Chapter 18.—The Christian Orator is Constantly Dealing with Great Matters.

35.  Now the author I have quoted could have exemplified these three directions, as laid down by himself, in regard to legal questions:  he could not, however, have done so in regard to ecclesiastical questions,—the only ones that an address such as I wish to give shape to is concerned with.  For of legal questions those are called small which have reference to pecuniary transactions; those great where a matter relating to man’s life or liberty comes up.  Cases, again, which have to do with neither of these, and where the intention is not to get the hearer to do, or to pronounce judgment upon anything, but only to give him pleasure, occupy as it were a middle place between the former two, and are on that account called middling, or moderate.  For moderate things get their name from modus (a measure); and it is an abuse, not a proper use of the word moderate, to put it for little.  In questions like ours, however, where all things, and especially those addressed to the people from the place of authority, ought to have reference to men’s salvation, and that not their temporal but their eternal salvation, and where also the thing to be guarded against is eternal ruin, everything that we say is important; so much so, that even what the preacher says about pecuniary matters, whether it have reference to loss or gain, whether the amount be great or small, should not seem unimportant.  For justice is never unimportant, and justice ought assuredly to be observed, even in small affairs of money, as our Lord says:  “He that is faithful in that which is least, is faithful also in much.”265    Luke xvi. 10.  That which is least, then, is very little; but to be faithful in that which is least is great.  For as the nature of the circle, viz., that all lines drawn from the centre to the circumference are equal, is the same in a great disk that it is in the smallest coin; so the greatness of justice is in no degree lessened, though the matters to which justice is applied be small.

36.  And when the apostle spoke about trials in regard to secular affairs (and what were these but matters of money?), he says:  “Dare any of you, having a matter against another, go to law before the unjust, and not before the saints?  Do ye not know that the saints shall judge the world? and if the world shall be judged by you, are ye unworthy to judge the smallest matters?  Know ye not that we shall judge angels? how much more things that pertain to this life?  If, then, ye have judgments of things pertaining to this life, set them to judge who are least esteemed in the Church.  I speak to your shame.  Is it so, that there is not a wise man among you? no, not one that shall be able to judge between his brethren?  But brother goeth to law with brother, and that before the unbelievers.  Now therefore there is utterly a fault among you, because ye go to law one with another:  why do ye not rather take wrong? why do ye not rather suffer yourselves to be defrauded?  Nay, ye do wrong, and defraud, and that your brethren.  Know ye not that the unrighteous shall not inherit the kingdom of God?”266    1 Cor. vi. 1–9.  Why is it that the apostle is so indignant, and that he thus accuses, and upbraids, and chides, and threatens?  Why is it that the changes in his tone, so frequent and so abrupt, testify to the depth of his emotion?  Why is it, in fine, that he speaks in a tone so exalted about matters so very trifling?  Did secular matters deserve so much at his hands?  God forbid.  No; but all this is done for the sake of justice, charity, and piety, which in the judgment of every sober mind are great, even when applied to matters the very least.

37.  Of course, if we were giving men ad vice as to how they ought to conduct secular cases, either for themselves or for their connections, before the church courts, we would rightly advise them to conduct them quietly as matters of little moment.  But we are treating of the manner of speech of the man who is to be a teacher of the truths which deliver us from eternal misery and bring us to eternal happiness; and wherever these truths are spoken of, whether in public or private, whether to one or many, whether to friends or enemies, whether in a continuous discourse or in conversation, whether in tracts, or in books, or in letters long or short, they are of great importance.  Unless indeed we are prepared to say that, because a cup of cold water is a very trifling and common thing, the saying of our Lord that he who gives a cup of cold water to one of His disciples shall in no wise lose his reward,267    Matt. x. 42. is very trivial and unimportant.  Or that when a preacher takes this saying as his text, he should think his subject very unimportant, and therefore speak without either eloquence or power, but in a subdued and humble style.  Is it not the case that when we happen to speak on this subject to the people, and the presence of God is with us, so that what we say is not altogether unworthy of the subject, a tongue of fire springs up out of that cold water which inflames even the cold hearts of men with a zeal for doing works of mercy in hope of an eternal reward?

CAPUT XVIII. Ecclesiasticus orator in materia grandi semper versatur.

35. Haec autem tria ille, sicut ab eo dicta sunt, in causis forensibus posset ostendere; non autem hic, hoc est in ecclesiasticis quaestionibus, in quibus hujusmodi, quem volumus informare, sermo versatur. In illis enim ea parva dicuntur, ubi de rebus pecuniariis judicandum est; ea magna, ubi de salute ac de capite hominum: ea vero ubi nihil horum judicandum est, nihilque agitur ut agat sive decernat, sed tantummodo ut delectetur auditor, inter utrumque quasi media, et ob hoc modica, hoc est moderata dixerunt. Modicis enim modus nomen imposuit: nam modica pro parvis abusive, non proprie dicimus. In istis autem nostris, quandoquidem omnia, maxime quae de loco superiore populis dicimus, ad hominum salutem, nec temporariam, sed aeternam referre debemus, ubi etiam cavendus est aeternus interitus, omnia magna sunt quae dicimus; usque adeo ut nec de ipsis pecuniariis rebus vel acquirendis vel amittendis parva videri debeant, quae doctor ecclesiasticus dicit, sive sit illa magna, sive parva pecunia. Neque enim parva est justitia, quam profecto et in parva pecunia custodire debemus, dicente Domino: Qui in minimo fidelis est, et in magno fidelis est (Luc. XVI, 10). Quod ergo minimum est, minimum est; sed in minimo fidelem esse, magnum est. Nam sicut ratio rotunditatis, id est ut a puncto medio omnes lineae pares in extrema ducantur, eadem est in magno disco, quae in nummulo exiguo; ita ubi parva juste geruntur, non minuitur justitiae magnitudo.

36. De judiciis denique saecularibus (quibus utique nisi pecuniariis?) cum loqueretur Apostolus: Audet quisquam vestrum, inquit, adversus alterum habens negotium, judicari ab iniquis, et non apud sanctos? An nescitis quia sancti mundum judicabunt? Et si in vobis judicabitur mundus, indigni estis qui de minimis judicetis? Nescitis quia Angelos judicabimus, nedum saecularia? Saecularia igitur judicia si habueritis, eos qui contemptibiles sunt in Ecclesia, hos constituite ad judicandum . Ad reverentiam vobis dico. Sic non est inter vos quisquam sapiens, qui possit inter fratrem suum judicare? Sed frater cum fratre judicatur, et hoc apud infideles. Jam quidem omnino delictum est, quia judicia habetis vobiscum. Quare non magis iniquitatem patimini? quare non potius fraudamini? Sed vos iniquitatem facitis, et fraudatis, et hoc fratres . An nescitis quia injusti regnum Dei non haereditabunt (I Cor. VI, 1-9)? Quid est quod sic indignatur Apostolus, sic corripit, sic exprobrat, sic increpat, sic minatur? quid est quod sui animi 0106 affectum tam crebra et tam aspera vocis mutatione testatur? quid est postremo quod de rebus minimis tam granditer dicit? Tantumne de illo negotia saecularia meruerunt? Absit. Sed hoc facit propter justitiam, charitatem, pietatem, quae, nulla sobria mente dubitante, etiam in rebus quamlibet parvulis magna sunt.

37. Sane si moneremus homines quemadmodum ipsa negotia saecularia vel pro se vel pro suis apud ecclesiasticos judices agere deberent, recte admoneremus ut agerent tanquam parva submisse: cum vero de illius viri disseramus eloquio, quem volumus earum rerum esse doctorem, quibus liberamur ab aeternis malis, atque ad aeterna pervenimus bona; ubicumque agantur haec, sive ad populum sive privatim, sive ad unum sive ad plures, sive ad amicos sive ad inimicos, sive in perpetua dictione sive in collocutione, sive in tractatibus sive in libris, sive in epistolis vel longissimis vel brevissimis, magna sunt. Nisi forte quoniam calix aquae frigidae, res minima atque vilissima est, ideo minimum aliquid atque vilissimum Dominus ait, quod eum qui dederit discipulo ejus, non perdet mercedem suam (Matth. X, 42): aut vero quando iste doctor in Ecclesia facit inde sermonem, parvum aliquid debet existimare se dicere; et ideo non temperate, non granditer, sed submisse sibi esse dicendum. Nonne quando accidit ut de hac re loqueremur ad populum, et Deus adfuit ut non incongrue diceremus, tanquam de illa aqua frigida quaedam flamma surrexit (II Mach. I, 32), quae etiam frigida hominum pectora, ad misericordiae opera facienda, spe coelestis mercedis accenderet?