John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of John

[1.] Little children who go daily to their teachers receive their lessons, and repeat636 ἀ ποδίδωσι. them, and never cease from this kind of acquisition, but sometimes employ nights as well as days, and this they are compelled637 al. [by you]. to do for perishable and transient things. Now we do not ask of you who are come to age such toil as you require of your children; for not every day, but two days only in the week do we exhort you to hearken to our words, and only for a short portion of the day, that your task may be an easy one. For the same reason also we divide638 διαξαίνομεν to you in small portions what is written in Scripture, that you may be able easily to receive and lay them up in the storehouses of your minds, and take such pains to remember them all, as to be able exactly to repeat them to others yourselves, unless any one be sleepy, and dull, and more idle than a little child.

Let us now attend to the sequel of what has been before said. When Nicodemus fell into error and wrested the words of Christ to the earthly birth, and said that it was not possible for an old man to be born again, observe how Christ in answer more clearly reveals the manner of the Birth, which even thus had difficulty for the carnal enquirer, yet still was able to raise the hearer from his low opinion of it. What saith He? “Verily I say unto thee, Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of God.” What He declares is this: “Thou sayest that it is impossible, I say that it is so absolutely possible as to be necessary, and that it is not even possible otherwise to be saved.” For necessary things God hath made exceedingly easy also. The earthly birth which is according to the flesh, is of the dust, and therefore heaven639 lit. “things in heaven.” is walled against it, for what hath earth in common with heaven? But that other, which is of the Spirit, easily unfolds to us the arches640 ἀ ψῖδας. above. Hear, ye as many as are unilluminated,641 i.e. unbaptized. shudder, groan, fearful is the threat, fearful the sentence.642 ἀ πόφασις. “It is not (possible),” He saith, “for one not born of water and the Spirit, to enter into the Kingdom of heaven”; because he wears the raiment of death, of cursing, of perdition, he hath not yet received his Lord’s token,643 σύμβολον. he is a stranger and an alien, he hath not the royal watchword. “Except,” He saith, “a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the Kingdom of heaven.”

Yet even thus Nicodemus did not understand. Nothing is worse than to commit spiritual things to argument; it was this that would not suffer him to suppose anything sublime and great. This is why we are called faithful, that having left the weakness of human reasonings below,644 or, “which is below.” we may ascend to the height of faith, and commit most of our blessings to her645 al. “this.” teaching;646 i.e. submit to the teaching of faith concerning them. and if Nicodemus had done this, the thing would not have been thought by him impossible. What then doth Christ? To lead him away from his groveling imagination, and to show that He speaks not of the earthly birth, He saith, “Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit he cannot enter into the Kingdom of heaven.” This He spoke, willing to draw him to the faith by the terror of the threat, and to persuade him not to deem the thing impossible, and taking pains to move him from his imagination as to the carnal birth. “I mean,” saith He, “another Birth, O Nicodemus. Why drawest thou down the saying to earth? Why subjectest thou the matter to the necessity of nature? This Birth is too high for such pangs as these; it hath nothing in common with you; it is indeed called ‘birth,’ but in name only has it aught in common, in reality it is different. Remove thyself from that which is common and familiar; a different kind of childbirth bring I into the world; in another manner will I have men to be generated: I have come to bring a new manner of Creation. I formed (man) of earth and water; but that which was formed was unprofitable, the vessel was wrenched awry;647 διεστράφη. I will no more form them of earth and water, but ‘of water’ and ‘of the Spirit.’”

And if any one asks, “How of water?” I also will ask, How of earth? How was the clay separated into different parts? How was the material uniform, (it was earth only,) and the things made from it, various and of every kind? Whence are the bones, and sinews, and arteries, and veins? Whence the membranes, and vessels of the organs, the cartilages, the tissues, the liver, spleen, and heart? whence the skin, and blood, and mucus, and bile? whence so great powers, whence such varied colors? These belong not to earth or clay. How does the earth, when it receives the seeds, cause them to shoot, while the flesh receiving them wastes them? How does the earth nourish what is put into it, while the flesh is nourished by these things, and does not nourish them? The earth, for instance, receives water, and makes it wine; the flesh often receives wine, and changes it into water. Whence then is it clear that these things are formed of earth, when the nature of the earth is, according to what has been said,648 κατὰ τὰ εἰρημένα. This seems to be the best reading, and is found in Morel. Ben. and mss. Savile reads the passage thus: τὸ σῶμα ; τὰ εἰρημένα λογισμῷ μὲν εὐρεῖν, κ.τ.λ. contrary to that of the body? I cannot discover by reasoning, I accept it by faith only. If then things which take place daily, and which we handle, require faith, much more do those which are more mysterious and more spiritual than these. For as the earth, which is soulless and motionless, was empowered by the will of God, and such wonders were worked in it; much more when the Spirit is present with the water, do all those things so strange and transcending reason, easily take place.

[2.] Do not then disbelieve these things, because thou seest them not; thou dost not see thy soul, and yet thou believest that thou hast a soul, and that it is a something different besides649 παρὰ. the body.

But Christ led him not in by this example, but by another; the instance of the soul, though it is incorporeal, He did not adduce for that reason, because His hearer’s disposition was as yet too dull. He sets before him another, which has no connection with the density of solid bodies, yet does not reach so high as to the incorporeal natures; that is, the movement of wind. He begins at first with water, which is lighter than earth, but denser than air. And as in the beginning earth was the subject material,650 ὑ πεκεῖτο στοιχεῖον. but the whole651 τὸ πᾶν, i.e. the fabric of the human body. was of Him who molded it; so also now water is the subject material, and the whole652 i.e. the new man. is of the grace of the Spirit: then, “man became a living soul,” ( Gen. ii. 7 ); now he becomes “a quickening Spirit.” But great is the difference between the two. Soul affords not life to any other than him in whom it is; Spirit not only lives, but affords life to others also. Thus, for instance, the Apostles even raised the dead. Then, man was formed last, when the creation had been accomplished; now, on the contrary, the new man is formed before the new creation; he is born first, and then the world is fashioned anew. ( 1 Cor. xv. 45.) And as in the beginning He formed him entire, so He creates him entire now. Then He said, “Let us make for him a help” ( Gen. ii. 18 , LXX.), but here He said nothing of the kind. What other help shall he need, who has received the gift of the Spirit? What further need of assistance has he, who belongs to 653 ὁ τελῶν εἰς τὸ σῶμα. the Body of Christ? Then He made man in the image of God, now He hath united654 ἥ νωσε. him with God Himself; then He bade him rule over the fishes and beasts, now He hath exalted our first-fruits above the heavens; then He gave him a garden for his abode,655 δίαιταν. now He hath opened heaven to us; then man was formed on the sixth day, when the world656 αἰὼν. was almost finished; but now on the first, at the very beginning, at the time when light was made before. From all which it is plain, that the things accomplished belonged to657 al. “were the first-fruits of.” another and a better life, and to a condition658 καταστάσεως. having no end.

The first creation then, that of Adam, was from earth; the next, that of the woman, from his rib; the next, that of Abel, from seed; yet we cannot arrive at the comprehension of659 ἐ φίκεσθαι. any one of these, nor prove the circumstances by argument, though they are of a most earthly nature;660 παχύτατα. how then shall we be able to give account of the unseen661 νοητῆς. generation662 γεννήσεως. by Baptism, which is far more exalted than these, or to require arguments663 Morel. and ms. in Bodl. “but if it is impossible to reply to these questions, how shall it not be more impossible to speak concerning the unseen and far higher Generation? or rather, how is it not superfluous to demand reasons,” &c. for that strange and marvelous Birth?664 λοχείας. Since even Angels stand by while that Generation takes place, but they could not tell the manner of that marvelous working, they stand by only, not performing anything, but beholding what takes place. The Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, worketh all. Let us then believe the declaration of God; that is more trustworthy than actual seeing. The sight often is in error, it is impossible that God’s Word should fail; let us then believe it; that which called the things that were not into existence may well be trusted when it speaks of their nature. What then says it? That what is effected is a Generation. If any ask, “How,” stop his mouth with the declaration of God,665 al. “of Christ.” which is the strongest and a plain proof. If any enquire, “Why is water included?” let us also in return ask, “Wherefore was earth employed at the beginning in the creation of man?” for that it was possible for God to make man without earth, is quite plain to every one. Be not then over-curious.

That the need of water is absolute and indispensable,666 ἀ ναγκαία καὶ ἀπαραίτητος. you may learn in this way. On one occasion, when the Spirit had flown down before the water was applied, the Apostle did not stay at this point, but, as though the water were necessary and not superfluous, observe what he says; “Can any man forbid water, that these should not be baptized, which have received the Holy Ghost as well as we?” ( Acts x. 47.)

What then is the use of the water? This too I will tell you hereafter, when I reveal to you the hidden mystery.667 [as it is allowed me from above] Morel. There are also other points of mystical teaching connected with the matter, but for the present I will mention to you one out of many. What is this one? In Baptism are fulfilled the pledges of our covenant with God;668 θεῖα τελεῖται ἐν αὐτῷ σύμβολα. So in Euseb. Hist. Ecc. x. 3. Baptism is said to be σωτηρίου πάθους ἀπόῤῥητα σύμβολα. See also Rufinus. de Constant. 9. 9. burial and death, resurrection and life; and these take place all at once. For when we immerse our heads in the water, the old man is buried as in a tomb below, and wholly sunk forever;669 Morel. “having been immersed below, is hidden wholly once for all.” [The whole passage is important for the patristic view of the mode of baptism.—P.S.] then as we raise them again, the new man rises in its stead.670 πάλιν. As it is easy for us to dip and to lift our heads again, so it is easy for God to bury the old man, and to show forth the new. And this is done thrice, that you may learn that the power of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost fulfilleth all this. To show that what we say is no conjecture, hear Paul saying, “We are buried with Him by Baptism into death”: and again, “Our old man is crucified with Him”: and again, “We have been planted together in the likeness of His death.” ( Rom. vi. 4, 5, 6.) And not only is Baptism called a “cross,” but the “cross” is called “Baptism.” “With the Baptism,” saith Christ, “that I am baptized withal shall ye be baptized” ( Mark x. 39 ): and, “I have a Baptism to be baptized with” ( Luke xii. 50 ) (which ye know not); for as we easily dip and lift our heads again, so He also easily died and rose again when He willed or rather much more easily, though He tarried the three days for the dispensation of a certain mystery.

[3.] Let us then who have been deemed worthy of such mysteries show forth a life worthy of the Gift, that is, a most excellent conversation;671 πολιτείαν. and do ye who have not yet been deemed worthy, do all things that you may be so, that we may be one body, that we may be brethren. For as long as we are divided in this respect, though a man be father, or son, or brother, or aught else, he is no true kinsman, as being cut off from that relationship which is from above. What advantageth it to be bound by the ties of earthly family, if we are not joined by those of the spiritual? what profits nearness of kin on earth, if we are to be strangers in heaven? For the Catechumen is a stranger to the Faithful. He hath not the same Head, he hath not the same Father, he hath not the same City, nor Food, nor Raiment, nor Table, nor House, but all are different; all are on earth to the former, to the latter all are in heaven. One has Christ for his King; the other, sin and the devil; the food672 al. “the delight.” of one is Christ, of the other, that meat which decays and perishes; one has worms’ work for his raiment, the other the Lord of angels; heaven is the city of one, earth of the other. Since then we have nothing in common, in what, tell me, shall we hold communion? Did we remove the same pangs,673 i.e. “were we twins.” did we come forth from the same womb? This has nothing to do with that most perfect relationship. Let us then give diligence that we may become citizens of the city which is above. How long do we tarry over the border,674 ὑ περορίας. when we ought to reclaim our ancient country? We risk no common danger; for if it should come to pass, (which God forbid!) that through the sudden arrival of death we depart hence uninitiated,675 i.e. unbaptized. though we have ten thousand virtues, our portion will be no other than hell, and the venomous worm, and fire unquenchable, and bonds indissoluble. But God grant that none of those who hear these words experience that punishment! And this will be, if having been deemed worthy of the sacred mysteries, we build upon that foundation gold, and silver, and precious stones; for so after our departure hence we shall be able to appear in that place rich, when we leave not our riches here, but transport them to inviolable treasuries by the hands of the poor, when we lend to Christ. Many are our debts there, not of money, but of sins; let us then lend Him our riches, that we may receive pardon for our sins; for He it is that judgeth. Let us not neglect Him here when He hungereth, that He may ever feed us there. Here let us clothe Him, that He leave us not bare of the safety which is from Him. If here we give Him drink, we shall not with the rich man say, “Send Lazarus, that with the tip of his finger he may drop water on my broiling676 ἀ ποτηγανιζομένῃ. tongue.” If here we receive Him into our house, there He will prepare many mansions for us; if we go to Him in prison, He too will free us from our bonds; if we take Him in when He is a stranger, He will not suffer us to be strangers to the Kingdom of heaven, but will give us a portion in the City which is above; if we visit Him when He is sick, He also will quickly deliver us from our infirmities.

Let us then, as receiving great things though we give but little, still give the little that we may gain the great. While it is yet time, let us sow, that we may reap. When the winter overtakes us, when the sea is no longer navigable, we are no longer masters of this traffic. But when shall the winter be? When that great and manifest Day is at hand. Then we shall cease to sail this great and broad sea, for such the present life resembles. Now is the time of sowing, then of harvest and of gain. If a man puts not in his seed at seed time and sows in harvest, besides that he effects nothing, he will be ridiculous. But if the present is seed time, it follows that it is a time not for gathering together, but for scattering; let us then scatter, that we may gather in, and not seek to gather in now, lest we lose our harvest; for, as I said, this season summons us to sow, and spend, and lay out, not to collect and lay by. Let us not then give up the opportunity, but let us put in abundant seed, and spare none of our stores, that we may receive them again with abundant recompense, through the grace and lovingkindness of our Lord Jesus Christ, with whom to the Father and the Holy Ghost be glory, world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΚΕʹ. Ἀπεκρίθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς: Ἀμὴν λέγω σοι: Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ. αʹ. Τὰ παιδία τὰ μικρὰ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν εἰς διδασκάλους φοιτῶντα, καὶ δέχεται τὰ μαθήματα καὶ ἀποδίδωσι, καὶ οὐδέποτε παύεται ταύτης τῆς κτήσεως: ἀλλ' ἔστιν ὅτε καὶ τὰς νύκτας προστίθησι ταῖς ἡμέραις, καὶ ταῦτα ὑπὲρ ἐπικήρων καὶ προσκαίρων πραγμάτων παρ' ὑμῶν ἀναγκάζεται ποιεῖν. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὑμᾶς τοὺς ἐν ἡλικίᾳ γενομένους ἡμεῖς τοσοῦτον ἀπαιτοῦμεν πόνον, ὅσον ὑμεῖς τοὺς παῖδας τοὺς ὑμετέρους. Οὐ γὰρ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμέραν, ἀλλὰ δύο μόνον τῆς ἑβδομάδος ἡμέρας παρακαλοῦμεν προσέχειν τοῖς λεγομένοις πρὸς βραχὺ τῆς ἡμέρας μέρος, ὥστε κοῦφον ὑμῖν γενέσθαι τὸν πόνον. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ κατὰ μικρὸν διαξαίνομεν ὑμῖν τὰ ἐν ταῖς Γραφαῖς κείμενα, ἵνα μετ' εὐκολίας ἐξῇ λαβεῖν ὑμῖν αὐτὰ, καὶ τοῖς ταμιείοις ἐναποθέσθαι τῆς διανοίας, καὶ οὕτω πάντα διὰ μνήμης ποιεῖσθαι σπουδάζειν, ὡς δύνασθαι καὶ ἀπαγγέλλειν αὐτὰ μετὰ ἀκριβείας ὑμᾶς: πλὴν εἰ μή τις σφόδρα ὑπνηλὸς εἴη καὶ νωθὴς, καὶ παιδίου μικροῦ ῥᾳθυμότερος. Ἀλλὰ φέρε πάλιν ἁψώμεθα τῆς ἀκολουθίας τῶν ἔμπροσθεν εἰρημένων, καὶ ἴδωμεν πῶς τοῦ Νικοδήμου καταπεσόντος, καὶ πρὸς τὴν ἐνταῦθα γέννησιν ἕλκοντος τὸ εἰρημένον, καὶ λέγοντος, ἀδύνατον εἶναι γέροντα γεννηθῆναι ἄνωθεν, ὁ Χριστὸς σαφέστερον ἀποκαλύπτει τῆς γεννήσεως τὸν τρόπον, ἔχοντα μὲν καὶ οὕτω δυσκολίαν τῷ ψυχικῶς ἐρωτῶντι, δυνάμενον δὲ ὅμως ἀπὸ τῆς ταπεινότητος ἀναγαγεῖν τὸν ἀκούοντα. Τί γάρ φησιν; Ἀμὴν λέγω σοι: Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τοῦ Θεοῦ. Ὃ δὲ διὰ τούτου δηλοῖ, τοῦτό ἐστι: Σὺ μὲν ἀδύνατον αὐτὸ φὴς εἶναι: ἐγὼ δὲ οὕτως αὐτὸ σφόδρα δυνατὸν εἶναι λέγω, ὡς καὶ ἀναγκαῖον εἶναι, καὶ μηδὲ δυνατὸν ἄλλως σωθῆναι. Τὰ γὰρ ἀναγκαῖα, σφόδρα ἡμῖν εὔκολα πεποίηκεν ὁ Θεός. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ γηΐνη γέννησις ἡ κατὰ σάρκα ἀπὸ τοῦ χοός ἐστι: διὸ καὶ ἀποτετείχισται τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς αὐτῇ: τί γὰρ κοινὸν τῇ γῇ πρὸς τὸν οὐρανόν; ἐκείνη δὲ ἐκ Πνεύματος οὖσα, ῥᾳδίως ἡμῖν τὰς ἁψῖδας ἀναπετάννυσι τὰς ἄνω. Ἀκούσατε ὅσοι τοῦ φωτίσματός ἐστε ἐκτός: φρίξατε, στενάξατε: φοβερὰ γὰρ ἡ ἀπειλὴ, φοβερὰ ἡ ἀπόφασις. Οὐκ ἔστι, φησὶ, τὸν μὴ γεννηθέντα ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Διότι τὸ τοῦ θανάτου φορεῖ ἔνδυμα, τὸ τῆς κατάρας, τὸ τῆς φθορᾶς: οὐδέπω τὸ Δεσποτικὸν ἔλαβε σύμβολον: ξένος ἐστὶ καὶ ἀλλότριος: οὐκ ἔχει τὸ σύνθημα τὸ βασιλικόν. Ἐὰν μή τις, φησὶ, γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ἀλλ' ὁ Νικόδημος οὐδὲ οὕτω συνῆκεν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ χεῖρον τοῦ τοῖς λογισμοῖς τὰ πνευματικὰ ἐπιτρέπειν. Τοῦτο καὶ τοῦτον οὐκ ἀφῆκεν ὑψηλόν τι καὶ μέγα φαντασθῆναι. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἡμεῖς πιστοὶ καλούμεθα, ἵνα τῶν λογισμῶν τὴν ἀσθένειαν ἀφέντες τὴν κάτω, πρὸς τὸ ὕψος τῆς πίστεως ἀναβῶμεν, καὶ τὰ πλείονα τῶν ἀγαθῶν τῶν ἡμετέρων τῇ διδασκαλίᾳ ταύτῃ ἐπιτρέψωμεν: ὅπερ εἰ καὶ Νικόδημος ἐποίησεν, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῷ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἀδύνατον εἶναι ἐνομίσθη. Τί οὖν ὁ Χριστός; Ἀπάγων αὐτὸν τῆς ἐννοίας ταύτης τῆς χαμαὶ συρομένης, καὶ δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐ περὶ ταύτης διαλέγεται τῆς γεννήσεως, λέγει τὸ, Ἐὰν μή τις γεννηθῇ ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος, οὐ δύναται εἰσελθεῖν εἰς τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν. Ταῦτα δὲ ἐφθέγγετο, τῷ φόβῳ τῆς ἀπειλῆς ἐπισπάσασθαι πρὸς τὴν πίστιν αὐτὸν βουλόμενος, καὶ πεῖσαι τὸ πρᾶγμα μὴ νομίζειν εἶναι ἀδύνατον, καὶ τῆς περὶ τὴν σαρκικὴν γέννησιν φαντασίας ἀποστῆσαι σπουδάζων. Ἑτέραν λέγω γέννησιν, φησὶν, ὦ Νικόδημε: τί τὸν λόγον ἕλκεις πρὸς τὴν γῆν; τί τῇ τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκῃ τὸ πρᾶγμα ὑποβάλλεις; Ἀνώτερός ἐστι τῶν τοιούτων ὠδίνων οὗτος ὁ τόκος, οὐδὲν ἔχει κοινὸν πρὸς ὑμᾶς: γέννησις μὲν γὰρ καὶ αὕτη λέγεται, ἀλλὰ τῷ ὀνόματι κοινωνεῖ, τῷ δὲ πράγματι διέστηκεν. Ἀπόστησον σαυτὸν τῆς κοινῆς συνηθείας: ἑτέραν εἰσάγω λοχείαν εἰς τὸν κόσμον: ἄλλως βούλομαι γεννᾶσθαι τοὺς ἀνθρώπους: ξένον ἦλθον κομίζων δημιουργίας τρόπον. Ἔπλασα ἀπὸ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος: οὐκ ἐγένετο χρήσιμον τὸ πλασθὲν, ἀλλὰ διεστράφη τὸ σκεῦος. Οὐκ ἔτι λοιπὸν ἀπὸ γῆς καὶ ὕδατος πλάσαι βούλομαι, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὕδατος καὶ Πνεύματος. Εἰ δέ τις ἐρωτᾷ, Πῶς ἀπὸ ὕδατος; ἐρωτῶ κἀγὼ, Πῶς ἀπὸ γῆς; πῶς γὰρ ὁ πηλὸς εἰς διάφορα μέρη κατεμερίσθη; πῶς τὸ μὲν ὑποκείμενον μονοειδὲς (γῆ γὰρ ἦν μόνη), τὰ δὲ ἐξ αὐτῆς γενόμενα ποικίλα καὶ παντοδαπά; Πόθεν ὀστᾶ, καὶ νεῦρα, καὶ ἀρτηρίαι, καὶ φλέβες; πόθεν ὑμένες, καὶ ἀγγεῖα ὀργανικὰ, καὶ χόνδροι, καὶ χιτῶνες, ἧπαρ, καὶ σπλὴν, καὶ καρδία; πόθεν δέρμα, καὶ αἷμα, καὶ φλέγμα, καὶ χολή; πόθεν αἱ τοσαῦται ἐνέργειαι; πόθεν χρώματα ποικίλα; ταῦτα γὰρ οὐ γῆς, οὐδὲ πηλοῦ. Πῶς ἡ γῆ δεχομένη σπέρματα βλαστάνει, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ δεχομένη σπέρματα σήπει; πῶς ἡ γῆ τρέφει τὰ βαλλόμενα, ἡ δὲ σὰρξ τρέφεται ὑπὸ τούτων, οὐ τρέφει ταῦτα; Οἷον ἡ γῆ ἡ δεχομένη ὕδωρ, οἶνον ποιεῖ: ἡ σὰρξ δεχομένη πολλάκις οἶνον, εἰς ὕδωρ μετέβαλε. Πόθεν οὖν δῆλον ὅτι ἀπὸ τῆς γῆς ταῦτα, τῆς γῆς ἐναντίως ἐχούσης πρὸς τὸ σῶμα, κατὰ τὰ εἰρημένα; Λογισμῷ μὲν εὑρεῖν οὐ δύναμαι, πίστει δὲ δέχομαι μόνῃ. Εἰ τοίνυν τὰ καθ' ἡμέραν γινόμενα καὶ ψηλαφώμενα πίστεως δεῖται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὰ ἀποῤῥητότερα τούτων καὶ πνευματικώτερα. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ γῆ ἡ ἄψυχος, ἡ ἀκίνητος, ἐνεδυναμώθη τῷ θελήματι τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τοσαῦτα ἐξ αὐτῆς τὰ θαύματα γέγονεν: οὕτω καὶ τοῦ Πνεύματος τῷ ὕδατι παρόντος, τὰ παράδοξα ταῦτα καὶ λογισμὸν ὑπερβαίνοντα εὐκόλως πάντα γίνεται. βʹ. Μὴ τοίνυν, ἐπειδὴ μὴ ὁρᾷς αὐτὰ, ἀπίστει: ἐπεὶ οὐδὲ τὴν ψυχὴν ὁρᾷς, καὶ ὅμως πιστεύεις ἔχειν ψυχὴν, καὶ ἄλλο ψυχὴν εἶναί τι παρὰ τὸ σῶμα. Ἀλλ' ὁ Χριστὸς οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ παραδείγματος αὐτὸν ἐνῆγεν, ἀλλ' ἑτέρου. Τοῦτο μὲν γὰρ, εἰ καὶ ἀσώματόν ἐστιν, ἡ ψυχὴ λέγω, διὰ τοῦτο οὐ παρήγαγεν αὐτὸ, ἐπειδὴ ἔτι παχύτερον ἐκεῖνος διέκειτο. Τίθησι δὲ ἕτερον ὑπόδειγμα, ὃ μήτε κοινωνίαν τινὰ πρὸς τὴν τῶν σωμάτων ἔχει παχύτητα, μήτε εἰς τὴν τῶν ἀσωμάτων ἀνέβη φύσιν: ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἡ τοῦ ἀνέμου φορά. Καὶ πρῶτον ἀπὸ τοῦ ὕδατος ἄρχεται, τοῦ λεπτοτέρου μὲν τῆς γῆς, παχυτέρου δὲ τοῦ ἀνέμου. Ὥσπερ γὰρ ἐν ἀρχῇ ὑπέκειτο στοιχεῖον ἡ γῆ, τὸ δὲ πᾶν τοῦ διαπλάττοντος ἦν: οὕτω καὶ νῦν ὑπόκειται μὲν στοιχεῖον τὸ ὕδωρ, τὸ δὲ πᾶν τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματός ἐστι χάριτος: καὶ τότε μὲν Εἰς ψυχὴν ζῶσαν ἐγένετο ὁ ἄνθρωπος, νῦν δὲ εἰς Πνεῦμα ζωοποιοῦν. Πολὺ δὲ τὸ μέσον ἑκατέρων. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ψυχὴ οὐχ ἑτέρῳ παρέχει τὸ ζῇν, τὸ δὲ Πνεῦμα οὐ καθ' ἑαυτὸ ζῇ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἑτέροις παρέχει τοῦτο. Οὕτω γοῦν καὶ νεκροὺς ἀνέστησαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι. Καὶ τότε μὲν τῆς κτίσεως γενομένης, ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὕστερον πλάττεται: νῦν δὲ τοὐναντίον: πρὸ γὰρ τῆς καινῆς κτίσεως ὁ ἄνθρωπος ὁ νέος δημιουργεῖται. Καὶ γὰρ πρῶτος οὗτος γεννᾶται, καὶ τότε ὁ κόσμος μετασχηματίζεται. Καὶ καθάπερ ἐξ ἀρχῆς ὁλόκληρον ἔπλασεν, οὕτω καὶ νῦν ὁλόκληρον αὐτὸν δημιουργεῖ. Καὶ τότε μέν φησι, Ποιήσωμεν αὐτῷ βοηθόν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ οὐδὲν τοιοῦτον. Ὁ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος λαβὼν χάριν, τίνος δεήσεται βοηθοῦ ἑτέρου; ὁ εἰς τὸ σῶμα τοῦ Χριστοῦ τελῶν, ποίαν ἔχει λοιπὸν συμμαχίας χρείαν; Τότε κατ' εἰκόνα Θεοῦ ἐποίησε τὸν ἄνθρωπον, νῦν αὐτῷ τῷ Θεῷ ἥνωσε: τότε ἰχθύων ἄρχειν καὶ θηρίων ἐκέλευσε, νῦν ὑπεράνω τῶν οὐρανῶν τὴν ἀπαρχὴν ἡμῶν ἀνήγαγεν: τότε παράδεισον ἔδωκε τὴν δίαιταν, νῦν δὲ τὸν οὐρανὸν ἡμῖν ἀνέῳξε: τότε ἐπλάσθη τῇ ἕκτῃ ἡμέρᾳ, ἐπειδὴ ἔμελλε καὶ συντελεῖσθαι ὁ αἰών: νῦν δὲ τῇ πρώτῃ ἡμέρᾳ καὶ ἐν προοιμίοις, ὅτε καὶ τὸ φῶς. Ἐξ ὧν πάντων δῆλον, ὅτι ἑτέρας ζωῆς ἀμείνονος τὰ τελούμενα ἦν, καὶ καταστάσεως πέρας οὐκ ἐχούσης. Ἡ μὲν οὖν προτέρα πλάσις ἀπὸ γῆς, ἡ τοῦ Ἀδὰμ, καὶ ἀπὸ πλευρᾶς ἡ μετ' ἐκείνην, ἡ τῆς γυναικὸς, καὶ ἀπὸ σπέρματος ἡ μετ' αὐτὴν, ἡ τοῦ Ἄβελ: ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐδεμιᾶς ἐφικέσθαι δυνάμεθα τούτων, οὐδὲ παραστῆσαι λόγῳ τὰ γενόμενα, καίτοι παχύτατα ὄντα. Πῶς οὖν περὶ τῆς νοητῆς τῆς διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος γεννήσεως δυνησόμεθα δοῦναι εὐθύνας τῆς πολλῷ τούτων ὑψηλοτέρας, καὶ λογισμοὺς ἀπαιτεῖσθαι τῆς θαυμαστῆς καὶ παραδόξου ταύτης λοχείας; ἐπεὶ καὶ ἄγγελοι τῇ γεννήσει ταύτῃ παρεστήκασι γινομένῃ. Εἰπεῖν δὲ τὸν τρόπον οὐκ ἂν ἔχοι τις τῆς θαυμαστῆς ἐκείνης γεννήσεως τῆς διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος. Καὶ παρεστήκασι τελοῦντες μὲν οὐδὲν, μόνον ὁρῶντες δὲ τὰ γινόμενα. Πατὴρ καὶ Υἱὸς καὶ ἅγιον Πνεῦμα πάντα ἐργάζεται. Πειθώμεθα τοίνυν τῇ ἀποφάσει τοῦ Θεοῦ: ὄψεως γάρ ἐστιν αὐτὴν πιστοτέρα. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ ὄψις πολλαχοῦ καὶ σφάλλεται: ἐκείνην δὲ ἀμήχανον διαπεσεῖν. Πειθώμεθα τοίνυν αὐτῇ. Ἡ γὰρ τὰ μὴ ὄντα παραγαγοῦσα, ἀξιόπιστος ἂν εἴη καὶ περὶ τῆς φύσεως αὐτῶν διαλεγομένη. Τί οὖν αὕτη φησίν; Ὅτι γέννησίς ἐστι τὸ τελούμενον. Εἰ δέ τίς σοι λέγοι, Πῶς; ἐπιστόμισον αὐτὸν τῇ ἀποφάσει τοῦ Χριστοῦ, ἥπερ ἐστὶ μεγίστη καὶ σαφὴς ἀπόδειξις. Εἰ δέ τις ἐρωτῴη, τίνος ἕνεκεν τὸ ὕδωρ παρείληπται; ἀντερωτήσωμεν καὶ ἡμεῖς: Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν ἡ γῆ παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν εἰς τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου διάπλασιν παρήγετο; Ὅτι γὰρ καὶ τῆς γῆς χωρὶς ποιῆσαι ἄνθρωπον αὐτῷ δυνατὸν ἦν, παντί που δῆλον. Μηδὲν τοίνυν περιεργάζου. Ὅτι γὰρ ἀναγκαία καὶ ἀπαραίτητος ἡ τοῦ ὕδατος χρεία, οὕτως ἂν μάθοις. Τοῦ Πνεύματός ποτε καταπτάντος πρὸ τοῦ ὕδατος, οὐκ ἔστη μέχρις ἐκείνου ὁ Ἀπόστολος, ἀλλ' ὡς ἀναγκαίου καὶ τούτου καὶ οὐ περισσοῦ, ὅρα τί φησι: Μήτι τὸ ὕδωρ δύναταί τις κωλῦσαι, τοῦ μὴ βαπτισθῆναι τούτους, οἵτινες τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον ἔλαβον ὡς καὶ ἡμεῖς; Τίς οὖν ἐστιν ἡ τοῦ ὕδατος χρεία; Καὶ ταύτην ἤδη λοιπὸν ἐρῶ, τὸ μυστήριον ἐκκαλύπτων ὑμῖν τὸ ἀποκεκρυμμένον. Εἰσὶ μὲν γάρ τινες καὶ ἕτεροι ἀπόῤῥητοι λόγοι τοῦ πράγματος, τέως δὲ ἐκ τῶν πολλῶν ὑμῖν ἐγὼ ἕνα ἐρῶ. Τίς οὖν οὗτός ἐστι; Θεῖα τελεῖται ἐν αὐτῷ σύμβολα, τάφος καὶ νέκρωσις, καὶ ἀνάστασις καὶ ζωὴ, καὶ ταῦτα ὁμοῦ γίνεται πάντα. Καθάπερ γὰρ, ἔν τινι τάφῳ, τῷ ὕδατι καταδυόντων ἡμῶν τὰς κεφαλὰς, ὁ παλαιὸς ἄνθρωπος θάπτεται, καὶ, καταδὺς κάτω, κρύπτεται ὅλος καθάπαξ: εἶτα ἀνανευόντων ἡμῶν, ὁ καινὸς ἄνεισι πάλιν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εὔκολον ἡμῖν βαπτίσασθαι καὶ ἀνανεῦσαι, οὕτως εὔκολον τῷ Θεῷ θάψαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον τὸν παλαιὸν, καὶ ἀναδεῖξαι τὸν νέον. Τρίτον δὲ τοῦτο γίνεται, ἵνα μάθῃς, ὅτι δύναμις Πατρὸς καὶ Υἱοῦ καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου ἅπαντα ταῦτα πληροῖ. Καὶ ὅτι οὐ στοχασμὸς τὸ εἰρημένον, ἄκουσον Παύλου λέγοντος: Συνετάφημεν αὐτῷ διὰ τοῦ βαπτίσματος εἰς τὸν θάνατον: καὶ πάλιν, Ὁ παλαιὸς ἡμῶν ἄνθρωπος συνεσταυρώθη: καὶ πάλιν, Σύμφυτοι γεγόναμεν τῷ ὁμοιώματι τοῦ θανάτου αὐτοῦ. Οὐ μόνον δὲ τὸ βάπτισμα σταυρὸς λέγεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ ὁ σταυρὸς βάπτισμα. Τὸ γὰρ βάπτισμα, ὃ ἐγὼ βαπτίζομαι, φησὶ, βαπτισθήσεσθε: καὶ πάλιν, Βάπτισμα ἔχω βαπτισθῆναι, ὃ ὑμεῖς οὐκ οἴδατε. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἡμεῖς εὐκόλως βαπτιζόμεθα καὶ ἀνανεύομεν: οὕτω καὶ αὐτὸς εὐκόλως ἀποθανὼν, ὅτε ἠθέλησεν, ἀνέστη: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ πολλῷ ῥᾷον, εἰ καὶ τὰς τρεῖς ἡμέρας διὰ μυστηρίου τινὸς οἰκονομίαν ἀνέμενε. γʹ. Τηλικούτων οὖν μυστηρίων καταξιωθέντες, βίον ἐπιδειξώμεθα ἄξιον τῆς δωρεᾶς, πολιτείαν ἀρίστην. Οἱ δὲ μηδέπω τούτων καταξιωθέντες, πάντα πράττετε ὥστε καταξιωθῆναι, ἵνα γενώμεθα σῶμα ἓν, ἵνα ὦμεν ἀδελφοί. Ἕως μὲν γὰρ ἂν κατὰ τοῦτο διεστήκωμεν, κἂν πατήρ τις ᾖ, κἂν ἀδελφὸς, κἂν ὁστισοῦν, οὐδέπω συγγενής ἐστι γνήσιος, τῆς ἄνωθεν συγγενείας διεσπασμένος. Τί γὰρ ὄφελος ἀπὸ τοῦ πηλίνου γένους συνῆφθαι, ὅταν ἀπὸ τοῦ πνευματικοῦ μὴ συνημμένοι ὦμεν; ποῖον δὲ κέρδος τῆς ἐν τῇ γῇ ἀγχιστείας, ὅταν ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς ἀλλότριοι ὦμεν; Ἀλλότριος γὰρ ὁ κατηχούμενος τοῦ πιστοῦ. Οὐ γὰρ ἔχει κεφαλὴν τὴν αὐτὴν, οὐκ ἔχει πατέρα τὸν αὐτὸν, οὐκ ἔχει πόλιν τὴν αὐτὴν, οὐ τροφὴν, οὐκ ἔνδυμα, οὐ τράπεζαν, οὐκ οἰκίαν, ἀλλὰ πάντα ἐξηλλαγμένα. Καὶ γὰρ πάντα ἐπὶ γῆς τούτῳ, τὰ πάντα ἐν οὐρανοῖς ἐκείνῳ: βασιλεὺς τούτῳ ὁ Χριστὸς, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἡ ἁμαρτία καὶ ὁ διάβολος: τρυφὴ τούτῳ μὲν ὁ Χριστὸς, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἡ σηπομένη καὶ φθειρομένη. Καὶ ἔνδυμα πάλιν, τούτῳ μὲν τὰ σητῶν ἔργα, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ὁ τῶν ἀγγέλων Δεσπότης: πόλις τούτῳ μὲν ὁ οὐρανὸς, ἐκείνῳ δὲ ἡ γῆ. Ὅταν οὖν μηδὲν ἔχωμεν κοινὸν, κατὰ τί κοινωνήσομεν, εἰπέ μοι; Ἀλλὰ τὰς αὐτὰς ἐλύσαμεν ὠδῖνας, καὶ ἐκ μιᾶς προήλθομεν γαστρός; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τοῦτο πρὸς συγγένειαν τὴν ἀκριβεστάτην. Σπουδάσωμεν τοίνυν τῆς ἄνω πόλεως γενέσθαι πολῖται. Μέχρι τίνος ἐπὶ τῆς ὑπερορίας μένομεν; δέον τὴν ἀρχαίαν πατρίδα ἀπολαβεῖν: Οὐδὲ γὰρ περὶ τῶν τυχόντων ὁ κίνδυνος. Ἀλλ' εἰ γένοιτο, ὃ μὴ γένοιτο, ἀπροσδοκήτου τῆς τελευτῆς ἐπελθούσης, ἀμυήτους ἐντεῦθεν ἀπελθεῖν, κἂν μυρία ἔχωμεν ἀγαθὰ, οὐδὲν ἡμᾶς ἕτερον διαδέξεται, ἢ γέεννα καὶ σκώληξ ἰοβόλος, καὶ πῦρ ἄσβεστον, καὶ δεσμὰ ἄλυτα. Ἀλλὰ μὴ γένοιτό τινα τῶν ταῦτα ἀκουόντων ἐκείνης πειραθῆναι τῆς κολάσεως. Τοῦτο δὲ ἔσται, ἂν τῶν ἁγίων καταξιωθέντες μυστηρίων, χρυσὸν καὶ ἄργυρον καὶ λίθους τιμίους οἰκοδομήσωμεν ἐπὶ τὸν θεμέλιον. Οὕτω γὰρ δυνησόμεθα ἀπελθόντες ἐκεῖ φανῆναι πλούσιοι, ὅταν μὴ ἐνταῦθα χρήματα καταλείψωμεν, ἀλλὰ μετακομίσωμεν πρὸς τοὺς ἀσύλους θησαυροὺς διὰ τῶν χειρῶν τῶν πενήτων: ὅταν δανείσωμεν τῷ Χριστῷ. Πολλὰ ὀφείλομεν ἐκεῖ, οὐ χρήματα, ἀλλ' ἁμαρτήματα. Δανείσωμεν τοίνυν αὐτῷ χρήματα: ἵνα λάβωμεν ἁμαρτημάτων συγχώρησιν: αὐτὸς γάρ ἐστιν ὁ δικάζων. Μὴ περιίδωμεν αὐτὸν ἐνταῦθα πεινῶντα, ἵνα καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκεῖ ἡμᾶς διαθρέψῃ. Ἐνταῦθα ἐνδύσωμεν αὐτὸν, ἵνα μὴ ἀφῇ ἡμᾶς γυμνοὺς τῆς ἀσφαλείας τῆς παρ' αὐτοῦ. Ἐὰν ἐνταῦθα αὐτὸν ποτίσωμεν, οὐκ ἐροῦμεν κατὰ τὸν πλούσιον, Πέμψον Λάζαρον, ἵνα ἄκρῳ τῷ δακτύλῳ ἐπιστάξῃ τῇ γλώσσῃ ἡμῶν ἀποτηγανιζομένῃ. Ἐὰν ἐνταῦθα εἰς τὰς οἰκίας ἡμῶν αὐτὸν δεξώμεθα, ἐκεῖ πολλὰς παρασκευάσει μονὰς ἡμῖν. Ἐὰν ἀπέλθωμεν πρὸς αὐτὸν ἐν φυλακῇ ὄντα, καὶ αὐτὸς ἡμᾶς ἀπαλλάξει τῶν δεσμῶν. Ἐὰν ξένον ὄντα συναγάγωμεν, οὐ περιόψεται ξένους ἡμᾶς ὄντας τῆς βασιλείας τῶν οὐρανῶν, ἀλλὰ μεταδώσει ἡμῖν τῆς πόλεως τῆς ἄνω. Ἐὰν ἀσθενῆ ὄντα ἐπισκεψώμεθα, ταχέως ἐλευθερώσει ἡμᾶς καὶ αὐτὸς τῶν ἀσθενειῶν ἡμῶν. Ὡς οὖν μεγάλα λαμβάνοντες καὶ μικρὰ διδόντες, κἂν τὰ μικρὰ δῶμεν ἵνα ἐμπορευσώμεθα τὰ μεγάλα. Ὡς ἔτι καιρὸς, σπείρωμεν, ἵνα ἀμήσωμεν. Ὅταν ὁ χειμὼν καταλάβῃ, ὅταν ἡ θάλασσα οὐκ ἔτι πλέηται, οὐκ ἔτι κύριοι τῆς ἐμπορίας ἐσμέν. Πότε δὲ ἔσται ὁ χειμών; Ὅταν ἡ ἡμέρα ἐπισταίη ἡ μεγάλη, τότε ἐκείνη καὶ ἐπιφανής. Τότε γὰρ οὐκ ἔτι πλευσόμεθα τὴν θάλασσαν ταύτην τὴν μεγάλην καὶ εὐρύχωρον: ταύτῃ γὰρ ὁ παρὼν ἔοικε βίος. Νῦν ὁ τοῦ σπεῖραι καιρὸς, τότε ὁ τοῦ ἀμᾶσθαι καὶ κερδαίνειν. Ἐάν τις ἐν τῷ καιρῷ τοῦ σπόρου μὴ καταβάλῃ σπέρματα, ἐν ἀμήτῳ σπείρων, πρὸς τῷ μηδὲν ἀνύειν καὶ καταγέλαστος ἔσται. Εἰ δὲ σπόρου ἐστὶν ὁ παρὼν καιρὸς, οὐ τοῦ συλλέγειν, ἀλλὰ τοῦ σκορπίζειν καιρὸς ἂν εἴη λοιπόν. Σκορπίσωμεν τοίνυν, ἵνα συναγάγωμεν: μὴ βουληθῶμεν συναγαγεῖν νῦν, ἵνα μὴ τὸν ἀμητὸν ἀπολέσωμεν. Οὗτος γὰρ, ὅπερ ἔφην, ὁ καιρὸς ἐπὶ τὸ σπείρειν καλεῖ, καὶ δαπανᾷν καὶ ἀναλίσκειν, οὐκ ἐπὶ τὸ συλλέγειν καὶ ἀποτίθεσθαι. Μὴ τοίνυν προδῶμεν τὴν εὐκαιρίαν, ἀλλὰ δαψιλῆ τὸν σπόρον καταβάλωμεν, καὶ μηδενὸς φεισώμεθα τῶν ἔνδον, ἵνα μετὰ πολλῆς αὐτὰ ἀπολάβωμεν τῆς ἀντιδόσεως, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἡ δόξα, ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι, εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.