5. But whether a lie be at some times useful, is a much greater and more concerning question. Whether, as above, it be a lie, when a person has no will to deceive, or even makes it his business that the person to whom he says a thing shall not be deceived although he did wish the thing itself which he uttered to be false, but this on purpose that he might cause a truth to be believed; whether, again, it be a lie when a person willingly utters even a truth for the purpose of deceiving; this may be doubted. But none doubts that it is a lie when a person willingly utters a falsehood for the purpose of deceiving: wherefore a false utterance put forth with will to deceive is manifestly a lie. But whether this alone be a lie, is another question. Meanwhile, taking this kind of lie, in which all agree, let us inquire, whether it be sometimes useful to utter a falsehood with will to deceive. They who think it is, advance testimonies to their opinion, by alleging the case of Sarah,1    Gen. xviii. 15 who, when she had laughed, denied to the Angels that she laughed: of Jacob questioned by his father, and answering that he was the elder son Esau:2    Gen. xxvii. 19 likewise that of the Egyptian midwives, who to save the Hebrew infants from being slain at their birth, told a lie, and that with God’s approbation and reward:3    Exod. i. 19, 20 and many such like instances they pick out, of lies told by persons whom you would not dare to blame, and so must own that it may sometimes be not only not blameworthy, but even praiseworthy to tell a lie. They add also a case with which to urge not only those who are devoted to the Divine Books, but all men and common sense, saying, Suppose a man should take refuge with thee, who by thy lie might be saved from death, wouldest thou not tell it? If a sick man should ask a question which it is not expedient that he should know, and might be more grievously afflicted even by thy returning him no answer, wilt thou venture either to tell the truth to the destruction of the man’s life, or rather to hold thy peace, than by a virtuous and merciful lie to be serviceable to his weak health? By these and such like arguments they think they most plentifully prove, that if occasion of doing good require, we may sometimes tell a lie.

5. Sed utrum sit utile aliquando mendacium, multo major magisque necessaria quaestio est. Utrum ergo mentiatur quisquis fallendi non habet voluntatem, vel etiam id agit ne fallatur cui aliquid enuntiat, quamvis enuntiationem ipsam falsam habere voluerit, quia ideo voluit ut verum persuaderet; et utrum mentiatur quisquis etiam verum volens enuntiat causa fallendi, dubitari potest. Nemo autem dubitat mentiri eum qui volens falsum enuntiat causa fallendi: quapropter enuntiationem falsam cum voluntate ad fallendum prolatam, manifestum est esse mendacium. Sed utrum hoc solum sit mendacium, alia quaestio est.

CAPUT V.

Opinio affirmans mentiendum esse nonnunquam. Opinio negans esse unquam mentiendum. Exempla pro mendacio ex Veteri Testamento allata discutiuntur. Mentiendi exemplum ex Testamento Novo nullum suppetere. Timothei circumcisio non per simulationem facta. Petrus libenter correctus a Paulo. Auctoritatem mentiendi non magis communis vitae quam Scripturarum exemplis astrui posse. Interim de hoc genere, in quod omnes consentiunt, inquiramus: utrum aliquando sit utile falsum aliquid enuntiare cum voluntate fallendi. Nam qui hoc sentiunt, adhibent testimonia sententiae suae, commemorantes Saram cum risisset, angelis negasse quod riserit (Gen. XVIII, 15); Jacob a patre interrogatum, respondisse quod ipse esset Esau major filius ejus (Id. XXVII, 19); Aegyptias quoque obstetrices, ne infantes Hebraei nascentes interficerentur, etiam Deo approbante et remunerante mentitas (Exod. I, 19, 20); et multa ejusmodi exempla eligentes, eorum hominum mendacia commemorant, quos culpare non audeas, atque ita fatearis aliquando esse posse non solum reprehensione non dignum, sed etiam dignum laude mendacium. Addunt etiam, quo non solos premant divinis Libris deditos, sed etiam omnes homines sensumque communem, dicentes: Si quis ad te confugiat, qui mendacio tuo possit a morte liberari, non es mentiturus? Si aliquid aegrotus interroget quod ei scire non expedit, qui etiam te non respondente possit gravius affligi; audebisne aut verum dicere in perniciem hominis, aut silere potius quam honesto et misericordi mendacio valetudini ejus opitulari? His atque talibus copiosissime se arbitrantur urgere, ut si consulendi causa exigit, aliquando mentiamur.