Homily VII.

1 Cor. ii. 6, 7

Howbeit we speak wisdom among the perfect, yet a wisdom not of this world, nor of the rulers of this world, which are coming to naught; but we speak God’s wisdom in a mystery, even the wisdom that hath been hidden, which God fore-ordained before the worlds unto our glory.

Darkness seems to be more suitable than light to those that are diseased in their eyesight: wherefore they betake themselves by preference to some room that is thoroughly shaded over. This also is the case with the wisdom which is spiritual. As the wisdom which is of God seemed to be foolishness unto those without: so their own wisdom, being foolishness indeed, was accounted by them wisdom. The result has been just as if a man having skill in navigation were to promise that without a ship or sails he would pass over a boundless tract of sea, and then endeavor by reasonings to prove that the thing is possible; but some other person, ignorant of it all, committing himself to a ship and a steersman and sailors, were thus to sail in safety. For the seeming ignorance of this man is wiser than the wisdom of the other. For excellent is the art of managing a ship; but when it makes too great professions it is a kind of folly. And so is every art which is not contented with its own proper limits. Just so the wisdom which is without [were wisdom indeed37    There seems to be a word or two wanting in the text here, which has been supplied by conjecture in the translation. [But they are found in Codex C. Aretinus].] if it had had the benefit of the spirit. But since it trusted all to itself and supposed that it wanted none of that help, it became foolishness, although it seemed to be wisdom. Wherefore having first exposed it by the facts, then and not till then he calls it foolishness; and having first called the wisdom of God folly, according to their reckoning, then and not till then he shews it to be wisdom. (For after our proofs, not before, we are best able to abash the gainsayers.)

His words then are, “Howbeit we speak wisdom among the perfect:” for when I, accounted foolish and a preacher of follies, get the better of the wise, I overcome wisdom, not by foolishness but by a more perfect wisdom; a wisdom, too, so ample and so much greater, that the other appears foolishness. Wherefore having before called it by a name such as they named it at that time, and having both proved his victory from the facts, and shewn the extreme foolishness of the other side: he thenceforth bestows upon it its right name, saying, “Howbeit we speak wisdom among the perfect.” “Wisdom” is the name he gives to the Gospel, to the method of salvation, the being saved by the Cross. “The perfect,” are those who believe. For indeed they are “perfect,” who know all human things to be utterly helpless, and who overlook them from the conviction that by such they are profited nothing: such were the true believers.

“But not a wisdom of this world.” For where is the use of the wisdom which is without, terminating here and proceeding no further, and not even here able to profit its possessors?

Now by the “rulers of the world,” here, he means not certain demons, as some suspect38    e.g. Origen, in Lament. iv. 11; in Ezek. Hom. xiii. §. 1; Com. in St. Matt. §. 125; St. Athanasius on Ps. cviii. (cix. Heb.) v. 15. t. i. 1194. Ed. Bened. The author of the Questions and Answers published with St. Justin Martyr’s works agrees with St. Chrysostom; see qu. cviii, clxx. Why may not both be right?, but those in authority, those in power, those who esteem the thing worth contending about, philosophers, rhetoricians and writers of speeches (λογογράφους). For these were the dominant sort and often became leaders of the people.

“Rulers of the world” he calls them, because beyond the present world their dominion extends not. Wherefore, he adds further, “which are coming to nought;” disparaging it both on its own account, and from those who wield it. For having shewn that it is false, that it is foolish, that it can discover nothing, that it is weak, he shews moreover that it is but of short duration.

[2.] “But we speak God’s wisdom in a mystery.” What mystery? For surely Christ saith, (St. Matt. x. 27. ηκούσατε rec. text ἀκούετε.) “What ye have heard in the ear, proclaim upon the housetops.” How then does he call it “a mystery?” Because that neither angel nor archangel, nor any other created power knew of it before it actually took place. Wherefore he saith, (Ephes. iii. 10) “That now unto the principalities and powers in heavenly places might be known by the Church the manifold wisdom of God.” And this hath God done in honor to us, so that they not without us should hear the mysteries. For we, too, ourselves, whomsoever we make our friends, use to speak of this as a sure proof of friendship towards them, that we tell our secrets to no one in preference to them. Let those hear who expose to shame39    ἐκπομπεύοντες. vid. Conc. Ant. A.D. 270. ap. E. H. vii. 30. the secrets of the Gospel, and unto all indiscriminately display the “pearls” and the doctrine, and who cast “the holy things” unto “dogs,” and “swine,” and useless reasonings. For the Mystery wants no argumentation; but just what it is, that only is to be declared. Since it will not be a mystery, divine and whole in all its parts, when thou addest any thing to it of thyself also.

And in another sense, too, a mystery is so called; because we do not behold the things which we see, but some things we see and others we believe. For such is the nature of our Mysteries. I, for instance, feel differently upon these subjects from an unbeliever. I hear, “Christ was crucified;” and forthwith I admire His loving-kindness unto men: the other hears, and esteems it weakness. I hear, “He became a servant;” and I wonder at his care for us: the other hears, and counts it dishonor. I hear, “He died;” and am astonished at His might, that being in death He was not holden, but even broke the bands of death: the other hears, and surmises it to be helplessness. He hearing of the resurrection, saith, the thing is a legend; I, aware of the facts which demonstrate it, fall down and worship the dispensation of God. He hearing of a laver, counts it merely as water: but I behold not simply the thing which is seen, but the purification of the soul which is by the Spirit. He considers only that my body hath been washed; but I have believed that the soul also hath become both pure and holy; and I count it the sepulchre, the resurrection, the sanctification, the righteousness, the redemption, the adoption, the inheritance, the kingdom of heaven, the plenary effusion (χορηγίαν) of the Spirit. For not by the sight do I judge of the things that appear, but by the eyes of the mind. I hear of the “Body of Christ:” in one sense I understand the expression, in another sense the unbeliever.

And just as children, looking on their books, know not the meaning of the letters, neither know what they see; yea more, if even a grown man be unskilful in letters, the same thing will befall him; but the skilful will find much meaning stored up in the letters, even complete lives and histories: and an epistle in the hands of one that is unskilful will be accounted but paper and ink; but he that knows how to read will both hear a voice, and hold converse with the absent, and will reply whatsoever he chooses by means of writing: so it is also in regard of the Mystery. Unbelievers albeit they hear, seem not to hear: but the faithful, having the skill which is by the Spirit, behold the meaning of the things stored therein. For instance, it is this very thing that Paul signified, when he said that even now the word preached is hidden: for “unto them that perish,” he saith, “it is hidden.” (2 Cor. iv. 3.)

In another point of view, the word indicates also the Gospel’s being contrary to all expectation. By no other name is Scripture wont to call what happens beyond all hope and above all thought of men. Wherefore also in another place, “My mystery is for Me40    This is the rendering, in some old Greek version, though not in the LXX, of the clause in Isaiah XXIV. 16, which in our authorized version runs, “My leanness, my leanness; woe unto me!” “Mystery” stands for the Chaldee “a secret:” which meaning the Targum of Jonathan gives to the word in this place:  as do the Vulgate, and the Syriac according to Walton. The received reading of the LXX may be explained as a paraphrase of this rendering. The words, “and for mine,” seem added by St. Chrysostom.,” and for Mine. And Paul again, (2 Cor. xv. 51.) “Behold, I shew you a mystery: we shall not all sleep, but we shall all be changed.”

[3.] And though it be everywhere preached, still is it a mystery; for as we have been commanded, “what things we have heard in the ear, to speak upon the house tops,” so have we been also charged, “not to give the holy things unto dogs nor yet to cast our pearls before swine.” (St. Matt. vii. 9.) For some are carnal and do not understand: others have a veil upon their hearts and do not see: wherefore that is above all things a mystery, which everywhere is preached, but is not known of those who have not a right mind; and is revealed not by wisdom but by the Holy Ghost, so far as is possible for us to receive it. And for this cause a man would not err, who in this respect also should entitle it a mystery, the utterance whereof is forbidden. (ἀπόῤῥητον)  For not even unto us, the faithful, hath been committed entire certainty and exactness. Wherefore Paul also said, (ch. xiii. 9.) “We know in part, and we prophesy in part: for now we see in a mirror darkly; but then face to face.”

[4.] For this cause he saith, “We speak wisdom in a mystery, the hidden wisdom which God fore-ordained before the worlds unto our glory. Hidden:” that is, that no one of the powers above hath learnt it before us; neither do the many know it now.

“Which he fore-ordained unto our glory” and yet, elsewhere he saith, “unto his own glory,” for he considereth our salvation to be His own glory: even as also He calleth it His own riches, (vid. Ephes. iii. 8.) though He be Himself rich in good and need nothing in order that He may be rich.

“Fore-ordained,” he saith, pointing out the care had of us. For so those are accounted most both to honor and to love us, whosoever shall have laid themselves out to do us good from the very beginning: which indeed is what fathers do in the case of children. For although they give not their goods until afterwards, yet at first and from the beginning they had predetermined this. And this is what Paul is earnest to point out now; that God always loved us even from the beginning and when as yet we were not. For unless He had loved us, He would not have fore-ordained our riches. Consider not then the enmity which hath come between; for more ancient than that was the friendship.

As to the words, “before the worlds,” (πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων) they mean eternal. For in another place also He saith thus, “Who is before the worlds.” The Son also, if you mark it, will be found to be eternal in the same sense. For concerning Him he saith, (Heb. i. 2.) “By Him He made the worlds;” which is equivalent to subsistence before the worlds; for it is plain that the maker is before the things which are made.

[5.] Ver. 8. “Which none of the rulers of this world knew; for had they known, they would not have crucified the Lord of Glory.”

Now if they knew not, how said He unto them, (St. John vii. 28.) “Ye both know Me, and ye know whence I am?” Indeed, concerning Pilate the Scripture saith, he knew not. (vid. St. John xix. 9.) It is likely also that neither did Herod know. These, one might say, are called rulers of this world: but if a man were to say that this is spoken concerning the Jews also and the Priests, he would not err. For to these also He saith, (St. John viii. 19.) “Ye know neither Me nor My Father.” How then saith He a little before, “Ye both know Me, and ye know whence I am?” However, the manner of this way of knowledge and of that hath already been declared in the Gospel; (Hom. 49. on St. John,) and, not to be continually handling the same topic, thither do we refer our readers.

What then? was their sin in the matter of the Cross forgiven them? For He surely did say, “Forgive them.” (Luke xxiii. 34.) If they repented, it was forgiven. For even he who set countless assailants on Stephen and persecuted the Church, even Paul, became the champion of the Church. Just so then, those others also who chose to repent, had forgiveness: and this indeed Paul himself meant, when he exclaims, (Rom. xi. 11, 1, 2.). “I say then, have they stumbled that they should fall? God forbid.” “I say then, hath God cast away His people whom He foreknew? God forbid.” Then, to shew that their repentance was not precluded, he brought forward as a decisive proof his own conversion, saying, “For I also am an Israelite.”

As to the words, “They knew not;” they seem to me to be said here not concerning Christ’s Person, but only concerning the dispensation hidden in that event: (περὶ αὐτῆς τοῦ πράγματος τῆς οἰκονομὶας) as if he had said, what meant “the death,” and the “Cross,” they knew not. For in that passage also He said not, “They know not Me,” but, “They know not what they do;” that is, the dispensation which is being accomplished, and the mystery, they are ignorant of. For they knew not that the Cross is to shine forth so brightly; that it is made the salvation of the world, and the reconciliation of God unto men; that their city should be taken; and that they should suffer the extreme of wretchedness.

By the name of “wisdom,” he calls both Christ, and the Cross and the Gospel. Opportunely also he called Him, “The Lord of glory.” For seeing that the Cross is counted a matter of ignominy, he signifies that the Cross was great glory:  but that there was need of great wisdom in order not only to know God but also to learn this dispensation of God: and the wisdom which was without turned out an obstacle, not to the former only, but to the latter also.

[6.] Ver. 9. “But as it is written, Things which eye saw not and ear heard not, and which entered not into the heart of man, whatsoever things God prepared for them that love Him.”

Where are these words written? Why, it is said to have been “written,” then also, when it is set down, not in words, but in actual events, as in the historical books41    Of which, perhaps, He shall be called a Nazarene, St. Matt. ii. 23. is an instance: although that indeed is not said to be “written,” but spoken by the Prophets.; or when the same meaning is expressed, but not in the very same words, as in this place: for the words, “They to whom it was not told about Him shall see, and they who have not heard shall understand,” (Is. lii. 15; Sept. Comp. Rom. xv. 21; Is. lxiv. 4.) are the same with “the things which eye hath not seen, nor ear heard.” Either then this is his meaning, or probably it was actually written in some books, and the copies have perished. For indeed many books were destroyed, and few were preserved entire even in the first captivity. And this is plain, in those which remain to us.42    [Dr. Field prints the original with a capital letter, making it=Paraleipomena, the LXX. name for the books of Chronicles, and refers to II Chron. ix. 29, xii. 5, xiii. 22. C.]  For the Apostle saith (Acts iii. 24.) “From Samuel and the Prophets which follow after they have all spoken concerning Him:” and these their words are not entirely extant. Paul, however, as being learned in the law and speaking by the Spirit, would of course know all with accuracy. And why speak I of the captivity? Even before the captivity many books had disappeared; the Jews having rushed headlong to the last degree of impiety:  and this is plain from the end of the fourth book of Kings, (2 Kings xxii. 8; 2 Chron. xxxiv. 14.) for the book of Deuteronomy could hardly be found, having been buried somewhere in a dunghill43    Two circumstances in this account appear to be traditional: that the book found was that of Deuteronomy; and that the place where it was found was a dunghill..

And besides, there are in many places double prophecies, easy to be apprehended by the wiser sort; from which we may find out many of the things which are obscure.

[7.] What then, hath “eye not seen what God prepared?” No. For who among men saw the things which were about to be dispensed? Neither then hath “the ear heard, nor hath it entered into the heart of man.” How is this? For if the Prophets spoke of it, how saith he, “Ear hath not heard, neither hath it entered into the heart of man?” It did not enter; for not of himself alone is he speaking, but of the whole human race. What then? The Prophets, did not they hear? Yes, they heard; but the prophetic ear was not the ear “of man:” for not as men heard they, but as Prophets. Wherefore he said, (Is. l. 4. Sept.) “He hath added unto me an ear to hear,” meaning by “addition” that which was from the Spirit. From whence it was plain that before hearing it had not entered into the heart of man. For after the gift of the Spirit the heart of the Prophets was not the heart of man, but a spiritual heart; as also he saith himself, “We have the mind of Christ” (v. 16.) as if he would say, “Before we had the blessing of the Spirit and learnt the things which no man can speak, no one of us nor yet of the Prophets conceived them in his mind. How should we? since not even angels know them. For what need is there to speak,” saith he, “concerning ‘the rulers of this world,’ seeing that no man knew them, nor yet the powers above?”

What kind of things then are these? That by what is esteemed to be the foolishness of preaching He shall overcome the world, and the nations shall be brought in, and there shall be reconciliation of God with men, and so great blessings shall come upon us!  How then have we “known? Unto us,” he saith, “God hath revealed them by His Spirit;” not by the wisdom which is without; for this like some dishonored handmaid hath not been permitted to enter in, and stoop down and look into (see St. John xx. 5.) the mysteries pertaining to the Lord. Seest thou how great is the difference between this wisdom and that? The things which angels knew not, these are what she hath taught us: but she that is without, hath done the contrary. Not only hath she failed to instruct, but she hindered and obstructed, and after the event sought to obscure His doings, making the Cross of none effect. Not then simply by our receiving the knowledge, does he describe the honor vouchsafed to us, nor by our receiving it with angels, but, what is more, by His Spirit conveying it to us.

[7.] Then to show its greatness, he saith, If the Spirit which knoweth the secret things of God had not revealed them, we should not have learned them. Such an object of care was this whole subject to God, as to be among His secrets. Wherefore we needed also that Teacher who knoweth these things perfectly; for “the Spirit,” (v. 10, 11, 12.) saith he, “searcheth all things, even the deep things of God.” For the word “to search” is here indicative not of ignorance, but of accurate knowledge: it is the very same mode of speaking which he used even of God, saying, “He that searcheth the hearts knoweth what is the mind of the Spirit.” (Rom. viii. 27.) Then having spoken with exactness concerning the knowledge of the Spirit, and having pointed out that it is as fully equal to God’s knowledge, as the knowledge of a man itself to itself; and also, that we have learned all things from it and necessarily from it; he added, “which things also we speak, not in words which man’s wisdom teacheth, but which the Holy Ghost teacheth; comparing spiritual things with spiritual.” Seest thou to what point he exalted us because of the Teacher’s dignity? For so much are we wiser than they as there is difference between Plato and the Holy Spirit; they having for masters the heathen rhetoricians but we, the Holy Spirit.

[8.] But what is this, “comparing spiritual things with spiritual?” When a thing is spiritual and of dubious meaning, we adduce testimonies from the things which are spiritual. For instance, I say, Christ rose again—was born of a Virgin; I adduce testimonies and types and demonstrations; the abode of Jonah in the whale and his deliverance afterwards; the child-bearing of the barren, Sarah, Rebecca, and the rest; the springing up of the trees which took place in paradise (Gen. ii. 5.) when there had been no seeds sown, no rains sent down, no furrow drawn along. For the things to come were fashioned out and figured forth, as in shadow, by the former things, that these which are now might be believed when they came in. And again we shew, how of the earth was man, and how of man alone the woman; and this without any intercourse whatever; how the earth itself of nothing, the power of the Great Artificer being every where sufficient for all things. Thus “with spiritual things” do I “compare spiritual,” and in no instance have I need of the Wisdom which is without—neither its reasonings nor its embellishments. For such persons do but agitate the weak understanding and confuse it; and are not able to demonstrate clearly any one of the things which they affirm, but even have the contrary effect. They rather disturb the mind and fill it with darkness and much perplexity. Wherefore he saith, “with spiritual things comparing spiritual.”44    [Principal Edwards explains the phrase adopting the A.V., as “combining revealed truths so as to form a consistent and well-proportioned system” Com. in lo.]  Seest thou how superfluous he sheweth it to be? and not only superfluous, but even hostile and injurious: for this is meant by the expressions, “lest the Cross of Christ be made of none effect,” and, “that our (‘your faith,’ rec. text) faith should not stand in the wisdom of men.” And he points out here, that it is impossible for those who confidently entrust every thing to it, to learn any useful thing: for

[9.] Ver. 14. “The natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit.”

It is necessary then to lay it aside first. “What then,” some man will say; “is the wisdom from without stigmatized? And yet it is the work of God.” How is this clear? since He made it not, but it was an invention of thine. For in this place he calls by the term “wisdom” curious research and superfluous elegance of words. But should any one say that he means the human understanding; even in this sense the fault is thine. For thou bringest a bad name upon it, who makest a bad use of it; who to the injury and thwarting of God demandest from it things which indeed it never had. Since then thou boastest therein and fightest with God, He hath exposed its weakness. For strength of body also is an excellent thing, but when Cain used it not as he ought, God disabled him and made him tremble (Gen. iv. 12, 14. Sept. “sighing and trembling,” rec. ver. “fugitive and vagabond.”)  Wine also is a good thing; but because the Jews indulged in it immoderately, God prohibited the priests entirely from the use of the fruit.45    i.e. when they were in course of attendance on the tabernacle. Levit. x. 8, 9.  And since thou also hast abused wisdom unto the rejecting of God, and hast demanded of it more than it can do of its own strength; in order to withdraw thee from human hope, he hath shewed thee its weakness.

For (to proceed) he is “a natural man,” who attributes every thing to reasonings of the mind and considers not that he needs help from above; which is a mark of sheer folly. For God bestowed it that it might learn and receive help from Him, not that it should consider itself sufficient unto itself. For eyes are beautiful and useful, but should they choose to see without light, their beauty profits them nothing; nor yet their natural force, but even doth harm. So if you mark it, any soul also, if it choose to see without the Spirit, becomes even an impediment unto itself.

“How then, before this,” it will be said, “did she see all things of herself?” Never at any time did she this of herself but she had creation for a book set before her in open view. But when men having left off to walk in the way which God commanded them, and by the beauty of visible objects to know the Great Artificer, had entrusted to disputations the leading-staff of knowledge; they became weak and sank in a sea of ungodliness; for they presently brought in that which was the abyss of all evil, asserting that nothing was produced from things which were not, but from uncreated matter; and from this source they became the parents of ten thousand heresies.

Moreover, in their extreme absurdities they agreed; but in those things wherein they seemed to dream out something wholesome, though it were only as in shadows, they fell out with one another; that on both sides they might be laughed to scorn. For that out of things which are not nothing is produced, nearly all with one accord have asserted and written; and this with great zeal. In these absurdities then they were urged on by the Devil. But in their profitable sayings, wherein they seemed, though it were but darkly, (ἐν αἰνίγματι,) to find some part of what they sought, in these they waged war with one another: for instance, that the soul is immortal; that virtue needs nothing external; and that the being good or the contrary is not of necessity nor of fate.

Dost thou see the craft of the Devil? If any where he saw men speaking any thing corrupt, he made all to be of one mind; but if any where speaking any thing sound, he raised up others against them; so that the absurdities did not fail, being confirmed by the general consent, and the profitable parts died away, being variously understood. Observe how in every respect the soul is unstrung, (ἄτονος) and is not sufficient unto herself. And this fell out as one might expect. For if, being such as she is, she aspire to have need of nothing and withdraw herself from God; suppose her not fallen into that condition, and into what extreme madness would she not have insensibly sunk? If, endowed with a mortal body, she expected greater things from the false promise of the Devil—(for, “Ye shall be,” said he, “as gods” Gen. iii. 4.)—to what extent would she not have cast herself away, had she received her body also, from the beginning, immortal. For, even after that, she asserted herself to be unbegotten and of the essence of God, through the corrupt mouth of the Manicheans46    ‘Manes opposed to each other two diverse and adverse principles, alike eternal and coeternal: and fancied two natures and substances, Good and Bad; in this following elder heretics;” (some of the Gnostics, see S. Aug. above §6, 14, 16, 21, 22).…“Hence they are compelled to affirm that good souls are of the same nature with God.” S. Aug. de Hæresibus, §. 46., and it was this distemperature which gave occasion to her invention of the Grecian gods. On this account, as it seems to me, God made virtue laborious, with a view to bow down the soul and to bring it to moderation. And that thou mayest convince thyself that this is true, (as far as from trifles ones may guess at any thing great,) let us learn it from the Israelites. They, it is well known, when they led not a life of toil but indulged in relaxation, not being able to bear prosperity, fell away into ungodliness. What then did God upon this? He laid upon them a multitude of laws with a view to restrain their licence. And to convince you that these laws contribute not to any virtue, but were given to them as a sort of curb, providing them with an occasion of perpetual labor; hear what saith the prophet concerning them; “I gave them statutes which were not good.” Ezek. xx. 25. What means, “not good?” Such as did not much contribute towards virtue. Wherefore he adds also, “and ordinances whereby they shall not live.”

[10.] “But the natural man receiveth not the things of the Spirit.”

For as with these eyes no man could learn the things in the heavens; so neither the soul unaided the things of the Spirit. And why speak I of the things in heaven? It receives not even those in earth, all of them. For beholding afar off a square tower, we think it to be round; but such an opinion is mere deception of the eyes: so also we may be sure, when a man by means of his understanding alone examines the things which are afar off much ridicule will ensue. For not only will he not see them such as indeed they are, but will even account them the contraries of what they are. Wherefore he added, “for they are foolishness unto him.” But this comes not of the nature of the things, but of his infirmity, unable as he is to attain to their greatness through the eyes of his soul.

[11.] Next, pursuing his contrast, he states the cause of this, saying, “he knoweth not because they are spiritually discerned:” i.e. the things asserted require faith, and to apprehend them by reasonings is not possible, for their magnitude exceeds by a great deal the meanness of our understanding. Wherefore he saith, “but he that is spiritual judgeth all things, yet he himself is judged of no man.” For he that has sight, beholds himself all things that appertain to the man that has no sight; but no sightless person discerns what the other is about. So also in the case before us, our own matters and those of unbelievers, all of them we for our part know; but ours, they know not henceforth any more. We know what is the nature of things present, what the dignity of things to come; and what some day shall become of the world when this state of things shall be no more, and what sinners shall suffer, and the righteous shall enjoy. And that things present are nothing worth, we both know, and their meanness we expose; (for to “discern” is also to expose;) (ἀνακρίνειν, ἐλέγχειν) and that the things to come are immortal and immoveable. All these things are known to the spiritual man; and what the natural man shall suffer when he is departed into that world; and what the faithful shall enjoy when he hath fulfilled his journey from this: none of which are known to the natural man.

[12.] Wherefore also, subjoining a plain demonstration of what had been affirmed, he saith, “For who hath known the mind of the Lord, that he may instruct Him? But we have the mind of Christ.” That is to say, the things which are in the mind of Christ, these we know, even the very things which He willeth and hath revealed. For since he had said, “the Spirit had revealed them;” lest any one should set aside the Son, he subjoins that Christ also shewed us these things. Not meaning this, that all the things which He knoweth, we know; but that all the things which we know are not human so as to be open to suspicion, but of His mind and spiritual.

For the mind which we have about these things we have of Christ; that is, the knowledge which we have concerning the things of the faith is spiritual; so that with reason we are “judged of no man.” For it is not possible that a natural man should know divine things. Wherefore also he said, “For who hath known the mind of the Lord?” implying that our own mind which we have about these things, is His mind. And this, “that he may instruct Him,” he hath not added without reason, but with reference to what he had just now said, “the spiritual man no one discerneth.” For if no man is able to know the mind of God, much less can he teach and correct it. For this is the meaning of, “that he may instruct Him.”

Seest thou how from every quarter he repels the wisdom which is without, and shews that the spiritual man knoweth more things and greater? For seeing that those reasons, “That no flesh should glory;” and, “For this cause hath He chosen the foolish things, that He might confound the wise men;” and, “Lest the Cross of Christ should be made void:” seemed not to the unbelievers greatly worthy of credit, nor yet attractive, or necessary, or useful, he finishes by laying down the principal reason; because in this way we most easily see from Whom we may have the means of learning even high things, and things secret, and things which are above us. For reason was absolutely made of none effect by our inability to apprehend through Gentile wisdom the things above us.

You may observe, too, that it was more advantageous to learn in this way from the Spirit. For that is the easiest and clearest of all teaching.

“But we have the mind of Christ.” That is, spiritual, divine, that which hath nothing human. For it is not of Plato, nor of Pythagoras, but it is Christ Himself, putting His own things into our mind.

This then, if naught else, let us revere, O beloved, and let our life shine forth as most excellent; since He also Himself maketh this a sure proof of great friendship, viz. the revealing His secrets unto us: where He saith, (St. John xv. 15.) “Henceforth I call you not servants, for all ye are My friends; for all things which I have heard from My Father I have told unto you:” that is, I have had confidence towards you. Now if this by itself is a proof of friendship, namely, to have confidence: when it appears that He has not only confided to us the mysteries conveyed by words, (τὰ διὰ ῥημάτων μυστηρία) but also imparted to us the same conveyed by works, (διὰ τῶν ἔργων, i.e. sacramental actions) consider how vast the love of which this is the fruit. This, if nothing else, let us revere; even though we will not make any such great account of hell, yet let it be more fearful than hell to be thankless and ungrateful to such a friend and benefactor. And not as hired servants, but as sons and freemen, let us do all things for the love of our Father; and let us at last cease from adhering to the world that we may put the Greeks also to shame. For even now desiring to put out my strength against them, I shrink from so doing, lest haply, surpass them as we may by our arguments and the truth of what we teach, we bring upon ourselves much derision from the comparison of our way of life; seeing that they indeed, cleaving unto error and having no such conviction, abide by philosophy, but we do just the contrary. However, I will say it. For it may be, it may be that in practising how to contend against them, we shall long as rivals to become better than they in our mode of life also.

[14.] I was saying not long ago, that it would not have entered the Apostles’ thoughts to preach what they did preach, had they not enjoyed Divine Grace; and that so far from succeeding, they would not even have devised such a thing. Well then, let us also to-day prosecute the same subject in our discourse; and let us shew that it was a thing impossible so much as to be chosen or thought of by them, if they had not had Christ among them: not because they were arrayed, the weak against the strong, not because few against many, not because poor against rich, not because unlearned against wise, but because the strength of their prejudice, too, was great. For ye know that nothing is so strong with men as the tyranny of ancient custom. So that although they had not been twelve only, and not so contemptible, and such as they really were, but another world as large as this, and with an equivalent number arrayed on their side, or even much greater; even in this case the result would have been hard to achieve. For the other party had custom on their side, but to these their novelty was an obstacle. For nothing so much disturbs the mind, though it be done for some beneficial purpose, as to innovate and introduce strange things, and most of all when this is done in matters relating to divine worship and the glory of God. And how great force there is in this circumstance I will now make plain; first having made the following statement that there was added also another difficulty with regard to the Jews. For in the case of the Greeks, they destroyed both their gods and their doctrines altogether; but not so did they dispute with the Jews, but many of their doctrines they abolished, while the God who had enacted the same they bade them worship. And affirming that men should honor the legislator, they said, “obey not in all respects the law which is of Him;” for instance, in the keeping the Sabbath, or observing circumcision, or offering sacrifices, or doing any other like thing. So that not only was custom an impediment, but also the fact, that when they bade men worship God, they bade them break many of His laws.

[15.] But in the case of the Greeks great was the tyranny of custom. For if it had been a custom of ten years only, I say not of such a length of time, and if it had preoccupied but a few men, I say not the whole world, when these persons made their approaches; even in this case the revolution would have been hard to effect. But now sophists, and orators, and fathers, and grandfathers, and many more ancient than all these, had been preoccupied by the error: the very earth and sea, and mountains and groves, and all nations of Barbarians, and all tribes of the Greeks, and wise men and ignorant, rulers and subjects, women and men, young and old, masters and slaves, artificers and husbandmen, dwellers in cities and in the country; all of them. And those who were instructed would naturally say, “What in the world is this? Have all that dwell in the world been deceived? both sophists and orators, philosophers and historians, the present generation and they who were before this, Pythagoreans, Platonists, generals, consuls, kings, they who in all cities from the beginning were citizens and colonists, both Barbarians and Greeks? And are the twelve fishermen and tent-makers and publicans wiser than all these? Why, who could endure such a statement?” However, they spake not so, nor had it in their mind, but did endure them, and owned that they were wiser than all. Wherefore they overcame even all. And custom was no impediment to this, though accounted invincible when she hath acquired her full swing by course of time.

And that thou mayest learn how great is the strength of custom, it hath oftentimes prevailed over the commands of God. And why do I say, commands? Even over very blessings. For so the Jews when they had manna, required garlic; enjoying liberty they were mindful of their slavery; and they were continually longing for Egypt, because they were accustomed to it. Such a tyrannical thing is custom.

If thou desire to hear of it from the heathens also; it is said that Plato, although well aware that all about the gods was a sort of imposture, condescended to all the feasts and all the rest of it, as being unable to contend with custom; and as having in fact learnt this from his master. For he, too, being suspected of some such innovation, was so far from succeeding in what he desired that he even lost his life; and this, too, after making his defence. And how many men do we see now by prejudice held in idolatry, and having nothing plausible to say, when they are charged with being Greeks, but alleging the fathers, and grandfathers, and great grandfathers. For no other reason did some of the heathens call custom, second nature. But when doctrines are the subject-matter of the custom, it becomes yet more deeply rooted. For a man would change all things more easily than those pertaining to religion. The feeling of shame, too, coupled with custom, was enough to raise an obstacle; and the seeming to learn a new lesson in extreme old age, and that of those who were not so intelligent. And why wonder, should this happen in regard of the soul, seeing that even in the body custom hath great force?

[16.] In the Apostles’ case, however, there was yet another obstacle, more powerful than these; it was not merely changing custom so ancient and primitive, but there were perils also under which the change was effected. For they were not simply drawing men from one custom to another, but from a custom, wherein was no fear to an undertaking which held out threats of danger. For the believer must immediately incur confiscation, persecution, exile from his country; must suffer the worst ills, be hated of all men, be a common enemy both to his own people and to strangers. So that even if they had invited men to a customary thing out of novelty, even in this case it would have been a difficult matter. But when it was from a custom to an innovation, and with all these terrors to boot, consider how vast was the obstacle!

And again, another thing, not less than those mentioned, was added to make the change difficult.  For besides the custom and the dangers, these precepts were both more burdensome, and those from which they withdrew men were easy and light. For their call was from fornication unto chastity; from love of life unto sundry kinds of death; from drunkenness unto fasting; from laughter unto tears and compunction; from covetousness unto utter indigence; from safety unto dangers: and throughout all they required the strictest circumspection. For, “Filthiness,” (Ephes. v. 4.) saith he, “and foolish talking, and jesting, let it not proceed out of your mouth.” And these things they spake unto those who knew nothing else than how to be drunken and serve their bellies; who celebrated feasts made up of nothing but of “filthiness” and laughter and all manner of revellings (κωμῳδίας ἁπάσης.) So that not only from the matter pertaining to severity of life were the doctrines burthensome, but also from their being spoken unto men who had been brought up in careless ease, and “filthiness,” and “foolish talking,” and laughter and revellings. For who among those who had lived in these things, when he heard, (Matt. x. 38.) “If a man take not up his cross and follow Me, he is not worthy of Me;” and, (Ibid. 34) “I came not to send peace but a sword, and to set a man at variance with his father, and the daughter at variance with her mother,” would not have felt himself chilled all over (ἐνάρκησε)? And who, when he heard, “If a man bid not farewell to home and country and possessions, he is not worthy of Me,” would not have hesitated, would not have refused? And yet there were men, who not only felt no chill, neither shrunk away when they heard these things, but ran to meet them and rushed upon the hardships, and eagerly caught at the precepts enjoined. Again, to be told, “For every idle word we shall give account;” (Matt. xii. 36.) and, “whosoever looketh upon a woman to lust after her, hath committed adultery with her as soon as seen;” (Matt. v. 28, 25.) and, “whosoever is angry without cause shall fall into hell;”—which of the men of that day would not these things have frightened off? And yet all came running in, and many even leaped over the boundaries of the course. What then was their attraction? Was it not, plainly, the power of Him who was preached? For suppose that the case were not as it is, but just contrary47    i.e. suppose miracles and the attempt to convert had been the other way, from strictness to ease and pleasure., that this side was the other, and the other this; would it have been easy, let me ask, to hold fast and to drag on those who resisted? We cannot say so. So that in every way that power is proved divine which wrought so excellently. Else how, tell me, did they prevail with the frivolous and the dissolute, urging them toward the severe and rough course of life?

[17.] Well; such was the nature of the precepts. But let us see whether the doctrine was attractive. Nay, in this respect also there was enough to frighten away the unbelievers. For what said the preachers? That we must worship the crucified, and count Him as God, who was born of a Jewish woman. Now who would have been persuaded by these words, unless divine power had led the way? That indeed He had been crucified and buried, all men knew; but that He had risen again and ascended, no one save the Apostles had seen.

But, you will say, they excited them by promises and deceived them by an empty sound of words. Nay, this very topic most particularly shews (even apart from all that has been said) that our doctrines are no deceit. For all its hardships took place here, but its consolations they were to promise after the resurrection. This very thing then, for I repeat it, shews that our Gospel is divine. For why did no one of the believers say, “I close not with this, neither do I endure it? Thou threatenest me with hardships here, and the good things thou promisest after the resurrection. Why, how is it plain that there will be a resurrection? Which of the departed hath returned?  Which of those at rest hath risen again? Which of these hath said what shall be after our departure hence?” But none of these things entered into their minds; rather they gave up their very lives for the Crucified. So that this bare fact was more than anything a proof of great power; first, their working conviction at once, touching matters so important, in persons that had never in their lives before heard of any such thing; secondly, that they prevailed on them to take the difficulties upon trial, and to account the blessings as matter of hope. Now if they had been deceivers they would have done the contrary: their good things they would have promised as of this world (ἐντεῦθεν, so St. John xviii. 36.); the fearful things they would not have mentioned, whether they related to the present life or the future. For so deceivers and flatterers act. Nothing harsh, nor galling, nor burdensome, do they hold out, but altogether the contrary. For this is the nature of deceit.

[18.] But “the folly,” it will be said, “of the greater part caused them to believe what they were told.” How sayest thou? When they were under Greeks, they were not foolish; but when they came over to us, did their folly then begin? And yet they were not men of another sort nor out of another world, that the Apostles took and persuaded: they were men too who simply held the opinions of the Greeks, but ours they received with the accompaniment of dangers. So that if with better reason they had maintained the former, they would not have swerved from them, now that they had so long time been educated therein; and especially as not without danger was it possible to swerve. But when they came to know from the very nature of the things that all on that side was mockery and delusion, upon this, even under menaces of sundry deaths, they sprang off (ἀπεπήδησαν) from their customary ways, and came over voluntarily unto the new; inasmuch as the latter doctrine was according to nature, but the other contrary to nature.

But “the persons convinced,” it is said, “were slaves, and woman, and nurses, and midwives, and eunuchs.” Now in the first place, not of these alone doth our Church consist; and this is plain unto all. But be it of these; this is what especially makes the Gospel worthy of admiration; that such doctrines as Plato and his followers could not apprehend, the fishermen had power on a sudden to persuade the most ignorant sort of all to receive. For if they had persuaded wise men only, the result would not have been so wonderful; but in advancing slaves, and nurses, and eunuchs unto such great severity of life as to make them rivals to angels, they offered the greatest proof of their divine inspiration. Again; had they enjoined I know not what trifling matters, it were reasonable perhaps to bring forward the conviction wrought in these persons, to show the trifling nature of the things which were spoken: but if things great, and high, and almost transcending human nature, and requiring high thoughts, were the matter of their lessons of wisdom; the more foolishness thou showest in those who were convinced, by so much the more dost thou shew clearly that they who wrought the conviction were wise and filled with divine grace.

But, you will say, they prevailed on them through the excessive greatness of the promises. But tell me, is not this very thing a wonder to thee, how they persuaded men to expect prizes and recompenses after death? For this, were there nothing else, is to me matter of amazement. But this, too, it will be said, came of folly. Inform me wherein is the folly of these things: that the soul is immortal; that an impartial tribunal will receive us after the present life; that we shall render an account of our deeds and words and thoughts unto God that knoweth all secrets; that we shall see the evil undergoing punishment, and the good with crowns on their heads. Nay, these things are not of folly, but the highest instruction of wisdom. The folly is in the contrary opinions to these.

[19.] Were this then the only thing, the despising of things present, the setting much by virtue, the not seeking rewards here, but advancing far beyond in hopes, and the keeping the soul so intent and faithful as by no present terror to be hindered in respect of the hope of what shall be; tell me, to what high philosophy must this belong? But would you also learn the force of the promises and predictions in themselves, and the truth of those uttered both before and after this present state of things? Behold, I shew you a golden chain, woven cunningly from the beginning!  He spake some things to them about Himself, and about the churches, and about the things to come; and as He spake, He wrought mighty works. By the fulfilment therefore of what He said, it is plain that both the wonders wrought were real, and the future and promised things also.

But that my meaning may be yet plainer, let me illustrate it from the actual case. He raised up Lazarus by a single word merely, and shewed him alive. Again, He said, “The gates of Hades shall not prevail against the Church (St. Matt. xvi. 18.) and, “He that forsaketh father or mother, shall receive an hundred-fold in this life, and shall inherit everlasting life.” (ib. 19. 29.) The miracle then is one, the raising of Lazarus; but the predictions are two; made evident, the one here, the other in the world to come. Consider now, how they are all proved by one another. For if a man disbelieve the resurrection of Lazarus, from the prophecy uttered about the Church let him learn to believe the miracle. For the word spoken so many years before, came to pass then, and received accomplishment: for “the gates of Hades prevailed not against the Church.” You see that He who spake truth in the prophecy, it is clear that he also wrought the miracle: and He who both wrought the miracle and brings to accomplishment the words which He spake, it is clear that He speaks the truth also in the predictions of things yet to come, when He saith, “He who despiseth things present shall receive an hundred-fold, and shall inherit everlasting life.” For the things which have been already done and spoken, He hath given as the surest pledges of those which shall hereafter come to pass.

Of all these things then, and the like to these, collecting them together out of the Gospels, let us tell them, and so stop their mouths. But if any one say, Why then was not error completely extinguished? this may be our answer: Ye yourselves are to blame, who rebel against your own salvation. For God hath so ordered this matter (ᾠκονόμησεν,) that not even a remnant of the old impiety need be left.

[20.] Now, briefly to recount what has been said: What is the natural course of things? That the weak should be overcome by the strong, or the contrary? Those who speak things easy, or things of the harsher sort? those who attract men with dangers, or with security? innovators, or those who strengthen custom? those who lead into a rough, or into a smooth way? those who withdraw men from the institutions of their fathers, or those who lay down no strange laws? those who promise all their good things after our departure from this world, or those who flatter in the present life? the few to overcome the many, or the many the few?

But you, too, saith one, gave promises pertaining to this life. What then have we promised in this life? The forgiveness of sins and the laver of regeneration. Now in the first place, baptism itself hath its chief part in things to come; and Paul exclaims, saying, (Col. iii. 4.) “For ye died, and your life is hid with Christ in God: when your life shall be manifested, then shall ye also with Him be manifested in glory.” But if in this life also it hath advantages, as indeed it hath, this also is more than all a matter of great wonder, that they had power to persuade men who had done innumerable evil deeds, yea such as no one else had done, that they should wash themselves clean of all, and they should give account of none of their offences. So that on this very account it were most of all meet to wonder that they persuaded Barbarians to embrace such a faith as this, and to have good hopes concerning things to come; and having thrown off the former burden of their sins, to apply themselves with the greatest zeal for the time to come to those toils which virtue requires, and not to gape after any object of sense, but rising to a height above all bodily things, to receive gifts purely spiritual: yea, that the Persian, the Sarmatian, the Moor, and the Indian should be acquainted with the purification of the soul, and the power of God, and His unspeakable mercy to men, and the severe discipline of faith, and the visitation of the Holy Spirit, and the resurrection of bodies, and the doctrines of life eternal. For in all these things, and in whatever is more than these, the fishermen, initiating by Baptism divers races of Barbarians, persuaded them (φιλοσοφεῖν) to live on high principles.

Of all these things then, having observed them accurately, let us speak unto the Gentiles, and again, let us shew them the evidence of our lives: that by both means we ourselves may be saved and they drawn over by our means unto the glory of God. For unto Him be the glory for ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ Ζʹ. Σοφίαν δὲ λαλοῦμεν ἐν τοῖς τελείοις: σοφίαν δὲ οὐ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου, οὐδὲ τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου τῶν καταργουμένων: ἀλλὰ λαλοῦμεν Θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ, τὴν ἀπο κεκρυμμένην, ἣν προώρισεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς δόξαν ἡμῶν. αʹ. Τὸ σκότος τοῦ φωτὸς ἐπιτηδειότερον εἶναι δοκεῖ τοῖς τὰς ὄψεις νοσοῦσι: διὸ καὶ μᾶλλον εἰς συνεσκιασμένον δωμάτιον καταφεύγουσι. Τοῦτο καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς σοφίας γέγονε τῆς πνευματικῆς: ἡ μὲν τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφία μωρία ἐδόκει εἶναι τοῖς ἔξωθεν, ἡ δὲ αὐτῶν, ἀληθῶς οὖσα μωρία, σοφία αὐτοῖς νενόμισται. Καὶ ταυτὸν συνέβαινεν, οἷον ἂν εἴ τις σοφίᾳ κυβερνητικῇ κεχρημένος, ἐπηγγέλλετο πλοίου χωρὶς καὶ ἱστίων πέλαγος ἄπειρον διαπερᾷν, εἶτα ἐπειρᾶτο λογισμοῖς κατασκευάζειν ὅτι τοῦτο δυνατόν: ἄλλος δέ τις πάντων ἄπειρος, πλοίῳ καὶ κυβερνήτῃ καὶ ναύταις ἐγχειρίσας ἑαυτὸν, οὕτω μετὰ ἀσφαλείας ἔπλει. Καὶ γὰρ ἡ δοκοῦσα εἶναι ἀμαθία τούτου, τῆς ἐκείνου σοφίας σοφωτέρα. Καλὴ μὲν γὰρ ἡ κυβερνητικὴ, ἀλλ' ὅταν μείζονα ἐπαγγέλληται, μωρία τίς ἐστι: καὶ πᾶσα τέχνη ἡ μὴ ἀρκουμένη τοῖς ὅροις τοῖς ἑαυτῆς τοῦτο ἂν εἴη. Οὕτω καὶ ἡ ἔξωθεν σοφία ἦν ἂν σοφία, εἰ Πνεύματι ἐκέχρητο: ἐπειδὴ δὲ ἑαυτῇ τὸ πᾶν ἐπέτρεψε, καὶ οὐδὲν ἐνόμισε δεῖσθαι τῆς βοηθείας ἐκείνης, μωρία γέγονεν, εἰ καὶ ἐδόκει σοφία εἶναι. Διὸ πρότερον ἐλέγξας τὰ αὐτῆς διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων, τότε αὐτὴν ἐκάλεσε μωρίαν: καὶ πρότερον καλέσας μωρίαν τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ σοφίαν κατὰ τὴν ἐκείνων ψῆφον, τότε δείκνυσιν αὐτὴν σοφίαν οὖσαν (μετὰ γὰρ τὰς ἀποδείξεις δυνατὸν μάλιστα τοὺς ἀντιλέγοντας ἐντρέπειν): καί φησι: Σοφίαν δὲ λαλοῦμεν ἐν τοῖς τελείοις. Ὅταν γὰρ ἐγὼ, νομιζόμενος μωρὸς καὶ μωρὰ κηρύττειν, τοῦ σοφοῦ περιγένωμαι, οὐ διὰ μωρᾶς: σοφίας περιεγενόμην, ἀλλὰ διὰ σοφίας τελειοτέρας, καὶ τοσαύτης καὶ οὕτω μείζονος, ὡς ἐκείνην μωρίαν φαίνεσθαι. Διὰ τοῦτο πρότερον αὐτὴν οὕτω καλέσας, ὡς ἐκεῖνοι ὠνόμαζον τότε, καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν πραγμάτων τὴν νίκην δείξας, καὶ ἐκείνους ἀποφήνας σφόδρα μωροὺς, τὸ προσῆκον αὐτῇ λοιπὸν ἀπέδωκεν ὄνομα λέγων: Σοφίαν δὲ λαλοῦμεν ἐν τοῖς τελείοις. Σοφίαν δὲ λέγει τὸ κήρυγμα καὶ τὸν τρόπον τῆς σωτηρίας, τὸ διὰ σταυροῦ σωθῆναι: τελείους δὲ τοὺς πεπιστευκότας. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι τέλειοι οἱ τὰ ἀνθρώπινα εἰδότες ὅτι σφόδρα ἀσθενῆ, καὶ ὑπεριδόντες αὐτῶν, ὅτι μηδὲν αὐτοῖς συμβάλλεται πεπεισμένοι, οἷοι γεγόνασιν οἱ πιστοί. Σοφίαν δὲ οὐ τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου. Ποῦ γὰρ χρήσιμος ἡ ἔξωθεν σοφία, ἐνταῦθα καταστρέφουσα καὶ περαιτέρω μὴ προϊοῦσα, καὶ οὐδὲ ἐνταῦθα δυναμένη τι τοὺς ἔχοντας ὠφελεῖν; Ἄρχοντας δὲ αἰῶνος ἐνταῦθα οὐ δαίμονάς τινας λέγει, καθώς τινες ὑποπτεύουσιν: ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἐν ἀξιώμασι, τοὺς ἐν δυναστείαις, τοὺς τὸ πρᾶγμα περιμάχητον εἶναι νομίζοντας, φιλοσόφους καὶ ῥήτορας καὶ λογογράφους: καὶ γὰρ αὐτοὶ ἐκράτουν, καὶ δημαγωγοὶ πολλάκις ἐγίνοντο. Τοῦ δὲ αἰῶνος τούτου ἐκάλεσεν ἄρχοντας, ἐπειδὴ περαιτέρω τοῦ παρόντος αἰῶνος οὐ πρόεισιν αὐτῶν ἡ ἀρχή: διὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγε: Τῶν καταργουμένων: οἴκοθέν τε αὐτὴν διαβάλλων καὶ ἀπὸ τῶν χρωμένων. Δείξας γὰρ ὅτι ψευδής ἐστιν, ὅτι μωρὰ, ὅτι οὐδὲν δύναται εὑρεῖν, ὅτι ἀσθενὴς, δείκνυσιν ὅτι καὶ ὀλιγοχρόνιος. Ἀλλὰ λαλοῦμεν Θεοῦ σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ. Ποίῳ μυστηρίῳ; Καὶ μὴν φησὶν ὁ Χριστός: Ὃ ἠκούσατε εἰς τὸ οὖς, κηρύξατε ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων. Πῶς οὖν μυστήριον αὐτὴν καλεῖ; Ἐπειδὴ οὔτε ἄγγελος οὔτε ἀρχάγγελος οὔτε ἄλλη τις αὐτὸ κτιστὴ δύναμις ᾔδει, πρὶν γενέσθαι. Διό φησιν, Ἵνα γνωρισθῇ νῦν ταῖς ἀρχαῖς καὶ ταῖς ἐξουσίαις ἐν τοῖς ἐπουρανίοις διὰ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας ἡ πολυποίκιλος σοφία τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίησεν, ἡμᾶς τιμῶν ὁ Θεὸς, ὥστε μεθ' ἡμῶν ἀκοῦσαι τῶν μυστηρίων. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἡμεῖς, οὓς ἂν ποιησώμεθα φίλους, τοῦτο τεκμήριον πρὸς αὐτοὺς εἶναί φαμεν τῆς φιλίας, τὸ μηδενὶ πρὸ αὐτῶν εἰπεῖν τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα. Ἀκουέτωσαν οἱ τὸ κήρυγμα ἐκπομπεύοντες. καὶ πᾶσιν ἁπλῶς ἐκφαίνοντες τοὺς μαργαρίτας καὶ τὸ δόγμα, καὶ τὰ ἅγια κυσὶ καὶ χοίροις ῥιπτοῦντες καὶ λογισμοῖς περιττοῖς. Τὸ γὰρ μυστήριον κατασκευῆς οὐ δεῖται, ἀλλ' ὅπερ ἐστὶ, τοῦτο μόνον ὂν καταγγέλλεται: ἐπεὶ οὐκ ἔσται μυστήριον θεῖον καὶ ὁλόκληρον, ὅταν καὶ παρὰ σαυτοῦ τι προσθῇς. Καὶ ἄλλως δὲ μυστήριον καλεῖται, ὅτι οὐχ ἅπερ ὁρῶμεν πιστεύομεν, ἀλλ' ἕτερα ὁρῶμεν, καὶ ἕτερα πιστεύομεν. Τοιαύτη γὰρ ἡ τῶν μυστηρίων ἡμῶν φύσις. Ἑτέρως γοῦν ἐγὼ, καὶ ἑτέρως ὁ ἄπιστος περὶ τούτων διακείμεθα. Ἀκούω ἐγὼ, ὅτι ἐσταυρώθη ὁ Χριστὸς, καὶ τὴν φιλανθρωπίαν εὐθέως θαυμάζω: ἀκούει ἐκεῖνος, καὶ ἀσθένειαν νομίζει. Ἀκούω ὅτι δοῦλος γέγονε, καὶ τὴν κηδεμονίαν θαυμάζω: ἀκούει ἐκεῖνος, καὶ ἀτιμίαν λογίζεται. Ἀκούω ὅτι ἀπέθανε, καὶ τὴν δύναμιν ἐκπλήττομαι, ὅτι ἐν θανάτῳ γενόμενος οὐκ ἐκρατήθη, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐξέλυσε θάνατον: ἀκούει ἐκεῖνος, καὶ ἀδυναμίαν ὑποπτεύει. Ἀκούων ἀνάστασιν ἐκεῖνος, μῦθον τὸ πρᾶγμά φησιν: ἐγὼ δὲ τὰς διὰ τῶν πραγμάτων δεξάμενος ἀποδείξεις, προσκυνῶ τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν οἰκονομίαν. Ἀκούων λουτρὸν ἐκεῖνος, ἁπλῶς ὕδωρ νομίζει: ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ τὸ ὁρώμενον ἁπλῶς βλέπω, ἀλλὰ τὸν τῆς ψυχῆς καθαρμὸν τὸν διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Ἐκεῖνος λελοῦσθαί μοι τὸ σῶμα νομίζει μόνον: ἐγὼ δὲ πεπίστευκα, ὅτι καὶ ἡ ψυχὴ γέγονε καθαρά τε καὶ ἁγία, καὶ λογίζομαι τὸν τάφον, τὴν ἀνάστασιν, τὸν ἁγιασμὸν, τὴν δικαιοσύνην, τὴν ἀπολύτρωσιν, τὴν υἱοθεσίαν, τὴν κληρονομίαν, τὴν βασιλείαν τῶν οὐρανῶν, τοῦ Πνεύματος τὴν χορηγίαν. Οὐ γὰρ τῇ ὄψει κρίνω τὰ φαινόμενα, ἀλλὰ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς τῆς διανοίας. Ἀκούω σῶμα Χριστοῦ: ἑτέρως ἐγὼ νοῶ τὸ εἰρημένον, ἑτέρως ὁ ἄπιστος. βʹ. Καὶ καθάπερ τὰ παιδία τὰ βιβλία ὁρῶντα οὐκ οἶδε τῶν γραμμάτων τὴν δύναμιν, οὐδὲ οἶδεν ἅπερ ὁρᾷ, μᾶλλον δὲ κἂν ἀνὴρ ἄπειρος ᾖ γραμμάτων, ταυτὰ πείσεται: ὁ δὲ ἔμπειρος πολλὴν εὑρήσει τοῖς γράμμασιν ἐναποκειμένην τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ βίους ὁλοκλήρους, καὶ ἱστορίας: καὶ ἐπιστολὴν ὁ μὲν ἄπειρος λαβὼν, χάρτην ἡγήσεται καὶ μέλαν εἶναι: ὁ δὲ ἔμπειρος καὶ φωνῆς ἀκούσεται, καὶ διαλέξεται τῷ ἀπόντι, καὶ ὅπερ ἂν βούληται διὰ τῶν γραμμάτων πάλιν ἐρεῖ: οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ μυστηρίου γίνεται: οἱ μὲν ἄπιστοι, καίτοι γε ἀκούοντες, οὐ δοκοῦσιν ἀκούειν: οἱ δὲ πιστοὶ τὴν διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἔχοντες ἐμπειρίαν, ὁρῶσι τῶν ἐναποκειμένων τὴν δύναμιν. Τοῦτο γοῦν αὐτὸ δηλῶν ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν: Ὅτι καὶ νῦν τὸ κηρυττόμενον ἀποκέκρυπται: τοῖς γὰρ ἀπολλυμένοις, φησὶν, ἐστὶ κεκαλυμμένον. Ἄλλως δὲ καὶ τὸ παράδοξον ἐμφαίνει τοῦ κηρύγματος. Οὕτω δὴ εἴωθε καλεῖν ἡ Γραφὴ τὰ παρ' ἐλπίδας καὶ ὑπὲρ διάνοιαν ἀνθρωπίνην γινόμενα. Διὸ καὶ ἀλλαχοῦ, Τὸ μυστήριόν μου ἐμοὶ καὶ τοῖς ἐμοῖς: καὶ πάλιν ὁ Παῦλος, Ἰδοὺ μυστήριον ὑμῖν λέγω: πάντες μὲν οὐ κοιμηθησόμεθα, πάντες δὲ ἀλλαγησόμεθα. Εἰ δὲ πανταχοῦ κηρύττεται, καὶ οὕτω μυστήριόν ἐστι. Καὶ γὰρ ὥσπερ ἐκελεύσθημεν ἅπερ ἠκούσαμεν εἰς τὸ οὖς εἰπεῖν ἐπὶ τῶν δωμάτων, οὕτω προσετάγημεν μὴ δοῦναι τὰ ἅγια τοῖς κυσὶ, μηδὲ ῥῖψαι τοὺς μαργαρίτας ἔμπροσθεν τῶν χοίρων. Οἱ μὲν γάρ εἰσι ψυχικοὶ, καὶ οὐ νοοῦσιν: οἱ δὲ κάλυμμα ἔχουσιν ἐπὶ τῆς καρδίας αὐτῶν, καὶ οὐ βλέπουσιν. Ἄρα μυστήριον τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστιν, ὃ πανταχοῦ μὲν κηρύττεται, οὐ γνωρίζεται δὲ παρὰ τῶν οὐκ ὀρθὴν ἐχόντων γνώμην: ἐκκαλύπτεται δὲ οὐκ ἀπὸ σοφίας, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ Πνεύματος ἁγίου, καθόσον ἡμῖν δέξασθαι δυνατόν. Διόπερ οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι καὶ μετὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μυστήριον αὐτὸ προσειπὼν ἀπόῤῥητον: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡμῖν τοῖς πιστοῖς πᾶσα ἐνεχειρίσθη σαφήνεια καὶ ἀκρίβεια. Διὸ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος ἔλεγεν: Ἐκ μέρους γινώσκομεν, καὶ ἐκ μέρους προφητεύομεν. Βλέπομεν γὰρ ἄρτι δι' ἐσόπτρου ὡς ἐν αἰνίγματι, τότε δὲ πρόσωπον πρὸς πρόσωπον. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔλεγε, Λαλοῦμεν σοφίαν ἐν μυστηρίῳ τὴν ἀποκεκρυμμένην, ἣν προώρισεν ὁ Θεὸς πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων εἰς δόξαν ἡμῶν. Ἀποκεκρυμμένην, τουτέστιν, ὅτι οὐδεὶς πρὸ ἡμῶν ἔμαθε τῶν ἄνω δυνάμεων, ἢ ὅτι οὐδὲ οἱ πολλοὶ νῦν ἴσασιν. Τοῦτο γὰρ δηλοῖ τὸ, Προώρισεν εἰς δόξαν ἡμῶν: καίτοι γε ἀλλαχοῦ φησιν: Εἰς δόξαν ἑαυτοῦ. Ἑαυτοῦ γὰρ ἡγεῖται δόξαν τὴν ἡμετέραν σωτηρίαν, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ πλοῦτον ἑαυτοῦ καλεῖ, καίτοι γε αὐτὸς πλοῦτος ὢν ἀγαθῶν, καὶ οὐδενὸς δεόμενος εἰς τὸ εἶναι πλούσιος. Προώρισε, φησὶ, τὴν περὶ ἡμᾶς κηδεμονίαν ἐνδεικνύμενος. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι μάλιστα καὶ τιμᾷν καὶ φιλεῖν ἡμᾶς νομίζονται, ὅσοιπερ ἄνωθεν ὦσιν ἡμᾶς παρεσκευασμένοι ποιεῖν εὖ: ὅπερ καὶ οἱ πατέρες ἐπὶ παίδων ποιοῦσι: καὶ γὰρ εἰ ὕστερον διδόασι τὰ χρήματα, ἀλλ' ἄνωθεν καὶ ἐξ ἀρχῆς εἰσι τοῦτο προῃρημένοι. Τοῦτο καὶ ὁ Παῦλος σπουδάζει δεῖξαι νῦν, ὅτι ἀεὶ ἡμᾶς ἐφίλει καὶ ἄνωθεν ὁ Θεὸς καὶ μηδέπω γενομένους. Οὐ γὰρ ἂν, εἰ μὴ ἐφίλει, τὸν πλοῦτον ἡμῖν προώρισε. Μὴ τοίνυν ἐννοήσῃς τὴν ἐν μέσῳ γενομένην ἔχθραν: πρεσβυτέρα γὰρ ἦν αὐτῆς ἡ φιλία. Τὸ δὲ, Πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων, τὸ ἀΐδιόν φησι: καὶ γὰρ ἀλλαχοῦ οὕτω λέγει: Ὁ ὑπάρχων πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων. Εὑρεθήσεται τοίνυν καὶ ὁ Υἱὸς οὕτως ἀΐδιος ὤν. Καὶ γὰρ περὶ αὐτοῦ φησιν, ὅτι δι' αὐτοῦ τοὺς αἰῶνας ἐποίησεν, ὅπερ ἐστὶ πρὸ τῶν αἰώνων ὑπάρχειν. Ὁ γὰρ ποιητὴς πρὸ τῶν ποιημάτων εὔδηλον ὅτι. Ἣν οὐδεὶς τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου ἔγνωκεν: εἰ γὰρ ἔγνωσαν, οὐκ ἂν τὸν Κύριον τῆς δόξης ἐσταύρωσαν. Οὐκοῦν οὐδὲ ἐγκλημάτων εἰσὶν ἄξιοι, εἴ γε μὴ ἔγνωσαν, καὶ ἐσταύρωσαν. Καὶ εἰ μὴ ᾔδεσαν, πῶς ἔλεγεν αὐτοῖς, Καὶ ἐμὲ οἴδατε, καὶ οἴδατε πόθεν εἰμί; Περὶ γὰρ τοῦ Πιλάτου φησὶν ἡ Γραφὴ, ὅτι οὐκ ᾔδει: εἰκὸς δὲ μηδὲ τὸν Ἡρώδην εἰδέναι. Τούτους ἂν εἴποι τις καλεῖσθαι ἄρχοντας τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου. Εἰ δὲ καὶ περὶ τῶν Ἰουδαίων καὶ περὶ τῶν ἱερέων εἴποι τις ἂν τοῦτο λέγεσθαι, οὐκ ἂν ἁμάρτοι: καὶ γὰρ ἐκείνοις φησὶν, Οὔτε ἐμὲ οἴδατε, οὔτε τὸν Πατέρα μου. Πῶς οὖν ἀνωτέρω φησὶ, Καὶ ἐμὲ οἴδατε, καὶ οἴδατε πόθεν εἰμί; Ἀλλὰ τίς ὁ τρόπος τῆς ἀναγνώσεως ταύτης καὶ τίς ἐκείνης, ἐν τοῖς Εὐαγγελίοις ἤδη εἴρηται: καὶ, ὥστε μὴ συνεχῶς τὸ αὐτὸ στρέφειν, ἐκεῖ παραπέμπομεν τοὺς ἐντυγχάνοντας. γʹ. Τί οὖν; ἀφείθη, φησὶν, αὐτοῖς τὸ ἐπὶ τοῦ σταυροῦ ἁμάρτημα; καὶ γὰρ εἶπεν: Ἄφες αὐτοῖς. Εἰ μετενόησαν, ἀφείθη. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ μυρίαις βαλὼν χερσὶ τὸν Στέφανον, καὶ διώξας τὴν Ἐκκλησίαν Παῦλος, τῆς Ἐκκλησίας προστάτης ἐγένετο. Οὕτως οὖν κἀκείνοις ἀφείθη τοῖς βουληθεῖσι μεταγνῶναι: ὃ δὴ καὶ ὁ Παῦλος βοῶν ἔλεγε: Λέγω οὖν: Μὴ ἔπταισαν ἵνα πέσωσι; Μὴ γένοιτο. Καὶ πάλιν, Μὴ ἀπώσατο ὁ Θεὸς τὸν λαὸν αὐτοῦ ὃν προέγνω; Μὴ γένοιτο. Εἶτα δεικνὺς ὅτι οὐκ ἀπεκλείσθη αὐτῶν ἡ μετάνοια, τεκμήριον τὴν ἐπιστροφὴν τὴν ἑαυτοῦ παρήγαγε λέγων: Καὶ γὰρ ἐγὼ Ἰσραηλίτης εἰμί. Τὸ δὲ, Οὐκ ἔγνωσαν, ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ οὐ περὶ Χριστοῦ ἐνταῦθα εἰρῆσθαι, ἀλλὰ περὶ αὐτῆς τοῦ πράγματος τῆς οἰκονομίας: οἷον, τί ἐβούλετο ὁ θάνατος καὶ ὁ σταυρὸς, οὐκ ᾔδεισαν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκεῖ οὐκ εἶπεν, ὅτι Ἐμὲ οὐκ οἴδασιν, ἀλλ', Οὐκ οἴδασι τί ποιοῦσι, τουτέστι, τὴν οἰκονομίαν τὴν τελουμένην καὶ τὸ μυστήριον ἀγνοοῦσιν. Οὐ γὰρ ᾔδεσαν, ὅτι οὕτω λάμψαι ἔχει ὁ σταυρὸς, ὅτι τῆς οἰκουμένης γίνεται σωτηρία καὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρὸς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους καταλλαγὴ, καὶ ἡ πόλις αὐτῶν ἁλώσεται, καὶ δεινὰ ὑποστήσονται τὰ ἔσχατα. Σοφίαν δὲ καὶ τὸν Χριστὸν καλεῖ καὶ τὸν σταυρὸν καὶ τὸ κήρυγμα. Εὐκαίρως δὲ Κύριον δόξης ἐκάλεσεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ὁ σταυρὸς ἀδοξίας εἶναι δοκεῖ, δείκνυσιν ὅτι μεγάλη ἦν δόξα ὁ σταυρός. Ἀλλὰ μεγάλης ἔδει σοφίας, οὐ μόνον τὸ τὸν Θεὸν εἰδέναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ μαθεῖν τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν οἰκονομίαν ταύτην: ἡ δὲ ἔξωθεν σοφία οὐχὶ τοῦ προτέρου μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τούτου γέγονε κώλυμα. Ἀλλὰ, καθὼς γέγραπται, ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδεν, καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσε, καὶ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου οὐκ ἀνέβη, ἃ ἡτοίμασεν ὁ Θεὸς τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτόν. Καὶ ποῦ γέγραπται ταῦτα; Λέγεται γὰρ γεγράφθαι, καὶ ὅταν μὴ διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων, ἀλλὰ δι' αὐτῶν τῶν πραγμάτων κείμενα ᾖ, ὡς ἐπὶ τῶν ἱστοριῶν: ἢ ὅταν τὸ αὐτὸ μὲν νόημα κείμενον ᾖ, μὴ ἐπ' αὐτῶν δὲ τῶν ῥημάτων, ὡς ἐνταῦθα. Τὸ γὰρ, Οἷς οὐκ ἀνηγγέλη περὶ αὐτοῦ, ὄψονται, καὶ οἳ οὐκ ἀκηκόασι συνήσουσι: τοῦτο ταυτόν ἐστι τῷ, Ἃ ὀφθαλμὸς οὐκ εἶδε, καὶ οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν. Ἢ τοῦτο τοίνυν φησὶν, ἢ εἰκὸς καὶ γεγράφθαι ἐν βίβλοις, καὶ ἠφανίσθαι τὰ βιβλία. Καὶ γὰρ πολλὰ διεφθάρη βιβλία, καὶ ὀλίγα διεσώθη, καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς προτέρας αἰχμαλωσίας. Καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἐν ταῖς Παραλειπομέναις: καὶ γάρ φησιν ὁ Ἀπόστολος, ὅτι Ἀπὸ Σαμουὴλ καὶ τῶν ἑξῆς προφητῶν πάντες εἰρήκασι περὶ αὐτοῦ. Καὶ οὐ πάντως φέρεται ταῦτα: τὸν δὲ Παῦλον ἅτε νομομαθῆ ὄντα καὶ Πνεύματι φθεγγόμενον εἰκὸς εἰδέναι πάντα μετὰ ἀκριβείας. Καὶ τί λέγω περὶ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας; Καὶ γὰρ πρὸ τῆς αἰχμαλωσίας πολλὰ ἠφάνιστο βιβλία, τῶν Ἰουδαίων εἰς ἐσχάτην ἀσέβειαν ἐξοκειλάντων. Καὶ δῆλον ἐκ τοῦ τέλους τῆς τετάρτης τῶν Βασιλειῶν: τὸ γὰρ Δευτερονόμιον μόλις που εὕρηται ἐν κοπρίᾳ κατακεχωσμένον. Ἄλλως δὲ εἰσὶ καὶ διπλαῖ πολλαχοῦ προφητεῖαι τοῖς συνετωτέροις εὐκατάληπτοι, ἐξ ὧν πολλὰ τῶν ἀσαφῶν ἔστιν εὑρεῖν. Τί οὖν; οὐκ εἶδεν ὀφθαλμὸς, ἃ ἡτοίμασεν ὁ Θεός; Οὐχί: τίς γὰρ τῶν ἀνθρώπων εἶδε τὰ οἰκονομεῖσθαι μέλλοντα; Ἆρα οὖν οὐδὲ οὖς ἤκουσεν, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ἀνέβη; καὶ πῶς; Εἰ γὰρ οἱ προφῆται εἶπον, πῶς, φησὶν, οὖς οὐκ ἤκουσεν, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ἀνέβη; Οὐκ ἀνέβη: οὐ γὰρ περὶ αὐτῶν μόνον φησὶν, ἀλλὰ περὶ πάσης τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης φύσεως. Τί οὖν; οἱ προφῆται οὐκ ἤκουσαν; Ἤκουσαν μὲν, ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦν ἀνθρώπου οὖς τὸ οὖς τὸ προφητικόν: οὐ γὰρ ὡς ἄνθρωποι ἤκουσαν, ἀλλ' ὡς προφῆται. Διό φησι, Προσέθηκέ μοι ὠτίον ἀκούειν, τὴν προσθήκην τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος λέγων. Ὅθεν δῆλον, ὅτι πρὶν ἢ ἀκοῦσαι, οὐδὲ ἐπὶ καρδίαν ἀνθρώπου ἀνέβη. Μετὰ γὰρ τὴν τοῦ Πνεύματος δόσιν οὐκ ἦν καρδία ἀνθρώπου, ἀλλὰ καρδία πνευματικὴ ἡ τῶν προφητῶν, καθάπερ καὶ αὐτός φησι: Νοῦν Χριστοῦ ἔχομεν. Ὃ δὲ λέγει, τοῦτό ἐστι: Πρὶν ἢ Πνεύματος ἀπολαῦσαι καὶ μαθεῖν τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα, οὐδὲ ἡμῶν τις οὐδὲ τῶν προφητῶν αὐτὰ ἐνενόησε. Πῶς γὰρ, ὅπου οὐδὲ ἄγγελοι αὐτὰ ᾔδεσαν; Τί γὰρ χρὴ λέγειν, φησὶ, περὶ τῶν ἀρχόντων τοῦ αἰῶνος τούτου, ὅπου γε οὐδεὶς ἀνθρώπων ταῦτα ἠπίστατο, οὐδὲ αἱ ἄνω δυνάμεις; Ποῖα δὴ ταῦτα; Ὅτι διὰ τῆς δοκούσης εἶναι μωρίας τοῦ κηρύγματος κρατήσει τῆς οἰκουμένης, καὶ τὰ ἔθνη εἰσενεχθήσεται, καὶ ὅτι καταλλαγὴ τοῦ Θεοῦ πρὸς ἀνθρώπους ἔσται, καὶ τοσαῦτα ἡμῖν ἥξει τὰ ἀγαθά. Πῶς οὖν ἔγνωμεν; Ἡμῖν δὲ, φησὶν, ὁ Θεὸς ἀπεκάλυψε διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος αὐτοῦ. Οὐ διὰ τῆς ἔξωθεν σοφίας: αὕτη γὰρ, καθάπερ τις θεραπαινὶς ἠτιμωμένη, οὐκ ἀφείθη ἔνδον εἰσελθεῖν, καὶ παρακύψαι εἰς τὰ δεσποτικὰ μυστήρια. δʹ. Ὁρᾷς ὅσον τὸ μέσον τῆς σοφίας ταύτης κἀκείνης; Ἅπερ ἄγγελοι οὐκ ἔγνωσαν, ταῦτα ἡμᾶς ἐπαίδευσεν αὕτη. Ἡ δὲ ἔξωθεν τοὐναντίον ἐποίησεν: οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐπαίδευσεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐκώλυσε καὶ διετείχισε, καὶ μετὰ τὸ γενέσθαι ἐπεσκίαζε τοῖς γεγενημένοις, τὸν σταυρὸν κενοῦσα. Οὐ τοίνυν τῷ μαθεῖν δείκνυσι τὴν εἰς ἡμᾶς τιμὴν, καὶ τῷ μετὰ ἀγγέλων μαθεῖν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ διὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος αὐτοῦ μαθεῖν. Εἶτα δεικνὺς τὸ μέγεθος, φησὶν, ὅτι Εἰ μὴ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἐπιστάμενον τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἀπεκάλυψεν, οὐκ ἂν ἐμάθομεν. Οὕτω περισπούδαστον τῷ Θεῷ τὸ πρᾶγμα ἦν, ὥστε ἐν τοῖς ἀποῤῥήτοις εἶναι. Διὸ καὶ ἐκείνου ἐδεήθημεν διδασκάλου τοῦ ταῦτα σαφῶς εἰδότος. Τὸ γὰρ Πνεῦμα πάντα, φησὶν, ἐρευνᾷ, καὶ τὰ βάθη τοῦ Θεοῦ. Τίς γὰρ οἶδεν ἀνθρώπων τὰ τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, εἰ μὴ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ ἀνθρώπου τὸ ἐν αὐτῷ; Οὕτω καὶ τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ οὐδεὶς οἶδεν, εἰ μὴ τὸ Πνεῦμα τοῦ Θεοῦ. Ἡμεῖς δὲ οὐ τὸ πνεῦμα τοῦ κόσμου ἐλάβομεν, ἀλλὰ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἐκ τοῦ Θεοῦ, ἵνα εἰδῶμεν τὰ ὑπὸ τοῦ Θεοῦ χαρισθέντα ἡμῖν. Οὐ γὰρ ἀγνοίας, ἀλλ' ἀκριβοῦς γνώσεως ἐνταῦθα τὸ ἐρευνᾷν ἐνδεικτικόν. Ταύτῃ γοῦν τῇ λέξει καὶ ἐπὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ κέχρηται λέγων: Ὁ δὲ ἐρευνῶν τὰς καρδίας, οἶδε τί τὸ φρόνημα τοῦ Πνεύματος. Εἶτα περὶ τῆς τοῦ Πνεύματος γνώσεως μετὰ ἀκριβείας εἰπὼν, καὶ διδάξας ὅτι οὕτως ἐξισάζει πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ γνῶσιν, ὡς ἡ ἀνθρώπου γνῶσις αὐτὴ πρὸς ἑαυτὴν, καὶ δείξας ὅτι πάντα ἐκεῖθεν ἐμάθομεν, καὶ ἀναγκαίως ἐκεῖθεν, ἐπήγαγεν: Ἃ καὶ λαλοῦμεν, οὐκ ἐν διδακτοῖς ἀνθρωπίνης σοφίας λόγοις, ἀλλ' ἐν διδακτοῖς Πνεύματος ἁγίου, πνευματικοῖς πνευματικὰ συγκρίνοντες. Ὁρᾷς ποῦ ἡμᾶς ἀνήγαγεν ἀπὸ τῆς ἀξίας τοῦ διδασκάλου; Τοσοῦτον γὰρ ἡμεῖς ἐκείνων σοφώτεροι, ὅσον τὸ μέσον Πλάτωνός τε καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ τοὺς ἔξωθεν ῥήτορας ἔχουσι διδασκάλους, ἡμεῖς δὲ τὸ Πνεῦμα τὸ ἅγιον. Τί δέ ἐστι, Πνευματικοῖς πνευματικὰ συγκρίνοντες; Ὅταν πνευματικὸν καὶ ἄπορον ᾖ, ἀπὸ τῶν πνευματικῶν τὰς μαρτυρίας ἄγομεν. Οἷον λέγω, ὅτι ἀνέστη ὁ Χριστὸς, ὅτι ἀπὸ Παρθένου ἐγεννήθη. Παράγω μαρτυρίας καὶ τύπους καὶ ἀποδείξεις, τοῦ Ἰωνᾶ τὴν ἐν τῷ κήτει διατριβὴν, καὶ τὴν μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπαλλαγὴν, τῶν στειρῶν τοὺς τοκετοὺς, τῆς Σάῤῥας, τῆς Ῥεβέκκας καὶ τῶν λοιπῶν, τὴν ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ τῶν δένδρων βλάστην γεγενημένην, οὐ σπερμάτων καταβληθέντων, οὐχ ὑετῶν κατενεχθέντων, οὐκ αὔλακος ἀνατμηθείσης. Τὰ γὰρ μέλλοντα διεπλάττετο καὶ διεγράφετο, ὡς ἐν σκιᾷ, τοῖς προτέροις, ἵνα πιστευθῇ ταῦτα παραγενόμενα. Καὶ δείκνυμι πάλιν, πῶς ἀπὸ γῆς ἄνθρωπος, καὶ πῶς ἀπὸ ἀνθρώπου μόνου ἡ γυνὴ, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ συνουσία, πῶς αὐτὴ ἡ γῆ ἀπ' οὐδενὸς, τῆς δυνάμεως τοῦ Δημιουργοῦ πανταχοῦ πρὸς πάντα ἀρκούσης. Οὕτω πνευματικοῖς πνευματικὰ συγκρίνω, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ χρείαν ἔχω τῆς ἔξωθεν σοφίας, οὐδὲ λογισμῶν οὐδὲ παρασκευῶν. Ἐκεῖνοι γὰρ καὶ παρασαλεύουσι τὴν ἀσθενῆ διάνοιαν καὶ θορυβοῦσι, καὶ ἀποδεῖξαι σαφῶς οὐδὲν ὧν λέγουσιν ἔχουσιν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοὐναντίον ποιοῦσι: ταράττουσι μᾶλλον, καὶ ζόφου πληροῦσι καὶ ἀπορίας πολλῆς. Διό φησι: Πνευματικοῖς πνευματικὰ συγκρίνοντες. Ὁρᾷς, πῶς περιττὴν αὐτὴν δείκνυσιν; οὐ μόνον δὲ περιττὴν, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐναντίαν καὶ βλαβεράν. Καὶ γὰρ τὸ εἰπεῖν, Ἵνα μὴ κενωθῇ ὁ σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ, καὶ, Ἵνα μὴ ᾖ ἐν σοφίᾳ ἀνθρώπων ἡ πίστις ἡμῶν, τοῦτο ἐδήλωσεν. Ἐνταῦθα δὲ δείκνυσιν, ὅτι ἀδύνατον θαῤῥοῦντας καὶ τὸ πᾶν ἐπιτρέποντας αὐτῇ, μαθεῖν τι τῶν χρησίμων. Ψυχικὸς γὰρ ἄνθρωπος, φησὶν, οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Δεῖ τοίνυν αὐτὴν ἀποθέσθαι πρότερον. Τί οὖν; διαβέβληται, φησὶν, ἡ σοφία ἡ ἔξωθεν; Καίτοι ἔργον ἐστὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ. Πόθεν δῆλον; Οὐ γὰρ αὐτὸς αὐτὴν ἐποίησεν, ἀλλὰ σὺ ἐπεξεῦρες: καὶ γὰρ σοφίαν ἐνταῦθα τὸ περίεργον τῆς ζητήσεως λέγει, καὶ τὴν περιττὴν εὐγλωττίαν. Εἰ δὲ τὴν σύνεσιν τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φαίη τις αὐτὸν λέγειν, καὶ οὕτω τὸ ἔγκλημα σόν. Σὺ γὰρ αὐτὴν διαβάλλεις, ὁ κακῶς κεχρημένος, ὁ πρὸς βλάβην καὶ ἐναντίωσιν Θεοῦ, ὁ ἀπαιτῶν αὐτὴν ἅπερ οὐκ εἶχεν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν ἐν αὐτῇ καυχᾶσαι καὶ Θεῷ πολεμεῖς, ἤλεγξεν αὐτῆς τὴν ἀσθένειαν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ ἰσχὺς σώματος καλόν: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ οὐκ εἰς δέον ἐχρήσατο αὐτῇ ὁ Κάϊν, παρέλυσεν αὐτὸν ὁ Θεὸς, καὶ τρέμειν ἐποίησε. Καὶ ὁ οἶνος καλόν: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἀμέτρως ἀπέλαυσαν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι, καθόλου τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν ἀπηγόρευσεν ὁ Θεὸς τοῦ καρποῦ τὴν χρῆσιν. Ἐπεὶ οὖν καὶ σὺ τῇ σοφίᾳ εἰς ἀθέτησιν ἀπεχρήσω τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ μείζονα ἀπῄτησας αὐτὴν τῆς οἰκείας ἰσχύος, ἀπάγων σε τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ἐλπίδος, ἔδειξεν αὐτῆς τὴν ἀσθένειαν. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ψυχικός ἐστιν ὁ τὸ πᾶν τοῖς λογισμοῖς τοῖς ψυχροῖς διδοὺς, καὶ μὴ νομίζων ἄνωθέν τινος δεῖσθαι βοηθείας, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἀνοίας. Καὶ γὰρ ἔδωκεν αὐτὴν ὁ Θεὸς, ἵνα μανθάνῃ καὶ δέχηται τὸ παρ' αὐτοῦ, οὐχ ἵνα ἑαυτῇ αὐτὴ ἀρκεῖν νομίζῃ. Καὶ γὰρ οἱ ὀφθαλμοὶ καλοὶ καὶ χρήσιμοι, ἀλλ' ἐὰν βούλωνται χωρὶς φωτὸς ὁρᾷν, οὐδὲν αὐτοὺς τὸ κάλλος ὀνίνησιν οὐδὲ ἡ οἰκεία ἰσχὺς, ἀλλὰ καὶ παραβλάπτει. Οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ ψυχὴ, ἐὰν βουληθῇ χωρὶς Πνεύματος βλέπειν, καὶ ἐμπόδιον ἑαυτῇ γίνεται. Πῶς οὖν πρὸ τούτου, φησὶν, ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς πάντα ἑώρα; Οὐδέποτε ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς, ἀλλ' εἶχε τὴν κτίσιν ἀντὶ βιβλίου προκειμένην ἐν μέσῳ: ἐπειδὴ δὲ, ἀφέντες βαδίσαι τὴν ὁδὸν, ἣν αὐτοῖς ὁ Θεὸς ἐκέλευσε, καὶ διὰ τοῦ κάλλους τῶν ὁρωμένων γνῶναι τὸν Δημιουργὸν, λογισμοῖς τὰ σκῆπτρα τῆς γνώσεως ἐνεχείρισαν, εἰς πέλαγος ἀσεβείας ἀσθενήσαντες κατέδυσαν, εὐθέως τὴν ἄβυσσον τῶν κακῶν εἰσάγοντες. καὶ εἰπόντες οὐδὲν ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων γίνεσθαι, ἀλλ' ἐξ ὕλης ἀγεννήτου, ὅθεν καὶ μυρίας ἔτεκον αἱρέσεις: καὶ ἐν μὲν τοῖς σφόδρα ἀτόποις συνηνέχθησαν, ἐν δὲ οἷς ἐδόκουν ὑγιές τι κἂν ὡς ἐν σκιαῖς ὀνειρώττειν, ἀλλήλοις συνεῤῥάγησαν, ἵν' ἑκατέρωθεν καταγελασθῶσιν. Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων οὐδὲν γίνεται, πάντες ὁμοῦ σχεδὸν εἶπον καὶ ἔγραψαν, καὶ οὕτω μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς σπουδῆς. Ἐν τοῖς ἀτόποις οὖν ἤλασεν αὐτοὺς ὁ διάβολος: ἐν δὲ τοῖς χρησίμοις ἐν οἷς ἔδοξαν κἂν ἐν αἰνίγματί τι τῶν ζητουμένων εὑρίσκειν, ἐν τούτοις ἑαυτοὺς ἐπολέμησαν: οἷον, ὅτι ἀθάνατος ἡ ψυχὴ, καὶ ὅτι ἡ ἀρετὴ οὐδενὸς δεῖται τῶν ἔξωθεν, καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἀνάγκης οὐδὲ εἱμαρμένης τὸ γενέσθαι καλοὺς, ἢ μὴ τοιούτους. εʹ. Εἶδες τοῦ διαβόλου κακουργίαν; Εἴ που τι διεφθαρμένον εἶδεν εἰπόντας, ὁμονοῆσαι πάντας ἐποίησεν: εἴ που δέ τι ὑγιὲς φθεγξαμένους, ἑτέρους κατ' αὐτῶν διήγειρεν: ὥστε μήτε τὰ ἄτοπα ἐκπεσεῖν τῇ συμφωνίᾳ βεβαιούμενα, καὶ τὰ χρήσιμα διαῤῥυῆναι ποικίλως βαλλόμενα. Ὅρα πῶς πανταχοῦ ἄτονος ἡ ψυχὴ, καὶ οὐκ ἀρκεῖ ἑαυτῇ. Καὶ τοῦτο εἰκότως γεγένηται. Εἰ γὰρ τοιαύτη γεγονυῖα φιλονεικεῖ μηδενὸς χρείαν ἔχειν, καὶ ἀπάγει ἑαυτὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ, εἰ μὴ τοιαύτη ἐγεγένητο, ποῦ οὐκ ἂν ἐξώλισθε μανίας; Εἰ λαβοῦσα σῶμα θνητὸν, ἀπὸ ψευδοῦς ὑποσχέσεως τοῦ διαβόλου προσεδόκησε πολλῷ μείζονα: Ἔσεσθε γὰρ, φησὶν, ὡς θεοί: εἰ καὶ τοῦτο ἐξ ἀρχῆς ἔλαβεν ἀθάνατον, ποῦ οὐκ ἂν ἐξέπεσε; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ μετ' ἐκεῖνο ἀγέννητον ἑαυτὴν ἔφησεν εἶναι, καὶ τῆς οὐσίας τοῦ Θεοῦ, διὰ τοῦ σεσηπότος τῶν Μανιχαίων στόματος: καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς τοὺς παρ' Ἕλλησιν ἀπὸ τούτου τοῦ νοσήματος τῆς ὑποθέσεως ἀνέπλασε. Διὰ τοῦτό μοι δοκεῖ καὶ τὴν ἀρετὴν ὁ Θεὸς ἐπίμοχθον ποιῆσαι, κάμπτων αὐτὴν καὶ εἰς τὸ μετριάζειν ἄγων. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθὲς, ὡς ἂν εἴ τις ἀπὸ μικρῶν μεγάλα στοχάσαιτο, ἀπὸ τῶν Ἰσραηλιτῶν αὐτὸ μάθωμεν. Οὗτοι γοῦν ἡνίκα οὐκ ἔζων ἐπίμοχθον βίον, ἀλλ' ἀνέσεως ἀπέλαυον, οὐκ ἐνεγκόντες τὴν εὐημερίαν, ἐξώλισθον εἰς ἀσέβειαν. Τί οὖν ὁ Θεὸς μετὰ τοῦτο; Πλῆθος νομίμων ἐπέθηκε, κωλύων αὐτῶν τὴν ἄδειαν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ὅτι οὐ πρὸς ἀρετήν τινα συντελεῖ τὰ νόμιμα ταῦτα, ἀλλ' ἀντὶ χαλινοῦ τινος ἦν αὐτοῖς διδόμενα, ἀφορμὴν ἀσχολίας παρέχοντα, ἄκουσον τί περὶ αὐτῶν ὁ προφήτης φησίν: Ἔδωκα αὐτοῖς προστάγματα οὐ καλά. Τί δέ ἐστιν, Οὐ καλά; Οὐδὲν μέγα πρὸς ἀρετὴν συντελοῦντα: διὸ καὶ ἐπάγει: Δικαιώματα, ἐν οἷς οὐ ζήσονται ἐν αὐτοῖς. Ψυχικὸς δὲ ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Εἰκότως: ὥσπερ γὰρ τοῖς ὀφθαλμοῖς τούτοις οὐδεὶς ἂν τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς καταμάθοι: οὕτως οὐδὲ ψυχὴ μόνη τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Καὶ τί λέγω τὰ ἐν τοῖς οὐρανοῖς; Οὐδὲ τὰ ἐν τῇ γῇ ἅπαντα. Καὶ γὰρ ὁρῶντες πύργον πόῤῥωθεν τετράγωνον, στρογγύλον εἶναι νομίζομεν: ἔστι δὲ ὀφθαλμῶν ἀπάτη τὰ τῆς τοιαύτης ὑπολήψεως. Οὕτω τοίνυν καὶ ὅταν τὰ πόῤῥωθεν ἡμῶν πράγματα διὰ τῆς διανοίας μόνης δοκιμάζῃ τις, γέλως πολὺς ἕψεται. Οὐ γὰρ μόνον, οἷάπερ ἐστὶν αὐτὰ οὐκ ὄψεται, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰ ἐναντία ὧν ἐστιν ἡγήσεται: διὸ καὶ ἐπήγαγε: Μωρία γὰρ αὐτῷ ἐστι. Τοῦτο δὲ οὐ τῆς φύσεως τοῦ πράγματος, ἀλλὰ τῆς ἀσθενείας τοῦ μὴ δυνηθέντος τοῦ μεγέθους αὐτῶν ἐφικέσθαι διὰ τῶν τῆς ψυχῆς ὄψεων. Εἶτα καὶ τὴν αἰτίαν ἀντιτίθησι λέγων: Ὅτι οὐκ οἶδεν, ὅτι πνευματικῶς ἀνακρίνεται. Τουτέστιν, ὅτι πίστεως δεῖται τὰ λεγόμενα, καὶ λόγοις αὐτὰ καταλαβεῖν οὐκ ἔνι: ὑπερβαίνει γὰρ αὐτῶν τὸ μέγεθος ἐκ πολλοῦ τοῦ περιόντος τῆς ἡμετέρας διανοίας τὴν εὐτέλειαν. Διό φησιν: Ὁ δὲ πνευματικὸς ἀνακρίνει μὲν τὰ πάντα, αὐτὸς δὲ ὑπ' οὐδενὸς ἀνακρίνεται. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ βλέπων, πάντα μὲν αὐτὸς καθορᾷ καὶ τὰ τοῦ μὴ βλέποντος, τὰ δὲ ἐκείνου τῶν μὴ βλεπόντων οὐδείς. Οὕτω καὶ νῦν, τὰ μὲν ἡμέτερα καὶ τὰ τῶν ἀπίστων πάντα ἴσμεν ἡμεῖς, τὰ δὲ ἡμῶν ἐκεῖνοι λοιπὸν οὐκέτι. Καὶ γὰρ ἴσμεν τίς μὲν ἡ τῶν παρόντων πραγμάτων φύσις, τίς δὲ ἡ τῶν μελλόντων ἀξία, καὶ τί ποτε ὁ κόσμος μετὰ ταῦτα γενήσεται, καὶ τί μὲν οἱ ἁμαρτωλοὶ πείσονται, τίνος δὲ ἀπολαύσονται οἱ δίκαιοι, καὶ ὅτι οὐδενὸς ἄξια τὰ παρόντα πράγματα καὶ ἴσμεν, καὶ ἐλέγχομεν αὐτῶν τὴν εὐτέλειαν (τὸ γὰρ ἀνακρίνειν, καὶ ἐλέγχειν ἐστὶ), καὶ ὅτι τὰ μέλλοντά ἐστιν ἀθάνατα καὶ ἀκίνητα. Ταῦτα ἅπαντα οἶδεν ὁ πνευματικὸς, καὶ τί πείσεται ὁ ψυχικὸς ἀπελθὼν ἐκεῖ, καὶ τίνος ἀπολαύσεται ὁ πιστὸς ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδημήσας, ὧν οὐδὲν οἶδεν ὁ ψυχικός. Διὸ καὶ σαφῆ τῶν εἰρημένων ἀπόδειξιν ἐπαγαγὼν, ἔλεγε: Τίς γὰρ ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου, ὃς συμβιβάσει αὐτόν; Ἡμεῖς δὲ νοῦν Χριστοῦ ἔχομεν. Τουτέστι, τὰ ἐν τῷ νῷ τοῦ Χριστοῦ ταῦτα ἡμεῖς ἴσμεν, καὶ ἅπερ αὐτὸς βούλεται καὶ ἀπεκάλυψεν. Εἶτα, ἐπειδὴ εἶπεν, ὅτι τὸ Πνεῦμα ἀπεκάλυψεν, ἵνα μή τις τὸν Υἱὸν παρώσηται, ἐπάγει ὅτι καὶ ὁ Χριστὸς ταῦτα ἡμῖν ἔδειξεν: οὐ τοῦτο λέγων, ὅτι πάντα ἃ οἶδεν ἴσμεν, ἀλλ' ὅτι πάντα ἃ οἴδαμεν, οὐκ ἀνθρώπινα, ὥστε ὑποπτευθῆναι, ἀλλὰ τοῦ νοῦ ἐκείνου καὶ πνευματικά. Ϛʹ. Τὸν γὰρ νοῦν, ὃν ἔχομεν περὶ τούτων, τοῦ Χριστοῦ ἔχομεν: τουτέστι, τὴν γνῶσιν, ἣν ἔχομεν περὶ τῶν κατὰ τὴν πίστιν πραγμάτων, πνευματικὴν ἔχομεν, ὥστε εἰκότως ὑπ' οὐδενὸς ἀνακρινόμεθα. Οὐδὲ γὰρ οἷόν τε τὰ θεῖα εἰδέναι ἄνθρωπον ψυχικόν: διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε: Τίς γὰρ ἔγνω νοῦν Κυρίου; τὸν ἡμέτερον νοῦν τὸν περὶ τούτων, ἐκείνου λέγων εἶναι νοῦν. Καὶ τὸ, Ὃς συμβιβάσει αὐτὸν, οὐχ ἁπλῶς προσέθηκεν, ἀλλὰ πρὸς ὃ εἶπεν ἤδη, ὅτι Τὸν πνευματικὸν οὐδεὶς ἀνακρίνει. Εἰ γὰρ εἰδέναι οὐδεὶς δύναται τοῦ Θεοῦ τὸν νοῦν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον διδάσκειν καὶ διορθοῦσθαι: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν, Ὃς συμβιβάσει αὐτόν. Ὁρᾷς ὡς πανταχόθεν ἐξωθεῖ τὴν σοφίαν τὴν ἔξωθεν, καὶ πλείονα εἰδότα καὶ μείζονα δείκνυσι τὸν πνευματικόν; Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐκεῖναι αἱ αἰτίαι (οἷον τὸ, Ἵνα μὴ καυχήσηται πᾶσα σάρξ: καὶ ὅτι διὰ τοῦτο, Ἐξελέξατο τὰ μωρὰ, ἵνα καταισχύνῃ τοὺς σοφούς: καὶ, Ἵνα μὴ κενωθῇ ὁ σταυρὸς τοῦ Χριστοῦ) οὐ σφόδρα τοῖς ἀπίστοις ἀξιόπιστοι εἶναι ἐδόκουν, οὐδὲ ἐπαγωγοὶ καὶ ἀναγκαῖαι καὶ χρήσιμοι, ἑξῆς λοιπὸν τίθησι τὴν κυριωτάτην αἰτίαν, ὅτι τούτῳ μάλιστα τῷ τρόπῳ δυνάμεθα ἰδεῖν, ἐξ οὗ καὶ τὰ ὑψηλὰ καὶ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα, καὶ τὰ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς μαθεῖν ἕξομεν. Καὶ γὰρ ἐκενοῦτο ὁ λόγος τῷ μὴ δύνασθαι ἡμᾶς καταλαβεῖν διὰ τῆς ἔξωθεν σοφίας τὰ ὑπὲρ ἡμᾶς. Ὁρᾷς ὅτι καὶ συνέφερεν οὕτω μᾶλλον μαθεῖν παρὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος; καὶ γὰρ καὶ εὐκολωτάτη καὶ σαφεστάτη ἡ διδασκαλία. Ἡμεῖς δὲ νοῦν Χριστοῦ ἔχομεν. Τουτέστι, πνευματικὸν, θεῖον, οὐδὲν ἀνθρώπινον ἔχοντα. Οὐ γὰρ Πλάτωνος οὐδὲ Πυθαγόρου, ἀλλ' ὁ Χριστὸς τὰ ἑαυτοῦ τῇ ἡμετέρᾳ ἐνέθηκε διανοίᾳ. Τοῦτο γοῦν αἰσχυνθῶμεν, ἀγαπητοὶ, καὶ βίον ἐπιδειξώμεθα ἄριστον: ἐπεὶ καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο ποιεῖται πολλῆς φιλίας τεκμήριον, τὸ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα ἡμῖν ἀποκαλύπτειν, λέγων: Οὐκέτι ὑμᾶς λέγω δούλους: πάντες γὰρ ὑμεῖς φίλοι μού ἐστε, ὅτι πάντα ἃ ἤκουσα παρὰ τοῦ Πατρὸς ἀπήγγειλα ὑμῖν: τουτέστιν, Ἐθάῤῥησα ὑμῖν. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο μόνον φιλίας τεκμήριον, τὸ θαῤῥῆσαι: ὅταν φαίνηται μὴ θαῤῥήσας μόνον τὰ διὰ ῥημάτων μυστήρια, ἀλλὰ καὶ αὐτὰ ταῦτα διὰ τῶν ἔργων ἡμῖν χαρισάμενος, ἐννόησον πόσης ἀγάπης ἐστὶ τὸ γινόμενον! Τοῦτο γοῦν αἰσχυνθῶμεν: καὶ εἰ μηδεὶς γεέννης τοσοῦτος λόγος ἔσται ἡμῖν, ἀλλ' ἔστω γεέννης φοβερώτερον τὸ περὶ τὸν οὕτω φίλον καὶ εὐεργέτην ἀγνώμονας γενέσθαι καὶ ἀχαρίστους: μηδὲ ὡς μισθωτοὶ οἰκέται, ἀλλ' ὡς υἱοὶ καὶ ἐλεύθεροι πάντα πράττωμεν διὰ τὴν τοῦ Πατρὸς φιλίαν, καὶ παυσώμεθά ποτε τῷ κόσμῳ προσηλωμένοι, ἵνα καὶ Ἕλληνας καταισχύνωμεν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ νῦν βουλόμενος πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀνατείνασθαι, ἀναδύομαι, μήποτε τοῖς λόγοις αὐτοὺς νικῶντες καὶ τῇ τῶν δογμάτων ἀληθείᾳ, πολὺν τὸν καταγέλωτα ἀπὸ τῆς τοῦ βίου συγκρίσεως ἡμῖν ἐνέγκωμεν: ὅταν οἱ μὲν τῇ πλάνῃ προσέχοντες καὶ μηδὲν τοιοῦτο πεπεισμένοι, φιλοσοφίας ἔχωνται, ἡμεῖς δὲ τοὐναντίον ἅπαν. Πλὴν ὅμως ἐρῶ: ἴσως γὰρ, ἴσως μελετῶντες πρὸς αὐτοὺς μάχεσθαι, φιλονεικήσομεν βελτίους αὐτῶν γενέσθαι καὶ κατὰ τὸν βίον αὐτόν. Πρώην μὲν ἔλεγον, ὅτι οὐκ ἂν ἐπῆλθε κηρῦξαι τοῖς ἀποστόλοις ἅπερ ἐκήρυξαν, εἰ μὴ θείας ἀπέλαυσαν χάριτος: καὶ ὅτι οὐ μόνον οὐ κατώρθωσαν, ἀλλ' οὐδ' ἂν ἐβουλεύσαντό τι τοιοῦτον: φέρε δὴ καὶ σήμερον αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐπεξέλθωμεν τῷ λόγῳ, καὶ δείξωμεν, ὡς ἀδύνατον ἦν τοῦτο κἂν ἑλέσθαι καὶ ἐννοῆσαι, εἰ μὴ τὸν Χριστὸν εἶχον μεθ' ἑαυτῶν: οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ἀσθενεῖς πρὸς ἰσχυροὺς, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ ὀλίγοι πρὸς πολλοὺς, οὐκ ἐπειδὴ πένητες πρὸς πλουσίους, οὐδὲ ἐπειδὴ ἀμαθεῖς πρὸς σοφοὺς παρετάττοντο, ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ καὶ τῆς προλήψεως πολλὴ ἦν ἡ ἰσχύς. Ἴστε γὰρ ὡς οὐδὲν οὕτως ἰσχυρὸν παρὰ ἀνθρώποις, ὡς συνηθείας παλαιᾶς τυραννίς. Ὥστε εἰ καὶ μὴ δώδεκα ἦσαν μόνον, μηδὲ οὕτως εὐτελεῖς καὶ τοιοῦτοι, ἀλλ' ἑτέρα οἰκουμένη τοσαύτη, καὶ πλῆθος ἀντίῤῥοπον εἶχον μεθ' ἑαυτῶν τεταγμένον, ἢ καὶ πολλῷ πλείους, καὶ οὕτω δύσκολον ἦν τὸ γινόμενον. Ἐκείνοις μὲν γὰρ ἡ συνήθεια συνέπραττε, τούτοις δὲ ἡ καινοτομία ἠναντιοῦτο. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτω θορυβεῖ ψυχὴν, κἂν ἐπὶ χρησίμῳ τινὶ γίνηται, ὡς καινοτομεῖν τι καὶ ξενίζειν, καὶ μάλιστα ὅταν περὶ λατρείας καὶ περὶ τῆς τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξης τοῦτο γίνηται. Καὶ ὅση τούτου τοῦ πράγματος ἡ ἰσχὺς, ἤδη ποιήσω φανερὸν, πρότερον ἐκεῖνο εἰπὼν, ὅτι καὶ ἑτέρα δυσκολία προσῆν πρὸς Ἰουδαίους. Ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καὶ τοὺς θεοὺς καὶ τὰ δόγματα αὐτῶν κατέλυον ἅπαντα, Ἰουδαίοις δὲ οὐχ οὕτω διελέγοντο: ἀλλὰ τῶν μὲν δογμάτων πολλὰ ἔπαυον, τὸν δὲ Θεὸν τὸν νομοθετήσαντα προσκυνεῖν ἐκέλευον: καὶ λέγοντες, ὅτι δεῖ θεραπεύειν τὸν νομοθέτην, ἔλεγον: Μὴ πάντα πείθου τῷ νόμῳ τῷ παρ' ἐκείνου τεθέντι, οἷον ἐν τῷ φυλάττειν τὸ σάββατον ἢ περιτομὴν τηρεῖν ἢ θυσίας προσάγειν ἢ ἄλλο τι τῶν τοιούτων ποιεῖν. Ὥστε οὐ μόνον ἡ θυσία ἐμπόδιον ἦν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ τὸν Θεὸν προσκυνεῖν κελεύοντας, πολλοὺς τῶν ἐκείνου λύειν κελεύειν νόμους. Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων μεγάλη τῆς συνηθείας ἦν ἡ τυραννίς. ζʹ. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ καὶ δέκα ἐτῶν μόνον, οὐ λέγω χρόνου τοσούτου, καὶ εἰ ἀνθρώπων ὀλίγων, οὐ λέγω τῆς οἰκουμένης ἁπάσης, ὑπὸ συνηθείας προκατειλημμένων ἐπῆλθον οὗτοι, καὶ οὕτω δύσκολος ἦν ἡ μετάστασις: νυνὶ δὲ καὶ σοφισταὶ καὶ ῥήτορες καὶ πατέρες καὶ πάπποι καὶ ἐπίπαπποι, καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν τούτων ἀνωτέρω, τῇ πλάνῃ ἦσαν προκατειλημμένοι, καὶ γῆ καὶ θάλαττα καὶ ὄρη καὶ νάπαι, καὶ βαρβάρων πάντα τὰ γένη καὶ Ἑλλήνων δῆμοι πάντες, καὶ σοφοὶ καὶ ἰδιῶται, καὶ ἄρχοντες καὶ ἀρχόμενοι, καὶ γυναῖκες καὶ ἄνδρες, καὶ νέοι καὶ γέροντες, καὶ δεσπόται καὶ οἰκέται, καὶ γηπόνοι καὶ δημιουργοὶ, καὶ οἱ τὰς πόλεις καὶ οἱ τὰς χώρας οἰκοῦντες ἅπαντες. Καὶ εἰκὸς ἦν τοὺς κατηχουμένους λέγειν: Τί ποτε τοῦτό ἐστι; πάντες οἱ τὴν οἰκουμένην οἰκοῦντες ἠπάτηνται, καὶ σοφισταὶ καὶ ῥήτορες, καὶ φιλόσοφοι καὶ συγγραφεῖς, οἵ τε παρόντες οἵ τε πρὸ τούτου γενόμενοι, οἱ περὶ Πυθαγόραν καὶ Πλάτωνα, καὶ στρατηγοὶ καὶ ὕπατοι καὶ βασιλεῖς, καὶ οἱ τῶν πόλεων ἐξ ἀρχῆς πολῖται καὶ οἰκισταὶ, καὶ βάρβαροι καὶ Ἕλληνες; καὶ οἱ δώδεκα ἁλιεῖς καὶ σκηνοποιοὶ καὶ τελῶναι πάντων ἐκείνων εἰσὶ σοφώτεροι; καὶ τίς ἂν ταῦτα ἀνάσχοιτο; Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐκ εἶπον ταῦτα, οὐκ ἐνενόησαν, ἀλλ' ἠνέσχοντο, καὶ ἔγνωσαν ὅτι πάντων ἦσαν σοφώτεροι: διὸ καὶ πάντων ἐκράτησαν. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς πόση τῆς συνηθείας ἐστὶν ἡ ἰσχὺς, τῶν τοῦ Θεοῦ προσταγμάτων πολλάκις ἐκράτησε. Καὶ τί λέγω, προσταγμάτων; αὐτῶν μὲν οὖν τῶν εὐεργεσιῶν. Καὶ γὰρ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι μάννα ἔχοντες, σκόροδα ἐζήτουν, καὶ ἐλευθερίας ἀπολαύοντες, τῆς δουλείας ἐμέμνηντο, καὶ Αἴγυπτον συνεχῶς ἐπεζήτουν διὰ τὴν συνήθειαν. Οὕτως ἡ συνήθεια τυραννικόν! Εἰ δὲ βούλει καὶ ἐκ τῶν ἔξωθεν αὐτὴν μαθεῖν, λέγεται Πλάτων, καίτοι γε ἀκριβῶς εἰδὼς ὅτι πλάνη τις ἦν τὰ περὶ θεῶν, καὶ ταῖς ἑορταῖς καὶ τοῖς ἄλλοις ἅπασι συγκαταβῆναι, ἅτε οὐ κατισχύων συνηθείᾳ πολεμῆσαι, καὶ ἔργῳ παρὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου τοῦτο μαθών. Καὶ γὰρ οὗτος ὑποπτευθεὶς ἐπὶ καινοτομίᾳ τινὶ τοιαύτῃ, τοσοῦτον ἀπέσχε τοῦ κατορθῶσαι ὅπερ ἐβούλετο, ὅτι καὶ τοῦ ζῇν ἐξέπεσε, καὶ ταῦτα ἀπολογησάμενος. Πόσους δὲ καὶ νῦν ὁρῶμεν ἀνθρώπους ἀπὸ προλήψεως κατεχομένους ἐν ἀσεβείᾳ, καὶ εὔλογον μὲν οὐδὲν ἔχοντας εἰπεῖν, ἐπειδὰν ἐγκαλοῖντο Ἕλληνες ὄντες, πατέρας δὲ καὶ πάππους καὶ ἐπιπάππους προβαλλομένους; Διὰ δὴ τοῦτο καί τινες τῶν ἔξωθεν, δευτέραν φύσιν τὴν συνήθειαν ἐκάλεσαν. Ὅταν δὲ καὶ ἐν δόγμασιν ἡ συνήθεια ᾖ, βεβαιοτέρα γίνεται: πάντα γάρ τις εὐκολώτερον ἀμείψειεν, ἢ τὰ περὶ θρησκείας. Καὶ τὸ αἰσχύνεσθαι δὲ μετὰ τῆς συνηθείας ἱκανὸν ἦν ἐμποδίσαι, καὶ τὸ δοκεῖν ἐν ἐσχάτῳ γήρᾳ μεταμαθεῖν, καὶ παρὰ τῶν ἀσυνετωτέρων. Καὶ τί θαυμάζεις, εἰ ἐπὶ ψυχῆς ταῦτα συμβαίνει, ὅπου γε καὶ ἐπὶ σώματος μεγάλην ἔχει τὴν ἰσχὺν ἡ συνήθεια; Ἐπὶ δὲ τῶν ἀποστόλων καὶ ἕτερον ἦν δυνατώτερον τούτων ἐμπόδισμα, τὸ μὴ μόνον συνήθειαν ἀμείβειν οὕτω παλαιὰν καὶ ἀρχαίαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ μετὰ κινδύνων τὴν μετάστασιν ποιεῖσθαι. Οὐ γὰρ ἁπλῶς ἀπὸ συνηθείας εἰς συνήθειαν εἷλκον, ἀλλ' ἀπὸ συνηθείας ἄδειαν ἐχούσης εἰς πράγματα κινδύνους ἀποτελοῦντα. Τὸν γὰρ πιστεύοντα ἔδει εὐθέως δημεύεσθαι, ἐλαύνεσθαι, πατρίδος ἐκπίπτειν, τὰ ἔσχατα πάσχειν δεινὰ, παρὰ πάντων μισεῖσθαι, κοινὸν εἶναι πολέμιον καὶ ἰδίοις καὶ ἀλλοτρίοις. Ὥστε εἰ καὶ ἐπὶ συνήθειαν ἐκάλουν ἀπὸ καινοτομίας, καὶ οὕτω δύσκολον τὸ πρᾶγμα ἦν: ὅπου δὲ ἀπὸ συνηθείας ἐπὶ καινοτομίαν, καὶ ταῦτα προσῆν τὰ δεινὰ, ἐννόησον πόσον ἦν τὸ ἐμπόδισμα. Καὶ τῶν εἰρημένων δὲ πάλιν ἕτερον οὐκ ἔλαττον προσέκειτο τούτοις τὸ ποιοῦν δύσκολον τὴν μετάστασιν. Μετὰ γὰρ τῆς συνηθείας καὶ τῶν κινδύνων, καὶ ταῦτα τὰ ἐπιτάγματα φορτικώτερα ἦν, καὶ ὧν ἀπῆγον, ῥᾴδιά τε καὶ εὔκολα. Ἀπὸ γὰρ πορνείας ἐπὶ σωφροσύνην ἐκάλουν, ἀπὸ μέθης ἐπὶ νηστείαν, ἀπὸ γέλωτος ἐπὶ δάκρυα καὶ κατάνυξιν, ἀπὸ πλεονεξίας ἐπὶ ἀκτημοσύνην, ἀπὸ φιλοζωΐας ἐπὶ θανάτους, ἀπὸ ἀδείας ἐπὶ κινδύνους: καὶ τὴν ἐσχάτην διὰ πάντων ἀπῄτουν ἀκρίβειαν: Αἰσχρότης γὰρ, φησὶ, καὶ μωρολογία καὶ εὐτραπελία μὴ ἐκπορευέσθω ἐκ τοῦ στόματος ὑμῶν. Καὶ ταῦτα ἔλεγον τοῖς οὐδὲν ἄλλο εἰδόσιν, ἢ μεθύειν καὶ γαστρίζεσθαι, τοῖς ἑορτὰς ἐπιτελοῦσιν οὐδαμόθεν ἄλλοθεν συνεστώσας ἢ ἀπὸ αἰσχρότητος καὶ γέλωτος καὶ κωμῳδίας ἁπάσης. Ὥστε οὐ τῷ φιλοσοφία εἶναι τὰ πράγματα, φορτικὰ ἦν τὰ λεγόμενα μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ τῷ ἀνθρώποις λέγεσθαι ἐν ἀδείᾳ τραφεῖσι καὶ αἰσχρότητι καὶ μωρολογίᾳ καὶ γέλωτι καὶ κώμοις. Τίς γὰρ τῶν ἐν ἐκείνοις βεβιωκότων ἀκούων, ὅτι Ἐὰν μή τις ἄρῃ ἑαυτοῦ τὸν σταυρὸν, καὶ ἀκολουθήσῃ μοι, οὐκ ἔστι μου ἄξιος: καὶ, ὅτι Οὐκ ἦλθον βαλεῖν εἰρήνην, ἀλλὰ μάχαιραν, καὶ διχάσαι ἄνθρωπον κατὰ τοῦ πατρὸς αὐτοῦ, καὶ θυγατέρα κατὰ τῆς μητρὸς αὐτῆς, οὐκ ἂν ἐνάρκησε; Τίς δὲ ἀκούων, ὅτι Ἐὰν μή τις ἀποτάξηται καὶ οἰκίᾳ καὶ πατρίδι καὶ χρήμασιν, οὐκ ἔστι μου ἄξιος, οὐκ ἂν ὤκνησεν, οὐκ ἂν ἀπηγόρευσεν; Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐ μόνον οὐκ ἐνάρκων, οὐδὲ ἀνεδύοντο ταῦτα ἀκούοντες, ἀλλὰ προσέτρεχον καὶ ἐπεπήδων τοῖς δεινοῖς, καὶ ἥρπαζον τὰ ἐπιττατόμενα. Τὸ δὲ ἀκούειν, ὅτι Παντὸς ῥήματος ἀργοῦ δώσομεν εὐθύνας: καὶ, Ὁ ἐμβλέψας γυναικὶ πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμῆσαι, ἤδη ἐμοίχευσεν αὐτὴν ὀφθεῖσαν: καὶ, Ὁ ὀργισθεὶς εἰκῆ, εἰς γέενναν πεσεῖται, τίνα οὐκ ἂν τῶν τότε ἀπεσόβησεν; Ἀλλ' ὅμως πάντες ἐπέδραμον, καὶ πολλοὶ καὶ ὑπὲρ τὰ σκάμματα ἥλλοντο. Τί οὖν αὐτοὺς ἐπήγετο; οὐκ εὔδηλον ὅτι ἡ δύναμις τοῦ κηρυττομένου; Εἰ γὰρ μὴ τοῦτο ἦν, τοὐναντίον δὲ ἦν, ἐκεῖνοι μὲν οὗτοι, οὗτοι δὲ ἦσαν ἐκεῖνοι, ἆρ' ἂν εὔκολον ἦν ἔχειν καὶ ἑλκῦσαι τοὺς ἐναντιουμένους; Οὐκ ἔστιν εἰπεῖν. ηʹ. Ὥστε διὰ πάντων δείκνυται θεία δύναμις οὖσα ἡ κατορθώσασα. Ἐπεὶ πόθεν ἔπεισαν, εἰπέ μοι, τοὺς χαύνους καὶ τοὺς διαῤῥέοντας, ἐπὶ τὸν σκληρὸν καὶ τραχὺν φέροντες βίον; Ἀλλὰ τὰ μὲν παραγγέλματα τοιαῦτα: ἴδωμεν δὲ μήποτε τὸ δόγμα ἐπαγωγὸν ἦν. Καὶ μὴν καὶ τοῦτο ἱκανὸν ἦν τοὺς ἀπίστους ἀποσοβῆσαι. Τί γὰρ ἔλεγον οἱ κηρύσσοντες; Ὅτι τὸν ἐσταυρωμένον δεῖ προσκυνεῖν, καὶ τοῦτον Θεὸν νομίζειν, τὸν ἐκ γυναικὸς γεννηθέντα Ἰουδαίας. Καὶ τίς ἂν τούτοις ἐπείσθη, μὴ θείας δυνάμεως προηγουμένης; Ὅτι μὲν γὰρ ἐσταυρώθη καὶ ἐτάφη, πάντες εἶδον: ὅτι δὲ ἀνέστη καὶ ἀνῆλθε, πλὴν τῶν ἀποστόλων οὐδεὶς ἐθεάσατο. Ἀλλ' ἐπαγγελίαις αὐτοὺς ἐπῆραν, φησὶ, καὶ ψόφῳ ῥημάτων ἠπάτησαν. Τοῦτο μὲν οὖν αὐτὸ μάλιστα δείκνυσι, καὶ χωρὶς τῶν εἰρημένων ἁπάντων, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπάτη τὰ ἡμέτερα. Τὰ μὲν γὰρ δυσχερῆ πάντα ἐντεῦθεν συνέβαινε: τὰ δὲ χρηστὰ μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἐπαγγείλασθαι ἔδει. Αὐτὸ μὲν οὖν τοῦτο (πάλιν γὰρ ἐρῶ) δείκνυσι θεῖον ὂν τὸ ἡμέτερον κήρυγμα. Διὰ τί γὰρ μηδεὶς τῶν πιστευόντων εἶπεν, ὅτι Οὐ πρόσειμι οὐδὲ ἀνέχομαι: τὰ δυσχερῆ μοι ἐνταῦθα ἀπειλεῖς, καὶ τὰ χρηστὰ μετὰ τὴν ἀνάστασιν ἐπαγγέλλῃ; πόθεν γὰρ δῆλον, ὅτι ἀνάστασις ἔσται; τίς τῶν ἀπελθόντων ἦλθε; τίς τῶν κειμένων ἀνέστη; τίς τούτων εἶπε τί ἔσται μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδημίαν; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων οὐκ ἐνενόησαν, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὰς ψυχὰς ἀπέδωκαν ὑπὲρ τοῦ σταυρωθέντος. Ὥστε αὐτὸ τοῦτο μάλιστα μεγάλης δυνάμεως ἦν, τὸ μηδέποτε μηδὲν τοιοῦτον ἀκούσαντας ἀθρόον πεῖσαι περὶ μεγάλων οὕτω πραγμάτων, καὶ παρασκευάσαι τὰ μὲν δυσχερῆ καταδέξασθαι ἐπὶ τῆς πείρας, τὰ δὲ χρηστὰ ἐν ἐλπίσιν ἔχειν. Εἰ δὲ ἠπάτων, τοὐναντίον ἂν ἐποίησαν μᾶλλον: τὰ μὲν χρηστὰ ἐντεῦθεν ἐπηγγείλαντο, τὰ δὲ φοβερὰ ἐσίγησαν ἂν, καὶ τὰ παρόντα καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα. Οὕτω γὰρ οἱ ἀπατῶντες καὶ οἱ κολακεύοντες ποιοῦσιν: οὐδὲν τραχὺ οὐδὲ ἐπαχθὲς οὐδὲ φορτικὸν προτείνουσιν, ἀλλὰ τοὐναντίον ἅπαν: τοῦτο γάρ ἐστιν ἀπάτη. Ἀλλ' ἡ ἄνοια, φησὶ, τῶν πολλῶν πεισθῆναι ἐποίησε τοῖς λεγομένοις. Τί φής; ὅτε ὑπὸ Ἕλλησιν ἦσαν, οὐκ ἦσαν ἀνόητοι, ἀλλ' ὅτε πρὸς ἡμᾶς μετέστησαν, τότε ἀνόητοι γεγόνασι; καίτοι γε οὐκ ἄλλους ἀνθρώπους, οὐδὲ ἐξ ἄλλης οἰκουμένης λαβόντες ἔπεισαν οἱ ἀπόστολοι. Καίτοι τὰ μὲν Ἑλλήνων ἁπλῶς κατεῖχον, τὰ δὲ ἡμέτερα μετὰ κινδύνων κατεδέξαντο: ὥστε εἰ μετὰ λόγου κρείττονος αὐτὰ κατεῖχον, τοσοῦτον αὐτοῖς ἐντραφέντες χρόνον, οὐκ ἂν αὐτῶν ἀπέστησαν, καὶ μάλιστα ὅτε οὐδὲ ἀκινδύνως ἀποστῆναι ἐνῆν. Ἐπεὶ δὲ ἔγνωσαν ἐξ αὐτῆς τῶν πραγμάτων τῆς φύσεως, ὅτι γέλως ἐκεῖνα καὶ πλάνη, διὰ τοῦτο καὶ θανάτων ἀπειλουμένων, τῶν μὲν συνήθων ἀπεπήδησαν, εἰς δὲ τὰ καινὰ ηὐτομόλησαν, ἅτε τούτου μὲν τοῦ δόγματος κατὰ φύσιν ὄντος, ἐκείνου δὲ παρὰ φύσιν. Ἀλλ' οἰκέται, φησὶν, ἦσαν οἱ πεισθέντες, καὶ γυναῖκες καὶ τίτθαι καὶ μαῖαι καὶ εὐνοῦχοι. Μάλιστα μὲν οὐκ ἀπὸ τούτων ἡμῖν ἡ Ἐκκλησία συνέστηκε μόνον, καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἅπασιν: εἰ δὲ ἀπὸ τούτων, τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστι τὸ ποιοῦν τὸ κήρυγμα θαυμαστὸν, ὅτι τοιαῦτα δόγματα, οἷα Πλάτων καὶ οἱ κατ' ἐκεῖνον οὐκ ἴσχυσαν ἐννοῆσαι ὅλως, ἐξαίφνης ἴσχυσαν οἱ ἁλιεῖς, τὸ πάντων ἀμαθέστατον γένος, πείθειν καταδέξασθαι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ εἰ φρονίμους ἔπεισαν μόνον, οὕτω θαυμαστὸν ἦν τὸ γεγονός: ἐπειδὴ δὲ οἰκέτας καὶ τίτθας καὶ εὐνούχους εἰς τοσοῦτον ἤγαγον φιλοσοφίας, ὡς ἀγγέλοις ἐφαμίλλους ποιῆσαι, μεγίστην τῆς θείας ἐμπνοίας παρεῖχον ἀπόδειξιν. Καὶ γὰρ εἰ μὲν εὐτελῆ τινα ἐπέταττον, εἶχε λόγον ἴσως τὸ τὴν τούτων πειθὼ εἰς ἀπόδειξιν τῆς εὐτελείας τῶν λεγομένων προβάλλεσθαι: εἰ δὲ μεγάλα καὶ ὑψηλὰ καὶ ἀνθρωπίνην σχεδὸν ὑπερβαίνοντα φύσιν, καὶ ὑψηλῆς δεόμενα διανοίας ἐφιλοσόφουν, ὅσῳ ἂν δείξῃς ἀνοήτους τοὺς πεισθέντας, τοσούτῳ μᾶλλον ἀποδεικνύεις σοφοὺς καὶ θείας χάριτος πεπληρωμένους τοὺς πείσαντας. Ἀλλὰ τῇ ὑπερβολῇ τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν, φησὶν, ἔπεισαν. Αὐτὸ δὲ τοῦτο οὐ θαυμάζεις, εἰπέ μοι, πῶς ἔπεισαν μετὰ θάνατον προσδοκᾷν ἔπαθλα καὶ ἀμοιβάς; Ἐγὼ γὰρ αὐτὸ τοῦτο ἐκπλήττομαι. Ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῦτο ὑπὸ ἀνοίας, φησί. Ποίας ἀνοίας, εἰπέ μοι, ταῦτα, ὅτι ἡ ψυχὴ ἀθάνατος, καὶ δικαστήριον ἀδέκαστον μετὰ τὸν ἐνταῦθα ἡμᾶς λήψεται βίον, καὶ εὐθύνας καὶ ῥημάτων καὶ πραγμάτων καὶ ἐννοιῶν δώσομεν τῷ τὰ ἀπόῤῥητα εἰδότι Θεῷ, καὶ τοὺς μὲν κακοὺς ὀψόμεθα κολαζομένους, τοὺς δὲ ἀγαθοὺς στεφανουμένους; Ταῦτα γὰρ οὐχὶ ἀνοίας, ἀλλὰ τῆς μεγίστης ἐστὶ φιλοσοφίας. θʹ. Αὐτὸ οὖν τοῦτο, εἰπέ μοι, τὸ καταφρονεῖν τῶν παρόντων, τὸ μέγα νομίζειν ἀρετὴν, τὸ μὴ τὰ ἆθλα ἐνταῦθα ζητεῖν, ἀλλὰ περαιτέρω προϊέναι ταῖς ἐλπίσι, καὶ ψυχὴν οὕτως εὔτονον ἔχειν καὶ πιστὴν, ὡς μηδενὶ τῶν παρόντων δεινῶν πρὸς τὰς μελλούσας παρεμποδίζεσθαι ἐλπίδας, πόσης ἂν εἴη φιλοσοφίας; Ἀλλὰ βούλει καὶ αὐτῶν τῶν ἐπαγγελιῶν καὶ τῶν προῤῥήσεων μαθεῖν τὴν δύναμιν, καὶ τὴν ἀλήθειαν τῶν πρὸ τούτων, τῶν μετὰ ταῦτα; Θέα μοι σειρὰν χρυσῆν πλεκομένην ποικίλως ἐξ ἀρχῆς. Εἶπέ τινα αὐτοῖς περὶ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ περὶ τῶν Ἐκκλησιῶν καὶ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων πραγμάτων, καὶ λέγων ἐθαυματούργει. Οὐκοῦν ἀπὸ τῆς ἐκβάσεως τῶν εἰρημένων δῆλον ὅτι καὶ τὰ θαύματα ἀληθῆ, καὶ τὰ μέλλοντα ἐπηγγελμένα. Ἵνα δὲ καὶ σαφέστερον γένηται τὸ λεγόμενον, ἐπ' αὐτῶν αὐτὸ ποιήσω τῶν πραγμάτων φανερόν. Ἀνέστησε τὸν Λάζαρον ῥήματι μόνῳ ψιλῷ, καὶ ζῶντα ἔδειξεν: εἶπε πάλιν, ὅτι Πύλαι ᾅδου οὐ κατισχύσουσι τῆς Ἐκκλησίας: καὶ, ὅτι Ὁ καταλιπὼν πατέρα ἢ μητέρα ἑκατονταπλασίονα λήψεται ἐν τῷ αἰῶνι τούτῳ, καὶ ζωὴν αἰώνιον κληρονομήσει. Οὐκοῦν τὸ μὲν θαῦμα ἓν, τὸ τοῦ Λαζάρου: αἱ δὲ προῤῥήσεις δύο, ἡ μὲν ἐνταῦθα δεικνυμένη, ἡ δὲ ἐν τῷ μέλλοντι. Σκόπει τοίνυν πῶς ἅπαντα δι' ἀλλήλων κατασκευάζεται. Εἰ μὲν γάρ τις ἀπιστοίη, ὅτι Λάζαρος ἀνέστη, ἀπὸ τῆς προῤῥήσεως τῆς περὶ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας εἰρημένης πιστευέτω τῷ θαύματι: τὸ γὰρ πρὸ τοσούτων λεχθὲν χρόνων τότε ἐξέβη καὶ τέλος ἔλαβε: πύλαι γὰρ ᾅδου τῆς Ἐκκλησίας οὐ κατίσχυσαν. Ὁ τοίνυν ἀληθεύσας ἐν τῇ προῤῥήσει, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ τὸ θαῦμα εἰργάσατο: ὁ δὲ καὶ τὸ θαῦμα ἐργασάμενος, καὶ ἅπερ εἶπεν εἰς τέλος ἀγαγὼν, εὔδηλον ὅτι καὶ ἐν τῇ προῤῥήσει τῇ περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἀληθεύει, λέγων, ὅτι Ἑκατονταπλασίονα λήψεται, καὶ ζωὴν αἰώνιον κληρονομήσει ὁ τῶν παρόντων ὑπεριδών. Τὰ γὰρ ἤδη γεγενημένα καὶ εἰρημένα, ἐνέχυρα μέγιστα τῶν μελλόντων ἐκβήσεσθαι δέδωκε. Ταῦτα τοίνυν ἅπαντα καὶ τὰ τούτοις ἐοικότα ἀπὸ τῶν Εὐαγγελίων συναγαγόντες, λέγωμεν πρὸς αὐτοὺς, καὶ ἐπιστομίζωμεν αὐτούς. Εἰ δὲ λέγοι τις, Πῶς οὖν οὐκ ἐσβέσθη τέλεον ἡ πλάνη; ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴποιμεν, ὅτι Ὑμεῖς αἴτιοι, οἱ πρὸς τὴν ἑαυτῶν στασιάζοντες σωτηρίαν: ἐπεὶ ὁ Θεὸς τὰ πράγματα οὕτως ᾠκονόμησεν, ὡς μηδὲ λείψανον ὑπολειφθῆναι τῆς ἀσεβείας. Ἀναλογισώμεθα τοίνυν τὰ εἰρημένα διὰ βραχέων. Ποίαν ἔχει φύσιν τὰ πράγματα; τοὺς ἀσθενεῖς ὑπὸ τῶν δυνατῶν ἡττᾶσθαι, ἢ τοὐναντίον; τοὺς τὰ εὔκολα λέγοντας, ἢ τοὺς τὰ χαλεπώτερα; τοὺς μετὰ κινδύνων ἕλκοντας, ἢ τοὺς μετὰ ἀδείας; τοὺς καινοτομοῦντας, ἢ τοὺς τὴν συνήθειαν κρατύνοντας; τοὺς ἐπὶ τραχεῖαν, ἢ τοὺς ἐπὶ τὴν ῥᾳδίαν ἄγοντας ὁδόν; τοὺς τῶν πατρῴων ἀφιστῶντας, ἢ τοὺς οὐ ξένα νομοθετοῦντας; τοὺς μετὰ τὴν ἐντεῦθεν ἀποδημίαν πάντα ὑπισχνουμένους τὰ χρηστὰ, ἢ τοὺς ἐν τῷ παρόντι κολακεύοντας βίῳ; τοὺς πολλοὺς ὑπὸ τῶν ὀλίγων, ἢ τοὺς ὀλίγους ὑπὸ τῶν πολλῶν; Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὑμεῖς ἐνταῦθα, φησὶν, ὑπέσχεσθε. Τί δὲ ἐνταῦθα ὑπεσχόμεθα; Ἁμαρτημάτων ἄφεσιν καὶ λουτρὸν παλιγγενεσίας. Μάλιστα μὲν καὶ τὸ βάπτισμα ἐν τοῖς μέλλουσιν ἔχει τὸ πλέον. Καὶ βοᾷ Παῦλος λέγων: Ἀπεθάνετε γὰρ, καὶ ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν κέκρυπται σὺν τῷ Χριστῷ ἐν τῷ Θεῷ. Ὅταν ἡ ζωὴ ὑμῶν φανερωθῇ, τότε καὶ ὑμεῖς σὺν αὐτῷ φανερωθήσεσθε ἐν δόξῃ. Εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐνταῦθα ἔχει ἀγαθὰ, ὥσπερ οὖν καὶ ἔχει, καὶ τοῦτο μάλιστα πολλοῦ θαύματος, ὅτι ἴσχυσαν πεῖσαι τοὺς τὰ μυρία ἐργασαμένους δεινὰ, καὶ ὅσα μηδεὶς ἕτερος, ὅτι πάντα ἀπολούσονται, καὶ οὐδενὸς δώσουσι λόγον τῶν πεπλημμελημένων. Ὥστε καὶ διὰ τοῦτο αὐτὸ μάλιστα θαυμάζειν ἐχρῆν, ὅτι ἀνθρώπους βαρβάρους τοιαύτην ἔπεισαν καταδέξασθαι πίστιν, καὶ χρηστὰς περὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἔχειν ἐλπίδας, καὶ τὸ πρότερον τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων φορτίον ἀπεσκευασμένους μετὰ πολλῆς τῆς προθυμίας εἰς τὸ ἐπιὸν τῶν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρετῆς ἅπτεσθαι πόνων, καὶ πρὸς αἰσθητὸν μὲν μηδὲν κεχηνέναι, πάντων δὲ ἀνωτέρους τῶν σωματικῶν γεγενημένους νοερὰς δέξασθαι δωρεὰς, καὶ τὸν Πέρσην καὶ τὸν Σαυρομάτην, καὶ τὸν Μαῦρον καὶ τὸν Ἰνδὸν εἰδέναι ψυχῆς καθαρμὸν, καὶ Θεοῦ δύναμιν καὶ φιλανθρωπίαν ἄφατον, καὶ πίστεως φιλοσοφίαν, καὶ Πνεύματος ἁγίου ἐπιφοίτησιν, καὶ σωμάτων ἀνάστασιν, καὶ ζωῆς ἀθανάτου δόγματα. Ταῦτα γὰρ ἅπαντα καὶ τὰ τούτων πλείονα γένη βαρβάρων οἱ ἁλιεῖς μυσταγωγοῦντες ἐν τῷ βαπτίσματι, φιλοσοφεῖν ἔπεισαν. Ταῦτα τοίνυν ἅπαντα μετὰ ἀκριβείας φυλάξαντες, πρὸς αὐτοὺς λέγωμεν, καὶ τὴν ἀπὸ τοῦ βίου πάλιν αὐτοῖς ἀπόδειξιν παρεχώμεθα, ἵνα ἑκατέρωθεν ἡμεῖς τε σωθῶμεν, ἐκείνους τε ἐπισπασώμεθα πρὸς τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ δόξαν: ὅτι αὐτῷ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας. Ἀμήν.