Chapter 12.—A Diversity of Interpretations is Useful.  Errors Arising from Ambiguous Words.

17.  And this circumstance would assist rather than hinder the understanding of Scripture, if only readers were not careless.  For the examination of a number of texts has often thrown light upon some of the more obscure passages; for example, in that passage of the prophet Isaiah,67    Isa. lviii. 7, “And that thou hide not thyself from thine own flesh” (A.V.). one translator reads:  “And do not despise the domestics of thy seed;”68    Et domesticos seminis tui ne despexeris. another reads:  “And do not despise thine own flesh.”69    Et carnem tuam ne despexeris.  Each of these in turn confirms the other.  For the one is explained by the other; because “flesh” may be taken in its literal sense, so that a man may understand that he is admonished not to despise his own body; and “the domestics of thy seed” may be understood figuratively of Christians, because they are spiritually born of the same seed as ourselves, namely, the Word.  When now the meaning of the two translators is compared, a more likely sense of the words suggests itself, viz., that the command is not to despise our kinsmen, because when one brings the expression “domestics of thy seed” into relation with “flesh,” kinsmen most naturally occur to one’s mind.  Whence, I think, that expression of the apostle, when he says, “If by any means I may provoke to emulation them which are my flesh, and might save some of them;”70    Rom. xi. 14. that is, that through emulation of those who had believed, some of them might believe too.  And he calls the Jews his “flesh,” on account of the relationship of blood.  Again, that passage from the same prophet Isaiah:71    Isa. vii. 9, “If ye will not believe, surely ye shall not be established” (A.V.).  “If ye will not believe, ye shall not understand,”72    Nisi credideritis, non intelligetis. another has translated:  “If ye will not believe, ye shall not abide.”73    Nisi credideritis, non permanebitis.  Now which of these is the literal translation cannot be ascertained without reference to the text in the original tongue.  And yet to those who read with knowledge, a great truth is to be found in each.  For it is difficult for interpreters to differ so widely as not to touch at some point.  Accordingly here, as understanding consists in sight, and is abiding, but faith feeds us as babes, upon milk, in the cradles of temporal things (for now we walk by faith, not by sight);74    2 Cor. v. 7. as, moreover, unless we walk by faith, we shall not attain to sight, which does not pass away, but abides, our understanding being purified by holding to the truth;—for these reasons one says, “If ye will not believe, ye shall not understand;” but the other, “If ye will not believe, ye shall not abide.”

18.  And very often a translator, to whom the meaning is not well known, is deceived by an ambiguity in the original language, and puts upon the passage a construction that is wholly alien to the sense of the writer.  As for example, some texts read:  “Their feet are sharp to shed blood;”75    Rom. iii. 15. for the word ὁζύς among the Greeks means both sharp and swift.  And so he saw the true meaning who translated:  “Their feet are swift to shed blood.”  The other, taking the wrong sense of an ambiguous word, fell into error.  Now translations such as this are not obscure, but false; and there is a wide difference between the two things.  For we must learn not to interpret, but to correct texts of this sort.  For the same reason it is, that because the Greek word μόσχος means a calf, some have not understood that μοσχεύματα76    Wisd. iv. 3. are shoots of trees, and have translated the word “calves;” and this error has crept into so many texts, that you can hardly find it written in any other way.  And yet the meaning is very clear; for it is made evident by the words that follow.  For “the plantings of an adulterer will not take deep root,”77    Adulterinæ plantationes non dabunt radices altas. is a more suitable form of expression than the “calves;”78    Vitulamina. because these walk upon the ground with their feet, and are not fixed in the earth by roots.  In this passage, indeed, the rest of the context also justifies this translation.

CAPUT XII. Diversitas interpretationum utilis. Ex verborum ambiguitate ut accidit error interpretam.

17. Quae quidem res plus adjuvit intelligentiam, quam impedivit, si modo legentes non sint negligentes. Nam nonnullas obscuriores sententias plurium codicum saepe manifestavit inspectio, sicut illud Isaiae prophetae unus interpres ait, Et domesticos seminis tui ne despexeris; alius autem ait, Et carnem tuam ne despexeris (Isai. LVIII, 7): uterque sibimet invicem attestatus est. Namque alter ex altero exponitur, quia et caro posset accipi proprie, ut corpus suum quisque ne despiceret, se putaret admonitum; et domestici seminis translate, Christiani possent intelligi, ex eodem verbi semine nobiscum spiritualiter nati: nunc autem collato interpretum sensu, probabilior occurrit sententia proprie de consanguineis non despiciendis esse praeceptum, quoniam domesticos seminis cum ad carnem retuleris, consanguinei potissimum occurrunt; unde esse arbitror illud Apostoli quod ait, Si quo modo ad aemulationem adducere potuero carnem meam, ut salvos faciam aliquos ex illis (Rom. XI, 14); id est, ut aemulando eos qui crediderant, et ipsi crederent. Carnem enim suam dixit Judaeos, propter consanguinitatem. Item illud ejusdem Isaiae prophetae, Nisi credideritis, non intelligetis; alius interpretatus est, Nisi credideritis, non permanebitis (Isai. VII, 9): quis horum verba secutus sit, nisi exemplaria linguae praecedentis legantur, incertum est. Sed tamen ex utroque magnum aliquid insinuatur scienter legentibus. Difficile est enim ita diversos a se interpretes fieri, ut non se aliqua vicinitate contingant. Ergo, quoniam intellectus in specie sempiterna est, fides vero in rerum temporalium quibusdam cunabulis quasi lacte alit parvulos; nunc autem per fidem ambulamus, non per speciem (II Cor. V, 7); nisi autem per fidem ambulaverimus, ad speciem pervenire non poterimus quae non transit, sed permanet, per intellectum purgatum nobis cohaerentibus veritati: propterea ille ait, Nisi credideritis, non permanebitis; ille vero, Nisi credideritis, non intelligetis.

18. Et ex ambiguo linguae praecedentis plerumque interpres fallitur, cui non bene nota sententia est, et eam significationem transfert, quae a sensu scriptoris 0044 penitus aliena est: sicut quidam codices habent, Acuti pedes eorum ad effundendum sanguinem; ὀξὺς enim et acutum apud Graecos, et velocem significat. Ille ergo vidit sententiam, qui transtulit, Veloces pedes eorum ad effundendum sanguinem (Psal. XIII, 3); ille autem alius ancipiti signo in aliam partem raptus erravit. Et talia quidem non obscura, sed falsa sunt: quorum alia conditio est; non enim intelligendos, sed emendandos tales codices potius praecipiendum est. Hinc est etiam illud, quoniam μόσχος graece vitulas dicitur, μοσχεύματα quidam non intellexerunt esse plantationes, et vitulamina interpretati sunt: qui error tam multos codices praeoccupavit, ut vix inveniatur aliter scriptum; et tamen sententia manifestissima est, quia clarescit consequentibus verbis: namque, Adulterinae plantationes non dabunt radices altas (Sap. IV, 3), convenientius dicitur quam, vitulamina, quae pedibus in terra gradiuntur, et non haerent radicibus. Hanc translationem in eo loco etiam caetera contexta custodiunt.