Chapter V.

That there is, then, a Word of God, and a Breath of God, the Greek, with his “innate ideas”19    innate ideas (κοινῶν ἐννοιῶν). There is a Treatise of Gregory introducing Christianity to the Greeks “from innate ideas.” This title has been, wrongly, attributed by some to a later hand., and the Jew, with his Scriptures, will perhaps not deny. But the dispensation as regards the Word of God, whereby He became man, both parties would perhaps equally reject, as being incredible and unfitting to be told of God. By starting, therefore, from another point we will bring these gainsayers to a belief in this fact. They believe that all things came into being by thought and skill on the part of Him Who framed the system of the universe; or else they hold views that do not conform to this opinion. But should they not grant that reason and wisdom guided the framing of the world, they will install unreason and unskilfulness on the throne of the universe. But if this is an absurdity and impiety, it is abundantly plain that they must allow that thought and skill rule the world. Now in what has been previously said, the Word of God has been shown not to be this actual utterance of speech, or the possession of some science or art, but to be a power essentially and substantially existing, willing all good, and being possessed of strength to execute all its will; and, of a world that is good, this power appetitive and creative of good is the cause. If, then, the subsistence of the whole world has been made to depend on the power of the Word, as the train of the argument has shown, an absolute necessity prevents us entertaining the thought of there being any other cause of the organization of the several parts of the world than the Word Himself, through whom all things in it passed into being. If any one wants to call Him Word, or Skill, or Power, or God, or anything else that is high and prized, we will not quarrel with him. For whatever word or name be invented as descriptive of the subject, one thing is intended by the expressions, namely the eternal power of God which is creative of things that are, the discoverer of things that are not, the sustaining cause of things that are brought into being, the foreseeing cause of things yet to be. This, then, whether it be God, or Word, or Skill, or Power, has been shown by inference to be the Maker of the nature of man, not urged to framing him by any necessity, but in the superabundance of love operating the production of such a creature. For needful it was that neither His light should be unseen, nor His glory without witness, nor His goodness unenjoyed, nor that any other quality observed in the Divine nature should in any case lie idle, with none to share it or enjoy it. If, therefore, man comes to his birth upon these conditions, namely to be a partaker of the good things in God, necessarily he is framed of such a kind as to be adapted to the participation of such good. For as the eye, by virtue of the bright ray which is by nature wrapped up in it, is in fellowship with the light, and by its innate capacity draws to itself that which is akin to it, so was it needful that a certain affinity with the Divine should be mingled with the nature of man, in order that by means of this correspondence it might aim at that which was native to it. It is thus even with the nature of the unreasoning creatures, whose lot is cast in water or in air; each of them has an organization adapted to its kind of life, so that by a peculiar formation of the body, to the one of them the air, to the other the water, is its proper and congenial element. Thus, then, it was needful for man, born for the enjoyment of Divine good, to have something in his nature akin to that in which he is to participate. For this end he has been furnished with life, with thought, with skill, and with all the excellences that we attribute to God, in order that by each of them he might have his desire set upon that which is not strange to him. Since, then, one of the excellences connected with the Divine nature is also eternal existence, it was altogether needful that the equipment of our nature should not be without the further gift of this attribute, but should have in itself the immortal, that by its inherent faculty it might both recognize what is above it, and be possessed with a desire for the divine and eternal life20    Cf. Cato’s Speech in Addison’s Cato:—   It must be so; Plato, thou reasonest well!—   Else whence this pleasing hope, this fond desire   This longing after immortality?   * * * * *   ’Tis the divinity that stirs within us;   ’Tis heaven itself that points out an hereafter,   And intimates eternity to man.. In truth this has been shown in the comprehensive utterance of one expression, in the description of the cosmogony, where it is said that man was made “in the image of God”21    Gen. i. 27.. For in this likeness, implied in the word image, there is a summary of all things that characterize Deity; and whatever else Moses relates, in a style more in the way of history, of these matters, placing doctrines before us in the form of a story, is connected with the same instruction. For that Paradise of his, with its peculiar fruits, the eating of which did not afford to them who tasted thereof satisfaction of the appetite, but knowledge and eternity of life, is in entire agreement with what has been previously considered with regard to man, in the view that our nature at its beginnings was good, and in the midst of good. But, perhaps, what has been said will be contradicted by one who looks only to the present condition of things, and thinks to convict our statement of untruthfulness, inasmuch as man is seen no longer under those primeval circumstances, but under almost entirely opposite ones. “Where is the divine resemblance in the soul? Where the body’s freedom from suffering? Where the eternity of life? Man is of brief existence, subject to passions, liable to decay, and ready both in body and mind for every form of suffering.” By these and the like assertions, and by directing the attack against human nature, the opponent will think that he upsets the account that has been offered respecting man. But to secure that our argument may not have to be diverted from its course at any future stage, we will briefly discuss these points. That the life of man is at present subject to abnormal conditions is no proof that man was not created in the midst of good. For since man is the work of God, Who through His goodness brought this creature into being, no one could reasonably suspect that he, of whose constitution goodness is the cause, was created by his Maker in the midst of evil. But there is another reason for our present circumstances being what they are, and for our being destitute of the primitive surroundings: and yet again the starting-point of our answer to this argument against us is not beyond and outside the assent of our opponents. For He who made man for the participation of His own peculiar good, and incorporated in him the instincts for all that was excellent, in order that his desire might be carried forward by a corresponding movement in each case to its like, would never have deprived him of that most excellent and precious of all goods; I mean the gift implied in being his own master, and having a free will. For if necessity in any way was the master of the life of man, the “image” would have been falsified in that particular part, by being estranged owing to this unlikeness to its archetype. How can that nature which is under a yoke and bondage to any kind of necessity be called an image of a Master Being? Was it not, then, most right that that which is in every detail made like the Divine should possess in its nature a self-ruling and independent principle, such as to enable the participation of good to be the reward of its virtue? Whence, then, comes it, you will ask, that he who had been distinguished throughout with most excellent endowments exchanged these good things for the worse? The reason of this also is plain. No growth of evil had its beginning in the Divine will. Vice would have been blameless were it inscribed with the name of God as its maker and father. But the evil is, in some way or other, engendered22    S. James i. 15: ἡ ἐπιθυμία τίκτει…ἁμαρτίαν from within, springing up in the will at that moment when there is a retrocession of the soul from the beautiful23    τὸ καλὸν. The Greek word for moral perfection, according to one view of its derivation (καίειν), refers to “brightness”; according to another (cf. κεκαδμενος), to “finish” or perfection.. For as sight is an activity of nature, and blindness a deprivation of that natural operation, such is the kind of opposition between virtue and vice. It is, in fact, not possible to form any other notion of the origin of vice than as the absence of virtue. For as when the light has been removed the darkness supervenes, but as long as it is present there is no darkness, so, as long as the good is present in the nature, vice is a thing that has no inherent existence; while the departure of the better state becomes the origin of its opposite. Since then, this is the peculiarity of the possession of a free will, that it chooses as it likes the thing that pleases it, you will find that it is not God Who is the author of the present evils, seeing that He has ordered your nature so as to be its own master and free; but rather the recklessness that makes choice of the worse in preference to the better.

[5] Ἀλλὰ τὸ μὲν εἶναι λόγον θεοῦ καὶ πνεῦμα διά τε τῶν κοινῶν ἐννοιῶν ὁ Ἕλλην καὶ διὰ τῶν γραφικῶν ὁ Ἰουδαῖος ἴσως οὐκ ἀντιλέξει: τὴν δὲ κατὰ ἄνθρωπον οἰκονομίαν τοῦ θεοῦ λόγου κατὰ τὸ ἴσον ἑκάτερος αὐτῶν ἀποδοκιμάσει ὡς ἀπίθανόν τε καὶ ἀπρεπῆ περὶ θεοῦ λέγεσθαι. οὐκοῦν ἐξ ἑτέρας ἀρχῆς καὶ εἰς τὴν περὶ τούτου πίστιν τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας προσαξόμεθα. λόγῳ τὰ πάντα γεγενῆσθαι καὶ σοφίᾳ παρὰ τοῦ τὸ πᾶν συστησαμένου πιστεύουσιν, ἢ καὶ πρὸς ταύτην δυσπειθῶς ἔχουσι τὴν ὑπόληψιν. ἀλλ' εἰ μὴ δοῖεν λόγον καθηγεῖσθαι καὶ σοφίαν τῆς τῶν ὄντων συστάσεως, ἀλογίαν τε καὶ ἀτεχνίαν τῇ ἀρχῇ τοῦ παντὸς ἐπιστήσουσιν. εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἄτοπόν τε καὶ ἀσεβές, ὁμολογεῖται πάντως ὅτι λόγον τε καὶ σοφίαν ἡγεμονεύειν τῶν ὄντων ὁμολογήσουσιν. ἀλλὰ μὴν ἐν τοῖς φθάσασιν ἀποδέδεικται μὴ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ῥῆμα ὢν ὁ τοῦ θεοῦ λόγος, ἢ ἕξις ἐπιστήμης τινὸς ἢ σοφίας, ἀλλὰ κατ' οὐσίαν τις ὑφεστῶσα δύναμις, προαιρετική τε παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ καὶ ἐν ἰσχύι πᾶν τὸ κατὰ προαίρεσιν ἔχουσα: ἀγαθοῦ δὲ ὄντος τοῦ κόσμου τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν προεκτικήν τε καὶ ποιητικὴν δύναμιν αἰτίαν εἶναι. εἰ δὲ τοῦ κόσμου παντὸς ἡ ὑπόστασις τῆς τοῦ λόγου δυνάμεως ἐξῆπται, καθὼς ἡ ἀκολουθία παρέδειξεν, ἀνάγκη πᾶσα καὶ τῶν τοῦ κόσμου μερῶν μὴ ἄλλην ἐπινοεῖν αἰτίαν τινὰ τῆς συστάσεως, ἀλλ' ἢ τὸν λόγον αὐτόν, δι' οὗ τὰ πάντα τὴν εἰς τὸ γενέσθαι πάροδον ἔσχε. τοῦτον δὲ εἴτε λόγον, εἴτε σοφίαν, εἴτε δύναμιν, εἴτε θεόν, εἴτε ἄλλο τι τῶν ὑψηλῶν τε καὶ τιμίων ὀνομάζειν τις ἐθέλοι, οὐ διοισόμεθα. ὅ τι γὰρ ἂν εὑρεθῇ δεικτικὸν τοῦ ὑποκειμένου ῥῆμα ἢ ὄνομα, ἕν ἐστι τὸ διὰ τῶν φωνῶν σημαινόμενον, ἡ ἀίδιος τοῦ θεοῦ δύναμις, ἡ ποιητικὴ τῶν ὄντων, ἡ εὑρετικὴ τῶν μὴ ὄντων, ἡ συνεκτικὴ τῶν γεγονότων, ἡ προορατικὴ τῶν μελλόντων. οὗτος τοίνυν ὁ θεὸς λόγος, ἡ σοφία, ἡ δύναμις, ἀπεδείχθη κατὰ τὸ ἀκόλουθον τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως ποιητής, οὐκ ἀνάγκῃ τινὶ πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ἀνθρώπου κατασκευὴν ἐναχθείς, ἀλλ' ἀγάπης περιουσίᾳ τοῦ τοιούτου ζῴου δημιουργήσας τὴν γένεσιν. ἔδει γὰρ μήτε τὸ φῶς ἀθέατον, μήτε τὴν δόξαν ἀμάρτυρον, μήτε ἀναπόλαυστον εἶναι τὴν ἀγαθότητα, μήτε τὰ ἄλλα πάντα, ὅσα περὶ τὴν θείαν καθορᾶται φύσιν, ἀργὰ κεῖσθαι, μὴ ὄντος τοῦ μετέχοντός τε καὶ ἀπολαύοντος. εἰ τοίνυν ἐπὶ τούτοις ὁ ἄνθρωπος εἰς γένεσιν ἔρχεται, ἐφ' ᾧ τε μέτοχος τῶν θείων ἀγαθῶν γενέσθαι, ἀναγκαίως τοιοῦτος κατασκευάζεται, ὡς ἐπιτηδείως πρὸς τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν μετουσίαν ἔχειν. καθάπερ γὰρ ὁ ὀφθαλμὸς διὰ τῆς ἐγκειμένης αὐτῷ φυσικῶς αὐγῆς ἐν κοινωνίᾳ τοῦ φωτὸς γίνεται, διὰ τῆς ἐμφύτου δυνάμεως τὸ συγγενὲς ἐφελκόμενος, οὕτως ἀναγκαῖον ἦν ἐγκραθῆναί τι τῇ ἀνθρωπίνῃ φύσει συγγενὲς πρὸς τὸ θεῖον, ὡς ἂν διὰ τοῦ καταλλήλου πρὸς τὸ οἰκεῖον τὴν ἔφεσιν ἔχοι. καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐν τῇ τῶν ἀλόγων φύσει, ὅσα τὸν ἔνυδρον καὶ ἐναέριον ἔλαχε βίον, καταλλήλως ἕκαστον τῷ τῆς ζωῆς εἴδει κατεσκεύασται, ὡς οἰκεῖον ἑκατέρου καὶ ὁμόφυλον διὰ τῆς ποιᾶς τοῦ σώματος διαπλάσεως τῷ μὲν τὸν ἀέρα, τῷ δὲ τὸ ὕδωρ εἶναι. οὕτως οὖν καὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν θείων ἀγαθῶν ἀπολαύσει γενόμενον ἔδει τι συγγενὲς ἐν τῇ φύσει πρὸς τὸ μετεχόμενον ἔχειν. διὰ τοῦτο καὶ ζωῇ καὶ λόγῳ καὶ σοφίᾳ καὶ πᾶσι τοῖς θεοπρεπέσιν ἀγαθοῖς κατεκοσμήθη, ὡς ἂν δι' ἑκάστου τούτων πρὸς τὸ οἰκεῖον τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἔχοι. ἐπεὶ οὖν ἓν τῶν περὶ τὴν θείαν φύσιν ἀγαθῶν καὶ ἡ ἀιδιότης ἐστίν, ἔδει πάντως μηδὲ τούτου τὴν κατασκευὴν εἶναι τῆς φύσεως ἡμῶν ἀπόκληρον, ἀλλ' ἔχειν ἐν ἑαυτῇ τὸ ἀθάνατον, ὡς ἂν διὰ τῆς ἐγκειμένης δυνάμεως γνωρίζοι τε τὸ ὑπερκείμενον καὶ ἐν ἐπιθυμίᾳ τῆς θείας ἀιδιότητος εἴη. ταῦτά τοι περιληπτικῇ φωνῇ δι' ἑνὸς ῥήματος ὁ τῆς κοσμογονίας ἐνεδείξατο λόγος, κατ' εἰκόνα θεοῦ τὸν ἄνθρωπον γεγενῆσθαι λέγων: ἐν γὰρ τῇ ὁμοιώσει τῇ κατὰ τὴν εἰκόνα πάντων ἐστὶ τῶν τὸ θεῖον χαρακτηριζόντων ἡ ἀπαρίθμησις, καὶ ὅσα περὶ τούτων ἱστορικώτερον ὁ Μωσῆς διεξέρχεται, ἐν διηγήσεως εἴδει δόγματα ἡμῖν παρατιθέμενος, τῆς αὐτῆς ἔχεται διδασκαλίας. ὁ γὰρ παράδεισος ἐκεῖνος καὶ ἡ τῶν καρπῶν ἰδιότης, ὧν ἡ βρῶσις οὐ γαστρὸς πλησμονήν, ἀλλὰ γνῶσιν καὶ ἀιδιότητα ζωῆς τοῖς γευσαμένοις δίδωσι, πάντα ταῦτα συνᾴδει τοῖς προτεθεωρημένοις περὶ τὸν ἄνθρωπον, ὡς ἀγαθῆς τε καὶ ἐν ἀγαθοῖς οὔσης κατ' ἀρχὰς ἡμῖν τῆς φύσεως. ἀλλ' ἀντιλέγει τυχὸν τοῖς εἰρημένοις ὁ πρὸς τὰ παρόντα βλέπων καὶ οἴεται διελέγχειν τὸν λόγον οὐκ ἀληθεύοντα τῷ μὴ ἐν ἐκείνοις νῦν, ἀλλ' ἐν πᾶσι σχεδὸν τοῖς ὑπεναντίοις, ὁρᾶσθαι τὸν ἄνθρωπον. ποῦ γὰρ τῆς ψυχῆς τὸ θεοειδές; ποῦ δὲ ἡ ἀπάθεια τοῦ σώματος; ποῦ τῆς ζωῆς τὸ ἀίδιον; ὠκύμορον, ἐμπαθές, ἐπίκηρον, πρὸς πᾶσαν παθημάτων ἰδέαν κατά τε σῶμα καὶ ψυχὴν ἐπιτήδειον, ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγων καὶ κατατρέχων τῆς φύσεως, ἀνατρέπειν τὸν ἀποδοθέντα περὶ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου λόγον οἰήσεται. ἀλλ' ὡς ἂν μηδαμοῦ τῆς ἀκολουθίας ὁ λόγος παρατραπείη, καὶ περὶ τούτων ἐν ὀλίγοις διαληψόμεθα. τὸ νῦν ἐν ἀτόποις εἶναι τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην ζωὴν οὐχ ἱκανός ἐστιν ἔλεγχος τοῦ μηδέποτε τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐν ἀγαθοῖς γεγενῆσθαι: ἐπειδὴ γὰρ θεοῦ ἔργον ὁ ἄνθρωπος, τοῦ δι' ἀγαθότητα τὸ ζῷον τοῦτο παραγαγόντος εἰς γένεσιν, οὐκ ἄν τις εὐλόγως, οὗ ἡ αἰτία τῆς συστάσεως ἀγαθότης ἐστί, τοῦτον ἐν κακοῖς γεγενῆσθαι παρὰ τοῦ πεποιηκότος καθυποπτεύσειεν: ἀλλ' ἕτερόν ἐστιν αἴτιον τοῦ ταῦτά τε νῦν περὶ ἡμᾶς εἶναι καὶ τῶν προτιμοτέρων ἐρημωθῆναι. ἀρχὴ δὲ πάλιν καὶ πρὸς τοῦτον ἡμῖν τὸν λόγον οὐκ ἔξω τῆς τῶν ἀντιλεγόντων ἐστὶ συγκαταθέσεως. ὁ γὰρ ἐπὶ μετουσίᾳ τῶν ἰδίων ἀγαθῶν ποιήσας τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ πάντων αὐτῷ τῶν καλῶν τὰς ἀφορμὰς ἐγκατασκευάσας τῇ φύσει, ὡς ἂν δι' ἑκάστου καταλλήλως πρὸς τὸ ὅμοιον ἡ ὄρεξις φέροιτο, οὐκ ἂν τοῦ καλλίστου τε καὶ τιμιωτάτου τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀπεστέρησε, λέγω δὴ τῆς κατὰ τὸ ἀδέσποτον καὶ αὐτεξούσιον χάριτος. εἰ γάρ τις ἀνάγκη τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐπεστάτει ζωῆς, διεψεύσθη ἂν ἡ εἰκὼν κατ' ἐκεῖνο τὸ μέρος, ἀλλοτριωθεῖσα τῷ ἀνομοίῳ πρὸς τὸ ἀρχέτυπον: τῆς γὰρ βασιλευούσης φύσεως ἡ ἀνάγκαις τισὶν ὑπεζευγμένη τε καὶ δουλεύουσα πῶς ἂν εἰκὼν ὀνομάζοιτο; οὐκοῦν τὸ διὰ πάντων πρὸς τὸ θεῖον ὡμοιωμένον ἔδει πάντως ἔχειν ἐν τῇ φύσει τὸ αὐτοκρατὲς καὶ ἀδέσποτον, ὥστε ἆθλον ἀρετῆς εἶναι τὴν τῶν ἀγαθῶν μετουσίαν. πόθεν οὖν, ἐρεῖς, ὁ διὰ πάντων τοῖς καλλίστοις τετιμημένος τὰ χείρω τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἀντηλλάξατο; σαφὴς καὶ ὁ περὶ τούτου λόγος. οὐδεμία κακοῦ γένεσις ἐκ τοῦ θείου βουλήματος τὴν ἀρχὴν ἔσχεν: ἦ γὰρ ἂν ἔξω μέμψεως ἦν ἡ κακία, θεὸν ἑαυτῆς ἐπιγραφομένη ποιητὴν καὶ πατέρα: ἀλλ' ἐμφύεταί πως τὸ κακὸν ἔνδοθεν, τῇ προαιρέσει τότε συνιστάμενον, ὅταν τις ἀπὸ τοῦ καλοῦ γένηται τῆς ψυχῆς ἀναχώρησις. καθάπερ γὰρ ἡ ὅρασις φύσεώς ἐστιν ἐνέργεια, ἡ δὲ πήρωσις στέρησίς ἐστι τῆς φυσικῆς ἐνεργείας, οὕτω καὶ ἡ ἀρετὴ πρὸς τὴν κακίαν ἀντικαθέστηκεν. οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν ἄλλως κακίας γένεσιν ἐννοῆσαι, ἢ ἀρετῆς ἀπουσίαν. ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῦ φωτὸς ὑφαιρεθέντος ὁ ζόφος ἐπηκολούθησε, παρόντος δὲ οὐκ ἔστιν, οὕτως, ἕως ἂν παρῇ τὸ ἀγαθὸν ἐν τῇ φύσει, ἀνύπαρκτόν τί ἐστι καθ' ἑαυτὴν ἡ κακία: ἡ δὲ τοῦ κρείττονος ἀναχώρησις τοῦ ἐναντίου γίνεται γένεσις. ἐπεὶ οὖν τοῦτο τῆς αὐτεξουσιότητός ἐστι τὸ ἰδίωμα, τὸ κατ' ἐξουσίαν αἱρεῖσθαι τὸ καταθύμιον, οὐχ ὁ θεός σοι τῶν παρόντων ἐστὶν αἴτιος κακῶν, ἀδέσποτόν τε καὶ ἄνετόν σοι κατασκευάσας τὴν φύσιν, ἀλλ' ἡ ἀβουλία τὸ χεῖρον ἀντὶ τοῦ κρείττονος προελομένη.