Augustine of Hippo, On Christian Doctrine

30. And so much labor has been spent by men on the beauty of expression here spoken of, that not only is it not our duty to do, but it is our duty to shun and abhor, many and heinous deeds of wickedness and baseness which wicked and base men have with great eloquence recommended, not with a view to gaining assent, but merely for the sake of being read with pleasure. But may God avert from His Church what the prophet Jeremiah says of the synagogue of the Jews: “A wonderful and horrible thing is committed in the land: the prophets prophesy falsely, and the priests applaud them with their hands;246 “And the priests bear rule by their means.” (A.V.) and my people love to have it so: and what will ye do in the end thereof?”247 Jer. v. 30, 31 (LXX.). O eloquence, which is the more terrible from its purity, and the more crushing from its solidity! Assuredly it is “a hammer that breaketh the rock in pieces.” For to this God Himself has by the same prophet compared His own word spoken through His holy prophets.248 Jer. xxiii. 29. God forbid, then, God forbid that with us the priest should applaud the false prophet, and that God’s people should love to have it so. God forbid, I say, that with us there should be such terrible madness! For what shall we do in the end thereof? And assuredly it is preferable, even though what is said should be less intelligible, less pleasing, and less persuasive, that truth be spoken, and that what is just, not what is iniquitous, be listened to with pleasure. But this, of course, cannot be, unless what is true and just be expressed with elegance.

31. In a serious assembly, moreover, such as is spoken of when it is said, “I will praise Thee among much people,”249 Ps. xxxv. 18. no pleasure is derived from that species of eloquence which indeed says nothing that is false, but which buries small and unimportant truths under a frothy mass of ornamental words, such as would not be graceful or dignified even if used to adorn great and fundamental truths. And something of this sort occurs in a letter of the blessed Cyprian, which, I think, came there by accident, or else was inserted designedly with this view, that posterity might see how the wholesome discipline of Christian teaching had cured him of that redundancy of language, and confined him to a more dignified and modest form of eloquence, such as we find in his subsequent letters, a style which is admired without effort, is sought after with eagerness, but is not attained without great difficulty. He says, then, in one place, “Let us seek this abode: the neighboring solitudes afford a retreat where, whilst the spreading shoots of the vine trees, pendulous and intertwined, creep amongst the supporting reeds, the leafy covering has made a portico of vine.”250 Cyprian, ad Donat. Ep. i. There is wonderful fluency and exuberance of language here; but it is too florid to be pleasing to serious minds. But people who are fond of this style are apt to think that men who do not use it, but employ a more chastened style, do so because they cannot attain the former, not because their judgment teaches them to avoid it. Wherefore this holy man shows both that he can speak in that style, for he has done so once, and that he does not choose, for he never uses it again.

CAPUT XIV. Dictionis suavitas pro ratione argumenti procuranda est.

30. Cui suavitati tantum operae impensum est ab hominibus, ut non solum non facienda, verum etiam fugienda ac detestanda tot et tanta mala atque turpia, quae malis et turpibus disertissime persuasa sunt, non ut eis consentiatur, sed sola delectationis gratia, lectitentur. Avertat autem Deus ab Ecclesia sua quod de synagoga Judaeorum Jeremias propheta commemorat dicens: Pavor et horrenda facta sunt super terram: Prophetae prophetabant iniqua, et sacerdotes plausum dederunt manibus suis, et plebs mea dilexit sic. Et quid facietis in futurum (Jerem. V, 30, 31)? O eloquentia tanto terribilior, quanto purior; et quanto solidior, tanto vehementior! O vere securis concidens petras! huic enim rei simile esse verbum suum, quod per sanctos Prophetas fecit, per hunc ipsum prophetam Deus ipse dixit (Id. XLVI, 22). Absit itaque, absit a nobis, ut sacerdotes plaudant iniqua dicentibus, et plebs Dei diligat sic. Absit a nobis, inquam, tanta dementia: nam quid faciemus in futurum? Et certe minus intelligantur, minus placeant, minus moveant quae dicuntur; verumtamen dicantur; et justa , non iniqua libenter audiantur: quod utique non fieret, nisi suaviter dicerentur.

31. In populo autem gravi, de quo dictum est Deo, In populo gravi laudabo te (Psal. XXXIV, 18), nec illa suavitas delectabilis est, qua non quidem iniqua dicuntur, sed exigua et fragilia bona spumeo verborum ambitu ornantur, quali nec magna atque stabilia decenter et graviter ornarentur. Est tale aliquid in epistola beatissimi Cypriani, quod ideo puto vel accidisse, vel consulto factum esse, ut sciretur a posteris, quam linguam doctrinae christianae sanitas ab ista redundantia revocaverit, et ad eloquentiam graviorem modestioremque restrinxerit; qualis in ejus consequentibus 0103 litteris secure amatur, religiose appetitur, sed difficillime impletur. Ait ergo quodam loco: Petamus hanc sedem: dant secessum vicina secreta; ubi dum erratici palmitum lapsus pendulis nexibus per arundines bajulas repunt, viteam porticum frondea tecta fecerunt (Cypr., Epist. 1 ad Donatum). Non dicuntur ista nisi mirabiliter affluentissima fecunditate facundiae, sed profusione nimia gravitati displicent. Qui vero haec amant, profecto eos qui non ita dicunt, sed castigatius eloquuntur, non posse ita eloqui existimant, non judicio ista devitare. Quapropter iste vir sanctus et posse se ostendit sic dicere, quia dixit alicubi, et nolle, quoniam postmodum nusquam.