν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Κἀγώ φημι καὶ οἶδα, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἱερωσύνης εἶχεν αὕτη ἡ φυλὴ, οὐδέ τις ἀπὸ ταύτης ἱεράτευσε: τοῦτο γὰρ δηλοῖ τὸ, Οὐδεὶς προσέσχηκε τῷ θυσιαστηρίῳ: ἀλλὰ τὸ πᾶν μετάθεσίς ἐστιν. Οὕτως ἀναγκαῖον ἦν τὸν νόμον καὶ τὴν παλαιὰν διαθήκην μετατεθῆναι, ὅτι καὶ αὐτὴ ἐνήλλακται ἡ φυλή. Ὁρᾷς πῶς δείκνυσι καὶ ἄλλην διαφορὰν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐναλλαγῆς τῆς φυλῆς; Οὐ μόνον δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ ταύτης δείκνυται ὅσον τὸ διάφορον, ἀλλ' ἤδη καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ προσώπου, καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς διαθήκης, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τρόπου, καὶ ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ τύπου. Ὃς οὐ κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκικῆς γέγονεν, ἀλλὰ κατὰ δύναμιν ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου. βʹ. Γέγονε, φησὶν, ἱερεὺς, ἀλλ' οὐ κατὰ νόμον σαρκικῆς ἐντολῆς: ὁ γὰρ νόμος ἐκεῖνος τὰ πολλὰ ἄνομος ἦν. Καὶ καλῶς αὐτὸν ἐντολὴν ἐκάλεσε σαρκικήν: πάντα γὰρ ὅσα διωρίζετο σαρκικὰ ἦν. Τὸ γὰρ λέγειν, Περίτεμε τὴν σάρκα, χρῖσον τὴν σάρκα, λοῦσον τὴν σάρκα, καθάρισον τὴν σάρκα, περίκειρον τὴν σάρκα, ἐπίδησον τὴν σάρκα, θρέψον τὴν σάρκα, ἄργησον τῇ σαρκί: ταῦτα, εἰπέ μοι, οὐχὶ σαρκικά; Εἰ δὲ θέλεις μαθεῖν καὶ τίνα ἃ ἐπηγγέλλετο ἀγαθὰ, ἄκουε: Πολλὴ ζωὴ, φησὶ, τῇ σαρκὶ, γάλα καὶ μέλι τῇ σαρκὶ, εἰρήνη τῇ σαρκὶ, τρυφὴ τῇ σαρκί. Ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ νόμου τὴν ἱερωσύνην ἔλαβεν ὁ Ἀαρών: ὁ μέντοι Μελχισεδὲχ οὐχ οὕτω. Καὶ περισσότερον ἔτι κατάδηλόν ἐστιν, εἰ κατὰ τὴν ὁμοιότητα Μελχισεδὲχ ἀνίσταται ἱερεὺς ἕτερος. Τί ἐστι κατάδηλον; Τὸ μέσον τῆς ἱερωσύνης ἑκατέρας, τὸ διάφορον, ὅσον κρείττων ὃς οὐ κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκικῆς γέγονε. Τίς; ὁ Μελχισεδὲχ οὗτος; Οὒκ, ἀλλ' ὁ Χριστός. Ἀλλὰ κατὰ δύναμιν ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου. Μαρτυρεῖται γὰρ, ὅτι Σὺ ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν τοῦ Μελχισεδέχ. Τουτέστιν, οὐ πρόσκαιρος, οὐδὲ πέρας ἔχων, ἀλλὰ, Κατὰ δύναμιν ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου. Τοῦτο εἶπεν, ἵνα δηλώσῃ, ὅτι ἱερεὺς γέγονε διὰ δυνάμεως ἰδίας καὶ τοῦ Πατρὸς, διὰ ζωῆς ἀπεράντου. Καίτοι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀκόλουθον τοῦτο τῷ, Ὃς οὐ κατὰ νόμον ἐντολῆς σαρκικῆς γέγονε: τὸ γὰρ ἀκόλουθον ἦν εἰπεῖν, Ἀλλὰ κατὰ πνευματικῆς. Ἀλλὰ διὰ τοῦ σαρκικοῦ τὸ πρόσκαιρον ἔδειξεν: ὥσπερ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ λέγει, Μέχρι καιροῦ διορθώσεως ἐπικείμενα τὰ δικαιώματα τῆς σαρκὸς κατὰ δύναμιν ζωῆς: τουτέστιν, ὅτι οἰκείᾳ δυνάμει ζῇ. Εἶπεν, ὅτι νόμου μετάθεσις γίνεται, καὶ ἔδειξε πῶς: ζητεῖ λοιπὸν τὴν αἰτίαν: ὃ μάλιστα πάντων πληροφορεῖ τὰς τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχὰς, τὸ τὴν αἰτίαν πάντως εἰδέναι, καὶ εἰς πίστιν πλείονα ἄγει. Τότε γὰρ μᾶλλον πιστεύομεν, ὅταν καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν μάθωμεν, καὶ τὸν λόγον καθ' ὃν γίνεται. Ἀθέτησις μὲν γὰρ γίνεται, φησὶ, προαγούσης ἐντολῆς, διὰ τὸ αὐτῆς ἀσθενὲς καὶ ἀνωφελές. Ἐνταῦθα ἡμῖν οἱ αἱρετικοὶ ἐπιφύονται λέγοντες: Ἰδοὺ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος πονηρὰν τὴν ἐντολὴν εἴρηκεν. Ἀλλὰ πρόσεχε ἀκριβῶς: οὐκ εἶπε, διὰ τὸ πονηρὸν, οὐδὲ, διὰ τὸ μοχθηρὸν, ἀλλὰ, Διὰ τὸ αὐτῆς ἀσθενὲς καὶ ἀνωφελές. Καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ δὲ δείκνυσι τὸ ἀσθενές: ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἐν ᾧ ἠσθένει διὰ τῆς σαρκός. Οὐκ ἄρα αὕτη ἀσθενὴς, ἀλλ' ἡμεῖς. Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐτελείωσεν ὁ νόμος. Τί ἐστιν, Οὐδὲν ἐτελείωσεν; Οὐδένα, φησὶ, τέλειον εἰργάσατο παρακουόμενος. Ἄλλως δὲ, οὐδὲ εἰ ἠκούσθη, τέλειον ἐποίησεν ἂν καὶ ἐνάρετον. Τέως δὲ οὐ τοῦτό φησιν ὁ λόγος ἐνταῦθα, ἀλλ' ὅτι οὐδὲν ἴσχυσε: καὶ εἰκότως. Γράμματα γὰρ ἦν κείμενα: Τόδε πρᾶττε, καὶ τόδε μὴ πρᾶττε: ὑποτιθέμενα μόνον, οὐχὶ δὲ καὶ δύναμιν ἐντιθέντα. Ἡ δὲ ἐλπὶς οὐ τοιαύτη. Τί ἐστιν ἀθέτησις; Ἄμειψις, ἐκβολή. Τίνος δὲ ταύτης δηλῶν, ἐπήγαγεν εἰπὼν, Προαγούσης ἐντολῆς; Οὕτω τὸν νόμον καλῶν, διότι ἐκβέβληται διὰ τὸ αὐτοῦ ἀσθενές: προαγόμενον δὲ, τὸ παρελθὸν καὶ παλαιωθὲν διὰ τὴν ἀσθένειαν. Ὥστε ἡ ἀθέτησις τῶν κρατούντων ἐστὶν ἀθέτησις. Καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τούτου λοιπὸν, ὅτι ἐκράτει, ἀλλὰ κατεφρονήθη, ἐπεὶ μηδὲν ἤνυσεν. Οὐδὲν οὖν ὠφέλησεν ὁ νόμος; Ὠφέλησε μὲν, καὶ σφόδρα ὠφέλησεν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς τὸ ποιῆσαι τελείους οὐκ ὠφέλησε. Κατὰ τοῦτο τοίνυν λέγει τὸ, Οὐδὲν γὰρ ἐτελείωσεν ὁ νόμος, καθὸ πάντα τύποι ἦσαν, πάντα σκιὰ, περιτομὴ, θυσία, Σάββατον, ἃ οὐκ ἴσχυσεν διαβῆναι εἰς τὴν ψυχήν: διὰ τοῦτο παραχωρεῖ καὶ ὑπεξίσταται. Ἐπεισαγωγὴ δὲ κρείττονος ἐλπίδος, δι' ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ: καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι ἀναγκαῖον οὕτω γέγονε τὸ τοῦ ὅρκου ἐνταῦθα; Ὥστε διὰ τοῦτο πολλὰ ἄνω ἐφιλοσόφησεν, ὅτι ὤμοσεν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ ὤμοσεν ὑπὲρ πλείονος πληροφορίας. Ἐπεισαγωγὴ δὲ κρείττονος ἐλπίδος. Τί ἐστι τοῦτο; Εἶχε καὶ ὁ νόμος ἐλπίδα, φησὶν, ἀλλ' οὐ τοιαύτην: ἤλπιζον γὰρ εὐαρεστήσαντες ἕξειν τὴν γῆν, μηδὲν πείσεσθαι δεινόν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ ἐλπίζομεν εὐαρεστήσαντες, οὐ γῆν καθέξειν, ἀλλὰ τὸν οὐρανόν: μᾶλλον δὲ, ὃ πολλῷ τούτου κρεῖττόν ἐστιν, ἐλπίζομεν ἐγγὺς στήσεσθαι τοῦ Θεοῦ, παρ' αὐτὸν ἥξειν τὸν θρόνον τὸν πατρικὸν, λειτουργήσειν αὐτῷ μετὰ ἀγγέλων. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς αὐτὰ τίθησι κατὰ μικρόν. Ἐκεῖ μὲν γάρ φησιν: Εἰσερχομένην εἰς τὸ ἐσώτερον τοῦ καταπετάσματος: ἐνταῦθα δέ: Δι' ἧς ἐγγίζομεν τῷ Θεῷ: καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας: τί ἐστι, Καὶ καθόσον οὐ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας; Τουτέστιν, οὐ χωρὶς ὅρκου. Ἰδοὺ καὶ ἄλλη διαφορά. Καὶ οὐδὲ ἁπλῶς ταῦτα ἐπήγγελται, φησίν. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ χωρὶς ὁρκωμοσίας εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς γεγονότες: ὁ δὲ μεθ' ὁρκωμοσίας, διὰ τοῦ λέγοντος πρὸς αὐτὸν, Ὤμοσε Κύριος, καὶ οὐ μεταμεληθήσεται, σὺ ἱερεὺς εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κατὰ τὴν τάξιν Μελχισεδέχ: κατὰ τοσοῦτον κρείττονος διαθήκης γέγονεν ἔγγυος Ἰησοῦς. Καὶ οἱ μὲν πλείονές εἰσι γεγονότες ἱερεῖς, διὰ τὸ θανάτῳ κωλύεσθαι παραμένειν: ὁ δὲ διὰ τὸ μένειν αὐτὸν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα, ἀπαράβατον ἔχει τὴν ἱερωσύνην. Δύο τίθησι διαφορὰς, ὅτι οὐκ ἔχει τέλος, ὥσπερ ἡ νομικὴ, καὶ ὅτι μεθ' ὁρκωμοσίας: τοῦτο δὲ ποιεῖ ἀπὸ τοῦ Χριστοῦ τοῦ μετιόντος: Κατὰ δύναμιν γὰρ, φησὶ, ζωῆς ἀκαταλύτου: ποιεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ὅρκου, ὅτι ὤμοσε: καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ πράγματος. Εἰ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ ἀσθενὴς ἦν, φησὶν, ἐκείνη, ἐξεβλήθη: αὕτη, ἐπειδὴ δυνατή ἐστιν, ἕστηκε. Ποιεῖ δὲ αὐτὸ καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ ἱερέως. Πῶς; Δεικνὺς ὅτι εἷς ἐστι: καὶ οὐκ ἂν εἷς ἦν, εἰ μὴ ἀθάνατος ἦν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ πολλοὶ ἱερεῖς, διὰ τὸ θνητοὶ εἶναι: οὕτως εἷς ὁ εἷς, διὰ τὸ ἀθάνατος εἶναι: Κατὰ τοσοῦτον κρείττονος διαθήκης γέγονεν ἔγγυος Ἰησοῦς, καθότι ὤμοσεν αὐτῷ ἀεὶ αὐτὸν ἔσεσθαι ἱερέα, φησίν: οὐκ ἂν τοῦτο ποιήσας, εἰ μὴ ζῶν ἦν. Ὅθεν καὶ σώζειν εἰς τὸ παντελὲς δύναται τοὺς προσερχομένους δι' αὐτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ, πάντοτε ζῶν εἰς τὸ ἐντυγχάνειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν. γʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι εἰς τὸ κατὰ σάρκα τοῦτό φησιν; Ὅτε ἔδειξεν αὐτὸν ἱερέα, τότε εὐκαίρως λέγει τὸ ἐντυγχάνειν. Ὥστε καὶ ὅταν λέγῃ Παῦλος, Ὃς καὶ ἐντυγχάνει ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν, τὸ αὐτὸ αἰνίττεται, ὅτι ἀρχιερεὺς ὢν ἐντυγχάνει. Ἐπεὶ ὁ ἐγείρων τοὺς νεκροὺς ὡς θέλει, καὶ ζωοποιῶν οὕτως ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ, πῶς ἔνθα σῶσαι δεῖ, ἐντυγχάνει; ὁ πᾶσαν τὴν κρίσιν ἔχων, πῶς ἐντυγχάνει; ὁ ἀποστέλλων τοὺς ἀγγέλους, ὥστε τοὺς μὲν εἰς κάμινον ἐμβαλεῖν, τοὺς δὲ σῶσαι, πῶς ἐντυγχάνει; Ὅθεν, φησὶ, καὶ σώζειν δύναται. Διὰ τοῦτο οὖν σώζει, ἐπειδὴ οὐκ ἀποθνήσκει. Ἐπειδὴ ἀεὶ ζῇ, οὐκ ἔχει διάδοχον, φησίν: εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἔχει διάδοχον, καὶ δύναται πάντων προΐστασθαι. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν γὰρ ὁ ἀρχιερεὺς, εἰ καὶ θαυμαστὸς ἦν, μέχρι τοῦ καιροῦ ἐκείνου ἐν ᾧ ἦν, οἷον ὁ Σαμουὴλ, καὶ ὅσοι τοιοῦτοι: μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα, οὐκέτι: ἐτεθνήκεσαν γάρ: ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐχ οὕτως, ἀλλὰ σώζει εἰς τὸ παντελές. Τί ἐστιν, Εἰς τὸ παντελές; Μυστήριόν τι μέγα αἰνίττεται. Οὐκ ἐνταῦθα μόνον, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκεῖ σώζει τοὺς προσερχομένους δι' αὐτοῦ τῷ Θεῷ. Πῶς σώζει; Πάντοτε ζῶν εἰς τὸ ἐντυγχάνειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν, φησίν. Ὁρᾷς ὅσον τὸ ταπεινὸν εἶπε διὰ τὴν ἀνθρωπότητα; οὐ γὰρ ἅπαξ αὐτὸν ἐντυχόντα τούτου τυχεῖν λέγει, ἀλλ' ἀεὶ, καὶ ἡνίκα ἂν δέηται ἐντυγχάνειν ὑπὲρ αὐτῶν: τοῦτο γὰρ δηλοῖ τὸ, Εἰς τὸ παντελές. Τί ἐστιν, Εἰς τὸ παντελές; Οὐ πρὸς τὸ παρὸν μόνον, φησὶν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκεῖ ἐν τῇ μελλούσῃ ζωῇ. Ἀεὶ οὖν δεῖται τοῦ εὔχεσθαι; καὶ πῶς ἂν ἔχοι λόγον; καὶ ἄνθρωποι μὲν πολλάκις δίκαιοι ἐκ μιᾶς αἰτήσεως τὸ πᾶν ἤνυσαν, αὐτὸς δὲ ἀεὶ δεῖται; τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν συγκάθηται; Ὁρᾷς ὅτι συγκατάβασίς ἐστι τὸ ταπεινὰ φθέγγεσθαι; Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοιοῦτόν ἐστι: Μηδὲν δείσητε, μηδὲ εἴπητε, Ναὶ, φιλεῖ μὲν ἡμᾶς, καὶ παῤῥησίαν ἔχει πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἀεὶ δύναται ζῇν: ἀεὶ γὰρ ζῇ. Τοιοῦτος γὰρ ἡμῖν ἔπρεπεν ἀρχιερεὺς, ὅσιος, ἄκακος, ἀμίαντος, κεχωρισμένος ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι περὶ τῆς ἀνθρωπότητος τὸ πᾶν εἴρηται; Ὅταν δὲ εἴπω ἀνθρωπότητα, θεότητα ἔχουσαν λέγω, οὐ διαιρῶν, ἀλλὰ ἀφεὶς τὰ πρέποντα ὑποπτεύειν. Εἶδες τὴν διαφορὰν τοῦ ἀρχιερέως; Ἀνεκεφαλαιώσατο τὰ ἄνω λεχθέντα, ὅτε ἔλεγε: Πεπειραμένον δὲ κατὰ πάντα καθ' ὁμοιότητα χωρὶς ἁμαρτίας: τοιοῦτος γὰρ ἡμῖν, φησὶν, ἔπρεπεν ἀρχιερεὺς, ὅσιος, ἄκακος. Ἄκακος τί ἐστιν, Ἀπόνηρος, οὐχ ὕπουλος: καὶ ὅτι τοιοῦτος, ἄκουε τοῦ προφήτου λέγοντος: Οὐδὲ εὑρέθη δόλος ἐν τῷ στόματι αὐτοῦ. Τοῦτο οὖν ἄν τις περὶ Θεοῦ εἴποι: ὁ δὲ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται λέγων, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς οὐκ ἔστιν ὕπουλος, οὐδὲ δολερός; Περὶ μὲν οὖν τοῦ κατὰ σάρκα ἔχοι ἂν λόγον, Ὅσιος, ἀμίαντος: καὶ τοῦτο οὐ περὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ εἴποι τις ἄν: ἔχει γὰρ φύσιν μὴ μιαίνεσθαι. Κεχωρισμένος ἀπὸ τῶν ἁμαρτωλῶν. Τοῦτο οὖν μόνον δείκνυσι τὸ διάφορον, ἢ καὶ αὐτὴ ἡ θυσία; Καὶ ἡ θυσία. Πῶς; Οὐκ ἔχει, φησὶ, καθ' ἡμέραν ἀνάγκην, ὥσπερ οἱ ἀρχιερεῖς, πρότερον ὑπὲρ τῶν ἰδίων ἁμαρτιῶν θυσίας ἀναφέρειν, ἔπειτα τῶν τοῦ λαοῦ: τοῦτο γὰρ ἐποίησεν ἐφάπαξ, ἑαυτὸν ἀνενέγκας. Τοῦτο, ποῖον; ἐνταῦθα προανακρούεται λοιπὸν τῆς πνευματικῆς θυσίας τὴν ὑπερβολήν. Καὶ τὸ μέσον εἶπε τὸ τοῦ ἱερέως, εἶπε τὸ τῆς διαθήκης, οὐχ ὅλον μὲν, εἶπε δὲ ὅμως: ἐνταῦθα προανακρούεται λοιπὸν καὶ αὐτὴν τὴν θυσίαν. Μὴ τοίνυν αὐτὸν ἱερέα ἀκούσας, ἀεὶ ἱερᾶσθαι νόμιζε: ἅπαξ γὰρ ἱεράσατο, καὶ λοιπὸν ἐκάθισεν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ νομίσῃς ἄνω ἑστάναι αὐτὸν, καὶ λειτουργὸν εἶναι, δείκνυσιν ὅτι οἰκονομίας τὸ πρᾶγμά ἐστιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ δοῦλος ἐγένετο, οὕτω καὶ ἱερεὺς καὶ λειτουργός: ἀλλ' ὥσπερ δοῦλος γενόμενος, οὐκ ἔμεινε δοῦλος: οὕτω καὶ λειτουργὸς γενόμενος, οὐκ ἔμεινε λειτουργός: οὐ γὰρ λειτουργοῦ τὸ καθῆσθαι, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἑστάναι. Τοῦτο οὖν αἰνίττεται ἐνταῦθα τῆς θυσίας τὸ μεγαλεῖον, ἣ ἤρκεσε μία οὖσα, καὶ ἅπαξ προσενεχθεῖσα, τοσοῦτον ὅσον αἱ πᾶσαι οὐκ ἴσχυσαν. Ἀλλ' οὔπω περὶ τούτου: τοσοῦτον δὲ τέως φησί: Τοῦτο γὰρ ἐποίησεν ἐφάπαξ. Τοῦτο, ποῖον; Ἀναγκαῖον γὰρ ἔχειν, φησὶ, τὶ καὶ τοῦτον ὃ προσενέγκῃ: οὐ τὸ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ: πῶς γὰρ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ προσέφερεν ἀναμάρτητος ὤν; ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ. Τί λέγεις; καὶ οὐ δεῖται τοῦ προσφέρειν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ἰσχύει τοσοῦτον; Ναὶ, φησίν. Ἵνα γὰρ μὴ νομίσῃς τὸ, Ἐποίησεν ἐφάπαξ, καὶ περὶ αὐτοῦ εἰρῆσθαι, ἄκουσον τί ἐπάγει: Ὁ νόμος γὰρ ἀνθρώπους καθίστησιν ἀρχιερεῖς ἔχοντας ἀσθένειαν. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἀεὶ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτῶν προσφέρουσιν: ὁ μέντοι δυνατὸς ὢν, ὁ μὴ ἔχων ἁμαρτίαν, τίνος ἕνεκεν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ προσφέρει; Ἄρα οὐχ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ τοῦ λαοῦ προσέφερε: καὶ τοῦτο ἐφάπαξ. Ὁ λόγος δὲ τῆς ὁρκωμοσίας τῆς μετὰ τὸν νόμον, Υἱὸν εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα τετελειωμένον. _Τετελειωμένον τί ἐστιν; Ὅρα: Οὐ τίθησι τὰς ἀντιδιαστολὰς ὁ Παῦλος κυρίας: εἰπὼν γὰρ, Ἔχοντας ἀσθένειαν, οὐκ εἶπεν Υἱὸν δυνατὸν, ἀλλὰ τετελειωμένον, τουτέστι, δυνατὸν, ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις: Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τὸ, Υἱὸς, ὄνομα πρὸς ἀντιδιαστολὴν τοῦ δούλου εἴρηται; Ἀσθένειαν δὲ ἢ τὴν ἁμαρτίαν φησὶν, ἢ τὸν θάνατον. Τί ἐστιν, Εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα; Οὐ νῦν μόνον ἀναμάρτητον, φησὶν, ἀλλ' ἀεί. Εἰ τοίνυν τέλειός ἐστιν, εἰ μηδέποτε ἁμαρτάνει, εἰ ἀεὶ ζῇ, τίνος ἕνεκεν προσοίσει πολλάκις ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν θυσίας; Ἀλλὰ τέως μὲν ὑπὲρ τούτου οὐκ ἰσχυρίζεται, ὑπὲρ δὲ τοῦ μὴ προσφέρειν αὐτὸν ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, τοῦτο ἰσχυρίζεται. Ἐπεὶ οὖν τοιοῦτον ἔχομεν ἀρχιερέα, μιμησώμεθα αὐτὸν, καὶ κατ' ἴχνος αὐτοῦ βαίνωμεν. Οὐκ ἔστιν ἄλλη θυσία: μία ἡμᾶς ἐκαθάρισε: μετὰ δὲ τοῦτο πῦρ καὶ γέεννα. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἄνω καὶ κάτω στρέφει λέγων, ἕνα ἱερέα, μίαν θυσίαν, ἵνα μή τις, νομίζων πολλὰς εἶναι ἀδεῶς ἁμαρτάνῃ. δʹ. Ὅσοι τοίνυν κατηξιώθημεν τῆς σφραγῖδος, ὅσοι τῆς θυσίας ἀπηλαύσαμεν, ὅσοι τῆς ἀθανάτου τραπέζης μετέσχομεν, μένωμεν φυλάττοντες τὴν εὐγένειαν καὶ τὴν τιμήν: οὐ γὰρ ἀκίνδυνος ἡ ἀπόπτωσις. Ὅσοι δὲ μηδέπω κατηξιώθησαν τούτων, μηδὲ οὗτοι διὰ τοῦτο θαῤῥείτωσαν: ὅταν γάρ τις διὰ τοῦτο ἁμαρτάνῃ, ἵνα τὸ ἅγιον βάπτισμα πρὸς ἐσχάταις λάβῃ ταῖς ἀναπνοαῖς, πολλάκις οὐκ ἐπιτεύξεται. Καὶ, πιστεύσατέ μοι, οὐ φοβῶν ὑμᾶς λέγω, ὃ μέλλω λέγειν: πολλοὺς οἶδα τοῦτο παθόντας ἐγὼ, οἳ προσδοκίᾳ μὲν τοῦ φωτίσματος πολλὰ ἡμάρτανον, πρὸς δὲ τῇ ἡμέρᾳ τῆς τελευτῆς ἀπῆλθον κενοί. Ὁ γὰρ Θεὸς διὰ τοῦτο τὸ βάπτισμα ἔδωκεν, ἵνα λύσῃ τὰς ἁμαρτίας, οὐχ ἵνα αὐξήσῃ τὰς ἁμαρτίας: εἰ δέ τις τούτῳ κεχρημένος εἴη πρὸς ἄδειαν τοῦ πλείονα ἁμαρτάνειν, ῥᾳθυμίας λοιπὸν τοῦτο γίνεται αἴτιον. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ λουτρὸν ἦν, ἀσφαλέστερον ἔζων ἂν, ὡς οὐκ ἔχοντες ἄφεσιν. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι τὸ, Ποιήσωμεν τὰ κακὰ, ἵνα ἔλθῃ τὰ ἀγαθὰ, ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν οἱ ποιοῦντες λέγεσθαι; Διὸ, παρακαλῶ, καὶ ὑμεῖς οἱ ἀμύητοι νήφετε: μηδεὶς ὡς μισθωτὸς, μηδεὶς ὡς ἀγνώμων, οὕτω μετιέτω τὴν ἀρετὴν, μηδεὶς ὡς βαρὺ καὶ φορτικόν. Μετὰ προθυμίας τοίνυν ταύτην μετέλθωμεν καὶ χαίροντες. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ μισθὸς ἔκειτο, οὐκ ἐχρῆν εἶναι ἀγαθόν; ἀλλ' ὅμως κἂν μετὰ μισθοῦ γενώμεθα ἀγαθοί. Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ αἰσχύνη τοῦτο, καὶ μεγίστη κατάγνωσις; Ἐὰν μὴ δῷς μοι μισθὸν, φησὶν, οὐ γίνομαι σώφρων. Οὐκοῦν τολμῶ τι εἰπεῖν; οὐδέποτε ἔσῃ σώφρων, οὐδὲ ὅταν σωφρονῇς, εἴ γε μισθῷ αὐτὸ ποιεῖς: οὐδὲν γὰρ ἡγῇ τὴν ἀρετὴν, εἴ γε μὴ ἐρᾷς αὐτῆς. Ἀλλ' ὁ Θεὸς διὰ τὴν πολλὴν ἡμῶν ἀσθένειαν τέως κἂν μισθοῦ ἠθέλησεν αὐτὴν γενέσθαι: ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐδὲ οὕτω μέτιμεν αὐτήν. Θῶμεν δὲ, εἰ βούλεσθε, ὅτι ἄνθρωπός τις μυρία ἐργασάμενος κακὰ ἄπεισι, καὶ καταξιωθεὶς τοῦ βαπτίσματος (ὅπερ οὐ ταχέως οἶμαι συμβαίνειν), πῶς ἀπελεύσεται ἐκεῖ, εἰπέ μοι; Ὑπὲρ μὲν τῶν εἰργασμένων οὐκ ἐγκαλούμενος, ἀπαῤῥησίαστος δὲ ὢν, εἰκότως. Ὅταν γὰρ ἑκατὸν ἔτη βιώσας, μηδὲν ἀγαθὸν ἔργον ἐπιδείξηται, ἀλλὰ μόνον, ὅτι οὐχ ἥμαρτε, μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ τοῦτο, ἀλλ' ὅτι χάριτι μόνῃ διεσώθη, ἑτέρους δὲ ἐστεφανωμένους λαμπροὺς καὶ εὐδοκίμους ἴδῃ: κἂν εἰς γέενναν μὴ ἐμπέσῃ, ἆρα οἴσει τὴν ἀθυμίαν, εἰπέ μοι; Ἵνα δὲ ἐπὶ ὑποδείγματος τὸ πρᾶγμα ποιήσω φανερώτερον, ἔστωσαν δύο στρατιῶται, καὶ ὁ μὲν κλεπτέτω, ἀδικείτω, πλεονεκτείτω: ὁ δὲ μηδὲν τούτων ἐργαζέσθω, ἀλλὰ ἀνδραγαθείτω, μεγάλα κατορθούτω, ἐν πολέμοις τρόπαια ἱστάτω, αἱματτέτω τὴν δεξιάν: εἶτα καιροῦ ἐπιστάντος, ὁ μὲν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀξίας ἐκείνης, ἐν ᾗ καὶ ὁ κλέπτης ἦν, ἀθρόον ἐπὶ τὸν βασιλικὸν θρόνον καὶ τὴν ἁλουργίδα ἀγέσθω: ἐκεῖνος δὲ ὁ κλέπτης ἐκεῖ μενέτω, ἔνθα ἦν, ἀπὸ δὲ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας μόνον τῆς βασιλικῆς μὴ διδότω δίκην ὧν ἔδρασεν, ἐν μέντοι τῷ ἐσχάτῳ τόπῳ ἔστω, καὶ ὑπὸ τῷ βασιλεῖ ταττέσθω: ἆρα οἴσει τὴν ἀθυμίαν, εἰπέ μοι, ὅταν ἴδῃ τὸν μὲν μετ' αὐτοῦ πρὸς αὐτὴν δήπου ἀνελθόντα τῶν ἀξιωμάτων τὴν κορυφὴν, καὶ οὕτω λαμπρὸν γενόμενον, καὶ τῆς οἰκουμένης κρατοῦντα, ἑαυτὸν δὲ ἔτι κάτω μένοντα, καὶ οὐδὲ αὐτὸ τὸ μὴ κολασθῆναι μετὰ τιμῆς ἔχοντα, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τῆς χάριτος καὶ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τοῦ βασιλέως; κἂν γὰρ ἀφῇ ὁ βασιλεὺς, καὶ ἐγκλημάτων ἀπαλλάξῃ, ἀλλ' ὅμως αἰσχυνόμενος βιώσεται: οὐ γὰρ δὴ καὶ ἄλλοι αὐτὸν θαυμάσονται. Ἐν γὰρ ταῖς τοιαύταις συγχωρήσεσιν οὐ τοὺς λαμβάνοντας τὰ δῶρα, ἀλλὰ τοὺς διδόντας θαυμάζομεν: καὶ ὅσῳ ἂν μείζονα δῶσι δῶρα, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον καταισχύνονται οἱ λαμβάνοντες, ὅταν μεγάλα ᾖ αὐτοῖς τὰ ἡμαρτημένα. Ποίοις οὖν ὀφθαλμοῖς ἀντιβλέψαι δυνήσεται ὁ τοιοῦτος τοῖς ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις οὖσιν, ἐκείνων μυρίους ἱδρῶτας καὶ τραύματα ἐπιδεικνυμένων, αὐτὸς οὐδὲν ἔχων ἐπιδεῖξαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὸ τὸ σωθῆναι ἀπὸ μόνης τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ φιλανθρωπίας ἔχων; Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις ἀνδροφόνον, κλέπτην, μοιχὸν μέλλοντα ἀπάγεσθαι ἐξαιτήσαιτο, καὶ κελεύσειεν εἶναι παρὰ τὰ πρόθυρα τῶν βασιλείων, οὐδενὶ δυνήσεται ἀντιβλέψαι ἐκεῖνος λοιπὸν, εἰ καὶ τῆς τιμωρίας ἀπήλλακται: οὕτω δὴ καὶ οὗτος. εʹ. Μὴ γὰρ δὴ, ἐπειδὴ βασίλεια λέγεται, νομίσητε πάντας τῶν αὐτῶν τυγχάνειν. Εἰ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ὁ ὕπαρχος, καὶ πάντες οἱ περὶ τὸν βασιλέα, καὶ οἱ σφόδρα καταδεέστεροι καὶ τὸν τῶν λεγομένων δεκανῶν τόπον ἐπέχοντες, ἐν τοῖς βασιλείοις εἰσὶ, καίτοι τοσούτου ὄντος τοῦ μέσου τοῦ ὑπάρχου καὶ τοῦ δεκανοῦ: πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐν τοῖς ἄνω βασιλείοις τοῦτο ἔσται. Καὶ τοῦτο οὐκ ἀπ' ἐμαυτοῦ λέγω: καὶ γὰρ ἑτέραν τούτων μείζονα τίθησι διαφορὰν ὁ Παῦλος. Ὅσαι γὰρ διαφοραὶ, φησὶν, ἀπὸ ἡλίου ἕως σελήνης, καὶ ἀστέρων καὶ τοῦ μικροτάτου ἀστέρος, τοσαῦται καὶ τῶν ἐν τῇ βασιλείᾳ. Καὶ ὅτι πολλῷ πλέον τοῦ δεκανοῦ λεγομένου καὶ τοῦ ὑπάρχου, τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τοῦ μικροτάτου ἀστέρος τὸ διάφορον, δῆλον ἅπασιν. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἥλιος πᾶσαν ὁμοῦ καταλάμπει τὴν οἰκουμένην καὶ φαιδρὰν ποιεῖ, καὶ σελήνην καὶ ἀστέρας ἀποκρύπτει: ὁ δὲ πολλάκις οὐδὲ φαίνεται, καὶ ταῦτα ἐν σκότῳ: πολλοὶ γάρ εἰσι τῶν ἀστέρων, οὓς οὐχ ὁρῶμεν. Ὅταν οὖν ἑτέρους ὁρῶμεν ἡλίους γινομένους, ἡμεῖς δὲ τῶν ἀστέρων τῶν σμικροτάτων τὴν τάξιν ἔχωμεν τῶν οὐδὲ φαινομένων, τίς ἔσται ἡμῖν παραμυθία; Μὴ, παρακαλῶ, μὴ οὕτω νωθεῖς ὦμεν, μὴ οὕτως ἀργοὶ, μὴ πραγματευώμεθα τὴν παρὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ σωτηρίαν εἰς ῥᾳθυμίαν, ἀλλ' ἐμπορευώμεθα αὐτὴν, καὶ πληθύνωμεν. Κἂν γὰρ κατηχούμενός τις ᾖ, ἀλλὰ τὸν Χριστὸν οἶδεν, ἀλλὰ τὴν πίστιν ἔγνω, ἀλλὰ τῶν θείων ἐπακούει λόγων, ἀλλ' οὐ πόῤῥω ἐστὶ τῆς θείας γνώσεως, οἶδε τὸ θέλημα τοῦ Δεσπότου αὐτοῦ. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἀναβάλλεται; τίνος ἕνεκεν μέλλει καὶ ὑπερτίθεται; Οὐδὲν βίου κρεῖττον καλοῦ, καὶ ἐνταῦθα κἀκεῖ, καὶ ἐπὶ φωτιζομένων καὶ ἐπὶ κατηχουμένων. Τί γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, φορτικὸν ἐπιτετάγμεθα; Ἔχε, φησὶ, γυναῖκα, καὶ σωφρόνει. Τοῦτο φορτικὸν, εἰπέ μοι; καὶ πῶς, ὅπου γε πολλοὶ καὶ χωρὶς γυναικὸς σωφρονοῦσιν, οὐ Χριστιανοὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἕλληνες; Ὃ ὑπερβαίνει τοίνυν ὁ Ἕλλην διὰ κενοδοξίαν, σὺ οὐδὲ τοῦτο τηρεῖς διὰ τὸν φόβον τοῦ Θεοῦ; Δίδου, φησὶ, πένησιν ἐκ τῶν ὄντων. Τοῦτο φορτικόν; Ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐνταῦθα κατηγοροῦσιν ἡμῶν Ἕλληνες, ὁλοκλήρους οὐσίας κενώσαντες διὰ κενοδοξίαν μόνην. Μὴ αἰσχρολόγει. Τοῦτο δύσκολον; εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἐπετέτακτο, οὐκ ἔδει αὐτὸ κατορθοῦν, ἵνα μὴ ἄτιμοι φαινώμεθα; ὅτι γὰρ τὸ ἐναντίον δύσκολον, τὸ αἰσχρολογεῖν λέγω, δῆλον ἐξ ὧν αἰδεῖται ἡ ψυχὴ καὶ ἐρυθριᾷ, ἐάν τι τοιοῦτον εἰπεῖν προαχθῇ, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐρεῖ, ἐὰν μὴ τάχα μεθύῃ. Διὰ τί γὰρ ἐπ' ἀγορᾶς καθήμενος, κἂν ἐπὶ οἰκίας τοῦτο ποιῇς, ἐκεῖ οὐ ποιεῖς; ἆρα οὐχὶ διὰ τοὺς παρόντας; διὰ τί ἐπὶ τῆς γυναικός σου ταχέως τὸ αὐτὸ μὴ ποιεῖς; ἆρα οὐχ ἵνα μὴ αὐτὴν ὑβρίσῃς; Ἵνα μὴ ὑβρίσῃς τοίνυν τὴν γυναῖκά σου, οὐ ποιεῖς: τὸν δὲ Θεὸν ὑβρίζων οὐκ ἐρυθριᾷς; πανταχοῦ γὰρ πάρεστι, καὶ πάντα ἀκούει. Μὴ μέθυε, φησί: καλῶς. Τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸ καθ' ἑαυτὸ οὐ κόλασις; Οὐκ εἶπε, Κατάτεινον τὸ σῶμα, ἀλλὰ τί; Μὴ μέθυε: τουτέστι, μὴ οὕτως αὐτὸ ἐκτραχηλίσῃς, ὡς τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελέσθαι τὴν ἀρχήν. Τί οὖν; οὐ χρὴ προνοεῖσθαι τοῦ σώματος; Μὴ γένοιτο: οὐ τοῦτο λέγω, ἀλλ' εἰς ἐπιθυμίας αὐτοῦ μὴ προνόει: οὕτω γὰρ καὶ Παῦλος ἐκέλευσε λέγων: Καὶ τῆς σαρκὸς πρόνοιαν μὴ ποιεῖσθε εἰς ἐπιθυμίας. Μὴ ἅρπαζε, φησὶ, τὰ μὴ σὰ, μὴ πλεονέκτει, μὴ ἐπιόρκει. Ποίων πόνων ταῦτα δεῖται; ποίων ἱδρώτων; Μὴ κακηγόρει, φησὶ, μηδὲ συκοφάντει. Ποῖον ἔχει τοῦτο πόνον; Τοὐναντίον μὲν οὖν πόνος. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ εἴπῃς κακῶς, εὐθέως ἐν κινδύνῳ εἶ, ἐν ὑποψίᾳ, Μὴ ἤκουσε περὶ οὗ εἶπον, ἄν τε μέγας ᾖ, ἄν τε μικρός: ἂν μὲν γὰρ μέγας ᾖ, ἐν ἔργοις κινδυνεύσεις εὐθέως: ἂν δὲ μικρὸς, τοῖς ἴσοις σε ἀμυνεῖται, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ χαλεπωτέροις: μειζόνως γάρ σε ἐρεῖ κακῶς. Οὐδὲν δύσκολον, οὐδὲν φορτικὸν ἐπιτετάγμεθα, ἂν βουλώμεθα: ἂν δὲ μὴ βουλώμεθα, καὶ τὰ ῥᾷστα φορτικὰ ἡμῖν φανεῖται. Τί τοῦ φαγεῖν ῥᾷον; ἀλλ' ὑπὸ πολλῆς βλακείας πολλοὶ καὶ πρὸς τοῦτο δυσχεραίνουσι: πολλῶν δὲ ἀκούω λεγόντων, ὅτι καὶ τὸ φαγεῖν κάματος. Οὐδὲν τούτων ἔχει κάματον, ἂν θέλῃς: ἐν γὰρ τῷ θέλειν πάντα κεῖται, μετὰ τὴν ἄνωθεν χάριν. Θελήσωμεν οὖν τὰ ἀγαθὰ, ἵνα καὶ τῶν αἰωνίων τύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ.