John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Gospel of Matthew

Behold a third discourse, and we have not yet made an end of the prefatory matter. It was not then for nought that I said, It is the nature of these thoughts to have a great depth.

Come, then, let us speak to-day what remains. What is it then that is now required? Why Joseph’s genealogy is traced, who had no part in the birth. And one cause we have mentioned already; but it is necessary to mention likewise the other, that which is more mystical and secret than the first. What then is this? He would not that it should be manifest to the Jews, at the time of the birth, that Christ was born of a virgin.

Nay, be not troubled at the strangeness of the saying. For it is no statement of mine, but of our fathers, wonderful and illustrious men.96 St. Ignatius ad Ephes. xix. init. Κα λαθεν τον ρχοντα το ανο τουτο παρθενα Μαρα, κα τοκετς ατ, μοω κα θνατο το Κυρου τρα μυστρια κραυγ τινα ν συχ Θεο πρχθη. “Now the virginity of Mary, and her delivery, was kept in secret from the prince of this world, as was also the Lord’s death; three most notable mysteries, yet done in Secret of God.” [See Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. I., p. 57. The Greek given in this note is from the “briefer” form of the Ignatian Epistles. But the “longer” form differs very little, and the Syriac version, brief as it is, contains this sentence.—R.] And Origen, 6th Homily on St. Luke, says, “It has been well written in one of the epistles of a certain martyr, I mean Ignatius, the next Bishop of Antioch after the blessed Peter, him who fought with wild beasts in the persecution at Rome, ‘Now the virginity of Mary was kept in secret from the prince of this world.’ It was concealed because of Joseph, because of her espousals, because she was supposed to have a husband. For, had she had no spouse or supposed husband, it could not have been concealed from the prince of this world. For presently the thought would have silently occurred to the evil one, ‘How is she with child, who knoweth not a man? This conception must be divine, it must be something higher than human nature.’ On the contrary, our Saviour had purposed that the devil should be ignorant of his Œconomy and Incarnation: for which cause He both in His birth concealed the same, and commanded His disciples afterwards that they should not make Him known. Also when tempted by the devil in person, He no where owned Himself Son of God.” Origen then quotes 1 Cor. ii. 6–8, to the same effect. And in answer to the objection, How the devils which were from time to time cast out knew Him to be the Son of God, he suggests that it might be owing to their inferiority in malice and mischief: according to the rule among men, that the worse they are, the less they can know of Christ. [The Homilies of Origen are not included in the Ante-Nicene Fathers.] See also a supposed Homily of St. Basil’s, De Christi generatione, Ed. Ben. ii. 598, c.; and St. Jerome on St. Matt. i. 18. For if He disguised many things from the first, calling Himself Son of Man, and hath not everywhere clearly unfolded to us even His equality with the Father; why dost thou wonder at His having for a time disguised this also, taking order as He was for a certain great and marvellous purpose?97 [θαυμαστν τι κα μγα οκονομνκακουργοντε .and would have condemned her for adultery. For if in regard to the other matters, for which they had frequent precedents likewise in the old dispensation, they were quite shameless in their obstinacy98 φανερ ναισχντουν.(for so, because He had cast out devils, they called Him possessed; and because He healed on the Sabbath day, they supposed Him to be an adversary of God; and yet oftentimes even before this had the Sabbath been broken), what would they not have said, if this had been told them? Especially as99 [Κα γρ.]they had all time before this on their side, in that it never had produced any such thing. For if after so many miracles they still called Him son of Joseph, how before the miracles would they have believed that He was born of a virgin?

It is then for this reason that both Joseph has his genealogy traced, and the Virgin betrothed to him. For if even he, who was both a just and wondrous man, required many things, in order that he should receive that which had come to pass; an angel, and the vision in dreams, and the testimony from the prophets; how could the Jews, being both dull and depraved, and of so unfriendly spirit towards Him, have admitted this idea into their minds? For the strangeness and novelty thereof would be sure greatly to disturb them, and the fact that they had never so much as heard of such a thing having happened in the times of their forefathers. For as the man who was once persuaded that He is Son of God, would after that have no cause to doubt concerning this too; so he who was accounting Him to be a deceiver and an adversary of God, how could he but have been yet more offended by this, and have been led on unto the opposite100 [ἐκενην.]notion? For this cause neither do the apostles at the first directly say this, but while of His resurrection they discourse much and often (forasmuch as of this there were examples in the times before, although not such as this); that He was born of a virgin they do not say always: nay, not even His mother herself ventured to utter this. See, for instance, what saith the Virgin even to Himself: “Behold, Thy father and I have sought Thee.”101 Luke ii. 48. For if this suspicion had been entertained, neither would He any longer have been accounted to be a Son of David, and this opinion not being held, many other evils besides would have arisen. For this cause neither do the angels say these things to all, but to Mary only, and Joseph; but when showing to the shepherds the glad tidings of that which was come to pass, they no longer added this.

2. But why is it, that having mentioned Abraham, and having said that “he begat Isaac, and Isaac, Jacob;” and not having made any mention of his brother; when he is come to Jacob, he remembers both “Judah, and his brethren”? Now there are some that say, it was because of the perverseness of Esau, and of the rest that came before. But I should not say this; for if it were so, how is it that he a little after mentions such women? It being out of contraries, in this place, that His glory is manifested; not by having great forefathers, but low and of little account. For to the lofty One it is a great glory to be able to abase Himself exceedingly. Wherefore then did He not mention them? Because Saracens, and Ishmaelites, and Arabians, and as many as are sprung from those ancestors, have nothing in common with the race of the Israelites. For this cause then he passes over those in silence, and hastens on to His forefathers, and those of the Jewish people. Wherefore he saith, “And Jacob begat Judas and his brethren.” For at this point the race of the Jews begins to have its peculiar mark.

3. “And Judas begat Phares and Zara of Thamar.”102 Matt. i. 3.“What doest thou, O man, putting us in remembrance of a history that contains an unlawful intercourse?” But why is this said?103 [More accurately, “But why is this? one may say.”—R.] Since, if we were recounting the race of a mere man, one might naturally have been silent touching these things; but if of God Incarnate, so far from being silent, one ought to make a glory of them, showing forth His tender care, and His power. Yea, it was for this cause He came, not to escape our disgraces, but to bear them away. Therefore as He is the more admired, in that He not only died, but was even crucified (though the thing be opprobrious, yet the more opprobrious the more doth it show Him full of love to man), so likewise may we speak touching His birth; it is not only because He took flesh upon Him, and became man, that we justly stand amazed at Him, but because He vouchsafed to have also such kinsfolk, being in no respect ashamed of our evils. And this He was proclaiming from the very beginnings of His birth, that He is ashamed of none of those things that belong to us; while He teaches us also hereby, never to hide our face at our forefathers’ wickedness, but to seek after one thing alone, even virtue. For such a man, though he have an alien for his ancestor, though he have a mother who is a prostitute, or what you will, can take no hurt thereby. For if the whoremonger himself, being changed, is nothing disgraced by his former life, much more will the wickedness of his ancestry have no power to bring to shame him that is sprung of an harlot or an adulteress, if he be virtuous.

But he did these things not only to instruct us, but also to bring down the haughtiness of the Jews. For since they, negligent about virtue in their own souls, were parading the name of Abraham,104 [τν Αβραμ νω κα κτω παρφερον.]thinking they had for a plea their forefathers’ virtue; he shows from the very beginning that it is not in these things men ought to glory, but in their own good deeds.

Besides this, he is establishing another point also, to show that all are under sin, even their forefathers themselves. At least their patriarch and namesake is shown to have committed no small sin, for Thamar stands against him, to accuse his whoredom. And David too had Solomon by the wife whom he corrupted. But if by the great ones the law was not fulfilled, much more by the less. And if it was not fulfilled, all have sinned, and Christ’s coming is become necessary.

For this cause he made mention also of the twelve patriarchs, by this again bringing down their pride at the noble birth of their fathers. Because many of these also were born of women that were slaves; but nevertheless the difference of the parents did not make a difference in the children. For all were equally both patriarchs and heads of tribes. For this is the precedence of the Church, this the prerogative of the nobility that is among us, taking its type from the beginning. So that whether thou be bond or free, thou hast from thence nothing more nor less; but the question is all about one thing only, namely, the mind, and the disposition of the soul.

4. But besides what we have said, there is another cause also, wherefore he hath mentioned even this history; for to be sure, Zara’s name was not cast at random on that of Phares. (For indeed it was irrelevant, and superfluous, when he had mentioned Phares, from whom he was to trace Christ’s genealogy, to mention Zara also.) Wherefore then did he mention him? When Thamar was on the point of giving birth to them, the pangs having come upon her, Zara put forth his hand first.105 Gen. xxxviii. 27. Then the midwife, when she saw this, in order that the first should be known, bound his hand with scarlet; but the child, when he was bound, drew in his hand, and when he had drawn it in, Phares came forth first, and then Zara. The midwife when she saw this said, “Why was the hedge broken up for thee?”106 Our marginal translation is, “Wherefore hast thou made this breach against thee?” Gen. xxxviii. 29. [R.V. text: “Wherefore hast thou made a breach for thyself,” with the margin: “Or, How hast thou made a breach ! A breach be upon thee!” The LXX. rendering, which Chrysostom cites, misses the suggestion of the original Hebrew.—R.]

Seest thou the dark expression of mysteries? For it was not without purpose that these things were recorded for us: since neither was it worth our study to learn, what it might be that the midwife said; nor worth a narrative to know, that he who came out second, put forth his hand first. What then is the mysterious lesson?107 τ ανιγμα. First, from the name of the child108 [τ προηγοπα το παιδου. The terms seem to be chosen to suggest that the name of the child came from the greeting given it by the midwife.—R.]we learn what is inquired, for Phares is “a division,” and “a breach.” And moreover from the thing itself, which took place; for it was not in the order of nature that, having thrust out his hand, he should draw it in again when bound; these thing neither belonged to a movement directed by reason, nor did they take place in the way of natural consequence. For after the hand had found its way out, that another child should come forth before was perhaps not unnatural; but that he should draw it back, and give a passage for another, was no longer after the manner of children at the birth, but the grace of God was present with the children, ordering these things, and sketching out for us by them a sort of image of the things that were to come.

What then? Some of those who have examined these things accurately say, that these children are a type of the two nations.109 i.e., The Jewish and the Christian. Compare the 62d Homily on Genesis, t. i. 478, ed. Sav. “Zara being interpreted, is ‘the East.’ And that these things did not take place at random, but were a type of what was to come, the facts themselves indicate. For that which happened was not in the order of nature. For how was it possible, when the hand had been bound with the scarlet thread, for it to be again drawn back to afford passage to him who came after had there not been some divine power which before ordained these things, and as in a kind of shadow drew out this figure; that at first and from the beginning Zara (that is the East, which is the type of the Church) began to increase, and after it had made a little progress and then retired, the observance of the Law, represented by Phares, came in: and after prevailing a long time, on a second advance of Zara, who had before retired, made room on the contrary for the Church; I mean, the whole Jewish polity did so.” “Perhaps, however, it is necessary now to state the matter more briefly and clearly. There was a beginning, like the putting forth of Zara’s hand, in Abel, Enoch, Noah, Melchisedek, Abraham, making extreme account of what might please God. Afterwards, when they had grown into a multitude, and had heaped on themselves heavy burdens of sin, and needed the benefit of some slight consolation, the Law was given as a kind of shadow, not as taking away sins, but as declaring and making them manifest: that as imperfect children living on milk they might be capable of attaining full age. But when even thus they failed of profiting, yea, kept mingling themselves up again with their sins, all the while that the Law was pointing out the greatness of the same, He came who is our common Lord, and freely bestowed on mankind this present spiritual polity, full of all virtue, whereof Zara was to stand as a type. For this cause the evangelist also both mentioned Thamar and her children, saying, ‘Judas begat Pharez and Zarah of Thamar.’” Compare also St. Cyr. of Alex. 6 lib. in Gen. t. i. 201, ed. Aubert; Theod. in Gen. qu. 96; St. Aug. in Ps. 61, t. iv. 442, D. [A good specimen of the allegorizing exegesis which even such an expositor as Chrysostom could indulge in. The detailed account of the birth of Pharez is justified by the importance attached to the position of first-born.—R.] And so in order that thou mightest learn that the polity of the latter people shone forth previously to the origin of the former, the child that hath the hand stretched forth doth not show itself entire, but draws even it in again; and after his brother had glided forth whole, then he too appears entire. And this took place also with regard to the two nations. I mean, that after the polity of the Church had been manifested in the times of Abraham, and then had been withdrawn in the midst of its course, the Jewish people came, and the legal polity, and then the new people appeared entire with their own laws. Wherefore also the midwife saith, “Why was the hedge broken up for thee?” because the law coming in had broken in upon the freedom of the polity. For indeed the Scripture is ever wont to call the law a hedge; as the prophet saith: “Thou hast broken down her hedge, so that all they which pass by the way do pluck off her grapes:”110 Ps. lxxx. 12.and, “I have set a hedge about it:”111 Is. v. 2, where the marginal translation is, He made a wall about it: the word hedge occurs verse 5. [R.V., verse 2. “He made a trench about it,” with margin, “Or, digged it.” In the LXX. φραγμν occurs, however.—R.]and Paul, “Having broken down the middle wall of the hedge.”112 Eph. ii. 14, where this word is translated “partition.” [Retained in the R.V.] But others say, that the saying, “Why was the hedge broken up for thee?” was spoken touching the new people: for this at its coming put down the law.113 [The entire paragraph is based on the LXX. rendering, which by introducing φραγμς suggests an idea foreign to the original Hebrew.—R.]

5. Seest thou that it was not for few nor small causes that he brought to our remembrance the whole history concerning Judah? For this end he hath mentioned Ruth also and Rahab, the one an alien, the other an harlot, that thou mayest learn that He came to do away with all our ills. For He hath come as a Physician, not as a Judge. Therefore in like manner as those of old took harlots for wives, even so God too espoused unto Himself the nature which had played the harlot: and this also prophets114 Hos. i. 2; Jer. iii.; Ezek. xxiii. 4, 5, 11.from the beginning declare to have taken place with respect to the Synagogue. But that spouse was ungrateful towards Him who had been an husband to her, whereas, the Church, when once delivered from the evils received from our fathers, continued to embrace the Bridegroom.

See, for instance, what befell Ruth, how like it is to the things which belong to us. For she was both of a strange race, and reduced to the utmost poverty, yet Boaz when he saw her neither despised her poverty nor abhorred her mean birth, as Christ having received the Church, being both an alien and in much poverty, took her to be partaker of the great blessings. But even as Ruth, if she had not before left her father, and renounced household and race, country and kindred, would not have attained unto this alliance; so the Church too, having forsaken the customs which men had received from their fathers, then, and not before,115 [The Greek text has simply ττε, a term that is usually paraphrased by the translator.—R.]became lovely to the Bridegroom. Of this therefore the prophet discourses unto her, and saith, “Forget thy people, and thy father’s house, so shall the king have pleasure in thy beauty.”116 Ps. xlv. 11, 12. This Ruth did too, and because of this she became a mother of kings, even as the Church did likewise. For of her David himself sprung. So then to shame them by all these things, and to prevail on them not to be high-minded, he hath both composed the genealogy, and brought forward these women. Yes, for this last, through those who intervened, was parent to the great king, and of these David is not ashamed. For it cannot, nay, it cannot be that a man should be good or bad, obscure or glorious, either by the virtue or by the vice of his forefathers; but if one must say somewhat even paradoxical, he shines forth the more, who not being of worthy ancestors, has yet become excellent.

6. Let no one therefore be high-minded on account of these matters, but let him consider the forefathers of the Lord, and put away all his haughtiness, and let good actions be his pride; or rather, not even these. For thus it was that the Pharisee came to be inferior to the Publican. Thus, if thou wouldest show the good work to be great, have no high thought,117 [That is, no proud thought.—R.]and thou hast proved it so much the greater. Make account that thou hast done nothing, and then thou hast done all. For if, being sinners, when we account ourselves to be what we are, we become righteous, as indeed the Publican did; how much more, when being righteous we account ourselves to be sinners. Since if out of sinners men are made righteous by a lowly mind (although this were not to be lowly-minded but to be right-minded); if then to be right-minded avails so much in the case of sinners, consider what will not lowliness of mind do with respect to righteous men.

Do not then mar thy labors, nor cast away from thee the fruits of thy toils, neither run thou in vain, making frustrate all thy labor after the many courses thou hast run. Nay, for thy Lord knows thy good works better than thou dost. Though thou give but a cup of cold water, not even this doth He overlook; though thou contribute but a farthing, though thou shouldest utter a sigh only, He receives it all with great favor and is mindful thereof, and assigns for it great rewards.

But wherefore dost thou search out thine own doings, and bring them out before us continually? Knowest thou not, that if thou praise thyself, God will no more praise thee? even as if thou bewail thyself,118 [“Thyself” is supplied by the translator.—R.] He will not cease proclaiming thee before all. For it is not at all His will that thy labors should be disparaged. Why do I say, disparaged? Nay, He is doing and contriving all things, so that even for little He may crown thee; and He goes about seeking excuses, whereby thou mayest be delivered from hell. For this cause, though thou shouldest work but the eleventh hour of the day, He gives thy wages entire; and though thou afford no ground of salvation, He saith, “I do it for mine own sake, that my name be not profaned:”119 Ezek. xxxvi. 22.though thou shouldest sigh only, though thou shouldest only weep, all these things He quickly catches hold of, for an occasion of saving thee.

Let us not therefore lift up ourselves, but let us declare ourselves unprofitable, that we may become profitable. For if thou call thyself approved, thou art become unprofitable, though thou wert approved; but if useless, thou art become profitable, even though thou wert reprobate.

7. Wherefore it is necessary to forget our good actions. “Yet how is it possible,” one may say, “not to know these things with which we are well acquainted?” How sayest thou? Offending thy Lord perpetually, thou livest delicately, and laughest, and dost not so much as know that thou hast sinned, but hast consigned all to oblivion; and of thy good actions canst thou not put away the memory? And yet fear is a stronger kind of thing. But we do the very contrary; on the one hand, whilst each day we are offending, we do not so much as put it before our mind; on the other, if we give a little money to a poor person, this we are ever revolving. This kind of conduct comes of utter madness, and it is a very great loss to him who so makes his reckoning.120 το συλλγοντο. For the secure storehouse of good works is to forget our good works. And as with regard to raiment and gold, when we expose them in a market-place, we attract many ill-meaning persons; but if we put them by at home and hide them, we shall deposit them all in security: even so with respect to our good deeds; if we are continually keeping them in memory, we provoke the Lord, we arm the enemy, we invite him to steal them away; but if no one know of them, besides Him who alone ought to know, they will lie in safety.

Be not therefore for ever parading them, lest some one should take them away. As was the case with the Pharisee, for bearing them about upon his lips; whence also the devil caught them away. And yet it was with thanksgiving he made mention of them, and referred the whole to God. But not even did this suffice Him. For it is not thanksgiving to revile others, to be vainglorious before many, to exalt one’s self against them that have offended. Rather, if thou art giving thanks to God, be content with Him only, and publish it not unto men, neither condemn thy neighbor; for this is not thanksgiving. Wouldest thou learn words of thanksgiving? hearken unto the Three Children, saying, “We have sinned, we have transgressed. Thou art righteous, O Lord, in all that thou hast done unto us, because thou hast brought all things upon us by a true judgment.”121 Song of the Three Children, Vers. 6, 8, 4. For to confess122 ὁμολογεν—ὁμολογοντα. There seems an allusion to the two meanings of confiteor and the kindred words.one’s own sins, this is to give thanks with confession123 ὁμολογεν—ὁμολογοντα. There seems an allusion to the two meanings of confiteor and the kindred words.unto God: a kind of thing which implies one to be guilty of numberless offenses, yet not to have the due penalty exacted. This man most of all is the giver of thanks.

8. Let us beware therefore of saying anything about ourselves, for this renders us both odious with men and abominable to God. For this reason, the greater the good works we do, the less let us say of ourselves; this being the way to reap the greatest glory both with men and with God. Or rather, not only glory from God, but a reward, yea, a great recompense. Demand not therefore a reward that thou mayest receive a reward. Confess thyself to be saved by grace, that He may profess Himself a debtor to thee; and not for thy good works only, but also for such rightness of mind. For when we do good works, we have Him debtor for our good works only; but when we do not so much as think we have done any good work, then also for this disposition itself; and more for this, than for the other things: so that this is equivalent to our good works. For should this be absent, neither will they appear great. For in the same way, we too, when we have servants,124 Luke xvii. 10.do then most approve them when, after having performed all their service with good will, they do not think they have done anything great. Wherefore, if thou wouldest make thy good deeds great, do not think them to be great, and then they will be great.

It was in this way that the centurion also said, “I am not fit that thou shouldest enter under my roof;” because of this, he became worthy, and was “marvelled at”125 Matt. viii. 8.above all Jews. On this wise again Paul saith, “I am not meet to be called an apostle;”126 1 Cor. xv. 9.because of this he became even first of all. So likewise John: “I am not meet to loose the latchet of His shoe;”127 Mark i. 7; Luke iii. 16; John i. 27, iii. 29.because of this he was the “friend of the Bridegroom,” and the hand which he affirmed to be unworthy to touch His shoes, this did Christ draw unto His own head.128 Alluding to Matthew iii. 14, 15; and to the custom of the ancient Church of adding imposition of hands for the gift of the strengthening Spirit immediately on baptism, if the bishop were present. See Bingham, xii. 1, 1, and the writers quoted by him, especially Tertullian, de Bapt. 7. “As soon as we are come out of the water, we are anointed with the consecrated oil…Then we receive imposition of hands, summoning and inviting the Holy Spirit in the way of solemn benediction.” [Ante-Nicene Fathers, vol. iii. p. 672. The second sentence is the beginning of chap. 8 in Tertullian’s treatise.—R.] So Peter too said, “Depart from me, for I am a sinful man;”129 Luke v. 8.because of this he became a foundation of the Church.

For nothing is so acceptable to God as to number one’s self with the last. This is a first principle of all practical wisdom.130 [φιλοσοφα.] For he that is humbled, and bruised in heart, will not be vainglorious, will not be wrathful, will not envy his neighbor, will not harbor any other passion. For neither when a hand is bruised, though we strive ten thousand times, shall we be able to lift it up on high. If therefore we were thus to bruise our heart131 [ψυχν.]likewise, though it were stirred by ten thousand swelling passions, it could not be lifted up, no, not ever so little. For if a man, by mourning for things pertaining to this life, drives out all the diseases of his soul, much more will he, who mourns for sins, enjoy the blessing of self-restraint.132 [τ φιλοσοφια.]

9. “But who,” one may say, “will be able thus to bruise his own heart?” Listen to David, who became illustrious chiefly because of this, and see the contrition of his soul. How after ten thousand good works, and when he was on the point of being deprived of country, and home, and life itself, at the very season of his calamity, seeing a vile and outcast common soldier trample on the turn of his fortunes133 ἐπεμβανοντα ατο τ καιρ.and revile him; so far from reviling him again, he utterly forbad one of his captains, who was desirous to have slain him, saying, “Let him alone, for the Lord hath bidden him.”134 2 Sam. xvi. 10. And again, when the priests desired to carry about the ark of God135 [The words “of God” are supplied by the translator.—R.]with him, he did not permit it; but what doth he say?136 Or, “Carry back the ark of God into the city, and put it in its place: if I shall find favor in the eyes of the Lord,” &c. Benedict. and Savil. 2 Sam. xv. 25, 26.“Let me set it down in the temple, and if God deliver me from the dangers that are before me, I shall see the beauty thereof; but if He say to me, I have no delight in thee, behold, here am I, let Him do to me as seemeth good unto Him.” And that which was done with regard to Saul, again and again, even oftentimes, what excellence of self-restraint doth it not show? Yea, for he even surpassed the old law, and came near to the apostolic injunctions. For this cause he bore with contentedness all that came from the Lord’s hands; not contending against what befell him, but aiming at one object alone, namely, in everything to obey, and follow the laws set by Him. And when after so many noble deeds on his part, he saw the tyrant, the parricide, the murderer of his own brother, that injurious, that frenzied one, possessing in his stead his own kingdom, not even so was he offended. But “if this please God,” saith he, “that I should be chased, and wander, and flee, and that he should be in honor, I acquiesce, and accept it, and do thank God for His many afflictions.” Not like many of the shameless and impudent ones, who when they have not done, no not the least part of his good works, yet if they see any in prosperity, and themselves enduring a little discouragement, ruin their own souls by ten thousand blasphemies. But David was not such an one; rather he showed forth all modesty.137 ἐπιεκεαν. Wherefore also God said, “I have found David, the son of Jesse, a man after mine own heart.”138 Acts. xiii. 22; 1 Sam. xiii. 14.

Such a spirit as this let us too acquire, and whatever we may suffer we shall bear it easily, and before the Kingdom, we shall reap here the gain accruing from lowliness of mind. Thus “learn,” saith He, “of me, for I am meek and lowly in heart, and ye shall find rest unto your souls.”139 Matt. xi. 29. Therefore in order that we may enjoy rest both here and hereafter, let us with great diligence implant in our souls the mother of all things that are good, I mean humility. For thus we shall be enabled both to pass over the sea of this life without waves, and to end our voyage in that calm harbor; by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory and might for ever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Γʹ. Βίβλος γενέσεως Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, υἱοῦ Δαυῒδ, υἱοῦ Ἀβραάμ. αʹ. Ἰδοὺ τρίτη διάλεξις, καὶ τὰ ἐν προοιμίοις οὐδέπω διελυσάμεθα. Οὐκ ἄρα μάτην ἔλεγον, ὅτι πολὺ τὸ βάθος ἔχει τῶν νοημάτων τούτων ἡ φύσις. Φέρε δὴ τὰ λειπόμενα σήμερον εἴπωμεν. Τί ποτ' οὖν ἐστι τὸ ζητούμενον νῦν; Τίνος ἕνεκεν ὁ Ἰωσὴφ γενεαλογεῖται, οὐδὲν πρὸς τὴν γέννησιν συντελῶν. Καὶ μίαν μὲν αἰτίαν εἰρήκαμεν ἤδη: ἀναγκαῖον δὲ καὶ τὴν ἑτέραν εἰπεῖν, τὴν μυστικωτέραν καὶ ἀποῤῥητοτέραν ἐκείνης. Τίς οὖν ἐστιν αὕτη; Οὐκ ἐβούλετο τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις εἶναι δῆλον παρὰ τὸν τῶν ὠδίνων καιρὸν, ὅτι ἐκ Παρθένου γεγέννηται ὁ Χριστός. Ἀλλὰ μὴ θορυβεῖσθε πρὸς τὸ παράδοξον τοῦ λεγομένου. Οὐ γὰρ ἐμὸς ὁ λόγος, ἀλλὰ Πατέρων ἡμετέρων, θαυμαστῶν καὶ ἐπισήμων ἀνδρῶν. Εἰ γὰρ πολλὰ συνεσκίασεν ἐξ ἀρχῆς, Υἱὸν ἀνθρώπου καλῶν ἑαυτὸν, καὶ οὐδὲ τὴν πρὸς τὸν Πατέρα ἰσότητα πανταχοῦ σαφῶς ἡμῖν ἐξεκάλυψε: τί θαυμάζεις, εἰ καὶ τοῦτο συνεσκίασε τέως, θαυμαστόν τι καὶ μέγα οἰκονομῶν; Καὶ ποῖον θαυμαστόν; φησί. Τὸ διασωθῆναι τὴν Παρθένον, καὶ ὑποψίας ἀπαλλαγῆναι πονηρᾶς. Εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις γέγονε κατάδηλον, κἂν κατέλευσαν τὴν Παρθένον κακουργοῦντες τῷ λεγομένῳ, καὶ μοιχείας αὐτὴν ἔκριναν ἄν. Εἰ γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν ἄλλων, ὧν πολλάκις καὶ ὑποδείγματα εἶχον ἐν τῇ Παλαιᾷ, φανερῶς ἠναισχύντουν (καὶ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ δαίμονας ἐξέβαλε, δαιμονῶντα ἐκάλουν, καὶ ἐπειδὴ ἐν Σαββάτῳ ἐθεράπευσεν, ἀντίθεον εἶναι ἐνόμιζον, καίτοιγε πολλάκις καὶ πρότερον ἐλύθη τὸ Σάββατον), τί οὐκ ἂν εἶπον τούτου λεχθέντος; Καὶ γὰρ εἶχον πάντα τὸν πρὸ τούτου συναγωνιζόμενον αὐτοῖς καιρὸν, οὐδέποτέ τι τοιοῦτον ἐνεγκόντα. Εἰ γὰρ μετὰ τοσαῦτα σημεῖα ἔτι αὐτὸν τοῦ Ἰωσὴφ ἐκάλουν υἱὸν, πῶς ἂν πρὸ τῶν σημείων ἐπίστευσαν, ὅτι ἐκ Παρθένου ἦν; Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καὶ γενεαλογεῖται, καὶ μνηστεύεται τὴν Παρθένον. Ὅπου γὰρ ὁ Ἰωσὴφ, καὶ δίκαιος ὢν καὶ θαυμαστὸς ἀνὴρ, πολλῶν ἐδεήθη ὥστε δέξασθαι τὸ γεγενημένον, καὶ ἀγγέλου, καὶ τῆς δι' ὀνειράτων ὄψεως, καὶ τῆς ἀπὸ τῶν προφητῶν μαρτυρίας, πῶς ἂν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, καὶ σκαιοὶ ὄντες καὶ διεφθαρμένοι, καὶ πολεμίως οὕτω πρὸς αὐτὸν ἔχοντες, ταύτην ἂν παρεδέξαντο τὴν ὑπόνοιαν; Σφόδρα γὰρ αὐτοὺς ἔμελλε θορυβεῖν τὸ ξένον καὶ καινὸν, καὶ τὸ μηδέποτέ τι τοιοῦτον μηδὲ ἀκοῇ παραδέξασθαι ἐπὶ τῶν προγόνων συμβεβηκός. Ὁ μὲν γὰρ ἅπαξ πεισθεὶς, ὅτι τοῦ Θεοῦ Υἱός ἐστιν, οὐδὲ περὶ τούτου λοιπὸν ἀμφισβητεῖν εἶχεν: ὁ δὲ καὶ πλάνον καὶ ἀντίθεον αὐτὸν εἶναι νομίζων, πῶς οὐκ ἂν ἀπὸ τούτου καὶ ἐσκανδαλίσθη μειζόνως, καὶ πρὸς ἐκείνην ὡδηγήθη τὴν ὑπόνοιαν; Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ οἱ ἀπόστολοι παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν εὐθέως τοῦτο λέγουσιν: ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ μὲν τῆς ἀναστάσεως πολλὰ διαλέγονται καὶ πολλάκις, ἐπειδὴ ταύτης ὑποδείγματα ἦν ἐν τοῖς ἔμπροσθεν χρόνοις, εἰ καὶ μὴ τοιαῦτα: ὅτι δὲ ἐκ Παρθένου γέγονεν, οὐ συνεχῶς λέγουσιν: ἀλλ' οὐδὲ αὐτὴ ἡ μήτηρ ἐξενεγκεῖν τοῦτο ἐτόλμησεν. Ὅρα γοῦν καὶ πρὸς αὐτὸν τί φησιν ἡ Παρθένος: Ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ καὶ ὁ πατήρ σου ἐζητοῦμέν σε. Εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ὑπωπτεύθη, οὐδ' ἂν τοῦ Δαυῒδ λοιπὸν ἐνομίσθη εἶναι υἱός: τούτου δὲ μὴ νομισθέντος, πολλὰ ἂν ἐτέχθη καὶ ἕτερα κακά. Διὰ τοῦτο οὐδὲ οἱ ἄγγελοι ταῦτα λέγουσιν, ἀλλὰ τῇ Μαρίᾳ μόνῃ καὶ τῷ Ἰωσήφ: τοῖς δὲ ποιμέσιν εὐαγγελιζόμενοι τὸ γεγενημένον, οὐκέτι τοῦτο προσέθηκαν. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν μνησθεὶς τοῦ Ἀβραὰμ, καὶ εἰπὼν Ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰσαὰκ, καὶ ὁ Ἰσαὰκ τὸν Ἰακὼβ, καὶ οὐ μνημονεύσας τοῦ ἀδελφοῦ αὐτοῦ, ὅτε εἰς τὸν Ἰακὼβ ἦλθε, καὶ τοῦ Ἰούδα καὶ τῶν ἀδελφῶν τῶν τούτου μέμνηται; βʹ. Τινὲς μὲν οὖν φασι, διὰ τὸ δύστροπον τοῦ Ἡσαῦ καὶ τῶν ἄλλων τῶν προτέρων: ἐγὼ δὲ οὐκ ἂν τοῦτο φαίην. Εἰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἦν, πῶς μικρὸν ὕστερον τοιούτων μέμνηται γυναικῶν; Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῶν ἐναντίων ἐνταῦθα ἡ δόξα αὐτοῦ φαίνεται: οὐκ ἀπὸ τοῦ μεγάλους ἔχειν προγόνους, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ τοῦ μικροὺς καὶ εὐτελεῖς. Τῷ γὰρ ὑψηλῷ δόξα πολλὴ, τὸ δυνηθῆναι ταπεινωθῆναι σφοδρῶς. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν οὐκ ἐμνημόνευσεν; Ἐπειδὴ κοινὸν οὐδὲν εἶχον πρὸς τὸ τῶν Ἰσραηλιτῶν γένος Σαρακηνοὶ καὶ Ἰσμαηλῖται καὶ Ἄραβες, καὶ ὅσοι γεγόνασιν ἐκ τῶν προγόνων ἐκείνων. Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο ἐκείνους μὲν ἐσίγησεν, ἐπείγεται δὲ πρὸς τοὺς αὐτοῦ προγόνους, καὶ τοῦ δήμου τοῦ Ἰουδαϊκοῦ. Διό φησιν: Ἰακὼβ δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν Ἰούδαν, καὶ τοὺς ἀδελφοὺς αὐτοῦ. Ἐνταῦθα γὰρ τὸ τῶν Ἰουδαίων λοιπὸν χαρακτηρίζεται γένος. Ἰούδας δὲ ἐγέννησε τὸν Φαρὲς καὶ τὸν Ζαρὰ ἐκ τῆς Θάμαρ. Τί ποιεῖς, ἄνθρωπε, ἱστορίας ἡμᾶς ἀναμιμνήσκων παράνομον μίξιν ἐχούσης; Καὶ τί τοῦτο; φησίν. Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ἀνθρώπου κατελέγομεν γένος ψιλοῦ, εἰκότως ἄν τις ταῦτα ἐσίγησεν: εἰ δὲ Θεοῦ σαρκωθέντος, οὐ μόνον οὐ σιγᾷν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκπομπεύειν αὐτὰ χρὴ, δεικνύντας αὐτοῦ τὴν κηδεμονίαν καὶ τὴν δύναμιν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἦλθεν, οὐχ ἵνα φύγῃ τὰ ὀνείδη τὰ ἡμέτερα, ἀλλ' ἵνα αὐτὰ ἀνέλῃ. Ὥσπερ οὖν οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ἀπέθανεν, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ ἐσταυρώθη, μᾶλλον θαυμάζεται (καίτοι ἐπονείδιστον τὸ πρᾶγμα, ἀλλ' ὅσῳ ἐπονείδιστον, τοσούτῳ φιλάνθρωπον αὐτὸν δείκνυσιν): οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς γεννήσεως ἔστιν εἰπεῖν: οὐκ ἐπειδὴ σάρκα ἀνέλαβε, καὶ ἄνθρωπος ἐγένετο, θαυμάζειν αὐτὸν δίκαιον μόνον, ἀλλ' ὅτι καὶ τοιούτους συγγενεῖς κατηξίωσεν ἔχειν, οὐδαμοῦ τὰ ἡμέτερα ἐπαισχυνόμενος κακά. Καὶ τοῦτο ἐξ αὐτῶν τῆς γεννήσεως ἐκήρυττε τῶν προοιμίων, ὅτι οὐδὲν ἐπαισχύνεται τῶν ἡμετέρων, παιδεύων καὶ ἡμᾶς διὰ τούτων, μηδέποτε ἐγκαλύπτεσθαι ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν προγόνων κακίᾳ, ἀλλ' ἓν μόνον ἐπιζητεῖν, τὴν ἀρετήν. Ὁ γὰρ τοιοῦτος, κἂν ἀλλόφυλον ἔχῃ πρόγονον, κἂν πεπορνευμένην, κἂν ὁτιοῦν ἕτερον οὖσαν, οὐδὲν παραβλαβῆναι δυνήσεται. Εἰ γὰρ αὐτὸν τὸν πόρνον μεταβληθέντα οὐδὲν ὁ πρότερος αἰσχύνει βίος, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸν ἐκ πόρνης καὶ μοιχαλίδος ἐνάρετον ὄντα οὐδὲν ἡ τῶν προγόνων κακία καταισχῦναι δυνήσεται. Οὐχ ἡμᾶς δὲ μόνον ταῦτα παιδεύων ἐποίει, ἀλλὰ καὶ Ἰουδαίων καταστέλλων τὸ φύσημα. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τῆς κατὰ ψυχὴν ἀρετῆς ἀμελοῦντες ἐκεῖνοι, τὸν Ἀβραὰμ ἄνω καὶ κάτω παρέφερον, νομίζοντες ἔχειν ἀπολογίαν τὴν τῶν προγόνων ἀρετήν: δείκνυσιν ἐξ αὐτῶν τῶν προοιμίων, ὅτι οὐκ ἐπὶ τούτοις αὐχεῖν δεῖ, ἀλλ' ἐπὶ τοῖς οἰκείοις κατορθώμασι. Μετὰ τοῦτο καὶ ἕτερον κατασκευάζει, τὸ δεῖξαι πάντας ὑπευθύνους ἁμαρτήμασιν ὄντας, καὶ τοὺς προγόνους αὐτούς. Ὁ γοῦν πατριάρχης αὐτῶν καὶ ὁμώνυμος οὐ μικρὸν φαίνεται ἡμαρτηκώς: καὶ γὰρ ἐφέστηκεν ἡ Θάμαρ κατηγοροῦσα αὐτοῦ τὴν πορνείαν: καὶ ὁ Δαυῒδ δὲ ἀπὸ τῆς πορνευθείσης γυναικὸς τὸν Σολομῶνα ἐκτήσατο. Εἰ δὲ ὑπὸ τῶν μεγάλων ὁ νόμος οὐκ ἐπληρώθη, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὑπὸ τῶν ἐλαττόνων: εἰ δὲ οὐκ ἐπληρώθη, πάντες ἥμαρτον, καὶ ἀναγκαία γέγονεν ἡ τοῦ Χριστοῦ παρουσία. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῶν δώδεκα πατριαρχῶν ἐμνημόνευσε, κἀντεῦθεν πάλιν τὸ ἐπὶ τῇ τῶν προγόνων εὐγενείᾳ φύσημα κατασπῶν. Καὶ γὰρ πολλοὶ τούτων ἀπὸ δουλίδων ἦσαν τεχθέντες γυναικῶν: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἡ τῶν γονέων διαφορὰ διαφορὰν τοῖς τεχθεῖσιν οὐκ ἐποίησε. Πάντες γὰρ ὁμοίως ἦσαν καὶ πατριάρχαι καὶ φύλαρχοι. Τοῦτο γὰρ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἐστὶ τὸ προτέρημα: αὕτη τῆς παρ' ἡμῖν εὐγενείας ἡ προεδρία, ἄνωθεν τὸν τύπον λαμβάνουσα. Ὥστε κἂν δοῦλος ᾖς, κἂν ἐλεύθερος, οὐδέν σοι πλέον, οὐδὲ ἔλαττον ἐντεῦθεν γίνεται, ἀλλ' ἕν ἐστι τὸ ζητούμενον, ἡ γνώμη καὶ ὁ τῆς ψυχῆς τρόπος. γʹ. Ἔστι δέ τι μετὰ τῶν εἰρημένων καὶ ἕτερον, δι' ὃ καὶ τῆς ἱστορίας ταύτης ἐμνημόνευσεν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἁπλῶς προσέῤῥιπται τῷ Φαρὲς ὁ Ζαρά. Καὶ γὰρ παρέλκον ἦν καὶ περισσὸν, τοῦ Φαρὲς μεμνημένον, ἀφ' οὗ τὸν Χριστὸν ἔμελλε γενεαλογεῖν, καὶ τοῦ Ζαρὰ μνησθῆναι πάλιν. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐμνήσθη; Ἡνίκα ἔμελλεν αὐτοὺς τίκτειν ἡ Θάμαρ, τῶν ὠδίνων παραγενομένων, ἐξήνεγκε πρῶτος ὁ Ζαρὰ τὴν χεῖρα: εἶτα ἡ μαῖα θεασαμένη τοῦτο, ὥστε γνώριμον εἶναι τὸν πρῶτον, κοκκίνῳ τὴν χεῖρα ἔδησεν: ὡς δὲ ἐδέθη, συνέστειλε τὸ παιδίον τὴν χεῖρα, καὶ συστείλαντος ἐκείνου προῆλθεν ὁ Φαρὲς, καὶ τότε ὁ Ζαρά. Ταῦτα ἰδοῦσα ἡ μαῖά φησι: Τί διεκόπη διὰ σὲ φραγμός; Εἶδες μυστηρίων αἰνίγματα; Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς ταῦτα ἡμῖν ἀναγέγραπται: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἱστορίας ἄξιον ἦν τὸ μαθεῖν, τί ποτε ἐφθέγξατο ἡ μαῖα: οὐδὲ διηγήσεως τὸ γνῶναι, ὅτι τὴν χεῖρα προήκατο πρῶτος ὁ δεύτερος ἐξελθών. Τί οὖν ἐστι τὸ αἴνιγμα; Πρῶτον ἀπὸ τῆς προσηγορίας τοῦ παιδίου μανθάνομεν τὸ ζητούμενον: τὸ γὰρ Φαρὲς διαίρεσίς ἐστι καὶ διακοπή. Ἔπειτα ἀπ' αὐτοῦ τοῦ συμβάντος: οὐδὲ γὰρ φυσικῆς ἀκολουθίας ἦν, τὴν χεῖρα ἐκβαλόντα συστεῖλαι πάλιν δεθέντα: οὐδὲ γὰρ κινήσεως ἦν λογικῆς ταῦτα, οὐδὲ ἀπὸ φυσικῆς γέγονεν ἀκολουθίας. Προεκπεσούσης μὲν γὰρ τῆς χειρὸς, ἕτερον προεξελθεῖν, ἴσως φυσικόν: τὸ δὲ συστεῖλαι ταύτην, καὶ ἑτέρῳ δοῦναι πάροδον, οὐκέτι κατὰ τὸν τῶν τικτομένων νόμον ἦν: ἀλλ' ἡ τοῦ Θεοῦ χάρις παρῆν τοῖς παιδίοις ταῦτα οἰκονομοῦσα, καὶ εἰκόνα ἡμῖν τινα τῶν μελλόντων ὑπογράφουσα δι' αὐτῶν. Τί οὖν; Φασί τινες τῶν ταῦτα ἀκριβῶς ἐξητακότων, ὅτι τῶν δύο λαῶν τύπος ἐστὶ ταῦτα τὰ παιδία. Εἶτα ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι τοῦ δευτέρου λαοῦ ἡ πολιτεία προεξέλαμψε τῆς τοῦ προτέρου γεννήσεως, τὴν χεῖρα ἐκτεινομένην ἔχον τὸ παιδίον οὐχ ὁλόκληρον ἑαυτὸ δείκνυσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὴν συστέλλει πάλιν: καὶ μετὰ τὸ ὁλόκληρον ἐξολισθῆσαι τὸν ἀδελφὸν, τότε καὶ αὐτὸς ὅλος φαίνεται: ὃ καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν λαῶν ἀμφοτέρων γέγονε. Τῆς γὰρ πολιτείας τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς ἐν τοῖς κατὰ τὸν Ἀβραὰμ χρόνοις φανείσης, εἶτα ἐν τῷ μέσῳ συσταλείσης, ἦλθεν ὁ Ἰουδαϊκὸς λαὸς καὶ ἡ νομικὴ πολιτεία, καὶ τότε ὁλόκληρος ὁ νέος ἐφάνη λαὸς μετὰ τῶν αὑτοῦ νόμων. Διὸ καὶ ἡ μαῖά φησιν: Τί διεκόπη διὰ σὲ φραγμός; Ὅτι τῆς πολιτείας τὴν ἐλευθερίαν ἐπεισελθὼν ὁ νόμος διέκοψε. Καὶ γὰρ φραγμὸν ἀεὶ τὸν νόμον ἡ Γραφὴ καλεῖν εἴωθεν: ὥσπερ καὶ ὁ προφήτης φησί: Καθεῖλες τὸν φραγμὸν αὐτῆς, καὶ τρυγῶσιν αὐτὴν πάντες οἱ παραπορευόμενοι τὴν ὁδόν: καὶ, Φραγμὸν αὐτῇ περιέθηκα: καὶ ὁ Παῦλος, Καὶ τὸ μεσότοιχον τοῦ φραγμοῦ λύσας. δʹ. Ἄλλοι δὲ τὸ, Τί διεκόπη διὰ σὲ φραγμός; ἐπὶ τοῦ νέου φασὶν εἰρῆσθαι λαοῦ: οὗτος γὰρ παραγενόμενος τὸν νόμον κατέλυσεν. Ὁρᾷς ὡς οὐκ ὀλίγων οὐδὲ μικρῶν ἕνεκεν ἐμνημόνευσε τῆς κατὰ τὸν Ἰούδαν ἱστορίας ἁπάσης; Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ τῆς Ῥοὺθ καὶ τῆς Ῥαὰβ μέμνηται, τῆς μὲν ἀλλοφύλου, τῆς δὲ πόρνης, ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι πάντα ἦλθε τὰ κακὰ λύσων τὰ ἡμέτερα. Ὡς γὰρ ἰατρὸς, οὐχ ὡς δικαστὴς παραγέγονεν. Ὥσπερ οὖν πόρνας ἔλαβον γυναῖκας οὗτοι, οὕτω καὶ ὁ Θεὸς τὴν φύσιν τὴν ἐκπορνεύσασαν ἡρμόσατο ἑαυτῷ: ὃ καὶ προφῆται ἄνωθεν προλέγουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς συναγωγῆς γεγονέναι. Ἀλλ' ἐκείνη μὲν ἀγνώμων γεγένηται περὶ τὸν συνοικήσαντα: ἡ δὲ Ἐκκλησία ἅπαξ ἀπαλλαγεῖσα τῶν πατρῴων κακῶν, ἔμεινεν ἀσπαζομένη τὸν νυμφίον. Ὅρα γοῦν καὶ τὰ ἐπὶ τῆς Ῥοὺθ γενόμενα ἐοικότα τοῖς ἡμετέροις. Αὕτη γὰρ ἀλλόφυλός τε ἦν, καὶ εἰς ἐσχάτην κατηνέχθη πενίαν: ἀλλ' ὅμως ἰδὼν αὐτὴν ὁ Βοὸζ, οὔτε τῆς πενίας κατεφρόνησεν, οὔτε τὴν δυσγένειαν ἐβδελύξατο: ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν δεξάμενος, καὶ ἀλλόφυλον καὶ ἐν πενίᾳ πολλῇ, τῶν μεγάλων ἀγαθῶν ἔλαβεν αὐτὴν κοινωνόν. Ἀλλ' ὥσπερ αὕτη, εἰ μὴ πρότερον ἀφῆκε πατέρα, καὶ ἠτίμασεν οἰκίαν καὶ γένος καὶ πατρίδα καὶ συγγενεῖς, οὐκ ἂν ἐπέτυχε τῆς ἀγχιστείας ταύτης: οὕτω καὶ ἡ Ἐκκλησία τὰ πατρῷα ἔθη καταλιποῦσα, τότε ἐπέραστος ἐγένετο τῷ νυμφίῳ. Ὅπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ προφήτης αὐτῇ διαλεγόμενός φησιν: Ἐπιλάθου τοῦ λαοῦ σου καὶ τοῦ οἴκου τοῦ πατρός σου, καὶ ἐπιθυμήσει ὁ βασιλεὺς τοῦ κάλλους σου. Τοῦτο καὶ ἡ Ῥοὺθ ἐποίησε. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ μήτηρ ἐγένετο βασιλέων, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἡ Ἐκκλησία: καὶ γὰρ ἐκ ταύτης ἐστὶν ὁ Δαυΐδ. Διὰ δὴ τούτων πάντων ἐντρέπων αὐτοὺς, καὶ πείθων μὴ μέγα φρονεῖν, τήν τε γενεαλογίαν συνέθηκε, καὶ τὰς γυναῖκας ταύτας εἰς μέσον ἤγαγε. Καὶ γὰρ τὸν βασιλέα τὸν μέγαν αὕτη διὰ τῶν μέσων ἐγέννησε: καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται ὁ Δαυῒδ ἐπὶ τούτοις. Οὐ γὰρ ἔστιν, οὐκ ἔστιν οὔτε ἐξ ἀρετῆς, οὔτε ἀπὸ κακίας προγόνων εἶναι σπουδαῖον, ἢ φαῦλον, ἢ ἄσημον, ἢ λαμπρόν: ἀλλ' εἰ χρή τι καὶ παράδοξον εἰπεῖν, ἐκεῖνος ἐκλάμπει μειζόνως, ὁ μὴ τῶν σπουδαίων προγόνων ὢν, γενόμενος δὲ ἀγαθός. Μηδεὶς τοίνυν ἐπὶ τούτοις μέγα φρονείτω: ἀλλ' ἐννοήσας τοῦ Δεσπότου τοὺς προγόνους, τὸ φύσημα ἅπαν κενούτω, καὶ ἐπὶ κατορθώμασι μέγα φρονείτω: μᾶλλον δὲ μηδὲ ἐπὶ τούτοις. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ ὁ Φαρισαῖος τοῦ τελώνου γέγονεν ὕστερος. Εἰ γὰρ βούλει δεῖξαι μέγα τὸ κατόρθωμα, μὴ μέγα φρόνει, καὶ τότε μεῖζον τοῦτο ἀπέφηνας: μὴ νομίσῃς τι πεποιηκέναι, καὶ τὸ πᾶν εἰργάσω. Εἰ γὰρ ὅταν ἁμαρτωλοὶ ὦμεν, ἂν νομίσωμεν τοῦτο εἶναι ὅπερ ἐσμὲν, δίκαιοι γινόμεθα, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ὁ τελώνης: πόσῳ μᾶλλον ὅταν δίκαιοι ὄντες ἁμαρτωλοὺς ἑαυτοὺς εἶναι νομίζωμεν; Εἰ γὰρ ἐξ ἁμαρτωλῶν δικαίους ποιεῖ τὸ ταπεινοφρονεῖν: καίτοιγε οὐδὲ ταπεινοφροσύνη ἦν ἐκεῖνο, ἀλλ' εὐγνωμοσύνη: εἰ οὖν εὐγνωμοσύνη τοσοῦτον δύναται ἐπὶ ἁμαρτωλῶν, ἡ ταπεινοφροσύνη σκόπησον ἐπὶ δικαίων τί οὐκ ἐργάσεται; Μὴ τοίνυν λυμήνῃ τοὺς πόνους, μηδὲ ὑποτέμῃ τοὺς ἱδρῶτας, μηδὲ εἰκῆ δραμῇς, μετὰ τοὺς μυρίους διαύλους πάντα κενῶν τὸν πόνον. Καὶ γὰρ σοῦ μᾶλλον οἶδε τὰ κατορθώματα ὁ Δεσπότης τὰ σά. Κἂν ποτήριον ψυχροῦ δῷς, οὐδὲ τοῦτο παρορᾷ: κἂν ὀβολὸν καταβάλῃς, κἂν στενάξῃς μόνον, μετὰ πολλῆς πάντα δέχεται τῆς εὐνοίας, καὶ μέμνηται, καὶ μεγάλους αὐτοῖς ὁρίζει μισθούς. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν ἐξετάζεις τὰ σὰ, καὶ φέρεις ἡμῖν εἰς μέσον διηνεκῶς; Οὐκ οἶδας ὅτι ἐὰν ἐπαινέσῃς σαυτὸν, οὐκέτι σε ὁ Θεὸς ἐπαινέσεται; ὥσπερ οὖν ἂν ταλανίσῃς, οὐ παύσεταί σε παρὰ πᾶσιν ἀνακηρύττων; Οὐδὲ γὰρ βούλεταί σου τοὺς πόνους ἐλαττωθῆναι. Τί λέγω ἐλαττωθῆναι; Πάντα μὲν οὖν ποιεῖ καὶ πραγματεύεται, ὥστε καὶ ἀπὸ μικρῶν σε στεφανῶσαι, καὶ περίεισι προφάσεις ζητῶν δι' ὧν δυνήσῃ ἀπαλλαγῆναι τῆς γεέννης. εʹ. Διὰ τοῦτο κἂν ἑνδεκάτην ὥραν ἐργάσῃ τῆς ἡμέρας, ὁλόκληρον τὸν μισθὸν δίδωσι: Κἂν μηδεμίαν ἔχῃς ἀφορμὴν σωτηρίας, φησὶ, δι' ἐμὲ ποιῶ, ὅπως μὴ τὸ ὄνομά μου βεβηλωθῇ. Κἂν στενάξῃς μόνον, κἂν δακρύσῃς, ἁρπάζει ταῦτα πάντα ταχέως εἰς ἀφορμὴν τῆς σῆς σωτηρίας αὐτός. Μὴ τοίνυν ἐπαιρώμεθα, ἀλλὰ λέγωμεν ἑαυτοὺς ἀχρείους, ἵνα γενώμεθα εὔχρηστοι. Ἂν μὲν γὰρ εἴπῃς σαυτὸν εὐδόκιμον, γέγονας ἄχρηστος, κἂν εὐδόκιμος ᾖς: ἂν δὲ ἀχρεῖον ὀνομάσῃς, γέγονας εὔχρηστος, κἂν ἀδόκιμος ᾖς. Διὸ ἀναγκαῖον ἐπιλαθέσθαι κατορθωμάτων. Καὶ πῶς δυνατὸν, φησὶν, ἅπερ ἐπιστάμεθα, ταῦτα μὴ εἰδέναι; Τί λέγεις; προσκρούων διηνεκῶς τῷ Δεσπότῃ, τρυφᾷς καὶ γελᾷς, καὶ οὐδὲ οἶδας ὅτι ἥμαρτες, λήθῃ παραδοὺς πάντα, κατορθωμάτων δὲ οὐ δύνασαι ἐκβαλεῖν τὴν μνήμην; Καίτοι ἰσχυρότερον ὁ φόβος. Ἡμεῖς δὲ τοὐναντίον ποιοῦμεν: καθ' ἑκάστην μὲν ἡμέραν προσκρούοντες οὐδὲ εἰς νοῦν βαλλόμεθα: ἂν δὲ μικρὸν ἀργύριον πένητι δῶμεν, ἄνω καὶ κάτω τοῦτο στρέφομεν, ὅπερ ἐσχάτης ἐστὶν ἀνοίας, καὶ μεγίστη τοῦ συλλέγοντος ζημία: ἀσφαλὲς γὰρ ταμιεῖον κατορθωμάτων λήθη κατορθωμάτων. Καὶ καθάπερ τὰ ἱμάτια καὶ ὁ χρυσὸς, ὅταν μὲν ἐπ' ἀγορᾶς ταῦτα προθῶμεν, πολλοὺς ἐπισπώμεθα τοὺς ἐπιβούλους: ἂν δὲ ἀποθώμεθα οἴκοι καὶ κατακρύψωμεν, ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ καταθήσομεν ἅπαντα: οὕτω δὴ καὶ τὰ κατορθώματα, ἂν μὲν συνεχῶς ἐπὶ τῆς μνήμης φέρωμεν, παροξύνομεν τὸν Δεσπότην, τὸν Ἐχθρὸν ὁπλίζομεν, ἐπὶ τὴν κλοπὴν καλοῦμεν: ἂν δὲ μηδεὶς εἰδῇ αὐτὰ, ἀλλ' ὃν εἰδέναι χρὴ μόνον, ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ κείσεται. Μὴ τοίνυν περίστρεφε συνεχῶς, ἵνα μή τις αὐτὰ ἀφέληται: ὃ καὶ ὁ Φαρισαῖος ἔπαθεν, ἐπὶ τῆς γλώττης αὐτὰ περιφέρων: ὅθεν καὶ ἥρπασεν αὐτὰ ὁ διάβολος: καίτοιγε μετ' εὐχαριστίας αὐτῶν ἐμέμνητο, καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἀνέθηκε τῷ Θεῷ. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἤρκεσεν αὐτῷ. Οὐ γὰρ εὐχαριστία τὸ ὀνειδίζειν ἑτέροις, τὸ φιλοτιμεῖσθαι ἐπὶ πολλῶν, τὸ κατεξανίστασθαι τῶν πεπλημμεληκότων. Εἰ γὰρ εὐχαριστεῖς τῷ Θεῷ, ἀρκέσθητι μόνον αὐτῷ, καὶ μὴ ἐξενέγκῃς εἰς ἀνθρώπους, μηδὲ καταδικάσῃς τὸν πλησίον: οὐ γάρ ἐστι τοῦτο εὐχαριστία. Βούλει μαθεῖν εὐχαριστίας λόγους; ἄκουσον τῶν τριῶν παίδων λεγόντων: Ἡμάρτομεν, ἠνομήσαμεν: δίκαιος εἶ, Κύριε, ἐπὶ πᾶσιν οἷς ἐποίησας ἡμῖν, ὅτι ἐν ἀληθινῇ κρίσει πάντα ἐπήγαγες. Τὸ γὰρ τὰ οἰκεῖα ἁμαρτήματα ὁμολογεῖν, τοῦτό ἐστιν εὐχαριστεῖν τῷ Θεῷ ὁμολογοῦντα, ὅπερ δείκνυσι μυρίων μὲν ὄντα αὐτὸν ὑπεύθυνον, οὐκ ἀπαιτούμενον δὲ τὴν ἀξίαν δίκην: οὗτος μάλιστά ἐστιν ὁ εὐχαριστῶν. Φυλαξώμεθα τοίνυν τὸ περὶ ἑαυτῶν τι λέγειν: τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις μισητοὺς καὶ παρὰ Θεῷ βδελυροὺς ἐργάζεται. Διὰ τοῦτο ὅσῳ ἂν μεγάλα κατορθώσωμεν, τοσούτῳ μικρὰ περὶ ἑαυτῶν λέγωμεν: οὕτω γὰρ μεγίστην καρπωσόμεθα δόξαν, καὶ παρὰ ἀνθρώποις καὶ παρὰ Θεῷ: μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ δόξαν μόνον παρὰ Θεῷ, ἀλλὰ καὶ μισθὸν καὶ ἀντίδοσιν μεγάλην. Μὴ τοίνυν ἀπαίτει μισθὸν, ἵνα λάβῃς μισθόν. Χάριτι ὁμολόγει σώζεσθαι, ἵνα σοι αὐτὸς ὀφειλέτην ἑαυτὸν ὁμολογήσῃ, οὐχὶ τῶν κατορθωμάτων μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῆς τοιαύτης εὐγνωμοσύνης. Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ κατορθῶμεν, τῶν κατορθωμάτων ὀφειλέτην ἔχομεν μόνον: ὅταν δὲ μηδὲ ἡγούμεθά τι κατωρθωκέναι, καὶ αὐτοῦ τοῦ οὕτω διακεῖσθαι, καὶ μειζόνως ἢ ἐκείνων: ὥστε ἀντίῤῥοπον τῶν κατορθωμάτων τοῦτό ἐστιν. Ἂν γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο παρῇ, οὐδ' ἐκεῖνα φανεῖται μεγάλα. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡμεῖς οἰκέτας ἔχοντες, τότε αὐτοὺς μάλιστα ἀποδεχόμεθα, ὅταν πάντα μετ' εὐνοίας διακονησάμενοι, μηδὲν ἡγῶνται πεποιηκέναι μέγα. Ὥστε εἰ βούλει μεγάλα σου ποιῆσαι τὰ κατορθώματα, μὴ νόμιζε αὐτὰ εἶναι μεγάλα, καὶ τότε ἔσται μεγάλα. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ ἑκατοντάρχης ἔλεγεν: Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς, ἵνα μου ὑπὸ τὴν στέγην εἰσέλθῃς: διὰ τοῦτο ἄξιος γέγονε, καὶ ὑπὲρ πάντας Ἰουδαίους ἐθαυμάζετο. Οὕτω καὶ ὁ Παῦλός φησιν: Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς καλεῖσθαι ἀπόστολος: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ πρῶτος πάντων ἐγένετο. Οὕτω καὶ Ἰωάννης: Οὐκ εἰμὶ ἱκανὸς λῦσαι αὐτοῦ τὸν ἱμάντα τοῦ ὑποδήματος: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ φίλος ἧν τοῦ νυμφίου, καὶ τὴν χεῖρα, ἢν ἀναξίαν ἔφησεν εἶναι τῶν ὑποδημάτων, ταύτην ὁ Χριστὸς ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν εἵλκυσε τὴν ἑαυτοῦ. Οὕτω καὶ Πέτρος ἔλεγεν: Ἔξελθε ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, ὅτι ἀνὴρ ἁμαρτωλός εἰμι: διὰ τοῦτο θεμέλιος τῆς Ἐκκλησίας γέγονεν. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω τῷ Θεῷ φίλον, ὡς τὸ μετὰ τῶν ἐσχάτων ἑαυτὸν ἀριθμεῖν. Τοῦτο φιλοσοφίας πάσης ἀρχή. Ὁ γὰρ τεταπεινωμένος καὶ συντετριμμένος, οὐ κενοδοξήσει, οὐκ ὀργιεῖται, οὐ φθονήσει τὸν πλησίον, οὐκ ἄλλο τι δέξεται πάθος. Οὐδὲ γὰρ χεῖρα συντετριμμένην, κἂν μυριάκις φιλονεικήσωμεν, εἰς ὕψος ἆραι δυνησόμεθα. Ἂν τοίνυν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν οὕτω συντρίψωμεν, κἂν μυρία αὐτὴν ἐπάρῃ φυσῶντα πάθη, οὐδὲ μικρὸν ἀρθῆναι δυνήσεται. Εἰ γὰρ περὶ βιωτικῶν τις πενθῶν πραγμάτων, πάντα ἐξορίζει τὰ νοσήματα τῆς ψυχῆς: πολλῷ μᾶλλον ὁ ὑπὲρ ἁμαρτιῶν τοῦτο ποιῶν ἀπολαύσεται τῆς φιλοσοφίας. Καὶ τίς οὕτω δυνήσεται συντρῖψαι τὴν ἑαυτοῦ καρδίαν: φησίν. Ἄκουσον τοῦ Δαυῒδ τοῦ διὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα λάμψαντος, καὶ βλέπε αὐτοῦ τὴν συντριβὴν τῆς ψυχῆς. Μετὰ γὰρ μυρία κατορθώματα, καὶ πατρίδος καὶ οἰκίας καὶ αὐτῆς μέλλων ἐκπίπτειν τῆς ζωῆς, παρ' αὐτὸν τὸν καιρὸν τῆς συμφορᾶς, στρατιώτην εὐτελῆ καὶ ἀπεῤῥιμμένον ὁρῶν ἐπεμβαίνοντα αὐτοῦ τῷ καιρῷ καὶ λοιδορούμενον, οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἀντελοιδόρησεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν τινα βουλόμενον αὐτὸν ἀνελεῖν διεκώλυσεν, εἰπών: Ἄφετε αὐτὸν, ὅτι Κύριος ἐνετείλατο αὐτῷ. Καὶ πάλιν, τῶν ἱερέων ἀξιούντων μετ' αὐτοῦ τὴν κιβωτὸν συμπεριφέρειν, οὐκ ἐδέξατο: ἀλλὰ τί φησιν; Ἐπὶ τοῦ ναοῦ καθίσω, κἂν ἀπαλλάξῃ με τῶν ἐν χερσὶ δεινῶν ὁ Θεὸς, ὄψομαι τὴν εὐπρέπειαν αὐτῆς: ἂν δὲ εἴπῃ μοι, Οὐ τεθέληκά σε, ἰδοὺ ἐγὼ, ποιείτω μοι τὸ ἀρεστὸν ἐνώπιον αὐτοῦ. Τὸ δὲ ἐπὶ τοῦ Σαοὺλ καὶ ἅπαξ καὶ δὶς καὶ πολλάκις γεγενημένον, ποίαν οὐκ ἐνδείκνυται φιλοσοφίας ὑπερβολήν; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ τὸν παλαιὸν ὑπερέβη νόμον, καὶ τῶν ἀποστολικῶν ἐγγὺς ἐγένετο προσταγμάτων. Διὰ τοῦτο πάντα ἔστεργε τὰ παρὰ τοῦ Δεσπότου, οὐ δικάζων τοῖς γινομένοις, ἀλλ' ἓν μόνον σπουδάζων, πανταχοῦ πείθεσθαι καὶ ἕπεσθαι τοῖς παρ' αὐτοῦ κειμένοις νόμοις. Καὶ ὁρῶν μετὰ τοσαῦτα αὐτοῦ κατορθώματα τὸν τύραννον, τὸν πατραλοίαν, τὸν ἀδελφοκτόνον, τὸν ὑβριστὴν, τὸν μαινόμενον, ἀντ' αὐτοῦ τὴν αὐτοῦ ἔχοντα βασιλείαν, οὐδὲ οὕτως ἐσκανδαλίζετο: ἀλλ', Ἂν τῷ Θεῷ ταῦτα δοκῇ, φησὶν, ἐμὲ μὲν ἐλαύνεσθαι καὶ πλανᾶσθαι καὶ φεύγειν, ἐκεῖνον δὲ εἶναι ἐν τιμῇ, στέργω καὶ δέχομαι, καὶ χάριν ἔχω τῶν μυρίων αὐτοῦ κακῶν. Οὐχ ὡς πολλοὶ τῶν ἀναισχύντων καὶ ἰταμῶν, οὐδὲ τὸ πολλοστὸν κατορθοῦντες τῶν ἐκείνῳ κατωρθωμένων, ἂν ἴδωσί τινας ἐν εὐημερίαις ὄντας, ἑαυτοὺς δὲ μικρὰν ὑπομείναντας ἀθυμίαν, μυρίαις τὰς ἑαυτῶν ψυχὰς ἀπολλύουσι βλασφημίαις. Ἀλλ' οὐχ ὁ Δαυῒδ τοιοῦτος, ἀλλὰ πᾶσαν ἐπεδείκνυτο ἐπιείκειαν. Διὸ καὶ ἔλεγεν ὁ Θεός: Εὗρον Δαυῒδ τὸν τοῦ Ἰεσσαὶ, ἄνδρα κατὰ τὴν καρδίαν μου. Τοιαύτην καὶ ἡμεῖς κτησώμεθα ψυχὴν, καὶ ὅπερ ἂν πάθωμεν, οἴσομεν ῥᾳδίως, καὶ πρὸ τῆς βασιλείας ἐντεῦθεν καρπωσόμεθα τῆς ταπεινοφροσύνης τὴν πρόσοδον. Μάθετε γὰρ, φησὶν, ἀπ' ἐμοῦ, ὅτι πρᾶός εἰμι καὶ ταπεινὸς τῇ καρδίᾳ, καὶ εὑρήσετε ἀνάπαυσιν ταῖς ψυχαῖς ὑμῶν. Ἵν' οὖν ἀπολαύσωμεν ἀναπαύσεως, καὶ ἐνταῦθα καὶ ἐκεῖ, μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σπουδῆς τὴν πάντων μητέρα τῶν ἀγαθῶν, τὴν ταπεινοφροσύνην λέγω, ταῖς ἑαυτῶν φυτεύσωμεν ψυχαῖς. Οὕτω γὰρ καὶ τὸ τοῦ βίου τούτου πέλαγος χωρὶς κυμάτων δυνησόμεθα διαβῆναι, καὶ εἰς τὸν γαληνὸν ἐκεῖνον καταπλεῦσαι λιμένα, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.