Homily XXXIX.

Matt. XII. 1.

“At that time Jesus went on the Sabbath day through the corn; and His disciples were a hungered, and began to pluck the1631   [With our best mss. authorities, the article is omitted in the Homily. Comp. R.V., in loco.—R.]ears of corn, and to eat.”

But Luke saith, “On a double Sabbath.”1632   δευτεροπρτ, Luke vi. 1. [On the textual difficulty, see Tischendorf (viii.) and Westcott and Hort. The former retains it, giving the patristic comments upon it. The latter put it in the margin, regarding it as spurious.—R.] Now what is a double Sabbath? When the cessation from toil is twofold, both that of the regular Sabbath, and that of another feast coming upon it. For they call every cessation from toil, a sabbath.

But why could He have led them away from it, who foreknew all, unless it had been His will that the Sabbath should be broken? It was His will indeed, but not simply so; wherefore He never breaks it without a cause, but giving reasonable excuses: that He might at once bring the law to an end, and not startle them. But there are occasions on which He even repeals it directly, and not with circumstance: as when He anoints with the clay the eyes of the blind man;1633   John ix. 6, 14.as when He saith, “My Father worketh hitherto, and I work.”1634   John v. 17. [R.V., “even until now,” etc.] And He doth so, by this to glorify His own Father, by the other to soothe the infirmity of the Jews. At which last He is laboring here, putting forward as a plea the necessity of nature; although in the case of acknowledged sins, that could not of course ever be an excuse. For neither may the murderer make his anger a plea, nor the adulterer allege his lust, no, nor any other excuse; but here, by mentioning their hunger, He freed them from all blame.

But do thou, I pray thee, admire the disciples, how entirely they control themselves, and make no account of the things of the body, but esteem the table of the flesh a secondary thing, and though they have to struggle with continual hunger, do not even so withdraw themselves. For except hunger had sorely constrained them, they would not have done so much as this.

What then do the Pharisees? “When they saw it,” it is said, “they said unto Him, Behold, Thy disciples do that which is not lawful to do upon the Sabbath day.”1635   Matt. xii. 2.

Now here indeed with no great vehemence (yet surely that would have been consistent in them),—nevertheless they are not vehemently provoked, but simply find fault. But when He stretched out the withered hand and healed it,1636   Matt. xii. 10, 14.then they were so infuriated, as even to consult together about slaying and destroying Him. For where nothing great and noble is done, they are calm; but where they see any made whole, they are savage, and fret themselves, and none so intolerable as they are: such enemies are they of the salvation of men.

How then doth Jesus defend His disciples? “Have ye not read,” saith He, “what David did in the temple,1637   [ἐν τ ερ, is inserted here (not in Homily XL.) by Chrysostom, but does not occur in any of our mss. of the New Testament.when he was an hungered, himself and all they that were with him? how he entered into the house of God, and did eat the show-bread, which was not lawful for him to eat, neither for them which were with him, but only for the priests?”1638   Matt. xii. 3, 4.

Thus, whereas in pleading for His disciples, He brings forward David; for Himself, it is the Father.1639   John v. 17.

And observe His reproving manner: “Have ye not read what David did?” For great indeed was that prophet’s glory, so that Peter also afterwards pleading with the Jews, spake on this wise, “Let me freely speak unto you of the patriarch David, that he is both dead and buried.”1640   Acts ii. 29.

But wherefore doth He not call him by the name of his rank, either on this occasion or afterwards? Perhaps because He derived His race from him.

Now had they been a candid sort of persons, He would have turned His discourse to the disciples’ suffering from hunger; but abominable as they were and inhuman, He rather rehearses unto them a history.

But Mark saith, “In the days of Abiathar the High Priest:”1641   Mark ii. 26. [The Homily reads το ρχιερωτο, rendering “when Abiathar was high priest;” but gives the other reading in the margin.—R.]not stating what was con trary to the history, but implying that he had two names; and adds that “he gave unto him,”1642   Abimelech, 1 Sam. xxi. 6.indicating that herein also David had much to say for himself, since even the very priest suffered him; and not only suffered, but even ministered unto him. For tell me not that David was a prophet, for not even so was it lawful, but the privilege was the priests’: wherefore also He added, “but for the priests only.” For though he were ten thousand times a prophet, yet was he not a priest; and though he were himself a prophet, yet not so they that were with him; since to them too we know that he gave.

“What then,” it might be said, “were they all one with David?” Why talk to me of dignity, where there seems to be a transgression of the law, even though it be the constraint of nature? Yea, and in this way too He hath the more entirely acquitted them of the charges, in that he who is greater is found to have done the same.

“And what is this to the question,” one may say; “for it was not surely the Sabbath, that he transgressed?” Thou tellest me of that which is greater, and which especially shows the wisdom of Christ, that letting go the Sabbath, He brings another example greater than the Sabbath. For it is by no means the same, to break in upon a day, and to touch that holy table, which it was not lawful for any man to touch. Since the Sabbath indeed hath been violated, and that often; nay rather it is continually being violated, both by circumcision, and by many other works; and at Jericho1643   Josh. vi. 15.too one may see the same to have happened; but this happened then only. So that He more than obtains the victory. How then did no man blame David, although there was yet another ground of charge heavier than this, that of the priests’ murder, which had its origin from this? But He states it not, as applying himself to the present subject only.

2. Afterwards again He refutes it in another way also. For as at first He brought in David, by the dignity of the person quelling their pride; so when He had stopped their mouths, and had put down their boasting, then He adds also the more appropriate refutation. And of what sort is this? “Know ye not, that in the temple the priests profane the Sabbath, and are blameless?”1644   Matt. xii. 5. For in that other instance indeed, saith He, the emergency made the relaxation, but here is the relaxation even without emergency. He did not however at once thus refute them but first by way of permission, afterwards as insisting upon his argument. Because it was meet to draw the stronger inference last, although the former argument also had of course its proper weight.

For tell me not, that it is not freeing one’s self from blame, to bring forward another who is committing the same sin. For when the doer incurs no blame, the act on which he hath ventured becomes a rule for others to plead.

Nevertheless He was not satisfied with this, but subjoins also what is more decisive, saying that the deed is no sin at all; and this more than anything was the sign of a glorious victory, to point to the law repealing itself, and in two ways doing so, first by the place, then by the Sabbath; or rather even in three ways, in that both the work is twofold1645   As being done, 1, in the holy place; 2, on the holy day.that is done, and with it goes also another thing, its being done by the priests; and what is yet more, that it is not even brought as a charge. “For they,” saith He, “are blameless.”

Seest thou how many points He hath stated? the place; for He saith, “In the temple;” the persons, for they are “the priests;” the time, for He saith, “the Sabbath;” the act itself, for “they profane;” (He not having said, “they break,” but what is more grievous, “they profane;”) that they not only escape punishment, but are even free from blame, “for they,” saith He, “are blameless.”

Do not ye therefore account this, He saith, like the former instance. For that indeed was done both but once, and not by a priest, and was of necessity; wherefore also they were deserving of excuse; but this last is both done every Sabbath, and by priests, and in the temple, and according to the law. And therefore again not by favor, but in a legal way, they are acquitted of the charges. For not at all as blaming them did I so speak, saith He, nor yet as freeing them from blame in the way of indulgence, but according to the principle of justice.

And He seems indeed to be defending them, but it is His disciples whom He is clearing of the alleged faults. For when He saith, “those are blameless,” He means, “much more are these.”

“But they are not priests.” Nay, they are greater than priests. For the Lord of the temple Himself is here: the truth, not the type. Wherefore He said also,

“But I say unto you, That in this place is one greater than the temple.”1646   Matt. xii. 6. [R.V., “that one greater (Greek, a greater thing) than the temple is here.”]

Nevertheless, great as the sayings were which they heard, they made no reply, for the salvation of men was not their object.

Then, because to the hearers it would seem harsh, He quickly draws a veil over it, giving His discourse, as before, a lenient turn, yet even so expressing Himself with a rebuke. “But if ye had known what this meaneth, I will have1647   [R.V. “desire.”]mercy and not sacrifice, ye would not have condemned the guiltless.”1648   Matt. xii. 7.

Seest thou how again He inclines His speech to lenity, yet again shows them to be out of the reach of lenity? “For ye would not have condemned,” saith He, “the guiltless.” Before indeed He inferred the same from what is said of the priests, in the words, “they are guiltless;” but here He states it on His own authority; or rather, this too is out of the law, for He was quoting a prophetic saying.1649   Hosea vi. 6.

3. After this He mentions another reason likewise; “For the Son of man,” saith He, “is Lord of the Sabbath day;”1650   Matt. xii. 8.speaking it of Himself. But Mark relates Him to have said this of our common nature also; for He said, “The Sabbath was made for man, not man for the Sabbath.”1651   Mark ii. 27.

Wherefore then was he punished that was gathering the sticks?1652   Numb. xv. 32–36. Because if the laws were to be despised even at the beginning, of course they would scarcely be observed afterwards.

For indeed the Sabbath did at the first confer many and great benefits; for instance, it made them gentle towards those of their household, and humane; it taught them God’s providence and the creation, as Ezekiel saith;1653   Ezek. xx. 12.it trained them by degrees to abstain from wickedness, and disposed them to regard the things of the Spirit.

For because they could not have borne it,1654   The meaning seems to be, it would have been too hard a trial of their religious discretion.if when He was giving the law for the Sabbath, He had said, “Do your good works on the Sabbath, but do not the works which are evil,” therefore He restrained them from all alike for, “Ye must do nothing at all,” saith He: and not even so were they kept in order. But He Himself, in the very act of giving the law of the Sabbath, did even therein darkly signify that He will have them refrain from the evil works only, by the saying, “Ye must do no work, except what shall be done for your life.”1655   Exod. xii. 16, LXX. And in the temple too all went on, and with more diligence and double toil.1656   Numb. xxviii. 9, 10. Thus even by the very shadow He was secretly opening unto them the truth.

Did Christ then, it will be said, repeal a thing so highly profitable? Far from it; nay, He greatly enhanced it. For it was time for them to be trained in all things by the higher rules, and it was unnecessary that his hands should be bound, who was freed from wickedness, winged for all good works; or that men should hereby learn that God made all things; or that they should so be made gentle, who are called to imitate God’s own love to mankind (for He saith, “Be ye merciful, as your Heavenly Father”);1657   Luke vi. 36.or that they should make one day a festival, who are commanded to keep a feast all their life long; (“For let us keep the feast,” it is said, “not with old leaven, neither with leaven of malice and wickedness; but with unleavened bread of sincerity and truth”);1658   1 Cor. v. 8.as neither need they stand by an ark and a golden altar, who have the very Lord of all for their inmate, and in all things hold communion with Him; by prayer, and by oblation, and by scriptures, and by almsgiving, and by having Him within them. Lo now, why is any Sabbath required, by him who is always keeping the feast, whose conversation is in Heaven?

4. Let us keep the feast then continually, and do no evil thing; for this is a feast: and let our spiritual things be made intense, while our earthly things give place: and let us rest a spiritual rest, refraining our hands from covetousness; withdrawing our body from our superfluous and unprofitable toils, from such as the people of the Hebrews did of old endure in Egypt. For there is no difference betwixt us who are gathering gold, and those that were bound in the mire, working at those bricks, and gathering stubble, and being beaten. Yea, for now too the devil bids us make bricks, as Pharaoh did then. For what else is gold, than mire? and what else is silver, than stubble? Like stubble, at least, it kindles the flame of desire; like mire, so doth gold defile him that possesses it.

Wherefore He sent us, not Moses from the wilderness, but His Son from Heaven. If then, after He is come, thou abide in Egypt, thou wilt suffer with the Egyptians: but if leaving that land thou go up with the spiritual Israel, thou shalt see all the miracles.

Yet not even this suffices for salvation. For we must not only be delivered out of Egypt, but we must also enter into the promise. Since the Jews too, as Paul saith, both went through the Red Sea,1659   1 Cor. x. 1, &c.and ate manna, and drank spiritual drink, but nevertheless they all perished.

Lest then the same befall us also, let us not be slow, neither draw back; but when thou hearest wicked spies even now bringing up an evil report against the strait and narrow way, and uttering the same kind of talk as those spies of old, let not the multitude, but Joshua, be our pattern, and Caleb the son of Jephunneh; and do not thou give up, until thou have attained the promise, and entered into the Heavens.

Neither account the journey to be difficult. “For if when we were enemies, we were reconciled to God, much more, being reconciled, shall we be saved.”1660   Rom. v. 10.“But this way,” it will be said, “is strait and narrow.” Well, but the former, through which thou hast come, is not strait and narrow only, but even impassable, and full of savage wild beasts. And as there was no passing through the Red Sea, unless that miracle had been wrought, so neither could we, abiding in our former life, have gone up into Heaven, but only by baptism intervening. Now if the impossible hath become possible, much more will the difficult be easy.

“But that,” it will be said, “was of grace only.” Why, for this reason especially thou hast just cause to take courage. For if, where it was grace alone, He wrought with you; will He not much more be your aid, where ye also show forth laborious works? If He saved thee, doing nothing, will He not much more help thee, working?

Above1661   [’Ανωτρω; but “before” agrees better with English usage in public address.—R.]indeed I was saying, that from the impossibilities thou oughtest to take courage about the difficulties also; but now I add this, that if we are vigilant, these will not be so much as difficult. For mark it: death is trodden under foot, the devil hath fallen, the law of sin is extinguished, the grace of the Spirit is given, life is contracted into a small space, the heavy burdens are abridged.

And to convince thee hereof by the actual results, see how many have overshot the injunctions of Christ; and art thou afraid of that which is just their measure? What plea then wilt thou have, when others are leaping beyond the bounds, and thou thyself too slothful for what is enacted?

Thus, thee we admonish to give alms of such things as thou hast, but another hath even stripped himself of all his possessions: thee we require to live chastely with thy wife, but another hath not so much as entered into marriage: and thee we entreat not to be envious, but another we find giving up even his own life for charity: thee again we entreat to be lenient in judgments, and not severe to them that sin, but another, even when smitten, hath turned the other cheek also.

What then shall we say, I pray thee? What excuse shall we make, not doing even these things, when others go so far beyond us? And they would not have gone beyond us, had not the thing been very easy. For which pines away, he who envies other men’s blessings, or he who takes pleasure with them, and rejoices? Which eyes all things with suspicion and continual trembling, the chaste man, or the adulterer? Which is cheered by good hopes, he that spoils by violence, or he that shows mercy, and imparts of his own to the needy?

Let us then bear in mind these things, and not be torpid in our career for virtue’s sake; but having stripped ourselves with all readiness for these glorious wrestlings, let us labor for a little while, that we may win the perpetual and imperishable crowns; unto which may we all attain, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory and might forever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΛΘʹ. Ἐν ἐκείνῳ τῷ καιρῷ ἐπορεύθη ὁ Ἰησοῦς τοῖς σάβ βασι διὰ τῶν σπορίμων: οἱ δὲ μαθηταὶ αὐτοῦ ἐπεί νασαν, καὶ ἤρξαντο τίλλειν στάχυας καὶ ἐσθίειν. αʹ. Ὁ δὲ Λουκᾶς φησιν, Ἐν σαββάτῳ δευτεροπρώτῳ. Τί δέ ἐστιν ἐν δευτεροπρώτῳ; Ὅταν διπλῆ ἡ ἀργία ᾖ, καὶ τοῦ σαββάτου τοῦ κυρίου, καὶ ἑτέρας ἑορτῆς διαδεχομένης. Σάββατον γὰρ ἑκάστην ἀργίαν καλοῦσι. Καί τι δήποτε ἐκεῖθεν αὐτοὺς ἤγαγεν ὁ πάντα προειδὼς, εἰ μὴ ἐβούλετο λυθῆναι τὸ σάββατον; Ἐβούλετο μὲν, ἀλλ' οὐχ ἁπλῶς: διόπερ οὐδέποτε χωρὶς αἰτίας αὐτὸ λύει, ἀλλὰ διδοὺς προφάσεις εὐλόγους, ἵνα καὶ τὸν νόμον ἀναπαύσῃ, καὶ ἐκείνους μὴ πλήξῃ. Ἔστι δὲ ὅπου καὶ προηγουμένως αὐτὸ λύει, οὐ μετὰ περιστάσεως: ὡς ὅταν τὸν πηλὸν χρίῃ τοὺς ὀφθαλμοὺς τοῦ τυφλοῦ: ὡς ὅταν λέγῃ: Ὁ Πατήρ μου ἕως ἄρτι ἐργάζεται, κἀγὼ ἐργάζομαι. Ποιεῖ δὲ ταῦτα, τούτῳ μὲν δοξάζων τὸν ἑαυτοῦ Πατέρα, ἐκείνῳ δὲ τὴν ἀσθένειαν τῶν Ἰουδαίων παραμυθούμενος. Ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα κατασκευάζει, τὴν τῆς φύσεως ἀνάγκην προβαλλόμενος: καίτοιγε ἐπὶ τῶν ἁμαρτημάτων τῶν ὡμολογημένων οὐκ ἂν γένοιτό ποτε ἀπολογία. Οὔτε γὰρ ὁ φονεύων τὸν θυμὸν ἂν σχοίη προβαλέσθαι, οὔτε ὁ μοιχεύων τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν, μᾶλλον δὲ οὐδὲ ἄλλην οὐδεμίαν αἰτίαν εἰπεῖν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ τὴν πεῖναν εἰπὼν, παντὸς ἀπήλλαξεν αὐτοὺς ἐγκλήματος. Σὺ δέ μοι θαύμασον τοὺς μαθητὰς, τοὺς οὕτω συνεσταλμένους καὶ μηδένα τῶν σωματικῶν ποιουμένους λόγον, ἀλλὰ πάρεργον τιθεμένους τὴν τῆς σαρκὸς τράπεζαν, καὶ λιμῷ μαχομένους διηνεκεῖ, καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτως ἀφισταμένους. Εἰ γὰρ μὴ ἠνάγκαζεν αὐτοὺς σφόδρα τὸ πεινᾷν, οὐκ ἂν οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἐποίησαν. Τί οὖν οἱ Φαρισαῖοι; Ἰδόντες, φησὶν, εἶπον αὐτῷ: Ἰδοὺ οἱ μαθηταί σου ποιοῦσιν ὃ οὐκ ἔξεστι ποιεῖν ἐν σαββάτῳ. Ἐνταῦθα μὲν οὐ πάνυ σφοδρῶς (καίτοιγε ἀκόλουθον ἦν τοῦτο): ἀλλ' ὅμως οὐ σφόδρα παροξύνονται, ἀλλ' ἐγκαλοῦσιν ἁπλῶς. Ὅτε δὲ τὴν χεῖρα τὴν ξηρὰν ἐξέτεινε καὶ διώρθωσε, τότε οὕτως ἐξεθηριώθησαν, ὡς καὶ περὶ σφαγῆς αὐτοῦ βουλεύεσθαι καὶ ἀναιρέσεως. Ἔνθα μὲν γὰρ οὐδὲν γίνεται μέγα καὶ γενναῖον, ἡσυχάζουσιν: ἔνθα δὲ ὁρῶσί τινας σωζομένους, ἀγριαίνουσι καὶ ταράττονται, καὶ πάντων εἰσὶ φορτικώτεροι: οὕτως ἐχθροὶ τῆς τῶν ἀνθρώπων σωτηρίας εἰσί. Πῶς οὖν ἀπολογεῖται περὶ αὐτῶν ὁ Ἰησοῦς; Οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε, φησὶ, τί ἐποίησε Δαυῒδ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ, ὅτε ἐπείνασεν, αὐτὸς καὶ οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ πάντες; πῶς εἰσῆλθεν εἰς τὸν οἶκον τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ τοὺς ἄρτους τῆς προθέσεως ἔφαγεν, οὓς οὐκ ἐξὸν αὐτῷ φαγεῖν, οὐδὲ τοῖς μετ' αὐτοῦ, εἰ μὴ μόνοις τοῖς ἱερεῦσιν; Ὅταν μὲν γὰρ ὑπὲρ τῶν μαθητῶν ἀπολογῆται, τὸν Δαυῒδ εἰς μέσον παράγει: ὅταν δὲ ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, τὸν Πατέρα. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς ἐπιπληκτικῶς: Οὐκ ἀνέγνωτε τί ἐποίησε Δαυΐδ; Καὶ γὰρ πολλὴ τοῦ Προφήτου ἦν ἡ δόξα, ὡς καὶ Πέτρον μετὰ ταῦτα ἀπολογούμενον πρὸς Ἰουδαίους οὕτως εἰπεῖν: Ἐξὸν εἰπεῖν μετὰ παῤῥησίας πρὸς ὑμᾶς περὶ τοῦ πατριάρχου Δαυῒδ, ὅτι καὶ ἐτελεύτησε καὶ ἐτάφη. Διατί δὲ αὐτὸν οὐχὶ μετὰ τοῦ ἀξιώματος καλεῖ, οὔτε ἐνταῦθα, οὔτε μετὰ ταῦτα; Ἴσως ἐπειδὴ ἐκεῖθεν τὸ γένος κατῆγεν. Εἰ μὲν οὖν συγγνωμονικοί τινες ἦσαν, ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος ἂν τῆς πείνης τὸν λόγον ἤγαγεν: ἐπειδὴ δὲ μιαροὶ καὶ ἀπάνθρωποι, καὶ ἱστορίαν αὐτοῖς ἀναγινώσκει. Ὁ δὲ Μάρκος, Ἐπὶ Ἀβιάθαρ τοῦ ἀρχιερέως, φησὶν, οὐκ ἐναντία λέγων τῇ ἱστορίᾳ, ἀλλὰ δεικνὺς ὅτι διώνυμος ἦν: καὶ προστίθησιν ὅτι ἐκεῖνος ἔδωκεν αὐτῷ: δεικνὺς καὶ ἐντεῦθεν μεγάλην οὖσαν ἀπολογίαν, ὅπου γε καὶ ὁ ἱερεὺς ἐπέτρεψε: καὶ οὐ μόνον ἐπέτρεψεν, ἀλλὰ καὶ διηκονήσατο. Μὴ γάρ μοι λέγε, ὅτι προφήτης ἦν ὁ Δαυΐδ: οὐδὲ γὰρ οὕτως ἐξῆν, ἀλλὰ τῶν ἱερέων ἦν τὸ προτέρημα: διὸ καὶ προσέθηκεν, Εἰ μὴ τοῖς ἱερεῦσι μόνοις. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ μυριάκις ἦν προφήτης, ἀλλ' οὐχ ἱερεύς: εἰ δὲ καὶ ἐκεῖνος προφήτης, ἀλλ' οὐχὶ καὶ οἱ μετ' αὐτοῦ: καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἐκείνοις ἔδωκε. Τί οὖν; φησίν: ἴσον Δαυῒδ καὶ οὗτοι; Τί μοι λέγεις ἀξίαν, ὅπου νόμου παράβασις εἶναι δοκεῖ, κἂν φύσεώς ἐστιν ἀνάγκη; Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ταύτῃ μᾶλλον αὐτοὺς ἀπήλλαξε τῶν ἐγκλημάτων, ὅταν ὁ μείζων φαίνηται τὸ αὐτὸ πεποιηκώς. βʹ. Καὶ τί τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ ζητούμενον; φησίν: οὐ γὰρ δὴ σάββατον ἐκεῖνος παρέβη. Τὸ μεῖζόν μοι λέγεις, καὶ ὃ μάλιστα δείκνυσι τοῦ Χριστοῦ τὴν σοφίαν, ὅτι τὸ σάββατον ἀφεὶς, ἕτερον ὑπόδειγμα φέρει τοῦ σαββάτου μεῖζον. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἴσον, παραβῆναι ἡμέραν, καὶ τῆς ἱερᾶς ἐκείνης ἅψασθαι τραπέζης, ἧς μηδενὶ θέμις ἦν. Τὸ μὲν γὰρ σάββατον καὶ ἐλύθη πολλάκις, μᾶλλον δὲ ἀεὶ λύεται, καὶ ἐν τῇ περιτομῇ, καὶ ἐν ἑτέροις πλείοσιν ἔργοις: καὶ ἐν τῇ Ἰεριχῶ δὲ τὸ αὐτὸ γενόμενον ἴδοι τις ἄν: τοῦτο δὲ τότε μόνον ἐγένετο. Ὥστε ἀπὸ τοῦ πλείονος ἡ νίκη. Πῶς οὖν οὐδεὶς ἐνεκάλεσε τῷ Δαυῒδ, καίτοι καὶ τούτου μεῖζον ἔγκλημα ἕτερον ἦν, τὸ τοῦ φόνου τῶν ἱερέων ἐντεῦθεν λαβὸν τὴν ἀρχήν; Ἀλλ' οὐ τίθησιν αὐτό: πρὸς γὰρ τὸ προκείμενον ἵσταται μόνον. Εἶτα πάλιν καὶ ἑτέρως αὐτὸ λύει. Ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν γὰρ τὸν Δαυῒδ παρήγαγε, τῷ ἀξιώματι τοῦ προσώπου καταστέλλων αὐτῶν τὴν ἀπόνοιαν: ἐπειδὴ δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐπεστόμισε, καὶ τὴν ἀλαζονείαν καθεῖλε, τότε καὶ τὴν κυριωτέραν ἐπάγει λύσιν. Ποία δὲ ἦν αὕτη; Οὐκ οἴδατε, ὅτι ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ οἱ ἱερεῖς τὸ σάββατον βεβηλοῦσι, καὶ ἀναίτιοί εἰσιν; Ἐκεῖ μὲν γὰρ, φησὶν, ἡ περίστασις τὴν λύσιν ἐποίησεν: ἐνταῦθα δὲ καὶ χωρὶς περιστάσεως ἡ λύσις. Ἀλλ' οὐκ εὐθέως οὕτως ἔλυσεν: ἀλλὰ πρῶτον κατὰ συγγνώμην, εἶτα κατὰ ἔνστασιν. Τὸ γὰρ ἰσχυρότερον ὕστερον ἐπάγειν ἐχρῆν, καίτοιγε καὶ τὸ πρότερον τὴν οἰκείαν εἶχε δύναμιν. Μὴ γάρ μοι λέγε, ὅτι οὐκ ἔστιν ἀπηλλάχθαι ἐγκλήματος, τὸ καὶ ἕτερον τὸ αὐτὸ ἁμαρτάνοντα εἰς μέσον ἐνεγκεῖν. Ὅταν γὰρ μὴ ἐγκαλῆται ὁ πεποιηκὼς, νόμος ἀπολογίας γίνεται τὸ τολμηθέν. Πλὴν οὐκ ἠρκέσθη τούτῳ, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸ κυριώτερον ἐπάγει λέγων, ὅτι οὐδὲ ἁμάρτημά ἐστι τὸ γεγενημένον: ὅπερ μάλιστα λαμπρᾶς νίκης ἦν, τὸ δεῖξαι τὸν νόμον ἑαυτὸν παραλύοντα, καὶ διπλῇ τοῦτο ποιοῦντα, καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ τόπου καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ σαββάτου: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τριπλῇ, τῷ καὶ διπλοῦν τὸ ἔργον γενέσθαι, καὶ μετὰ τούτου καὶ ἕτερον, τὸ ὑπὸ τῶν ἱερέων: καὶ τὸ δὴ μεῖζον, τὸ μηδὲ ἔγκλημα εἶναι: Ἀναίτιοι γὰρ, φησὶν, εἰσίν. Εἶδες πόσα τέθεικε; τὸν τόπον: Ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ γάρ φησι: τὸ πρόσωπον: οἱ ἱερεῖς γάρ: τὸν καιρόν: Τὸ σάββατον γάρ φησι: τὸ πρᾶγμα αὐτό: Βεβηλοῦσι γάρ: οὐδὲ γὰρ εἶπε, Λύουσιν, ἀλλὰ τὸ φορτικώτερον, Βεβηλοῦσι: τὸ μὴ μόνον μὴ δίκην διδόναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ αἰτίας ἀπηλλάχθαι: Ἀναίτιοι γάρ εἰσι. Μὴ δὴ νομίσητε τοῦτο ὅμοιον εἶναι, φησὶ, τῷ προτέρῳ. Ἐκεῖνο μὲν γὰρ καὶ ἅπαξ γέγονε, καὶ οὐχ ὑπὸ ἱερέως, καὶ ἀνάγκης ἦν: διὰ τοῦτο καὶ συγγνώμης ἐγένοντο ἄξιοι: τοῦτο δὲ καὶ καθ' ἕκαστον σάββατον, καὶ ὑπὸ ἱερέων, καὶ ἐν ἱερῷ, καὶ κατὰ νόμον. Διόπερ οὐδὲ κατὰ συγγνώμην, ἀλλὰ κατὰ νόμον εἰσὶν ἀπηλλαγμένοι τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐγκαλῶν ταῦτα εἶπον, φησὶν, οὐδὲ κατὰ συγγνώμην αὐτοὺς αἰτίας ἀπαλλάττων, ἀλλὰ κατὰ τὸν τοῦ δικαίου λόγον. Καὶ δοκεῖ μὲν ὑπὲρ ἐκείνων ἀπολογεῖσθαι, τούτους δὲ ἐλευθεροῖ τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Ὅταν γὰρ εἴπῃ: Ἀναίτιοί εἰσιν ἐκεῖνοι: Πολλῷ μᾶλλον οὗτοι, φησίν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ εἰσὶν ἱερεῖς. Ἀλλ' ἱερέων μείζους. Αὐτὸς γὰρ πάρεστιν ἐνταῦθα ὁ τοῦ ἱεροῦ Δεσπότης: ἡ ἀλήθεια, οὐχ ὁ τύπος. Διὸ καὶ ἔλεγε: Λέγω δὲ ὑμῖν, ὅτι τοῦ ἱεροῦ μεῖζόν ἐστιν ὧδε. Ἀλλ' ὅμως τηλικαῦτα ἀκούσαντες, οὐδὲν εἶπον: οὐ γὰρ ἦν σωτηρία ἀνθρώπου τὸ προκείμενον. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ βαρὺ τοῖς ἀκούουσιν ἐδόκει εἶναι, ταχέως αὐτὸ συνεκάλυψε, πάλιν ἐπὶ συγγνώμην τὸν λόγον ἄγων, καὶ μετὰ ἐπιπλήξεως καὶ οὕτω λέγων. Εἰ δὲ ἐγνώκειτε τί ἐστιν, Ἔλεον θέλω, καὶ οὐ θυσίαν, οὐκ ἂν κατεδικάσατε τοὺς ἀναιτίους. Εἶδες πῶς πάλιν ἐπὶ συγγνώμην ἄγει τὸν λόγον, καὶ πάλιν συγγνώμης ἀνωτέρους ἀποφαίνει; Οὐ γὰρ ἂν κατεδικάσατε, φησὶ, τοὺς ἀναιτίους. Τὸ μὲν πρότερον συνήγαγε τὸ τῶν ἱερέων εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ λέγων, Ἀναίτιοί εἰσι. Τοῦτο δὲ ἀφ' ἑαυτοῦ τίθησι: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ τοῦτο ἀπὸ τοῦ νόμου: προφητικὴν γὰρ ἀνέγνω ῥῆσιν. γʹ. Εἶτα καὶ ἄλλην αἰτίαν λέγει: Κύριος γὰρ, φησὶν, ἐστὶ τοῦ σαββάτου ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου, περὶ ἑαυτοῦ λέγων. Ὁ δὲ Μάρκος καὶ περὶ τῆς κοινῆς φύσεως αὐτὸν τοῦτο εἰρηκέναι φησίν: ἔλεγε γάρ: Τὸ σάββατον διὰ τὸν ἄνθρωπον ἐγένετο, οὐχ ὁ ἄνθρωπος διὰ τὸ σάββατον. Τίνος οὖν ἕνεκεν ἐκολάζετο ὁ τὰ ξύλα συνάγων; Ὅτι εἰ ἔμελλον καὶ ἐν ἀρχῇ καταφρονεῖσθαι οἱ νόμοι, σχολῇ γ' ἂν ὕστερον ἐφυλάχθησαν. Καὶ γὰρ πολλὰ ὠφέλει παρὰ τὴν ἀρχὴν τὸ σάββατον καὶ μεγάλα: οἷον, ἡμέρους ἐποίει πρὸς τοὺς οἰκείους εἶναι καὶ φιλανθρώπους: ἐδίδασκεν αὐτοὺς τοῦ Θεοῦ τὴν πρόνοιαν καὶ τὴν δημιουργίαν: ὅπερ φησὶν ὁ Ἰεζεχιήλ: ἐπαίδευσεν αὐτοὺς κατὰ μικρὸν ἀπέχεσθαι πονηρίας, καὶ τοῖς πνευματικοῖς προσέχειν παρεσκεύαζεν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ, τὸν νόμον διδοὺς τὸν τοῦ σαββάτου, εἰ εἶπε, Τὰ μὲν ἀγαθὰ πράττετε ἐν τῷ σαββάτῳ, τὰ δὲ κακὰ μὴ ποιεῖτε, οὐκ ἂν ἠνέσχοντο: ἁπάντων ὁμοίως ἀπεῖργε: Μηδὲν γὰρ ποιήσητε, φησί: καὶ οὐδὲ οὕτω κατείχοντο. Αὐτὸς δὲ καὶ τὸν νόμον διδοὺς τὸν τοῦ σαββάτου, καὶ οὕτως ᾐνίξατο, ὅτι τῶν πονηρῶν αὐτοὺς ἀπέχεσθαι βούλεται μόνον. Μηδὲν γὰρ ποιήσητε, φησὶ, πλὴν ὧν ποιηθήσεται ψυχῇ. Καὶ ἐν τῷ ἱερῷ δὲ πάντα ἐγίνετο, καὶ μετὰ πλείονος τῆς σπουδῆς, καὶ διπλασίονος τῆς ἐργασίας. Οὕτω καὶ δι' αὐτῆς τῆς σκιᾶς τὴν ἀλήθειαν αὐτοῖς παρήνοιγε. Τοσοῦτον οὖν κέρδος, φησὶν, ἔλυσεν ὁ Χριστός; Μὴ γένοιτο: ἀλλὰ καὶ σφόδρα ἐπέτεινε. Καιρὸς γὰρ ἦν διὰ τῶν ὑψηλοτέρων αὐτοὺς πάντα παιδεύεσθαι, καὶ οὐκ ἔδει δεδέσθαι τὰς χεῖρας τοῦ πονηρίας μὲν ἀπηλλαγμένου, πρὸς δὲ τὰ ἀγαθὰ πάντα ἐπτερωμένου: οὐδὲ ἐντεῦθεν μανθάνειν, ὅτι ὁ Θεὸς ἅπαντα ἐποίησεν: οὐδὲ ἐντεῦθεν ἡμέρους εἶναι τοὺς πρὸς αὐτὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ τῆς φιλανθρωπίας τὴν μίμησιν καλουμένους: (Γίνεσθε γὰρ, φησὶν, οἰκτίρμονες ὡς ὁ Πατὴρ ὑμῶν ὁ οὐράνιος:) οὐδὲ μίαν ἡμέραν ἑορτάζειν τοὺς πάντα τὸν βίον ἑορτὴν ἄγειν κελευομένους: (Ἑορτάζωμεν γὰρ, φησὶ, μὴ ἐν ζύμῃ παλαιᾷ, μηδὲ ἐν ζύμῃ κακίας καὶ πονηρίας, ἀλλ' ἐν ἀζύμοις εἰλικρινείας καὶ ἀληθείας:) οὐδὲ γὰρ παρὰ κιβωτὸν ἑστάναι καὶ θυσιαστήριον χρυσοῦν τοὺς αὐτὸν τὸν πάντων Δεσπότην ἔνοικον ἔχοντας, καὶ διὰ πάντων ὁμιλοῦντας αὐτῷ, καὶ δι' εὐχῆς, καὶ διὰ προσφορᾶς, καὶ διὰ Γραφῶν, καὶ δι' ἐλεημοσύνης, καὶ διὰ τοῦ ἔχειν αὐτὸν ἔνδον. Τί τοίνυν σαββάτου χρεία τῷ διαπαντὸς ἑορτάζοντι, τῷ πολιτευομένῳ ἐν οὐρανῷ; Ἑορτάζωμεν τοίνυν διηνεκῶς, καὶ μηδὲν πονηρὸν πράττωμεν: τοῦτο γὰρ ἑορτή: ἀλλ' ἐπιτεινέσθω μὲν τὰ πνευματικὰ, καὶ παραχωρείτω τὰ ἐπίγεια, καὶ ἀργῶμεν ἀργίαν πνευματικὴν, τὰς χεῖρας πλεονεξίας ἀφιστῶντες, τὸ σῶμα τῶν περιττῶν καὶ ἀνονήτων ἀπαλλάττοντες καμάτων, καὶ ὧν ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ ὑπέμεινε τότε ὁ τῶν Ἑβραίων δῆμος. Οὐδὲν γὰρ διαφέρομεν οἱ χρυσίον συνάγοντες τῶν τῷ πηλῷ προσδεδεμένων, καὶ τὴν πλίνθον ἐκείνην ἐργαζομένων, καὶ ἄχυρα συλλεγόντων, καὶ μαστιζομένων. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ νῦν ὁ διάβολος ἐπιτάττει πλινθουργεῖν, καθάπερ τότε ὁ Φαραώ. Τί γάρ ἐστιν ἄλλο τὸ χρυσίον ἢ πηλός; τί δὲ ἄλλο τὸ ἀργύριον ἢ ἄχυρον; Ὡς ἄχυρα γοῦν ἀνάπτει τῆς ἐπιθυμίας τὴν φλόγα, ὡς πηλὸς οὕτω ῥυποῖ τὸν ἔχοντα ὁ χρυσός. Διὰ τοῦτο ἔπεμψεν ἡμῖν οὐ Μωϋσέα ἐξ ἐρήμου, ἀλλὰ τὸν Υἱὸν ἐξ οὐρανοῦ. Ἂν τοίνυν μετὰ τὸ ἐλθεῖν αὐτὸν μείνῃς ἐν Αἰγύπτῳ, πείσῃ τὰ τῶν Αἰγυπτίων: ἂν δὲ ἀφεὶς ἐκείνην ἀναβῇς μετὰ τοῦ πνευματικοῦ Ἰσραὴλ, ὄψει τὰ θαύματα ἅπαντα. δʹ. Πλὴν οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἀρκεῖ εἰς σωτηρίαν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐξ Αἰγύπτου δεῖ μόνον ἀπαλλαγῆναι, ἀλλὰ καὶ εἰς τὴν ἐπαγγελίαν εἰσελθεῖν. Ἐπεὶ καὶ Ἰουδαῖοι, καθὼς ὁ Παῦλός φησι, καὶ διὰ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς διῆλθον, καὶ μάννα ἔφαγον, καὶ πόμα πνευματικὸν ἔπιον, ἀλλ' ὅμως πάντες ἀπώλοντο. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ καὶ ἡμεῖς τὰ αὐτὰ πάθωμεν, μὴ ὀκνῶμεν, μηδὲ ἀναδυώμεθα: ἀλλ' ὅταν ἀκούσῃς πονηρῶν καὶ νῦν κατασκόπων διαβαλλόντων τὴν στενὴν καὶ τεθλιμμένην ὁδὸν, καὶ λεγόντων ἅπερ εἶπον τότε ἐκεῖνοι οἱ κατάσκοποι, μὴ τὸν δῆμον τὸν πολὺν, ἀλλὰ τὸν Ἰησοῦν ζηλώσωμεν, τὸν Χάλεβ τὸν τοῦ Ἰεφονῆ παῖδα: καὶ μὴ πρότερον ἀποστῇς, ἕως ἂν ἐπιλάβῃ τῆς ἐπαγγελίας, καὶ τῶν οὐρανῶν ἐπιβῇς. Μηδὲ δύσκολον τὴν ὁδοιπορίαν νομίσῃς εἶναι. Εἰ γὰρ ἐχθροὶ ὄντες κατηλλάγημεν τῷ Θεῷ, πολλῷ μᾶλλον καταλλαγέντες σωθησόμεθα. Ἀλλὰ στενὴ καὶ τεθλιμμένη, φησὶν, ἡ ὁδὸς αὕτη. Ἀλλ' ἡ προτέρα, δι' ἧς διῆλθες, οὐ στενὴ καὶ τεθλιμμένη μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἄβατος, καὶ θηρίων ἀγρίων γέμουσα. Καὶ ὥσπερ οὐκ ἦν διὰ τῆς Ἐρυθρᾶς διαβῆναι θαλάσσης, εἰ μὴ τὸ θαῦμα ἐκεῖνο ἐγένετο, οὕτως οὐκ ἦν ἐν τῷ προτέρῳ βίῳ μείναντας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν ἀνελθεῖν, εἰ μὴ τὸ βάπτισμα μέσον ἐφάνη. Εἰ δὲ τὸ ἀδύνατον γέγονε δυνατὸν, πολλῷ μᾶλλον τὸ δύσκολον ἔσται ῥᾴδιον. Ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνο, φησὶ, χάριτος μόνον ἦν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο μάλιστα δίκαιος ἂν εἴης θαῤῥεῖν. Εἰ γὰρ ἔνθα χάρις ἦν μόνη, συνήργησεν, ἔνθα καὶ πόνους ἐπιδείκνυσθε, οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον συμπράξει; εἰ ἀργοῦντα ἔσωσεν, οὐ πολλῷ μᾶλλον ἐργαζομένῳ βοηθήσει; Ἀνωτέρω μὲν οὖν ἔλεγον, ὅτι ἀπὸ τῶν ἀδυνάτων καὶ τοῖς δυσκόλοις ὀφείλεις θαῤῥεῖν: νυνὶ δὲ ἐκεῖνο ἐρῶ, ὅτι ἐὰν νήφωμεν, οὐδὲ δύσκολα ταῦτα ἔσται. Ὅρα γάρ: θάνατος πεπάτηται, διάβολος κατέπεσεν, ὁ νόμος τῆς ἁμαρτίας ἐσβέσθη, τοῦ Πνεύματος ἡ χάρις ἐδόθη, ἡ ζωὴ εἰς ὀλίγον συνεστάλη, τὰ φορτικὰ ἐπιτέτμηται. Καὶ ἵνα μάθῃς ταῦτα καὶ διὰ τῶν ἔργων αὐτῶν, σκόπει πόσοι ὑπερηκόντισαν τὰ προστάγματα τοῦ Χριστοῦ: σὺ δὲ καὶ τὸ μέτρον αὐτὸ δέδοικας; Ποίαν οὖν ἕξεις ἀπολογίαν, ὅταν ἑτέρων ὑπὲρ τὰ σκάμματα πηδώντων, ὀκνῇς πρὸς τὰ νενομισμένα αὐτός; Σοὶ μὲν γὰρ παραινοῦμεν ἐλεημοσύνην διδόναι ἀπὸ τῶν ὄντων, ἕτερος δὲ καὶ τὰ ὄντα ἅπαντα ἀπεδύσατο: σὲ σωφρόνως ζῇν ἀξιοῦμεν μετὰ τῆς γυναικὸς, ἕτερος δὲ οὐδὲ ὡμίλησε γάμῳ: καὶ σὲ μὲν παρακαλοῦμεν μὴ βάσκανον εἶναι, ἕτερον δὲ ἔχομεν καὶ τὴν ψυχὴν ὑπὲρ ἀγάπης ἐπιδιδόντα τὴν ἑαυτοῦ: καὶ σὲ μὲν παρακαλοῦμεν συγγνωμονικὸν εἶναι καὶ μὴ βαρὺν τοῖς ἁμαρτάνουσιν, ἄλλος δὲ ῥαπιζόμενος καὶ τὴν ἑτέραν ἔστρεψε σιαγόνα. Τί οὖν ἐροῦμεν, εἰπέ μοι; τί δὲ ἀπολογησόμεθα, μηδὲ ταῦτα ποιοῦντες, ἑτέρων τοσοῦτον ὑπερβαινόντων ἡμᾶς; οὐκ ἂν δὲ ὑπερέβησαν, εἰ μὴ πολλὴ τοῦ πράγματος ἦν ἡ εὐκολία. Τίς γὰρ τήκεται, ὁ φθονῶν τοῖς ἑτέρων ἀγαθοῖς ἢ ὁ συνηδόμενος καὶ χαίρων; τίς ὑποπτεύει πάντα καὶ τρέμει διηνεκῶς, ὁ σώφρων, ἢ ὁ μοιχεύων; τίς ἐν ἐλπίσιν εὐφραίνεται χρησταῖς, ὁ ἁρπάζων ἢ ὁ ἐλεῶν καὶ τῶν ἑαυτοῦ μεταδιδοὺς τῷ δεομένῳ; Ταῦτ' οὖν ἐννοοῦντες, μὴ ναρκῶμεν πρὸς τοὺς ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀρετῆς δρόμους, ἀλλὰ μετὰ προθυμίας ἁπάσης ἀποδυσάμενοι πρὸς τὰ καλὰ ταῦτα παλαίσματα, ὀλίγον κάμωμεν χρόνον, ἵνα τοὺς διηνεκεῖς καὶ ἀμαράντους λάβωμεν στεφάνους: ὧν γένοιτο πάντας ἡμᾶς ἐπιτυχεῖν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα καὶ τὸ κράτος εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.