John Chrysostom, Homilies on the Acts of the Apostles

“And when they heard of the resurrection of the dead, some mocked: and others said, We will hear thee again of this matter. So Paul departed from among them. Howbeit certain men clave unto him, and believed: among the which was Dionysius the Areopagite and a woman named Damaris, and others with them. After these things Paul departed from Athens, and came to Corinth.”

What can be the reason that, having persuaded (some so far as to say) that they would hear him again, and there being no dangers, Paul is so in haste to leave Athens? Probably he knew that he should do them no great good; moreover he was led by the Spirit to Corinth.902 Here in mss. and Edd. the order is confused by the insertion of the text xvii. 34; xviii. 1–3, and the transposition of the sentence marked (a), in consequence of which the first sentence of (c) has been misunderstood, as if it meant that St. Paul thought it enough merely to sow the seeds at Athens (τέως mod. text Cat. τῶν λόγων), “because the greater part of his life was now passed.” So Cat. is further betrayed into a misconception of the following words ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ Νέρωνος ἐτελειώθη, adding ὁ Παῦλος, as if it referred to St. Paul’s martyrdom: and so Ben. mistakes the matter, major’ enim pars vitæ illius jam (ἐνταῦθα) transacta erat. Nam sub Nerone consummatus est, as Erasm. occisus est:’ though the opposition to the ἐπὶ μὲν N. in the following clause ἀπὸ δὲ Κλ., might have obviated this misapprehension. (b) For the Athenians, although fond of hearing strange things, nevertheless did not attend (to him); for this was not their study, but only to be always having something to say; which was the cause that made them hold off from him. But if this was their custom, how is it that they accuse him, “he seemeth to be a setter forth of strange gods?” (ch. xvii. 18.) Yes, but these were matters they did not at all know what to make of. Howbeit, he did convert both Dionysius the Areopagite, and some others. For those who were careful of (right) living, quickly received the word; but the others not so. It seemed to Paul sufficient to have cast the seeds of the doctrines. (a) To Corinth then, as I said, he was led by the Spirit, in which city he was to abide. (c) “And having found a certain Jew named Aquila, of Pontus by birth, lately come from Italy”—for the greater part of his life had been passed there—“and Priscilla his wife, because that Claudius had commanded all the Jews to depart from Rome.” (v. 2.) For though it was in the reign of Nero that the war against the Jews was consummated, yet from the time of Claudius and thenceforward it was fanning up, at a distance indeed,903 See Recapitulation, p. 239, note 1. so that, were it but so, they might come to their senses, and from Rome they were now driven as common pests. This is why it is so ordered by Providence that Paul was led thither as a prisoner, that he might not as a Jew be driven away, but as acting under military custody might even be guarded there. (Having found these,) “he came to them, and because he was of the same craft, he abode with them and wrought: for by occupation they were tent-makers.” (v. 3.) Lo, what a justification he found for dwelling in the same house with them! For because here, of all places, it was necessary that he should not receive, as he himself says, “That wherein they glory, they may be found, even as we” (2 Cor. xi. 12), it is providentially ordered that he there abides. “And he reasoned in the synagogue every sabbath, and persuaded the Jews and the Greeks. And when Silas and Timotheus were come from Macedonia, Paul was straitened in the word,904 A. B. C. τῷ λόγῳ: so the best mss. of the Acts, Gr. and Lat. instabat verbo. testifying to the Jews that Jesus is the Christ.” (v. 4, 5.) “And when the Jews opposed and blasphemed,” i.e. they tried to bear him down (ἐπηρέαζον), they set upon him—What then does Paul? He separates from them, and in a very awful manner: and though he does not now say, “It was need that the word should be spoken unto you,” yet he darkly intimates it to them:—“and when they opposed themselves, and blasphemed, he shook his raiment, and said unto them, Your blood be upon your own heads; I am clean: from henceforth I will go unto the Gentiles.” (v. 6.) “And he departed thence, and entered into a certain man’s house, named Justus, one that worshipped God, whose house joined hard to the synagogue.” See how having again said, “Henceforth—” for all that, he does not neglect them; so that it was to rouse them that he said this, and thereupon came to Justus, whose house was contiguous to the synagogue, so that905 A. B. C. ὥστε καὶ ἀπὸ (B. om.) τοῦ ζήλου (ζῆλον C.) ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῆς γειτνιάσεως. Cat. has preserved the true reading, ἀπὸ τούτου ζῆλον. even from this they might have jealousy, from the very proximity. “And Crispus, the chief ruler of the synagogue, believed on the Lord with all his house.” This also was, of all things, enough to bring them over. “And many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized. Then spake the Lord to Paul in the night by a vision, Be not afraid, but speak, and hold not thy peace: for I am with thee, and no man shall set on thee to hurt thee: for I have much people in this city.” (v. 8–10.) See by how many reasons He persuades him, and how He puts last the reason which of all others most prevailed with him, “I have much people in this city.” Then how was it, you may ask, that they set upon him? And906 This would be better transposed thus: καὶ μὴν, φησὶν, ἤγαγον αὐτὸν πρὸς τὸν ἀνθ., ἀλλ᾽ οὐδὲν σχυσαν. Mod. text, “but they only brought him,” etc. What follows is confused by the transposition after ὅρα γοῦν ἐνταῦθα of the part (a) beginning with the same words. yet, the writer tells us, they prevailed nothing, but brought him to the proconsul. “And he continued there a year and six months, teaching the word of God among them. And when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia, the Jews made insurrection with one accord against Paul, and brought him to the judgment-seat.” (v. 11, 12.) Do you mark why those men were ever contriving to give a public turn to the misdemeanors (they accused them of)? Thus see here: (b) “Saying, This fellow seduceth men contrary to the law to worship God. And when Paul was about to open his mouth, Gallio said: If indeed it were any wrong-doing or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you. But if it be a question of words and names, and of your law, look ye to it; for I will be no judge of such matters. And he drave them from the judgment-seat.” (v. 13–16.) This Gallio seems to me to have been a sensible man. (a) Thus observe, when these had said, “Against the law he seduceth men to worship God,” he “cared for none of these things:” and observe how he answers them: “If indeed it were” any matter affecting the city, “any wrong-doing or wicked lewdness,” etc. (c) “Then all the Jews907 The mss. have ἱο῞Ελληνες as in some copies of the Acts and Elz., but the best authorities Gr. and Lat. simply πάντες. We adopt οἱ ᾽Ιουδαῖοι from the Catena, and Chrys. evidently understood it of the Jews. took Sosthenes the ruler of the synagogue, and beat him before the judgment-seat: and Gallio cared for none of these things” (v. 17): but their beating him he did not take as an insult to himself. So petulant were the Jews. But let us look over again what has been said.

(Recapitulation.) “And when they heard,” (ch. xvii. 32) what great and lofty doctrines, they did not even attend, but jeered at the Resurrection! “For the natural man,” it saith, “receiveth not the things of the Spirit.” (1 Cor. ii. 14.) “And so,” it says, “Paul went forth.” (v. 33.) How? Having persuaded some; derided by others. “But certain men,” it says, “clave unto him, and believed, among whom was also Dionysius the Areopagite and some others.”908 Here A. B. C. insert the sentence ὅρα τους πιστους κ. τ. λ. which mod. text rightly removes to the comment on v. 8, and after it, ὅρα πῶς ὁ νόμος καταλύεται λοιπόν: which unless it means, “See here the beginning of the judgment on the Jews, the dissolution of their Law, and overthrow of their nation,” of which Chrys. speaks in this sentence, is out of place here, and belongs to the comment on v. 18, i.e. to the beginning of Hom. 40, which in fact opens with these words. So mod. text understands them. “Mark how the Law begins to be dissolved from henceforth. For this man, being a Jew, having after these things shorn his head in Cenchrea, goes with Paul into Syria. Being a man of Pontus, not in Jerusalem nor near it did he haste to come, but at a greater distance.” The innovator’s meaning seems to have been, that he shore his head in fulfilment of his vow, not in Jerusalem, nor near Jerusalem, but at a greater distance, viz. in Cenchrea.” But St. Chrys. is here commenting on Claudius’ edict (see above, p. 240, on v. 2): “See here the beginning of the judgment on the Jews: it was hasting to come, but it began not in Jerusalem, nor in Palestine, but at a greater distance—at Rome, in this edict of the Emperor: οὐκ ἐν ῾Ιεροσολύμοις, οὐδὲ πλησίον ἔσπευδεν ἐλθεῖν ἀλλὰ μακροτέρω.” (v. 34.) “And after these things,” etc. “And having found a certain Jew by name Aquila, of Pontus by birth, lately come from Italy, because that Claudius had ordered all Jews to depart from Rome, he came to them, and because he was of the same craft, he abode with them, and wrought: for by their occupation they were tent-makers.” (ch.xviii. 1–3.) Being of Pontus, this Aquila * * * .909 The sentence may be completed with: “had spent the greater part of his life at Rome,” etc.; see above, p. 236, but the copyist make οὗτος nom. to οὐκ ἔσπευδεν ἐλθεῖν. Observe how, not in Jerusalem, nor near it (the crisis), was hasting to come, but at a greater distance. And with him he abides, and is not ashamed to abide, nay, for this very reason he does abide, as having a suitable lodging-place, for to him it was much more suitable than any king’s palace. And smile not thou, beloved, to hear (of his occupation). For (it was good for him) even as to the athlete the palæstra is more useful than delicate carpets; so to the warrior the iron sword (is useful), not that of gold. “And wrought,” though he preached. Let us be ashamed, who though we have no preaching to occupy us, live in idleness. “And he disputed in the synagogue every sabbath day, and persuaded both Jews and Greeks” (v. 4): but “when they opposed and blasphemed” he withdrew, by this expecting to draw them more. For wherefore having left that house did he come to live hard by the synagogue? was it not for this? For it was not that he saw any danger here. But therefore it is that Paul having testified to them—not teaches now, but testifies—“having shaken his garments,” to terrify them not by word only but by action, “said unto them, Your blood be upon your own heads” (v. 6): he speaks the more vehemently as having already persuaded many. “I,” says he, “am clean.” Then we also are accountable for the blood of those entrusted to us, if we neglect them. “From this time forth I will go to the Gentiles.” So that also when he says, “Henceforth let no man trouble me” (Gal. vi. 17), he says it to terrify. For not so much did the punishment terrify, as this stung them. “And having removed thence he came into the house of one named Justus, that worshipped God, whose house was contiguous to the synagogue” (v. 7), and there abode, by this wishing to persuade them that he was in earnest (πρὸς τὰ ἐθνη ἠπείγετο) to go to the Gentiles. Accordingly, mark immediately the ruler of the synagogue converted, and many others, when he had done this. “Crispus the ruler of the synagogue believed in the Lord, with his whole house: and many of the Corinthians hearing believed, and were baptized.”—(v. 8.) “With his whole house:”910 To this clause, mod. text rightly refers the comment, ὅρα τοὺς πιστοὺς τότε μετὰ τῆς οἰκίας τοῦτο ποιοῦντας ὁλοκλήρου, which the original text has after καὶ ἕτεροι τινές of xvii. 34. observe the converts in those times doing this with their entire household. This Crispus he means where he writes, “I baptized none save Crispus and Gaius.” (1 Cor. i. 14.) This (same) I take to be called Sosthenes—(evidently) a believer, insomuch that he is beaten, and is always present with Paul.911 There is no sufficient ground for the supposition of Chrys. that the Sosthenes here mentioned was a Christian and the same who is saluted in 1 Cor. i. 1. On the contrary, he was the leader of the Jewish party who persecuted the ruler of the synagogue, perhaps the successor of Crispus who had become a Christian. The reading οἱ ᾽Ιουδαῖοι of some inferior mss. in v. 17 which is followed by Chrys. would easily give rise to this misconception. The true text is most probably πάντες, meaning the officers of the governor. The representatives of the Roman government, then, attacked Sosthenes, the leader of the party which was persecuting Paul. Thus their effort ended in failure. And so indifferent was Gallio that he in no way interfered. Paul’s accusers were thus themselves beaten and the whole effort at prosecution miserably failed.—G.B.S. “And the Lord said in the night,” etc. Now even the number (of the “much people”) persuaded him, but Christ’s claiming them for His own (moved him) more.912 ἡ δὲ οἰκείωσις τοῦΧ. πλέον. Sed familiaritas Christi magis. Ben. Chrys. said above, that the most powerful consideration was this which is put last, “For I have much people in this city.” The meaning here is, That there was “much people” to be converted, was a cheering consideration: that Christ should say, λαός μοι πολύς ἐστιν, speaking of them as “His own,” was the strongest inducement. Yet He says also, “Fear not:” for the danger was become greater now, both because more believed, and also the ruler of the synagogue. This was enough to rouse him. Not that he was reproved913 B. C. ὅτι ἠλέγχθη φοβούμενος ἢ οὐκ ἠλέγχθη ὥστε μὴ (C. μηδὲ) παθεῖν. A., ὅτε ἐλέχθη ὥστε δὲ μὴ παθεῖν, (which is meant for emendation: “This was enough to rouse him when it was spoken: but, that he should not suffer,” etc.) Mod. text, ὅτι ἠλ. φοβούμενος, ἢ οὐκ ἠλ. μὲν, ἀλλ᾽ ὥστε μηδὲ τοῦτο παθεῖν. We read Οὐκ ὅτι ἠλέγχθη ὡς φοβούμενος. & 244·στε δὲ μὴ παθεῖν, ᾽Εγώ εἰμι μετὰ σοῦ. The accidental omission of οὐκ may have been corrected in the margin by the gloss ἢ οὐκ ἠλ. But the sense seems to be otherwise confused by transpositions. “It is true, even the number, and still more Christ’s οἰκείωσις of them, prevailed with him. This was enough to rouse him. But Christ begins by saying, “Fear not,” etc. And in fact the danger was increased, etc. Not that Paul was reproved as being afraid, etc. as fearing; but that he should not suffer aught; “I am with thee, and none shall set upon thee to hurt thee.” (v. 9, 10.) For He did not always permit them to suffer evil, that they might not become too weak. For nothing so grieved Paul, as men’s unbelief and setting themselves (against the Truth): this was worse than the dangers. Therefore it is that (Christ) appears to him now. “And he continued a year and six months,” etc. (v. 11.) After the year and six months, they set upon him. “And when Gallio was proconsul of Achaia,” etc. (v. 12, 13), because they had no longer the use of their own laws.914 From this point to the end of the Exposition all is confused. To make something like connection, it has been necessary to rearrange the parts, but the restoration is still unsatisfactory. (c) And observe how prudent he is: for he does not say straightway, I care not, but, “If,” says he, “it were a matter of wrong-doing or wicked lewdness, O ye Jews, reason would that I should bear with you; but if it be a question of doctrine and words and of your law, see ye to it, for I do not choose to be a judge of such matters.” (v. 14, 15.) (g) He taught915 Καὶ ἐδιδάξεν ὅτι τὰ τοιαῦτα δικαστικῆς ψήφου [οὐ, this we supply,] δεῖται· ἀλλὰ ἀτάκτως πάντα ποιοῦσιν. Mod. text ἐδίδαξε γὰρ (ἥ τε τούτων ῾ἐπιείκεια καὶ ἐκείνων θρασύτης, from f) ὅτι τὰ τοι. δικ. ψήφ. δεῖται. them that not such are the matters which crave a judicial sentence, but they do all things out of order. And he does not say, It is not my duty, but, “I do not choose,” that they may not trouble him again. Thus Pilate said in the case of Christ, “Take ye Him, and judge him according to your law.” (John xviii. 31.) But they were just like men drunken and mad. (d) “And he drave them from the judgment-seat” (v. 16)—he effectually closed the tribunal against them. “Then all” (the Jews) “having seized Sosthenes the ruler of the synagogue, beat him before the judgment-seat. And Gallio cared for none of these things.” (v. 17). (a) This thing, of all others, set them on (to this violence)—their persuasion that the governor would not even let himself down (to notice it). (e) It was a splendid victory. O the shame they were put to! (b) For it is one thing to have come off victorious from a controversy, and another for those to learn that he cared nothing for the affair. (f) “And Gallio cared for none of these things:” and yet the whole was meant as an insult to him! But, forsooth, as if they had received authority (they did this). Why did he (Sosthenes), though he also had authority, not beat (them)? But they were (otherwise) trained: so that the judge should learn which party was more reasonable. This was no small benefit to those present—both the reasonableness of these, and the audacity of those. (h)916 Here, between the parts g and h, the mss. have two sentences retained by Edd. but clearly out of place, unless they form part of a second recapitulation: “Therefore he departed from Athens.” “Because there was much people here.” He was beaten, and said nothing.

This man let us also imitate: to them that beat us, let us return blow for blow, by meekness, by silence, by long-suffering. More grievous these wounds, greater this blow, and more heavy. For to show that it is not the receiving a blow in the body that is grievous, but the receiving it in the mind, we often smite people, but since it is in the way of friendship, they are even pleased: but if you smite any indifferent person in an insolent manner, you have pained him exceedingly, because you have touched his heart. So let us smite their heart. But that meekness inflicts a greater blow than fierceness, come, let us prove, so far as that is possible, by words. For the sure proof indeed is by acts and by experience: but if you will, let us also make the enquiry by word, though indeed we have often made it already. Now in insults, nothing pains us so much, as the opinion passed by the spectators; for it is not the same thing to be insulted in public and in private, but those same insults we endure even with ease, when we suffer them in a solitary place, and with none by to witness them, or know of them. So true is it that it is not the insult, as it is in itself, that mortifies us, but the having to suffer it in the sight of all men: since if one should do us honor in the sight of all men, and insult us in private, we shall notwithstanding even feel obliged to him. The pain then is not in the nature of the insult, but in the opinion of the beholders; that one may not seem to be contemptible. What then, if this opinion should be in our favor? Is not the man attempting to disgrace us himself more disgraced, when men give their opinion in our favor? Say, whom do the bystanders despise? Him who insults, or him who being insulted keeps silence? Passion indeed suggests, that they despise him who is insulted: but let us look into it now while we are free from that excitement, in order that we may not be carried away when the time comes. Say, whom do we all condemn? Plainly the man who insults: and if he be an inferior, we shall say that he is even mad; if an equal, that he is foolish; if a superior, still we shall not approve of it. For which man, I ask, is worthy of approval, the man who is excited, who is tossed with a tempest of passion, who is infuriated like a wild beast, who demeans himself in this sort against our common nature, or he who lives in a state of calm, in a haven of repose, and in virtuous equanimity? Is not the one like an angel, the other not even like a man? For the one cannot even bear his own evils, while the other bears even those of others also: here, the man cannot even endure himself; there, he endures another too: the one is in danger of shipwreck, the other sails in safety, his ship wafted along the favoring gales: for he has not suffered the squall of passion to catch his sails and overturn the bark of his understanding: but the breath of a soft and sweet air fanning upon it, the breath of forbearance, wafts it with much tranquillity into the haven of wise equanimity. And like as when a ship is in danger of foundèring, the sailors know not what they cast away, whether what they lay hands upon be their own or other men’s property, but they throw overboard all the contents without discrimination, alike the precious and what is not such: but when the storm has ceased, then reckoning up all that they have thrown out, they shed tears, and are not sensible of the calm for the loss of what they have thrown overboard: so here, when passion blows hard, and the storm is raised, people in flinging out their words know not how to use order or fitness; but when the passion has ceased, then recalling to mind what kind of words they have given utterance to, they consider the loss and feel not the quiet, when they remember the words by which they have disgraced themselves, and sustained most grievous loss, not as to money, but as to character for moderation and gentleness. Anger is a darkness. “The fool,” saith Scripture, “hath said in his heart, There is no God.” (Ps. xiii. 1.) Perhaps also of the angry man it is suitable to say the same, that the angry man hath said, There is no God. For, saith Scripture, “Through the multitude of his anger he will not seek” (after God).917 Ps. x. 4. “The wicked, through the pride of his countenance, will not,” etc. E.V. (Ps. x. 4.) For let what pious thought will enter in, (passion) thrusts and drives all out, flings all athwart. (b) When you are told, that he whom you abused uttered not one bitter word, do you not for this feel more pain than you have inflicted? (a) If you in your own mind do not feel more pain than he whom you have abused, abuse still; (but) though there be none to call you to account, the judgment of your conscience, having taken you privately, shall give you a thousand lashes, (when you think) how you poured out a flood of railings on one so meek, and humble, and forbearing. We are forever saying these things, but we do not see them exhibited in works. You, a human being, insult your fellow-man? You, a servant, your fellow-servant? But why do I wonder at this, when many even insult God? Let this be a consolation to you when suffering insult. Are you insulted? God also is insulted. Are you reviled? God also was reviled. Are you treated with scorn? Why, so was our Master also. In these things He shares with us, but not so in the contrary things. For He never insulted another unjustly: God forbid! He never reviled, never did a wrong. So that we are those who share with Him, not ye. For to endure when insulted is God’s part: to be merely abusive, is the part of the devil. See the two sides. “Thou hast a devil” (John vii. 20; ib. xviii. 22), Christ was told: He received a blow on the face from the servant of the high-priest. They who wrongfully insult, are in the same class with these. For if Peter was even called “Satan” (Matt. xvi. 23) for one word; much918 mss. πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτοι ᾽Ιουδαῖοι ἀκούσονται, ὅταν τὰ ᾽Ιουδαίων ποιῶσιν ὥσπερ κἀκεῖνοι διαβόλου τέκνα, ἔπειδη κ. τ. λ. We omit ᾽Ιουδαῖοι. more shall these men, when they do the works of the Jews, be called, as those were called, “children of the devil” (John viii. 44), because they wrought the works of the devil. You insult; who are you, I ask (that you do so)? Nay, rather the reason why you insult, is this, that you are nothing: no one that is human insults. So that what is said in quarrels, “Who are you?” ought to be put in the contrary way: “Insult: for you are nothing.” Instead of that the phrase is, “Who are you, that you insult?” “A better man than you,” is the answer. And yet it is just the contrary: but because we put the question amiss, therefore they answer amiss: so that the fault is ours. For as if we thought it was for great men to insult, therefore we ask, “Who are you, that you insult?” And therefore they make this answer.

But, on the contrary, we ought to say: “Do you insult? insult still: for you are nobody:” whereas to those who do not insult this should be said: “Who are you that you insult not?—you have surpassed human nature.” This is nobility, this is generosity, to speak nothing ungenerous, though a man may deserve to have it spoken to him. Tell me now, how many are there who are not worthy to be put to death? Nevertheless, the judge does not this in his own person, but interrogates them; and not this either, in his own person. But if it is not to be suffered, that the judge, sitting in judgment, should (in his own person) speak with a criminal, but he does all by the intervention of a third person, much more is it our duty not to insult our equals in rank; for919 οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τὸ ὑβρίσαι πλεονεκτήσομεν αὐτῶν, ὡς τὸ διδαχθῆναι ὅτι ὑβρίσαμεν ἑαυτούς. B. and mod. text τῷ ὑβρ., τῷ διδ. The ὅτι om. by A. B. C. Sav. is supplied by mod. text. A has δειχθῆναι, Sav. διαλεχθῆναι. The construction is πλεονεκτεῖν τί τινός. “We may think we have got something, viz. the pleasure of having disgraced them; whereas all that we get, in advance of them, is the being taught that we have disgraced ourselves.” all the advantage we shall get of them will be, not so much to have disgraced them, as to be made to learn that we have disgraced ourselves. Well then, in the case of the wicked, this is why we must not insult (even them); in the case of the good there is another reason also because they do not deserve it: and for a third,920 καὶ τρίτον (om. C.), ὅτι ὑβριστὴν εἶναι οὐ χρή. This cannot be, “for a third reason,” or “in the third place,” but seems rather to mean “the third party” spoken of in the preceding sentence. Perhaps it may mean, As the judge does not himself arraign nor even interrogate the criminal, but by a third person, because the judge must not seem to be an ὑβριστὴς, so there is need of a third person, καὶ τρίτον δεῖ εἰς μέσον ἐλθεῖν ὅτι.…But the whole scope of the argument is very obscure. because it is not right to be abusive. But as things are, see what comes of it; the person abused is a man, and the person abusing is a man, and the spectators men. What then? must the beasts come between them and settle matters? for only this is left. For when both the wrong-doers and those who delight in the wrong-doing are men, the part of reconciler is left for the beasts: for just as when the masters quarrel in a house, there is nothing left but for the servants to reconcile them,—even if this be not the result, for the nature of the thing demands this,—just so is it here.—Are you abusive? Well may you be so, for you are not even human. Insolence seemed to be a high-born thing; it seemed to belong to the great; whereas it belongs rather to slaves; but to give good words belongs to free men. For as to do ill is the part of those, so to suffer ill is the part of these.—Just as if some slave should steal the master’s property, some old hag,—such a thing as that is the abusive man. And like as some detestable thief and runaway,921 Old text: ὑβριστὴς, κλέπτης κατάρατος καὶ δραπέτης· καὶ ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις σπουδῇ εἰσιὼν, καθάπερ ἐκεῖνος πανταχοῦ περιβλέπεται ὑφελέσθαι τι σπουδάζων, οὕτω καὶ οὗτος πάντα περισκοπεῖ ἐκβάλλειν τι θέλων. We read ὑβριστής. Καὶ ὡς ἂν εἴ τις κλέπτης καταρ. καὶ δραπ. σπουδῇ εἰσιὼν, παντ. περιβλ. ὑφ. τι θέλων, οὕτω καὶ οὗτος καθάπερ ἐκεῖνος πάνταπερισκ. ἐκβάλλειν τι σπουδάζων. But it can hardly be supposed that Chrys. thus expressed himself. The purport seems to be this: To be abusive is to behave like a slave, like a foul-mouthed hag. (see p. 200.) And the abusive man, when he is eager to catch at something in your life or manners, the exposure of which may disgrace you, is like a thief who should slink into a house, and pry about for something that he can lay hold of—nay, like one who should purposely look about for the filthiest things he can bring out, and who in so doing disgraces himself more than the owner. with studied purpose stealing in, looks all around him, wishing to filch something: so does this man, even as he, look narrowly at all on every side, studying how to throw out some (reproach). Or perhaps we may set him forth by a different sort of example. Just as if922 Here again ὥσπερ ἂν εἴποι τις, B. for ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις, C.—The sentence οὐχὶ τὰ ὑφαιρεθέντα ᾔσχυνε τοσοῦτον is incomplete; viz. “the owner, by the exposure of the noisomeness, as the stealer himself who produces it.” one should steal filthy vessels out of a house, and bring them out in the presence of all men, the things purloined do not so disgrace the persons robbed, as they disgrace the thief himself: just so this man, by bringing out his words in the presence of all men, casts disgrace not on others but on himself by the words, in giving vent to this language, and be-fouling both his tongue and his mind. For it is all one, when we quarrel with bad men, as if one for the sake of striking a man who is immersed in putrefying filth should defile himself by plunging his hands into the nastiness. Therefore, reflecting on these things, let us flee the mischief thence accruing, and keep a clean tongue, that being clear from all abusiveness, we may be enabled with strictness to pass through the life present, and to attain unto the good things promised to those that love Him, through the grace and mercy of our Lord Jesus Christ, with Whom to the Father and the Holy Ghost together be glory, might, honor, now and ever, world without end. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΛΘʹ. Ἀκούσαντες δὲ ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύα ζον, οἱ δὲ εἶπον: Ἀκουσόμεθά σου πάλιν περὶ τούτου. Καὶ οὕτως ὁ Παῦλος ἐξῆλθεν ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν. αʹ. Τί δήποτε πείσαντος οὕτως αὐτοῦ ὡς καὶ εἰπεῖν Ἀθηναίους, Ἀκουσόμεθά σου πάλιν περὶ τούτου, καὶ κινδύνων οὐκ ὄντων, ἐπείγεται τὰς Ἀθήνας ἀφεῖναι ὁ Παῦλος; Ἴσως ᾔδει οὐ μέγα ὀνήσων: ἄλλως τε καὶ ὑπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος εἰς Κόρινθον ἤγετο. Τινὲς δὲ ἄνδρες κολληθέντες αὐτῷ, ἐπίστευσαν, ἐν οἷς καὶ Διονύσιος ὁ Ἀρεοπαγίτης, καὶ γυνὴ ὀνόματι Δάμαρις, καὶ ἕτεροι σὺν αὐτοῖς. Μετὰ δὲ ταῦτα χωρισθεὶς ὁ Παῦλος ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, ἦλθεν εἰς Κόρινθον. Καὶ εὑρών τινα Ἰουδαῖον ὀνόματι Ἀκύλαν, Ποντικὸν τῷ γένει, προσφάτως ἐληλυθότα ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας, καὶ Πρίσκιλλαν γυναῖκα αὐτοῦ (διὰ τὸ διατεταχέναι Κλαύδιον χωρίζεσθαι πάντας τοὺς Ἰουδαίους ἐκ τῆς Ῥώμης), προσῆλθεν αὐτοῖς: καὶ διὰ τὸ ὁμότεχνον εἶναι, ἔμεινε παρ' αὐτοῖς, καὶ εἰργάζετο: ἦσαν γὰρ σκηνοποιοὶ τῇ τέχνῃ. Εἰκότως εἰς Κόρινθον, ὡς ἔφην, ὑπὸ τοῦ Πνεύματος ἤγετο, ἐν ᾗ μένειν ἔδει. Οἱ γὰρ Ἀθηναῖοι, καίτοι ξένης ὄντες ἀκροάσεως ἐρασταὶ, ὅμως οὐ προσεῖχον: οὐ γὰρ τοῦτο ἐσπούδαζον, ἀλλ' ὥστε ἀεί τι ἔχειν εἰπεῖν: ὅπερ αὐτοὺς καὶ ἀποσχέσθαι ἐποίησεν. Εἰ δὲ τοῦτο ἦν αὐτοῖς ἔθος, πῶς ἐγκαλοῦσιν, ὅτι Ξένων δαιμονίων δοκεῖ καταγγελεὺς εἶναι; Ἀλλὰ ταῦτα σφόδρα ἦν ἄπορα. Ἀλλ' ὅμως ἔπεισε τὸν Διονύσιον τὸν Ἀρεοπαγίτην καὶ ἑτέρους τινάς. Οἱ μὲν γὰρ ἐπιμελούμενοι βίου, ταχέως ἐδέξαντο τὸν λόγον, οἱ δὲ λοιποὶ οὐκ ἔτι. Ἱκανῶς οὖν ἔχειν ἔδοξε τῷ Παύλῳ τὸ καταβαλεῖν τέως τὰ σπέρματα: τὸ γὰρ πλέον αὐτοῦ τῆς ζωῆς ἐνταῦθα προκεχωρήκει. Ἐπὶ μὲν γὰρ Νέρωνος ἐτελειώθη, ἀπὸ δὲ Κλαυδίου ἀνεῤῥιπίζετο λοιπὸν ὁ πρὸς Ἰουδαίους πόλεμος, μακρόθεν μὲν, οὐκ ἀπεικὸς δὲ, ὥστε κἂν οὕτω σωφρονῆσαι, καὶ ἀπὸ Ῥώμης ὡς λυμεῶνες ἐλαύνοντο. Διὰ τοῦτο οἰκονομεῖται τοῦτον ὡς δέσμιον ἀπαχθῆναι ἐκεῖ, ἵνα μὴ ὡς Ἰουδαῖος ἀπελαύνηται, ἀλλ' ὡς ὑπὸ τῇ τάξει πράττων καὶ φυλάττηται ἐκεῖ. Καὶ ἔμεινε, φησὶ, παρ' αὐτοῖς. Βαβαὶ, ποῖον δικαίωμα τοῦ συνοικῆσαι εὗρεν! Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα μάλιστα ἔδει αὐτὸν μὴ λαβεῖν, καθώς φησιν, Ἵνα ἐν ᾧ καυχῶνται εὑρεθῶσι καθὼς καὶ ἡμεῖς, οἰκονομεῖται αὐτὸν μένειν ἐκεῖ. Διελέγετο δὲ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον, ἔπειθέ τε Ἰουδαίους καὶ Ἕλληνας. Ὡς δὲ κατῆλθον ἀπὸ τῆς Μακεδονίας ὅ τε Σίλας καὶ ὁ Τιμόθεος, συνείχετο τῷ Πνεύματι ὁ Παῦλος διαμαρτυρόμενος τοῖς Ἰουδαίοις τὸν Χριστὸν Ἰησοῦν. Τουτέστιν, ἐπηρέαζον αὐτῷ, ἐφίσταντο αὐτῷ. Ἀλλ' οἱ μὲν οὕτω: τί δὲ ὁ Παῦλος; Ἀφίσταται αὐτῶν, καὶ μετὰ πολλοῦ τοῦ φόβου. Οὐκ ἔτι γὰρ ὑμῖν, φησὶν, ἦν ἀναγκαῖον λαληθῆναι τὸν λόγον: ἀλλὰ καὶ αἰνίττεται αὐτούς. Ἀντιτασσομένων δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ βλασφημούντων, ἐκτιναξάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια, εἶπε πρὸς αὐτούς: Τὸ αἷμα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑμῶν. Καθαρὸς ἐγὼ, ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν εἰς τὰ ἔθνη πορεύσομαι. Καὶ μεταβὰς ἐκεῖθεν ἦλθεν εἰς οἰκίαν τινὸς ὀνόματι Ἰούστου σεβομένου τὸν Θεὸν, οὗ ἡ οἰκία ἦν συνομοροῦσα τῇ συναγωγῇ. Κρίσπος δὲ ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος ἐπίστευσε τῷ Κυρίῳ σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ: καὶ πολλοὶ τῶν Κορινθίων ἀκούοντες, ἐπίστευον καὶ ἐβαπτίζοντο. Ὅρα πῶς πάλιν εἰπὼν, Ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν, οὐδὲ οὕτως αὐτῶν ἀμελεῖ: ὥστε τοῦ διεγεῖραι ἕνεκεν εἶπε τοῦτο. Καὶ λοιπὸν ἦλθε πρὸς Ἰοῦστον, οὗ ἦν ἡ οἰκία ὁμοροῦσα τῇ συναγωγῇ. Ἐγειτνίαζεν ὥστε καὶ ζῆλον ἔχειν ἀπὸ τῆς γειτνιάσεως, εἴπερ ἤθελον. Κρίσπος δὲ, φησὶν, ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος ἐπίστευσε τῷ Κυρίῳ σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ. Καὶ τοῦτο μάλιστα ἱκανὸν πρὸς τὸ ἐπαγαγέσθαι. Εἶπε δὲ ὁ Κύριος δι' ὁράματος ἐν νυκτὶ τῷ Παύλῳ: Μὴ φοβοῦ, ἀλλὰ λάλει, καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς, διότι ἐγώ εἰμι μετὰ σοῦ, καὶ οὐδεὶς ἐπιθήσεταί σοι τοῦ κακῶσαί σε, διότι λαὸς ἔστι μοι πολὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ. Ὅρα διὰ πόσων αὐτὸν πείθει, καὶ πῶς ὃ μάλιστα αὐτὸν ᾕρει, τοῦτο ὕστερον αὐτῷ λέγει: Ὅτι λαὸς ἔστι μοι πολὺς ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ. Πῶς οὖν συνεπέθεντο αὐτῷ, εἴποι τις ἄν; Καὶ μὴν οὐδὲν ἴσχυσαν, ἀλλ' ἤγαγον αὐτὸν μόνον πρὸς τὸν ἀνθύπατον. Ἐκάθισέ τε ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ μῆνας ἓξ, διδάσκων ἐν αὐτοῖς τὸν λόγον τοῦ Θεοῦ. Γαλλίωνος δὲ ἀνθυπατεύοντος τῆς Ἀχαΐας, κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ Παύλῳ, καὶ ἤγαγον αὐτὸν ἐπὶ τὸ βῆμα, λέγοντες, ὅτι Παρὰ τὸν νόμον οὗτος ἀναπείθει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους σέβεσθαι τὸν Θεόν. Ὁρᾷς διὰ τί ἐκεῖνοι ἀεὶ δημοσίᾳ ἔπλεκον κατηγορήματα; Ὅρα γοῦν ἐνταῦθα εἰπόντων τούτων, ὅτι παρὰ τὸν νόμον ἀναπείθει τοὺς ἀνθρώπους σέβεσθαι τὸν Θεὸν, οὐδὲν τούτων ἐμέλησε τῷ ἀνθυπάτῳ, ἀλλ' ὑπὲρ Παύλου μᾶλλον ἀπολογεῖται. Καὶ ἄκουε πῶς ἀποκρίνεται: Εἰ μὲν ἦν τῶν τῆς πόλεως ἁπτόμενον ἀδίκημά τι ἢ ῥᾳδιούργημα πονηρὸν, ὦ Ἰουδαῖοι, κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἠνεσχόμην ὑμῶν. Ἐπιεικής τις ἄνθρωπος οὗτος εἶναί μοι δοκεῖ: καὶ δῆλον ἐξ ὧν ἀποκρίνεται συνετῶς. Μέλλοντος δὲ τοῦ Παύλου, φησὶν, ἀνοίγειν τὸ στόμα, εἶπεν ὁ Γαλλίων πρὸς τοὺς Ἰουδαίους: εἰ μὲν ἦν ἀδίκημά τι ἢ ῥᾳδιούργημα πονηρὸν, ὦ Ἰουδαῖοι, κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἠνεσχόμην ὑμῶν: εἰ δὲ ζήτημά ἐστι περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων καὶ νόμου τοῦ καθ' ὑμᾶς, ὄψεσθε αὐτοί: κριτὴς γὰρ ἐγὼ τούτων οὐ βούλομαι εἶναι. Καὶ ἀπήλασεν αὐτοὺς ἀπὸ τοῦ βήματος. Ἐπιλαβόμενοι δὲ πάντες οἱ Ἕλληνες Σωσθένην τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον ἔτυπτον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος, καὶ οὐδὲν τούτων τῷ Γαλλίωνι ἔμελε. Καὶ ἐντεῦθεν πάλιν τὸ ἐπιεικὲς τοῦ ἀνδρὸς δείκνυται. Τυπτομένου γὰρ αὐτοῦ, οὐχ ἡγήσατο ἰδίαν ὕβριν εἶναι: οὕτως ἦσαν ἰταμοὶ οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι. βʹ. Ἴδωμεν δὲ ἄνωθεν τὰ ἀνεγνωσμένα. Ἀκούσαντες δὲ ἀνάστασιν νεκρῶν, οἱ μὲν ἐχλεύαζον, οἱ δὲ εἶπον: Ἀκουσόμεθά σου πάλιν. Πόσα μεγάλα καὶ ὑψηλὰ ἀκούσαντες, οὐδὲ προσεῖχον, ἀλλ' ἐχλεύαζον! Τὴν ἀνάστασιν δὲ ἐχλεύαζον: Ψυχικὸς γὰρ ἄνθρωπος οὐ δέχεται τὰ τοῦ Πνεύματος. Καὶ οὕτω, φησὶν, ἐξῆλθεν ὁ Παῦλος ἐκ μέσου αὐτῶν. Οὕτω: πῶς; Τοὺς μὲν πείσας, ὑπὸ δὲ τῶν γελώμενος. Χωρισθεὶς δὲ ἀπὸ Ἀθηνῶν, φησὶν, ἦλθεν εἰς Κόρινθον. Καὶ εὑρών τινα Ἰουδαῖον ὀνόματι Ἀκύλαν, Ποντικὸν τῷ γένει, προσφάτως ἐληλυθότα ἀπὸ τῆς Ἰταλίας, ἔμεινε παρ' αὐτοῖς καὶ εἰργάζετο. Ὅρα, πῶς ὁ νόμος ἄρχεται καταλύεσθαι λοιπόν. Κειράμενος γὰρ, Ἰουδαῖος ὢν, οὗτος ἐν Κεγχρεαῖς μετὰ ταῦτα, εἰς Συρίαν συναπέρχεται Παύλῳ. Ποντικὸς ὢν, οὐκ ἐν Ἱεροσολύμοις οὐδὲ πλησίον ἔσπευδεν ἐλθεῖν, ἀλλὰ μακροτέρω. Παρ' αὐτῷ γοῦν μένει, καὶ οὐκ αἰσχύνεται μένων, ἀλλὰ καὶ δι' αὐτὸ τοῦτο μένει, ὡς ἐπιτήδειον εὑρὼν καταγώγιον: πολλῷ γὰρ αὐτῷ τῶν βασιλείων ἐπιτηδειότερον ἦν. Καὶ μὴ γελάσῃς ἀκούων, ἀγαπητέ. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἀθλητῇ ἡ παλαίστρα τῶν ἁπαλῶν στρωμάτων μᾶλλον χρήσιμον: οὕτω καὶ τῷ πολεμιστῇ τὸ ξίφος τὸ σιδηροῦν, ἀλλ' οὐ τὸ χρυσοῦν. Καὶ εἰργάζετο κηρύττων. Αἰσχυνθῶμεν ἡμεῖς οἱ καὶ χωρὶς τοῦ κηρύττειν ἀργῶς ζῶντες. Διελέγετο δὲ ἐν τῇ συναγωγῇ, φησὶ, κατὰ πᾶν σάββατον, ἔπειθέ τε Ἰουδαίους τε καὶ Ἕλληνας. Ἀντιτασσομένων δὲ αὐτῶν καὶ βλασφημούντων, ἀπέστη. Ταύτῃ προσδοκῶν αὐτοὺς ἕλξειν μᾶλλον, ἀφίσταται. Διὰ τί γὰρ ἀφεὶς ἐκείνην τὴν οἰκίαν, ἦλθε πλησίον τῆς συναγωγῆς; ἆρ' οὐχὶ διὰ τοῦτο; οὐδὲ γὰρ κίνδυνον ἑώρα ἐνταῦθα. Διαμαρτυρόμενος αὐτοῖς, φησίν. Οὐκ ἔτι διδάσκει, ἀλλὰ διαμαρτύρεται. Ἀντιτασσομένων δὲ αὐτῶν, φησὶ, καὶ βλασφημούντων, ἐκτιναξάμενος τὰ ἱμάτια εἶπε: Τὸ αἷμα ὑμῶν ἐπὶ τὴν κεφαλὴν ὑμῶν. Τοῦτο ποιεῖ, ὥστε μὴ ῥήματι μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ πράγματι φοβῆσαι: καὶ σφοδρότερον διαλέγεται, ἅτε καὶ πολλοὺς πεπεικώς. Καθαρός εἰμι, φησὶν, ἐγώ: ἀπὸ τοῦ νῦν εἰς τὰ ἔθνη πορεύσομαι. Ἄρα καὶ ἡμεῖς ὑπεύθυνοί ἐσμεν τοῦ αἵματος τῶν ἡμῖν ἐγκεχειρισμένων, ἀμελοῦντες αὐτῶν. Ὥστε καὶ ὅταν λέγῃ, Τὸ λοιπὸν κόπους μοι μηδεὶς παρεχέτω, φοβῶν φησιν: οὐ γὰρ οὕτως αὐτοὺς ἐφόβει ἡ τιμωρία, ὡς ἔδακνε τοῦτο. Καὶ μεταβὰς ἐκεῖθεν, ἦλθεν εἰς οἰκίαν Ἰούστου. Μεταβαίνει βουλόμενος αὐτοὺς πεῖσαι, ὅτι πρὸς τὰ ἔθνη ἠπείγετο. Κρίσπος δὲ ὁ ἀρχισυνάγωγος, φησὶν, ἐπίστευσε τῷ Κυρίῳ σὺν ὅλῳ τῷ οἴκῳ αὐτοῦ. Ὅρα τοὺς πιστοὺς τότε μετὰ τῆς οἰκίας τοῦτο ποιοῦντας ὁλοκλήρου. Τούτου δὲ γενομένου, εὐθέως καὶ ἕτεροι πολλοὶ πιστεύσαντες ἐβαπτίσθησαν. Τοῦτον Κρίσπον λέγει τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον, περὶ οὗ φησι γράφων: Οὐδένα ἄλλον ἐβάπτισα, εἰ μὴ Κρίσπον καὶ Γάϊον. Οἶμαι δὲ τοῦτον καὶ Σωσθένην λέγεσθαι, ὃς τοσοῦτον ἀνὴρ πιστὸς ἦν, ὥστε καὶ τύπτεσθαι καὶ παρεῖναι ἀεὶ τῷ Παύλῳ. Εἶπε δὲ, φησὶ, ὁ Κύριος δι' ὁράματος τῷ Παύλῳ: Μὴ φοβοῦ, ἀλλὰ λάλει. Διὰ τοῦτο πολὺν χρόνον μένει ἐκεῖ: ἔπειθε μὲν γὰρ αὐτὸν καὶ τὸ πλῆθος, ἡ δὲ οἰκείωσις τοῦ Χριστοῦ πλέον. Μείζων γὰρ ὁ κίνδυνος ἐγένετο λοιπὸν καὶ τῶν πλειόνων πιστευόντων καὶ τοῦ ἀρχισυναγώγου. Μὴ φοβοῦ, φησί. Τοῦτο ἱκανὸν αὐτὸν διαναστῆσαι, ὅτι ἠλέγχθη φοβούμενος ἢ οὐκ ἠλέγχθη μὲν, ἀλλ' ὥστε μηδὲ τοῦτο παθεῖν, παραθαῤῥύνεται. Οὐ γὰρ ἀεὶ αὐτοὺς πάσχειν εἴα κακῶς, ὥστε μὴ ἀσθενεστέρους γενέσθαι. Οὐδὲν γὰρ οὕτως ἐλύπει τὸν Παῦλον, ὡς οἱ ἀπειθοῦντες, ὡς οἱ ἀντιτασσόμενοι. Τοῦτο καὶ τῶν κινδύνων αὐτῷ χαλεπώτερον ἦν. Καὶ μὴ σιωπήσῃς, φησὶ, διότι λαὸς πολὺς ἔστι μοι ἐν τῇ πόλει ταύτῃ. Τάχα διὰ τοῦτο αὐτῷ καὶ φαίνεται ὁ Χριστός. Γαλλίωνος δὲ, φησὶν, ἀνθυπατεύοντος τῆς Ἀχαΐας, κατεπέστησαν ὁμοθυμαδὸν οἱ Ἰουδαῖοι τῷ Παύλῳ. Ὅρα, μετὰ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν καὶ τοὺς ἓξ μῆνας ἐπιτίθενται, ὅτε οὐκ ἔτι ἴσχυον νόμοις χρῆσθαι ἰδίοις. Τοῦτο μάλιστα ἐπῆρε Κορινθίους, τὸ μάλιστα πεισθῆναι, ὅτι οὐδὲ καθίησιν ἑαυτὸν ὁ ἄρχων. Οὐ γὰρ ἦν ἴσον ἐξ ἀντιλογίας νικῆσαι, καὶ μαθεῖν ἐκείνους, ὅτι οὐδὲν μέλει αὐτῷ τὰ τοῦ πράγματος. Καὶ σκόπει ἐκεῖνος πῶς ἦν συνετός. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν εὐθέως ἀποκρινόμενος: Οὐ μέλει μοι: ἀλλὰ τί; Εἰ μὲν ἦν τι ἀδίκημα ἢ ῥᾳδιούργημα πονηρὸν, ὦ Ἰουδαῖοι, κατὰ λόγον ἂν ἠνεσχόμην ὑμῶν: εἰ δὲ ζήτημά ἐστι περὶ λόγου καὶ ὀνομάτων, καὶ νόμου τοῦ καθ' ὑμᾶς, ὄψεσθε αὐτοί: κριτὴς γὰρ ἐγὼ τούτων οὐ βούλομαι εἶναι. Ἀπετείχισεν αὐτοῖς τὸ δικαστήριον. Λαμπρὰ γέγονεν ἡ νίκη. Ἐπιλαβόμενοι δὲ Σωσθένην τὸν ἀρχισυνάγωγον, ἔτυπτον ἔμπροσθεν τοῦ βήματος, καὶ οὐδὲν τούτων τῷ Γαλλίωνι ἔμελεν. Ὢ τῆς αἰσχύνης, ἣν ᾐσχύνθησαν. Καὶ οὐδὲν τούτων, φησὶ, τῷ Γαλλίωνι ἔμελε: καίτοι εἰς τὴν ἑαυτοῦ ὕβριν τὸ πᾶν ἦν: ἀλλ' ὡς δῆθεν ἐξουσίαν λαβόντες αὐτοὶ τύπτουσιν, ἔργον ἀκρίτου θυμοῦ διὰ τὴν αἰσχύνην ποιοῦντες. Καὶ διὰ τί μὴ ἐκεῖνος ἀντετύπτησε, καίτοι καὶ αὐτὸς ἐξουσίαν εἶχεν; Ἀλλ' ἐπαιδεύοντο φιλοσοφεῖν. Οὐκ ἀντιτύπτει δὲ, ὥστε καὶ τὸν δικαστὴν μαθεῖν, τίς ἦν ὁ ἐπιεικέστερος. Οὐ μικρὰ τοῦτο ὤνησε τοὺς παρόντας: ἐδίδαξε γὰρ ἥ τε τούτων ἐπιείκεια καὶ ἡ ἐκείνων θρασύτης, ὅτι τὰ τοιαῦτα δικαστικῆς ψήφου δεῖται. Ἀλλ' οὗτοι πάντα ἀτάκτως ποιοῦσι. Καὶ οὐκ εἶπεν, Οὐ δεῖ, ἵνα μὴ πάλιν κόπτωσιν αὐτόν: ἀλλ', Οὐ θέλω. Κριτὴς γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐγὼ τούτων εἶναι οὐ βούλομαι: οὕτως ἐπιεικὴς ἦν ὁ ἀνήρ. Τοῦτο καὶ Πιλᾶτος ἔλεγεν ἐπὶ τοῦ Χριστοῦ: Λάβετε αὐτὸν ὑμεῖς, καὶ κατὰ τὸν νόμον ὑμῶν κρίνατε. Ὁ μὲν κατὰ τὸν νόμον ἠξίου κρίνειν αὐτοὺς, οἱ δὲ, ὥσπερ οἱ μεθύοντες καὶ οἱ μαινόμενοι, οὕτω διέκειντο. Διὰ τοῦτο ἐχωρίζετο τῶν Ἀθηνῶν, Ἐπειδὴ λαὸς ἦν ἐκεῖ πολύς. Ἐτύπτετο, καὶ οὐδὲν ἔλεγε. γʹ. Τοῦτον καὶ ἡμεῖς μιμώμεθα: ἀντιτυπτήσωμεν τοὺς τύπτοντας τῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ, τῇ σιγῇ, τῇ μακροθυμίᾳ. Χαλεπώτερα ταῦτα τὰ τραύματα, μείζων ἡ πληγὴ καὶ φορτικωτέρα: οὐ γὰρ τὸ πλήττεσθαι τὸ σῶμα, ἀλλὰ τὸ τὴν διάνοιαν, χαλεπόν. Πολλοὺς πλήττομεν, ἀλλὰ ἐπειδὴ ἐν τάξει φιλίας, καὶ ἥδονται: ἂν δὲ τὸν τυχόντα πλήξῃς ὑβριστικῶς, ἐπειδὴ τῆς καρδίας ἥψω, σφόδρα ἐλύπησας: οὕτω μᾶλλον τὴν καρδίαν αὐτῶν πλήττομεν. Ὅτι δὲ μειζόνως ἐπιείκεια πλήττει θρασύτητος, φέρε ἀποδείξωμεν ὡς δυνατὸν τῷ λόγῳ. Ἡ μὲν γὰρ σαφὴς ἀπόδειξις διὰ τῶν ἔργων καὶ τῆς πείρας ἐστίν: εἰ δὲ δοκεῖ, καὶ τῷ λόγῳ τὴν ἐξέτασιν ποιησώμεθα, καίτοι πολλάκις ἤδη ἐποιησάμεθα. Ἐν γὰρ ταῖς ὕβρεσιν οὐδὲν οὕτως ἡμᾶς λυπεῖ, ὡς ἡ παρὰ τῶν ὁρώντων ψῆφος: οὐ γὰρ ἴσον δημοσίᾳ τε ὑβρίζεσθαι καὶ ἰδίᾳ, ἀλλ' ἐκείνας μὲν καὶ φέρομεν εὐκόλως τὰς ὕβρεις, ὅταν ἐπ' ἐρημίας, ὅταν μηδενὸς ὄντος τοῦ μαρτυροῦντος τοῦτο πάθωμεν, μηδὲ τοῦ συνειδότος. Οὕτως οὐχ ἡ τῆς ὕβρεως φύσις ἐστὶν ἡ δάκνουσα, ἀλλὰ τὸ ἐπὶ πάντων τοῦτο παθεῖν: ὡς εἴ γέ τις τιμῶν ἐπὶ πάντων, ὑβρίζοι κατ' ἰδίαν, καὶ χάριν εἰσόμεθα. Οὐκοῦν οὐκ ἐν τῇ τῆς ὕβρεως φύσει τὸ λυπηρόν ἐστιν, ἀλλ' ἐν τῇ ψήφῳ τῶν ὁρώντων, ὥστε μὴ δόξαι εὐκαταφρόνητον εἶναι. Τί οὖν, ἂν αὕτη ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν ᾖ; οὐχὶ μᾶλλον ὁ ὑβρίζων ὕβρισται, ὅταν ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν τὰς ψήφους φέρωσιν; Εἰπέ μοι, τίνος καταφρονοῦσιν οἱ παρόντες; τοῦ ὑβρίζοντος, ἢ τοῦ ὑβρισθέντος καὶ σιγῶντος; Ὁ μὲν γὰρ θυμὸς ὑποβάλλει, ὅτι τοῦ ὑβριζομένου: νῦν δὲ, ὅτε καθαροὶ τοῦ πάθους ἐσμὲν, ἴδωμεν, ἵνα μὴ τότε συναρπασθῶμεν. Τίνος οὖν καταγινώσκομεν ἅπαντες; Εὔδηλον ὅτι τοῦ ὑβρίζοντος: κἂν μὲν ἐλάττων ᾖ, καὶ μαίνεσθαι αὐτὸν φήσομεν, ἂν δὲ ὁμότιμος, ἀνοηταίνειν, ἂν δὲ μείζων, οὐδ' οὕτως ἀποδεξόμεθα. Τίς γὰρ, εἰπέ μοι, ἀποδοχῆς ἄξιος; ὁ ταραττόμενος, ὁ χειμαζόμενος, ὁ ἐκθηριούμενος, ὁ πρὸς τὴν κοινὴν φύσιν οὕτω διακείμενος, ἢ ὁ ἐν γαλήνῃ καὶ λιμένι καὶ φιλοσοφίᾳ πολλῇ; οὐχ ὁ μὲν ἀγγέλῳ προσέοικεν, ὁ δὲ οὐδὲ ἀνθρώπῳ; Ὁ μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲ τὰ οἰκεῖα δύναται βαστάσαι κακὰ, ἐκεῖνος δὲ καὶ τὰ ἀλλότρια: οὗτος οὐδὲ ἑαυτὸν ἐνεγκεῖν ἐδυνήθη, ἐκεῖνος δὲ καὶ ἕτερον: ὁ μὲν ἐν ναυαγίῳ ἐστὶν, οὗτος δὲ ἐν ἀσφαλείᾳ πλεῖ, ἐξ οὐρίων αὐτῷ τῆς νηὸς φερομένης: οὐ γὰρ εἴασε τὸ τοῦ θυμοῦ πνεῦμα τοῖς ἱστίοις ἐμπεσὸν ἀνατρέψαι τῆς διανοίας τὸ σκάφος: ἀλλὰ λεπτή τις αὔρα καὶ ἡδεῖα προσπνεύσασα, τῆς ἀνεξικακίας ἡ πνοὴ, μετὰ πολλῆς αὐτῷ τῆς ἡσυχίας ἐπὶ τὸν τῆς φιλοσοφίας ἄγει λιμένα. Καὶ καθάπερ ἐν πλοίῳ ναυαγοῦντι οἱ ναῦται οὐκ ἴσασιν ἃ ῥίπτουσιν, ἄν τε τῶν οἰκείων ἄν τε τῶν ἀλλοτρίων λάβωσι παρακαταθήκας, ἀλλὰ πάντων ὁμοίως ἐκβολὴν ποιοῦνται τῶν ἐγκειμένων, τῶν τε τιμίων τῶν τε οὐ τοιούτων: ἐπειδὰν δὲ ὁ χειμὼν παύσηται, τότε ἀναλογιζόμενοι ὅσα ἐξέβαλον, δακρύουσι καὶ τῆς γαλήνης οὐκ αἰσθάνονται διὰ τὴν ζημίαν τῆς ἐκβολῆς: οὕτω δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα, ὅταν ὁ θυμὸς πνεύσῃ, καὶ ὁ χειμὼν αἴρηται, οὐκ ἴσασιν ἐν τάξει ἐκβάλλειν τὰ δέοντα: ὅταν δὲ παύσηται ὁ θυμὸς, τότε ἀναλογιζόμενοι ποῖα ἐξέβαλον, ἐννοοῦσι τὴν ζημίαν καὶ οὐκ αἰσθάνονται τῆς ἀναπαύσεως, τῶν ῥημάτων μεμνημένοι, δι' ὧν κατῄσχυναν ἑαυτοὺς καὶ τὰ μέγιστα ἐζημιώθησαν, οὐ περὶ χρήματα, ἀλλὰ περὶ δόξαν ἐπιεικείας καὶ πραότητος. Ὄντως σκότος ἐστὶν ὁ θυμός. Εἶπεν ἄφρων, φησὶν, ἐν καρδίᾳ αὐτοῦ: Οὐκ ἔστι Θεός. Τάχα καὶ περὶ τοῦ θυμουμένου τοῦτο εἰπεῖν εὔκαιρον, ὅτι εἶπεν ὁ θυμούμενος: Οὐκ ἔστι Θεός. Κατὰ γὰρ τὸ πλῆθος, φησὶ, τῆς ὀργῆς αὐτοῦ οὐκ ἐκζητήσει. Ὃς γὰρ ἂν ἐπεισέλθῃ λογισμὸς εὐσεβὴς, πάντας διωθεῖται καὶ διακρούεται, πάντας ῥίπτει πλαγίους. Εἰ μὴ σὺ μᾶλλον ἀλγεῖς τοῦ ὑβρισθέντος, ὕβριζε, κἂν μηδεὶς ὁ ἐγκαλῶν: εἰ μὴ τὸ τοῦ συνειδότος δικαστήριον ἰδίᾳ σε λαβὸν μαστίζει μυρία. Ὅταν οὖν ἀκούσῃς, ὅτι ὁ ὑβριζόμενος οὐδὲν ἐξέβαλε ῥῆμα πικρὸν, οὐχὶ ταύτῃ μᾶλλον ἀλγεῖς; Εἰπέ μοι, πῶς ἄνθρωπον πρᾶον καὶ ταπεινὸν, καὶ ἐπιεικῆ μυρίαις ἔπλυνας λοιδορίαις; Ταῦτα λέγομεν συνεχῶς, οὐχ ὁρῶμεν δὲ ἐπιδεικνύμενα διὰ τῶν ἔργων. Ἄνθρωπος ὢν ἄνθρωπον ὑβρίζεις; δοῦλος ὢν τὸν ὁμόδουλον; Ἀλλὰ τί τοῦτο θαυμάζω, ὅπου γε καὶ Θεὸν ὑβρίζουσι πολλοί; δʹ. Τοῦτο πρὸς ὑμᾶς ἔστω παραμυθία τοὺς ὑβριζομένους. Ὑβρίζεσθε; ὑβρίζεται καὶ Θεός. Ὀνειδίζεσθε; ὀνειδίζεται καὶ Θεός. Διαπτύεσθε; καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ Δεσπότης ὁ ἡμέτερος. Ἐν μὲν οὖν τούτοις ἡμῖν κοινωνεῖ, ἐν δὲ τοῖς ἐναντίοις οὐκ ἔτι. Οὐ γὰρ ὕβρισεν ἀδίκως ποτέ: μὴ γένοιτο: οὐδὲ ὠνείδισεν ἁπλῶς, οὐδὲ ἠδίκησεν. Ὥστε ἡμεῖς ἐσμεν οἱ κοινωνοῦντες, οὐχ ὑμεῖς. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ ὑβριζόμενον φέρειν, Θεοῦ: τὸ δὲ ὑβρίζειν ἁπλῶς, δαίμονος. Ἴδετε τὰς δύο μερίδας. Δαιμόνιον ἔχεις, ἤκουσεν ὁ Χριστός: ἐῤῥαπίσθη ἀπὸ τοῦ δούλου τοῦ ἀρχιερέως. Οἱ ὑβρίζοντες τοίνυν ἀδίκως, μετ' ἐκείνων ἑστήκασιν: εἰκότως. Εἰ γὰρ ὁ Πέτρος καὶ Σατανᾶς ἤκουσε δι' ἓν ῥῆμα, πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτοι Ἰουδαῖοι ἀκούσονται, ὅταν τὰ Ἰουδαίων ποιῶσιν, ὥσπερ κἀκεῖνοι διαβόλου τέκνα, ἐπειδὴ τὰ τοῦ διαβόλου εἰργάζοντο. Ὑβρίζεις, τίς ὢν, εἰπέ μοι; Μᾶλλον δὲ διὰ τοῦτο ὑβρίζεις, ἐπειδὴ οὐδὲν εἶ: οὐδεὶς γὰρ ἄνθρωπος ὢν ὑβρίζει. Ὥστε ὃ λέγεται ἐν ταῖς μάχαις, Σὺ τίς εἶ; ἐξ ἐναντίας ἔδει λέγεσθαι: οἷον, Ὕβριζε, λέγειν ἐχρῆν: οὐδὲν γὰρ εἶ: νῦν δὲ λεγόντων ἡμῶν, Ὡς τίς ὑβρίζεις; Ὡς βελτίων σου, διὰ πάντων ἀκούειν ἔστι. Καὶ μὴν τὸ ἐναντίον ἔδει λέγειν: ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ ἡμεῖς κακῶς ἐρωτῶμεν, διὰ τοῦτο κἀκεῖνοι κακῶς ἀποκρίνονται: ὥστε ἡμεῖς αἴτιοι. Ὡς μεγάλων γὰρ ἀνδρῶν ὄντων τῶν ὑβριζόντων, οὕτω λέγομεν: Ὡς τίς ὑβρίζεις; Διὰ τοῦτο κἀκεῖνοι οὕτως ἀποκρίνονται. Τοὐναντίον δὲ ἐχρῆν λέγειν: Ὑβρίζεις; ὕβριζε: οὐδεὶς γὰρ εἶ. Πρὸς δὲ τοὺς οὐχ ὑβρίζοντας τοῦτο μᾶλλον ἔδει λέγεσθαι: Ὡς τίς οὐχ ὑβρίζεις; ὑπερέβης τὴν ἀνθρωπίνην φύσιν. Τοῦτο εὐγένεια, τοῦτο ἐλευθερία, μηδὲν ἀνελεύθερον φθέγγεσθαι, κἂν ἄξιος ᾖ τις ἀκούειν. Εἰπὲ δή μοι, πόσοι οὐχὶ ἄξιοί εἰσιν ἀναιρεῖσθαι; Ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐ ποιεῖ τοῦτο δι' ἑαυτοῦ ὁ δικαστὴς, ἀλλ' ἐρωτᾷ: καὶ οὐδὲ τοῦτο δι' ἑαυτοῦ. Εἰ δὲ διαλέγεσθαι ἀνθρώπῳ πονηρῷ οὐκ ἀνεκτὸν δικάζοντα, ἀλλὰ μέσῳ τινὶ κέχρηται, πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἡμᾶς τοὺς ὁμοτίμους ὑβρίζειν οὐ χρή: οὐ γὰρ οὕτω τῷ ὑβρίσαι πλεονεκτήσομεν αὐτῶν, ὡς τῷ διδαχθῆναι, ὅτι ὑβρίσαμεν ἑαυτούς. Τοὺς μὲν οὖν πονηροὺς διὰ τοῦτο οὔτε ὑβρίζειν χρὴ, τοὺς δὲ ἀγαθοὺς καὶ δι' ἕτερον, ὅτι οὐκ ἄξιοι: καὶ τρίτον, ὅτι ὑβριστὴν εἶναι οὐ χρή. Νῦν δὲ, ὅρα ὅσα γίνεται: ὑβρίζεται καὶ ἐπηρεάζεται ἄνθρωπος, καὶ ὁ ἐπηρεάζων ἄνθρωπος, καὶ οἱ θεωροῦντες ἄνθρωποι. Τί οὖν; τὰ θηρία δεῖ εἰς μέσον ἐλθεῖν καὶ διαλῦσαι; τοῦτο γὰρ λείπεται. Ὅταν γὰρ οἱ τερπόμενοι τῇ ἀδικίᾳ ἄνθρωποι ὦσι, τοῖς θηρίοις ἡ καταλλαγὴ λείπεται: ὥσπερ οὖν δεσποτῶν μαχομένων ἐν οἰκίᾳ, λείπεται τοὺς οἰκέτας καταλλάττειν (τοῦτο γὰρ ἡ τοῦ πράγματος φύσις ἀπαιτεῖ, εἰ καὶ ταύτῃ τάχα μὴ γίνεται): οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα. Ὑβρίζεις; εἰκότως: οὐδὲ γὰρ ἄνθρωπος εἶ. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔδοξε μέγα τι εἶναι ἡ ὕβρις, καὶ ἔδοξε τοῖς μεγάλοις προσήκειν: τὸ δὲ ἀνδραπόδοις μᾶλλον προσήκει, ὥσπερ τὸ εὐφημεῖν ἐλευθέροις ἐμπρέπει. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τὸ κακῶς ποιεῖν ἐκείνων, οὕτω τὸ κακῶς πάσχειν τούτων. Οἷόν ἐστι κλέπτρια δούλη τὰ τοῦ δεσπότου λαθραίως ὑφαιροῦσα, τοιοῦτόν τί ἐστι καὶ ἡ ὕβρις: καὶ ὡς ἂν εἴποι τις, καθάπερ ὁ κλέπτης σπουδῇ εἰσιὼν πανταχοῦ περιβλέπεται ὑφελέσθαι τι σπουδάζων: οὕτω καὶ οὗτος πάντα περισκοπεῖ. ἐκβάλλειν τι θέλων. Τάχα ἑτέρῳ τινι παραδείγματι αὐτὸν διαγράψωμεν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ εἴ τις σκεύη ἀκάθαρτα κλέπτων ἐξ οἰκίας, καὶ ἐξάγων πάντων ἔμπροσθεν, οὐχὶ τὰ ὑφαιρεθέντα ᾔσχυνε τοσοῦτον, ὅσον αὐτὸς ἑαυτὸν, ταῦτα ὑφελόμενος καὶ ἐξάγων: οὕτω δὴ καὶ οὗτος, ἐκβαλὼν ἔμπροσθεν πάντων ἀκάθαρτα ῥήματα, οὐχὶ ἑτέρους ᾔσχυνεν, ἀλλ' ἑαυτὸν διὰ τῶν ῥημάτων, προαγαγὼν τοιαῦτα καὶ καταῤῥυπάνας αὐτοῦ καὶ τὴν γλῶτταν καὶ τὴν διάνοιαν. Ταυτὸν γὰρ γίνεται, ὅταν πρὸς τοὺς πονηροὺς μαχώμεθα, ὥσπερ ἂν εἴ τις ἄνθρωπος τὸν ἐν σηπεδόνι ὄντα ὑπὲρ τοῦ πλῆξαι μολύνῃ ἑαυτὸν, καθεὶς αὐτοῦ τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸν βόρβορον. Ταῦτα δὴ, παρακαλῶ, πάντα ἀναλογιζόμενοι, φεύγωμεν τὴν ἐντεῦθεν βλάβην, καὶ εὔφημον ἔχωμεν γλῶτταν, ἵνα καθαρεύοντες πάσης ὕβρεως, δυνηθῶμεν μετὰ ἀκριβείας τὸν παρόντα βίον διανύσαι, καὶ τῶν ἐπηγγελμένων ἀγαθῶν τοῖς ἀγαπῶσιν αὐτὸν ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, μεθ' οὗ τῷ Πατρὶ ἅμα τῷ ἁγίῳ Πνεύματι δόξα, κράτος, τιμὴ, νῦν καὶ ἀεὶ, καὶ εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.