Homily LXXXI.

Matt. XXVI. 17, 18.

“Now the first day of the feast of unleavened bread the disciples came to Jesus, saying, Where wilt Thou that we prepare for Thee to eat the Passover? And He said, Go into the city to such a man, and say unto him, The Master saith, My time is at hand; I will keep the Passover at thy house with My disciples.”

By the first day of the feast of unleavened bread, he means the day before that feast; for they are accustomed always to reckon the day from the evening, and he makes mention of this in which in the evening the passover must be killed;2910   John xiii. 1.for on the fifth day of the week they came unto Him. And this one2911   [But John does not call it the day before.—R.]calls the day before the feast of unleavened bread,2912   Luke xxii. 7.speaking of the time when they came to Him, and another saith on this wise, “Then came the day of unleavened bread, when the passover must be killed;”2913   [The language is somewhat obscure. But it would seem from this passage that Chrysostom believed our Lord ate the passover at the regular time. In Homily LXXXIV., he speaks of the chief priests as neglecting to eat it in their hate against our Lord, explaining in this way the difficulty arising from the statement in John xviii. 28. But in Homily LXXXIII. 3, on the Gospel of John, he presents both views, either that the whole feast is meant, or that our Lord had anticipated the observance of the Paschal supper.—R.]by the word “came,” meaning this, it was nigh, it was at the doors, making mention plainly of that evening. For they began with the evening, wherefore also each adds, when the passover was killed.

And they say, “Where wilt Thou that we prepare for Thee to eat the passover?” So even from this it is manifest, that He had no house, no place of sojourning; and I suppose neither had they. For surely they would have entreated him to come there. But neither had they any, having now parted with all things.

But wherefore did He keep the passover? To indicate by all things unto the last day, that He is not opposed to the law.

And for what possible reason doth He send them to an unknown person? To show by this also that He might have avoided suffering. For He who prevailed over this man’s mind, so that he received them, and that by words; what would He not have done with them that crucified Him, if it had been His will not to suffer? And what He did about the ass, this He did here also. For there too He saith, “If any man say aught unto you, ye shall say, that the Lord hath need of them;”2914   Matt. xxi. 3.and so likewise here, “The Master saith, I will keep the passover at thy house.” But I marvel not at this only, that he received Him, being unknown, but that expecting to bring upon himself such enmity and implacable hostility, he despised the enmity of the multitude.

After this, because they knew him not, He gave them a sign, like as the prophet touching Saul, saying, “Thou shalt find one going up and carrying a bottle;”2915   1 Sam. x. 3.and here, “carrying a pitcher.” And see again the display of his power. For He did not only say, “I will keep the passover,” but He adds another thing also, “My time is at hand.” And this He did, at once continually reminding His disciples of the passion, so that exercised by the frequency of the prediction, they should be prepared for what was to take place; and at the same time to show to themselves, and to him that was receiving Him, and to all the Jews, which I have often mentioned, that not involuntarily doth He come to His passion. And He adds, “with my disciples,” in order that both the preparation should be sufficient, and that the man should not suppose that He was concealing Himself.

“Now when the even was come, He sat down with the twelve disciples.”2916   Matt. xxvi. 20. [R.V., “was sitting at meat with the twelve disciples.” The rec. text omits “disciples,” as does one mss. of the Homilies here. Comp. R.V. margin. Below it is omitted by Chrysostom also.—R.] Oh the shamelessness of Judas! For he too was present there, and came to partake both of the mysteries, and of the meal,2917   Lit., salt.and is convicted at the very table, when although he had been a wild beast, he would have become tame.

For this cause the evangelist also signifies, that while they are eating, Christ speaks of His betrayal, that both by the time and by the table he might show the wickedness of the traitor.

For when the disciples had done, as Jesus had appointed them, “when the even was come, He sat down with the twelve.2918   [See note 7, p. 485.] And as they did eat, He said,” we are told, “Verily, I say unto you, that one of you shall betray me.”2919   Matt. xxvi. 21. [R.V., “were eating.”] And before the supper, He had even washed his feet. And see how He spares the traitor. For He said not, such a one shall betray me; but, “one of you,” so as again to give him power of repentance by concealment. And He chooseth to alarm all, for the sake of saving this man. Of you, the twelve, saith He, that are everywhere present with me, whose feet I washed, to whom I promised so many things.

Intolerable sorrow thereupon seized that holy company. And John indeed saith, they “were in doubt, and looked one upon another,”2920   John xiii. 22. [Freely cited.]and each of them asked in fear concerning himself, although conscious to themselves of no such thing. But this evangelist saith, that “being exceeding sorrowful, they began every one of them to say unto Him, Is it I, Lord?2921   Matt. xxvi. 22. And He answered and said, He it is, to whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it.”2922   John xiii. 26. [This verse is abridged in the Homily. “To whom, having dipped the sop, I will give it,” is an exact rendering. “He it is” is supplied above.—R.]

Mark at what time He discovered him. It was when it was His will to deliver the rest from this trouble, for they were even dead with the fear, wherefore also they were instant with their questions. But not only as desiring to deliver them from their distress He did this, but also as willing to amend the traitor. For since after having often heard it generally, he continued incorrigible, being past feeling, He being minded to make him feel more, takes off his mask.

For when being sorrowful they began to say, “Is it I, Lord? He answered and said, He that dippeth2923   [The words “his hand” are omitted.]with me in the dish, the same shall betray me. The Son of Man goeth, as it is written of Him, but woe to the man by2924   [R.V., “through;” “that” is omitted.]whom the Son of Man is betrayed. It had been good for that man if he had not been born.”2925   Matt. xxvi. 23, 24. [R.V., “good were it,” etc.]

Now some say that he was so bold as not to honor his Master, but to dip with Him: but to me Christ seems to have done this too, to shame him the more, and bring him over to a better disposition. For this act again has something more in it.

2. But these things we ought not to pass by at random, but they should be infixed in our minds, and wrath would find no place at any time.

For who, bearing in mind that supper, and the traitor sitting at meat with the Saviour of all, and Him who was to be betrayed thus meekly reasoning, would not put away all venom of wrath and anger? See at any rate how meekly He conducts Himself towards him, “The Son of Man goeth, as it is written of Him.”

And these things again He said, both to restore the disciples, that they might not think the thing was a sign of weakness, and to amend the traitor.

“But woe unto that2926   [Here “that” is given as in the received text.—R.]man by whom the Son of Man is betrayed! it had been good for that man if he had not been born.” See again in His rebukes His unspeakable meekness. For not even here with invective, but more in the way of compassion, doth He apply what He saith, but in a disguised way again; and yet not his former senselessness only, but his subsequent shamelessness was deserving of the utmost indignation. For after this conviction he saith, “Is it I, Lord?”2927   Matt. xxvi. 25. [R.V., “Rabbi;” but this change of title is first noticed below.—R.] Oh insensibility! He inquires, when conscious to himself of such things. For the evangelist too, marvelling at his boldness, saith this. What then saith the most mild and gentle Jesus? “Thou sayest.” And yet He might have said, O thou unholy, thou all unholy one; accursed, and profane; so long a time in travail with mischief, who hast gone thy way, and made satanical compacts, and hast agreed to receive money, and hast been convicted by me too, dost thou yet dare to ask? But none of these things did He say; but how? “Thou sayest?” fixing for us bounds and rules of long suffering.

But some one will say, Yet if it was written that He was to suffer these things, wherefore is Judas blamed, for he did the things that were written? But not with this intent, but from wickedness. For if thou inquire not concerning the motive, thou wilt deliver even the devil from the charges against him. But these things are not, they are not so. For both the one and the other are deserving of countless punishments, although the world was saved. For neither did the treason of Judas work out salvation for us, but the wisdom of Christ, and the good contrivance of His fair skill, using the wickednesses of others for our advantage.

“What then,” one may say, “though Judas had not betrayed Him, would not another have betrayed Him?” And what has this to do with the question? “Because if Christ must needs be crucified, it must be by the means of some one, and if by some one, surely by such a person as this. But if all had been good, the dispensation in our behalf had been impeded.” Not so. For the Allwise knows how He shall bring about our benefits, even had this happened. For His wisdom is rich in contrivance, and incomprehensible. So for this reason, that no one might suppose that Judas had become a minister of the dispensation, He declares the wretchedness of the man. But some one will say again, “And if it had been good if he had never been born, wherefore did He suffer both this man, and all the wicked, to come into the world?” When thou oughtest to blame the wicked, for that having the power not to become such as they are, they have become wicked, thou leavest this, and busiest thyself, and art curious about the things of God; although knowing that it is not by necessity that any one is wicked.

“But the good only should be born,” he would say, “and there were no need of hell, nor punishment, nor vengeance, nor trace of vice, but the wicked should either not be born at all, or being born should straightway depart.”

First then, it were well to repeat to thee the saying of the apostle, “Nay but, O man, who art thou that repliest against God? Shall the thing formed say to Him that formed it, Why hast Thou made me thus?”2928   Rom. ix. 20. [R.V., “Why didst thou make me thus?”]

But if thou still demandest reasons, we would say this, that the good are more admired for being among the bad; because their long-suffering and great self-command is then most shown. But thou takest away the occasion of their wrestlings, and conflicts, by saying these things. “What then, in order that these may appear good, are others punished?” saith he. God forbid, but for their own wickedness. For neither because they were brought into the world did they become wicked, but on account of their own wickedness; wherefore also they are punished. For how should they fail to be deserving of punishment, seeing they have so many teachers of virtue, and gain nothing therefrom. For like as the noble and good are worthy of double honor, because they both became good, and took no hurt from the wicked; so also the worthless deserve twofold punishment, both because they became wicked, when they might have become good (they show it who have become such), and because they gained nothing from the good.

But let us see what saith this wretched man, when convicted by his Master. What then saith he? “Is it I, Rabbi?”2929   Matt. xxvi. 25. And why did he not ask this from the beginning? He thought to escape knowledge by its being said, “one of you;” but when He had made him manifest, he ventured again to ask, confiding in the clemency of his Master, that He would not convict him.2930   [A sentence is omitted here: “On this account, therefore, he also calls Him ‘Rabbi.’”—R.]

3. O blindness! Whereunto hath it led him? Such is covetousness, it renders men fools and senseless, yea reckless, and dogs instead of men, or rather even more fierce than dogs, and devils after being dogs. This man at least received unto him the devil even when plotting against him, but Jesus, even when doing him good, he betrayed, having already become a devil in will. For such doth the insatiable desire of gain make men, out of their mind, frenzy-smitten, altogether given up to gain, as was the case even with Judas.

But how do Matthew and the other evangelists say, that, when he made the agreement touching the treason, then the devil seized him; but John, that “after the sop Satan entered into him.”2931   John xiii. 27. And John himself knew this, for further back he saith, “The devil having now put into the heart of Judas, that he should betray Him.”2932   John xiii. 2. [The Greek text of the citations begins with the words, δεπνου γενομνου, “supper being ended” (A.V.). But the better attested text reads γινομνου, “during supper,” (R.V.). The clause is omitted by the translator, for what reason does not appear.—R ] How then doth he say, “After the sop Satan entered into him?” Because he enters not in suddenly, nor at once, but makes much trial first, which accordingly was done here also. For after having tried him in the beginning, and assailed him quietly, after that he saw him prepared to receive him, he thenceforth wholly breathed himself into him, and completely got the better of him.

But how, if they were eating the passover, did they eat it contrary to the law? For they should not have eaten it, sitting down to their meat.2933   Exod. xii. 11. What then can be said? That after eating it, they then sat down to the banquet.

But another evangelist saith, that on that evening He not only ate the passover, but also said, “With desire I have desired to eat this passover with you,”2934   Luke xxii. 15.that is, on that year. For what reason? Because then the salvation of the world was to be brought about, and the mysteries to be delivered, and the subjects of sorrow to be done away with by His death; so welcome was the cross to Him. But nothing softened the savage monster, nor moved, nor shamed him. He pronounced him wretched, saying, “Woe to that man.” He alarmed him again, saying, “It were good for him if he had not been born.” He put him to shame, saying, “To whom I shall give a sop, when I have dipped it.” And none of these things checked him, but he was seized by covetousness, as by some madness, or rather by a more grievous disease. For indeed this is the more grievous madness.

For what would the madman do like this? He poured not forth foam out of his mouth but he poured forth the murder of his Lord. He distorted not his hands, but stretched them out for the price of precious blood. Wherefore his madness was greater, because he was mad being in health.

But he doth not utter sayest thou, sounds without meaning. And what is more without meaning than this language. “What will ye give me, and I will deliver Him unto you?”2935   Matt. xxvi. 15.“I will deliver,” the devil spake by that mouth. But he did not smite the ground with his feet struggling? Nay, how much better so to struggle, than thus to stand upright. But sayest thou, he did not cut himself with stones? Yet how much better, than to do such things as these!

Will ye, that we bring forward the possessed and the covetous, and make a comparison between the two. But let no one account what is done a reproach to himself. For we do not reproach the nature, but we lament the act. The possessed was never clad with garments, cutting himself with stones, and running, he rushes over rough paths, driven headlong of the devil. Do not these things seem to be dreadful? What then, if I shall show the covetous doing more grievous things than these to their own soul, and to such a degree more grievous, that these are considered child’s play compared with those. Will you indeed shun the pest? Come then, let us see if they are in any respect in a more tolerable state than they. In none, but even in a more grievous condition; for indeed they are more objects of shame than ten thousand naked persons. For it were far better to be naked as to clothing, than being clad with the fruits of covetousness, to go about like them that celebrate the orgies for Bacchus. For like as they have on madmen’s masks and clothes, so have these also. And much as the nakedness of the possessed is caused by madness, so doth madness produce this clothing, and the clothing is more miserable than the nakedness.

And this I will hereby endeavor to prove. For whom should we say was more mad, amongst madmen themselves; one who should cut himself, or one who together with himself should hurt those who met him? It is quite clear that it is this last. The madmen then strip themselves of their clothing, but these all that meet them. “But these tear their clothes to pieces.” And how readily would every one of those that are injured consent that his garment should be torn, rather than be stripped of all his substance?

“But those do not aim blows at the face.” In the first place, the covetous do even this, and if not all, yet do all inflict by famine and penury more grievous pains on the belly.

“But those bite not with the teeth.” Would that it were with teeth, and not with the darts of covetousness fiercer than teeth. “For their teeth are weapons and darts.”2936   Ps. lvii. 4. For who will feel most pained, he that was bitten once, and straightway healed, or he that is for ever eaten up by the teeth of penury? For penury when involuntary is more grievous than furnace or wild beast.

“But those rush not into the deserts like the possessed of devils.” Would it were the deserts, and not the cities, that they overran, and so all in the cities enjoyed security. For now in this respect again, they are more intolerable than all the insane, because they do in the cities these things which the others do in the deserts, making the cities deserts, and like as in a desert, where there is none to hinder, so plundering the goods of all men.

“But they do not pelt with stones them that meet them.” And what is this? Of stones it were easy to beware; but of the wounds which by paper and ink they work to the wretched poor (framing writings full of blows without number), who, out of those that fall in with them, can ever easily beware?

4. And let us see also what they do to themselves. They walk naked up and down the city, for they have no garment of virtue. But if this doth not seem to them to be a disgrace, this again is of their exceeding madness, for that they have no feeling of the unseemliness, but while they are ashamed of having their body naked, they bear about the soul naked, and glory in it. And if you wish, I will tell you also the cause of their insensibility. What then is the cause? They are naked amongst many that are thus naked, wherefore neither are they ashamed, like as neither are we in the baths. So that if indeed there were many clothed with virtue, then would their shame appear more. But now this above all is a worthy subject for many tears, that because the bad are many, bad things are not even esteemed as a disgrace. For besides the rest, the devil hath brought about this too, not to allow them to obtain even a sense of their evil deeds, but by the multitude of them that practise wickedness, to throw a shade over their disgrace; since if it came to pass that he was in the midst of a multitude of persons practising self-restraint, such a one would see his nakedness more.

That they are more naked than the possessed is evident from these things; and that they go into the deserts, neither this again could any one gainsay. For the wide and broad way is more desert than any desert. For though it have many that journey on it, yet none from amongst men, but serpents, scorpions, wolves, adders, and asps. Such are they that practise wickedness. And this way is not only desert, but much more rugged than that of the mad. And this is hereby evident. For stones and ravines and crags do not so wound those that mount them, as robbery and covetousness the souls that practise them.

And that they live by the tombs, like the possessed, or rather that they themselves are tombs, is plain by this. What is a tomb? A stone having a dead body lying in it. Wherein then do these men’s bodies differ from those stones? or rather, they are more miserable even than they. For it is not a stone containing a dead body, but a body more insensible than stones, bearing about a dead soul. Wherefore one would not be wrong in calling them tombs. For so did our Lord too call the Jews, for this reason most especially; He went on at least to say, “Their inward parts are full of ravening and covetousness.”2937   Matt. xxiii. 25, and comp. verse 27.

Would ye that I show next, how they also cut their heads with stones? Whence then first, I pray thee, wilt thou learn this? From the things here, or from the things to come? But of the things to come they have not much regard; we must speak then of the things here. For are not anxieties more grievous than many stones, not wounding heads, but consuming a soul. For they are afraid, lest those things should justly go forth out of their house, which have come unto them unjustly; they tremble in fear of the utmost ills, are angry, are provoked, against those of their own house, against strangers; and now despondency, now fear, now wrath, comes upon them in succession, and they are as if they were crossing precipice after precipice, and they are earnestly looking day by day for what they have not yet acquired. Wherefore neither do they feel pleasure in the things they have, both by reason of not feeling confidence about the security of them, and because with their whole mind they are intent upon what they have not yet seized. And like as one continually thirsting, though he should drink up ten thousand fountains, feeleth not the pleasure, because he is not satisfied; so also these, so far from feeling pleasure, are even tormented, the more they heap around themselves; from their not feeling any limit to such desire.

And things here are like this; but let us speak also of the day to come. For though they give not heed, yet it is necessary for us to speak. In the day to come then, one will see everywhere such men as these undergoing punishment. For when He saith, “I was an hungered, and ye gave me no meat; I was thirsty, and ye gave me no drink;”2938   Matt. xxv. 42. He is punishing these; and when He saith, “Depart into the eternal fire prepared for the devil,” He is sending thither them that make a bad use of riches. And the wicked servant, who gives not to his fellow-servants the goods of his Lord, is of the number of these men, and he that buried his talent, and the five virgins.

And whithersoever thou shalt go, thou wilt see the covetous punished. And now they will hear, “There is a void between us and you;”2939   Luke xvi. 26. [Freely cited.]now, “Depart from me into the fire that is prepared.”2940   Matt. xxv. 41. And now being cut asunder, they will go away, where there is gnashing of teeth, and from every place one may see them driven, and finding a place nowhere, but gathered in hell alone.

5. What then is the use of the right faith to us for salvation, when we hear these things? There, gnashing of teeth, and outer darkness, and the fire prepared for the devil, and to be cut asunder, and to be driven away; here, enmities, evil speakings, slanders, perils, cares, plots, to be hated of all, to be abhorred of all, even of the very persons that seem to flatter us. For as good men are admired not by the good only but even by the wicked; so bad men, not the good only, but also the worthless, hate. And in proof that this is true, I would gladly ask of the covetous, whether they do not feel painfully one toward another; and account such more their enemies than those that have done them the greatest wrong; whether they do not also accuse themselves, whether they do not account the thing an affront, if any one brings this reproach upon them. For indeed this is an extreme reproach, and a sure proof of much wickedness; for if thou dost not endure to despise wealth, of what wilt thou ever get the better? of lust, or of the mad desire of glory, or anger, or of wrath? And how would any be persuaded of it? For as to lust, and anger, and wrath, many impute it even to the temperament of the flesh, and to this do students of medicine refer the excesses thereof; and him that is of a more hot and languid temperament, they affirm to be more lustful; but him that runs out into a drier kind of ill temperament, eager, and irritable, and wrathful. But with respect to covetousness, no one ever heard of their having said any such thing. So entirely is the pest the effect of mere remissness, and of a soul past feeling.

Therefore, I beseech you, let us give diligence to amend all such things, and to give an opposite direction to the passions that come upon us in every age. But if in every part of our life we sail past the labors of virtue, everywhere undergoing shipwrecks; when we have arrived at the harbor destitute of spiritual freight, we shall undergo extreme punishment. For our present life is an outstretched ocean. And as in the sea here, there are different bays exposed to different tempests, and the Ægean is difficult because of the winds, the Tyrrhenian strait because of the confined space, the Charybdis that is by Africa because of the shallows, the Propontis, which is without the Euxine sea, on account of its violence and currents, the parts without Cadiz because of the desolation, and tracklessness, and unexplored places therein, and other portions for other causes; so also is it in our life.

And the first sea to view is that of our childish days, having much tempestuousness, because of its folly, its facility, because it is not steadfast. Therefore also we set over it guides and teachers, by our diligence adding what is wanting to nature, even as there by the pilot’s skill.

After this age succeeds the sea of the youth, where the winds are violent as in the Ægean, lust increasing upon us. And this age especially is destitute of correction; not only because he is beset more fiercely, but also because his faults are not reproved, for both teacher and guide after that withdraw. When therefore the winds blow more fiercely, and the pilot is more feeble, and there is no helper, consider the greatness of the tempest.

After this there is again another period of life, that of men, in which the cares of the household press upon us, when there is a wife, and marriage, and begetting of children, and ruling of a house, and thick falling showers of cares. Then especially both covetousness flourishes and envy.

When then we pass each part of our life with shipwrecks, how shall we suffice for the present life? how shall we escape future punishment. For when first in the earliest age we learn nothing healthful, and then in youth we do not practise sobriety, and when grown to manhood do not get the better of covetousness, coming to old age as to a hold full of bilgewater, and as having made the barque of the soul weak by all these shocks, the planks being separated, we shall arrive at that harbor, bearing much filth instead of spiritual merchandise, and to the devil we shall furnish laughter, but lamentation to ourselves, and bring upon ourselves the intolerable punishments.

That these things may not be, let us brace ourselves up on every side, and, withstanding all our passions, let us cast out the lust of wealth, that we may also attain unto the good things to come, by the grace and love towards man of our Lord Jesus Christ, to whom be glory forever and ever. Amen.

ΟΜΙΛΙΑ ΠΑʹ. Τῇ δὲ πρώτῃ τῶν ἀζύμων προσῆλθον οἱ μαθηταὶ τῷ Ἰησοῦ λέγοντες, Ποῦ θέλεις ἑτοιμάσωμέν σοι φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα; Ὁ δὲ εἶπεν: Ὑπάγετε εἰς τὴν πόλιν πρὸς τὸν δεῖνα, καὶ εἴπατε αὐτῷ: Ὁ Διδάσκαλος λέγει, Ὁ καιρός μου ἐγγύς ἐστι: πρὸς σὲ ποιῶ τὸ πάσχα μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν μου. αʹ. Πρώτην τῶν ἀζύμων, τὴν πρὸ τῶν ἀζύμων φησίν: εἰώθασι γὰρ ἀπὸ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἀεὶ ἀριθμεῖν τὴν ἡμέραν: καὶ ταύτης μνημονεύει, καθ' ἢν ἐν τῇ ἑσπέρᾳ τὸ πάσχα ἔμελλε θύεσθαι: τῇ γὰρ πέμπτῃ τοῦ σαββάτου προσῆλθον. Καὶ ταύτην ὁ μὲν τὴν πρὸ τῶν ἀζύμων καλεῖ, τὸν καιρὸν λέγων, καθ' ὃν προσῆλθον: ὁ δὲ οὕτω λέγει: Ἦλθε δὲ ἡ ἡμέρα τῶν ἀζύμων, ἐν ᾖ ἔδει θύεσθαι τὸ πάσχα: τὸ, Ἦλθε, τοῦτο λέγων, Ἐγγὺς ἦν, ἐπὶ θύραις ἦν, τῆς ἑσπέρας δηλονότι μεμνημένος ἐκείνης. Ἀπὸ γὰρ τῆς ἑσπέρας ἤρχοντο: διὸ καὶ ἕκαστος προστίθησιν, Ὅτε ἐθύετο τὸ πάσχα. Καὶ λέγουσι: Ποῦ θέλεις ἑτοιμάσωμέν σοι φαγεῖν τὸ πάσχα; Ὥστε κἀντεῦθεν δῆλον, ὅτι οὐκ ἦν αὐτῷ οἰκία, οὐκ ἦν καταγώγιον: ἐγὼ δὲ οἶμαι μηδὲ αὐτοὺς ἔχειν. Ἦ γὰρ ἂν αὐτὸν ἐκεῖ παρεκάλεσαν ἐλθεῖν. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἦν οὐδὲ τούτοις, πᾶσιν ἀποταξαμένοις λοιπόν. Τίνος δὲ ἕνεκεν τὸ πάσχα ἐπετέλει Διὰ πάντων δεικνὺς μέχρι τῆς ἐσχάτης ἡμέρας, ὅτι οὐ ἔστιν ἐναντίος τῷ νόμῳ. Καὶ τί δήποτε πρὸς ἀγνῶτα πέμπει ἄνθρωπον; Δεικνὺς κἀντεῦθεν, ὅτι ἠδύνατο μὴ παθεῖν. Ὁ γὰρ τὴν διάνοιαν τούτου πείσας, ὥστε αὐτοὺς ὑποδέξασθαι, καὶ ταῦτα ἀπὸ ῥημάτων, τί οὐκ ἂν εἰργάσατο ἐν τοῖς σταυροῦσιν αὐτὸν, εἴγε ἐβούλετο μὴ παθεῖν; Καὶ ὅπερ ἐπὶ τῆς ὄνου ἐποίησε, τοῦτο καὶ ἐνταῦθα Καὶ γὰρ ἐκεῖ φησιν: Ἐάν τις ὑμῖν εἴπῃ τι, ἐρεῖτε ὅτι Ὁ Κύριος αὐτοῦ χρείαν ἔχει: οὕτω καὶ ἐνταῦθα: Ὁ Διδάσκαλος εἶπε, Πρὸς σὲ ποιῶ τὸ πάσχα. Ἐγὼ δὲ οὐ τοῦτο θαυμάζω μόνον, ὅτι αὐτὸν ὑπεδέξατο ἄγνωστος ὢν, ἀλλ' ὅτι προσδοκῶν ἔχθραν ἐπισπάσασθαι τοσαύτην καὶ πόλεμον ἄσπονδον, κατεφρόνησε τῆς τῶν πολλῶν ἀπεχθείας. Εἶτα ἐπειδὴ ἠγνόουν, καὶ σημεῖον αὐτοῖς δίδωσιν, οἷον ἐπὶ τοῦ Σαοὺλ ὁ προφήτης λέγων: Εὑρήσεις τινὰ ἀναβαίνοντα καὶ ἀσκὸν ἔχοντα: καὶ ἐνταῦθα, Κεράμιον βαστάζοντα. Καὶ ὅρα πάλιν τὴν ἐπίδειξιν τῆς δυνάμεως. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπε μόνον, Τὸ Πάσχα ποιῶ: ἀλλὰ καὶ ἕτερον προστίθησιν, Ὁ καιρός μου ἐγγύς ἐστι. Τοῦτο δὲ ἐποίει, ἅμα μὲν τοὺς μαθητὰς συνεχῶς ὑπομιμνήσκων τοῦ πάθους, ὥστε τῇ πυκνότητι τῆς προῤῥήσεως ἐγγυμνασθέντας μελετῆσαι τὸ συμβησόμενον: ἅμα δὲ δεικνὺς αὐτοῖς τε ἐκείνοις, καὶ τῷ ὑποδεχομένῳ, καὶ πᾶσιν Ἰουδαίοις, ὃ πολλάκις εἶπον, ὅτι οὐκ ἄκων ἐπὶ τὸ πάθος ἔρχεται. Προστίθησι δὲ, Μετὰ τῶν μαθητῶν μου, ὥστε καὶ ἀρκοῦσαν γενέσθαι τὴν παρασκευὴν, κἀκεῖνον μὴ νομίσαι κρύπτεσθαι αὐτόν. Ὀψίας δὲ γενομένης, ἀνέκειτο μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα μαθητῶν. Βαβαὶ τῆς ἀναισχυντίας, Ἰούδα! Καὶ γὰρ καὶ αὐτὸς ἐκεῖ παρῆν, καὶ ἦλθε κοινωνήσων καὶ μυστηρίων καὶ ἁλῶν, καὶ παρ' αὐτὴν ἐλέγχεται τὴν τράπεζαν, ὅτε καὶ θηρίον εἰ ἦν, πραότερον ἐγεγόνει ἄν. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο καὶ ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς ἐπισημαίνεται, ὅτι ἐσθιόντων αὐτῶν διαλέγεται περὶ τῆς προδοσίας ὁ Χριστὸς, ἵνα καὶ ἀπὸ τοῦ καιροῦ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς τραπέζης δείξῃ τὴν πονηρίαν τοῦ προδότου. Ὡς γὰρ ἐποίησαν οἱ μαθηταὶ, καθὼς συνέταξεν αὐτοῖς ὁ Ἰησοῦς, Ὀψίας γενομένης, ἀνέκειτο μετὰ τῶν δώδεκα. Ἐσθιόντων δὲ αὐτῶν εἶπε, φησὶν, Ἀμὴν λέγω ὑμῖν, ὅτι εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν παραδώσει με. Πρὸ δὲ τοῦ δείπνου καὶ τοὺς πόδας αὐτοῦ ἔνιψε. Καὶ ὅρα πῶς φείδεται τοῦ προδότου. Οὐ γὰρ εἶπεν, Ὁ δεῖνά με παραδώσει: ἀλλ', Εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν, ὥστε πάλιν δοῦναι αὐτῷ μετανοίας ἐξουσίαν τῷ λαθεῖν: καὶ αἱρεῖται φοβῆσαι ἅπαντας, ὑπὲρ τοῦ διασῶσαι τοῦτον. Ἐξ ὑμῶν τῶν δώδεκα, φησὶ, τῶν πανταχοῦ μοι συμπαρόντων, ὧν τοὺς πόδας ἔνιψα, οἷς τοσαῦτα ἐπηγγειλάμην. Πένθος ἄρα ἀφόρητον τὸν χορὸν τότε τὸν ἅγιον ἐκεῖνον κατέλαβε. Καὶ ὁ μὲν Ἰωάννης φησὶν, Ἠποροῦντο, καὶ εἰς ἀλλήλους ἔβλεπον, καὶ ἕκαστος αὐτῶν ἠρώτα δεδοικὼς ὑπὲρ ἑαυτοῦ, καίτοι μηδὲν ἑαυτοῖς συνειδότες τοιοῦτον: οὗτος δέ φησιν, ὅτι Λυπούμενοι σφόδρα ἤρξαντο λέγειν αὐτῷ ἕκαστος, Μήτι ἐγὼ, Κύριε; Ὁ δὲ ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν: Ὧ| ἐγὼ βάψας τὸ ψωμίον ἐπιδώσω. Ὅρα πότε αὐτὸν ἐξεκάλυψεν, ὅτε τοὺς λοιποὺς ἀπαλλάξαι τῆς ταραχῆς ταύτης ἠθέλησε: καὶ γὰρ καὶ ἀποτεθνήκεισαν τῷ δέει: διὸ καὶ ἐπέκειντο ἐρωτῶντες. Οὐκ ἐκείνους δὲ ἀνεῖναι βουλόμενος μόνον τῆς ἀγωνίας, τοῦτο ἐποίει, ἀλλὰ καὶ τὸν προδότην διορθῶσαι θέλων. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ πολλάκις ἀκούσας ἀδιορίστως, ἀδιόρθωτος ἔμενεν, ἀνάλγητος ὢν, βουλόμενος αὐτοῦ καθικέσθαι μᾶλλον, περιαιρεῖ τὸ προσωπεῖον αὐτοῦ. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ λυπούμενοι ἤρξαντο λέγειν, Μήτι ἐγὼ, Κύριε; ἀποκριθεὶς εἶπεν: Ὁ ἐμβάψας μετ' ἐμοῦ ἐν τῷ τρυβλίῳ, οὗτός με παραδώσει. Ὁ μὲν Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει, καθὼς γέγραπται περὶ αὐτοῦ: οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ δι' οὗ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται: καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ, εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος. Τινὲς μὲν οὖν φασιν, ὅτι οὕτως ἰταμὸς ἦν, ὡς μὴ τιμᾷν τὸν Διδάσκαλον, ἀλλὰ μετ' αὐτοῦ βάπτειν: ἐμοὶ δὲ δοκεῖ καὶ τοῦτο ποιῆσαι ὁ Χριστὸς, μᾶλλον αὐτὸν ἐντρέπων, καὶ εἰς διάθεσιν ἐπισπώμενος: ἔχει γάρ τι καὶ τοῦτο πλέον. βʹ. Ταῦτα δὲ οὐχ ἁπλῶς παρατρέχειν δεῖ, ἀλλ' ἐμπεπηγέναι ἡμῶν ταῖς διανοίαις, καὶ οὐκ ἄν ποτε χώραν σχοίη θυμός. Τίς γὰρ ἐννοῶν τὸ δεῖπνον ἐκεῖνο, καὶ τὸν προδότην κατακείμενον μετὰ τοῦ πάντων Σωτῆρος, καὶ τὸν προδίδοσθαι μέλλοντα οὕτως ἐπιεικῶς διαλεγόμενον, οὐκ ἂν πάντα ἰὸν ἐκβάλοι θυμοῦ καὶ ὀργῆς; Ὅρα γοῦν πῶς πράως αὐτῷ προσφέρεται. Ὁ μὲν Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου ὑπάγει καθώς ἐστι γεγραμμένον περὶ αὐτοῦ. Ταῦτα δὲ πάλιν καὶ τοὺς μαθητὰς ἀνακτώμενος ἔλεγεν, ἵνα μὴ νομίσωσιν ἀσθενείας εἶναι τὸ πρᾶγμα, καὶ τὸν προδότην διορθούμενος. Οὐαὶ δὲ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ δι' οὗ ὁ Υἱὸς τοῦ ἀνθρώπου παραδίδοται: καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ, εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος ἐκεῖνος. Ὅρα πάλιν ἐν τοῖς ἐλέγχοις ἄφατον τὴν πραότητα. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐνταῦθα καταφορικῶς, ἀλλ' ἐλεεινότερον μᾶλλον τὸν λόγον προσάγει, καὶ συνεσκιασμένως πάλιν: καίτοιγε οὐχ ἡ ἔμπροσθεν μόνον ἀναισθησία, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἡ μετὰ ταῦτα ἀναισχυντία ἀξία τῆς ἐσχάτης ἀγανακτήσεως ἦν. Μετὰ γὰρ τὸν ἔλεγχον τοῦτόν φησι: Μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι, Κύριε; Ὢ τῆς ἀναισθησίας! Ἐξετάζει συνειδὼς ἑαυτῷ τοιαῦτα. Καὶ γὰρ ὁ εὐαγγελιστὴς θαυμάζων αὐτοῦ τὴν ἰταμότητα, τοῦτό φησι. Τί οὖν ὁ πραότατος καὶ ἡμερώτατος Ἰησοῦς; Σὺ εἶπας. Καίτοιγε ἐνῆν εἰπεῖν: Ὦ μιαρὲ καὶ παμμίαρε, ἐναγὲς καὶ βέβηλε: τοσοῦτον χρόνον ὠδίνων τὸ κακὸν, καὶ ἀπελθὼν, καὶ συμβόλαια σατανικὰ ποιήσας, καὶ ἀργύριον συνθέμενος λαμβάνειν, καὶ παρ' ἐμοῦ δὲ διελεγχθεὶς, ἔτι τολμᾷς ἐρωτᾷν; Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τούτων εἴρηκεν: ἀλλὰ πῶς; Σὺ εἶπας: ὅρους ἡμῖν καὶ κανόνας ἀνεξικακίας πηγνύς. Ἀλλ' ἐρεῖ τις: Καὶ μὴν εἰ γέγραπται παθεῖν αὐτὸν ταῦτα, διατί ἐγκαλεῖται Ἰούδας; τὰ γὰρ γεγραμμένα ἐποίησεν. Ἀλλ' οὐ ταύτῃ τῇ γνώμῃ, ἀλλὰ διὰ πονηρίαν. Εἰ δὲ μὴ τὸν σκοπὸν ἐξετάζοις, καὶ τὸν διάβολον ἀπαλλάξεις τῶν ἐγκλημάτων. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἔστι ταῦτα, οὐκ ἔστι. Μυρίων γὰρ ἄξιοι κολάσεων καὶ οὗτος κἀκεῖνος, εἰ καὶ ἡ οἰκουμένη ἐσώθη. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡ προδοσία τοῦ Ἰούδα τὴν σωτηρίαν ἡμῖν εἰργάσατο, ἀλλ' ἡ τοῦ Χριστοῦ σοφία, καὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ εὐμηχανίας τὸ εὔπορον, ταῖς ἑτέρων πονηρίαις εἰς τὸ ἡμῖν συμφέρον ἀποχρωμένου. Τί οὖν; φησίν: εἰ καὶ Ἰούδας μὴ προὔδωκεν, ἕτερος οὐκ ἂν προὔδωκε; Καὶ τί τοῦτο πρὸς τὸ ζητούμενον; Ὅτι εἰ σταυρωθῆναι ἔδει τὸν Χριστὸν, φησὶ, διά τινος ἔδει: εἰ δὲ διά τινος ἔδει, δι' ἀνθρώπου πάντως τοιούτου. Εἰ δὲ πάντες ἦσαν ἀγαθοὶ, ἐνεποδίσθη ἂν ἡ οἰκονομία ἡ ὑπὲρ ἡμῶν. Μὴ γένοιτο! Αὐτὸς γὰρ ὁ πάνσοφος ᾔδει πῶς οἰκονομήσει τὰ ἡμέτερα, καὶ τούτου συμβάντος: εὔπορος γὰρ αὐτοῦ ἡ σοφία καὶ ἀκατάληπτος. Διὰ γὰρ τοῦτο ἵνα μή τις νομίσῃ, ὅτι οἰκονομίας ὑπηρέτης ἐγένετο, ταλανίζει τὸν ἄνθρωπον. Ἀλλ' ἐρεῖ τις πάλιν: Καὶ εἰ καλὸν ἦν τὸ μὴ γεννηθῆναι αὐτὸν, τίνος ἕνεκεν εἴασεν εἰς μέσον ἐλθεῖν, καὶ τοῦτον καὶ τοὺς πονηροὺς ἅπαντας; Δέον σε τοῖς πονηροῖς ἐγκαλεῖν, ὅτι κύριοι ὄντες μὴ γενέσθαι τοιοῦτοι, γεγόνασι πονηροὶ, σὺ δὲ τοῦτο ἀφεὶς, πολυπραγμονεῖς τὰ τοῦ Θεοῦ, καὶ περιεργάζῃ: καίτοι εἰδὼς, ὡς οὐκ ἀνάγκῃ τίς ἐστι πονηρός. Ἀλλὰ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς ἔδει γενέσθαι μόνους, φησὶ, καὶ γεέννης οὐκ ἦν χρεία, οὐδὲ κολάσεως καὶ τιμωρίας, οὐδὲ κακίας ἴχνος: τοὺς δὲ πονηροὺς ἢ μὴ γενέσθαι, ἢ γενομένους εὐθέως ἀπελθεῖν. Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν ἄξιον πρὸς σὲ εἰπεῖν τὸ ἀποστολικόν: Μενοῦνγε, ὦ ἄνθρωπε, σὺ τίς εἶ ὁ ἀνταποκρινόμενος τῷ Θεῷ; Μὴ ἐρεῖ τὸ πλάσμα τῷ πλάσαντι, Τί με ἐποίησας οὕτως; Εἰ δὲ καὶ λογισμοὺς ἀπαιτεῖς, ἐκεῖνο ἂν εἴποιμεν, ὅτι μειζόνως θαυμάζονται οἱ ἀγαθοὶ μεταξὺ πονηρῶν ὄντες: καὶ γὰρ ἡ ἀνεξικακία καὶ ἡ πολλὴ φιλοσοφία αὐτῶν τότε μάλιστα δείκνυται. Σὺ δὲ ὑπόθεσιν ἀναιρεῖς παλαισμάτων καὶ ἀγώνων, ταῦτα λέγων. Τί οὖν; ἵνα οὗτοι καλοὶ φανῶσι, κολάζονται ἕτεροι; φησί. Μὴ γένοιτο! ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἑαυτῶν πονηρίαν. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἐπειδὴ παρήχθησαν, γεγόνασι πονηροὶ, ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ἑαυτῶν ῥᾳθυμίαν: διὸ καὶ κολάζονται. Πῶς γὰρ οὐκ ἂν εἶεν κολάσεως ἄξιοι, τοσούτους διδασκάλους ἔχοντες ἀρετῆς, καὶ μηδὲν ἐντεῦθεν κερδαίνοντες; Ὥσπερ γὰρ οἱ καλοὶ καὶ ἀγαθοὶ διπλῆς ἄξιοι τιμῆς, ὅτι καὶ χρηστοὶ γεγόνασι, καὶ οὐδὲν παρὰ τῶν πονηρῶν ἐβλάβησαν: οὕτω καὶ οἱ φαῦλοι διπλῆς ἄξιοι κολάσεως, ὅτι τε πονηροὶ γεγόνασι, δυνάμενοι γενέσθαι καλοί (καὶ δηλοῦσιν οἱ γενόμενοι): καὶ ὅτι οὐδὲν ἀπὸ τῶν ἀγαθῶν ἐκέρδαναν. Ἀλλ' ἴδωμεν τί φησιν ὁ δείλαιος οὗτος διελεγχόμενος παρὰ τοῦ διδασκάλου. Τί οὖν φησι; Μήτι ἐγώ εἰμι, Ῥαββί; Καὶ διατί μὴ ἐξ ἀρχῆς τοῦτο ἠρώτησεν; Ἐνόμισε λανθάνειν τῷ εἰρῆσθαι, Εἷς ἐξ ὑμῶν: ὅτε δὲ αὐτὸν δῆλον ἐποίησεν, ἐτόλμησε πάλιν ἐρέσθαι, τῇ ἐπιεικείᾳ τοῦ Διδασκάλου θαῤῥῶν, ὡς οὐκ ἐλέγξοντος αὐτόν. Διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ Ῥαββὶ ἐκάλεσεν. γʹ. Ὢ τῆς πηρώσεως! ποῦ αὐτὸν ἐξήγαγε; Τοιοῦτον γὰρ ἡ φιλαργυρία: μωροὺς καὶ ἀνοήτους ἐργάζεται, ἰταμοὺς καὶ κύνας ἀντὶ ἀνθρώπων: μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ κυνῶν χαλεπωτέρους, καὶ δαίμονας ἀπὸ κυνῶν. Οὗτος γοῦν τὸν μὲν διάβολον προσίετο καὶ ἐπιβουλεύοντα, τὸν δὲ Ἰησοῦν καὶ εὐεργετοῦντα προὔδωκε, διάβολος ἤδη γενόμενος τῇ προαιρέσει. Τοιούτους γὰρ ποιεῖ ἡ ἀκόρεστος τῶν χρημάτων ἐπιθυμία, ἔκφρονας, παραπλῆγας, ὅλους τοῦ λήμματος, καθάπερ καὶ Ἰούδας ἐγένετο. Πῶς δὲ ὁ μὲν Ματθαῖός φησι καὶ οἱ ἄλλοι, ὅτι ὅτε συνετάξατο περὶ τῆς προδοσίας, τότε αὐτὸν ὁ διάβολος εἷλεν: ὁ δὲ Ἰωάννης, ὅτι Μετὰ τὸ ψωμίον εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτὸν ὁ Σατανᾶς; Καὶ αὐτὸς τοῦτο οἶδεν. Ἀνωτέρω γάρ φησι: Δείπνου γενομένου, καὶ τοῦ διαβόλου ἤδη βεβληκότος εἰς τὴν καρδίαν Ἰούδα, ἵνα αὐτὸν παραδῷ. Πῶς οὖν φησι, Μετὰ τὸ ψωμίον εἰσῆλθεν εἰς αὐτὸν ὁ Σατανᾶς; Ὅτι οὐκ ἀθρόον εἰσέρχεται, οὐδὲ ὑφ' ἓν, ἀλλὰ πολλὴν ποιεῖται τὴν ἀπόπειραν πρῶτον: ὃ δὴ καὶ ἐνταῦθα γέγονε. Διακωδωνίσας γὰρ αὐτὸν ἐν ἀρχῇ, καὶ προσβαλὼν ἠρέμα, ἐπειδὴ εἶδεν ἐπιτήδειον πρὸς ὑποδοχὴν, ὅλος λοιπὸν ἐνταῦθα ἔπνευσε, καὶ ὁλοσχερῶς αὐτοῦ περιγέγονε. Πῶς δὲ, εἰ τὸ πάσχα ἤσθιον, παρανόμως ἤσθιον; οὐ γὰρ ἀνακειμένους ἔδει φαγεῖν. Τί οὖν ἔστιν εἰπεῖν; Ὅτι μετὰ τὸ φαγεῖν, ἀνέκειντο λοιπὸν ἑστιώμενοι. Ἕτερος δὲ εὐαγγελιστής φησιν, ὅτι κατὰ τὴν ἑσπέραν ἐκείνην οὐκ ἤσθιε μόνον τὸ πάσχα, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἔλεγεν: Ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπεθύμησα τὸ πάσχα τοῦτο φαγεῖν μεθ' ὑμῶν: τουτέστι, κατὰ τὸν ἐνιαυτὸν τοῦτον. Τί δήποτε; Ὅτι τότε ἔμελλε τῆς οἰκουμένης ἡ σωτηρία γίνεσθαι, καὶ τὰ μυστήρια παραδίδοσθαι, καὶ τὰ λυπηρὰ λύεσθαι διὰ τοῦ θανάτου: οὕτω κατὰ γνώμην αὐτῷ ὁ σταυρὸς ἦν. Ἀλλ' οὐδὲν τὸν ἀνήμερον θῆρα ἐμάλαξεν, οὐδὲ ἔκαμψεν, οὐδὲ ἐνέτρεψεν. Ἐταλάνισεν αὐτὸν εἰπών: Οὐαὶ τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ ἐκείνῳ. Ἐφόβησεν αὐτὸν πάλιν εἰπών: Καλὸν ἦν αὐτῷ, εἰ οὐκ ἐγεννήθη. Ἐνέτρεψεν αὐτὸν εἰπών: Ὧ| ἐγὼ βάψας τὸ ψωμίον ἐπιδώσω. Καὶ οὐδὲν τούτων αὐτὸν κατέσχεν, ἀλλ' ὥσπερ ὑπὸ μανίας τινὸς ἑάλω τῆς φιλαργυρίας, μᾶλλον δὲ ὑπὸ χαλεπωτέρου νοσήματος. Καὶ γὰρ αὕτη χαλεπωτέρα ἡ μανία. Τί γὰρ ἂν τοιοῦτον εἰργάσατο ὁ μαινόμενος; Οὐ προΐετο ἀφρὸν ἐκ τοῦ στόματος οὗτος, ἀλλὰ προΐετο φόνον Δεσποτικόν: οὐκ ἐστραγγάλου τὰς χεῖρας, ἀλλὰ προέτεινεν εἰς ὠνὴν αἵματος τιμίου. Διὸ μείζων ἡ μανία, ὅτι ὑγιαίνων ἐμαίνετο. Ἀλλ' οὐ φθέγγεται ἄσημα; Καὶ τί τῆς φωνῆς ταύτης ἀσημότερον, Τί θέλετέ μοι δοῦναι, καὶ ἐγὼ ὑμῖν παραδώσω αὐτόν; Παραδώσω: ὁ διάβολος ἤχησε διὰ τοῦ στόματος ἐκείνου. Ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐπάταξε τὴν γῆν τοῖς ποσὶ σπαίρων; Καὶ πόσῳ βέλτιον ἐκείνως σπαίρειν, ἢ οὕτως ἑστάναι ὀρθόν; Ἀλλὰ λίθοις ἑαυτὸν οὐκ ἔκοπτε; Καὶ πόσῳ ἄμεινον ἦν, ἢ τοιαῦτα ἐργάσασθαι; Βούλεσθε εἰς μέσον ἀγάγωμεν τοὺς δαιμονῶντας καὶ τοὺς φιλαργύρους, καὶ ποιήσωμεν σύγκρισιν ἑκατέρων; Ἀλλὰ μηδεὶς οἰκείαν ἡγείσθω τὸ πρᾶγμα ὕβριν. Οὐ γὰρ τὴν φύσιν ὑβρίζομεν, ἀλλὰ τὸ πρᾶγμα κακίζομεν. Οὐδέποτε ἐνεδιδύσκετο ἱμάτια, λίθοις ἑαυτὸν κατακόπτων, ὁ δαιμονῶν, καὶ τὰς ἀβάτους ὁδοὺς καὶ τὰς τραχείας ἐπῄει τρέχων, καὶ κατὰ κράτος ἐλαυνόμενος ὑπὸ τοῦ δαίμονος. Οὐ δοκεῖ ταῦτα φρικτὰ εἶναι; Τί οὖν ἂν δείξω τοὺς φιλαργύρους τούτων χαλεπώτερα ἐργαζομένους τὴν ψυχὴν τὴν ἑαυτῶν, καὶ οὕτω χαλεπώτερα, ὡς ταῦτα παιδιὰν πρὸς ἐκεῖνα νομίζεσθαι; Ἆρα ἀποστήσεσθε τῆς νόσου; Φέρε οὖν, ἴδωμεν εἴ τι ἀνεκτότερον αὐτῶν διάκεινται. Οὐδέν: ἀλλὰ καὶ χαλεπώτερον: καὶ γὰρ μυρίων γυμνῶν εἰσιν αἰσχρότεροι. Πολλῷ γὰρ βέλτιον γυμνὸν εἶναι ἱματίων, ἢ τὰ ἀπὸ πλεονεξίας ἐνδεδυμένον περιιέναι κατὰ τοὺς βακχευομένους τῷ Διονύσῳ. Καθάπερ γὰρ ἐκεῖνοι προσωπεῖα καὶ ἱμάτια μαινομένων ἔχουσιν, οὕτω καὶ οὗτοι. Καὶ καθάπερ τὴν γύμνωσιν τῶν δαιμονώντων ποιεῖ μανία, οὕτω καὶ τὴν περιβολὴν ταύτην μανία ἐργάζεται: καὶ τῆς γυμνώσεως ἡ περιβολὴ ἐλεεινοτέρα. Καὶ τοῦτο ἐντεῦθεν δεῖξαι πειράσομαι. Τίνα γὰρ ἂν εἴποιμεν μᾶλλον μαίνεσθαι ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς μαινομένοις; εἴ τις ἑαυτὸν κατακόπτοι, ἢ εἴ τις μεθ' ἑαυτοῦ καὶ τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας ἅπαντας; Εὔδηλον ὅτι οὗτος. Οὐκοῦν ἐκεῖνοι μὲν ἑαυτοὺς ἐγύμνουν, οὗτοι δὲ ἅπαντας τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας. Ἀλλὰ διασχίζουσιν ἐκεῖνοι τὰ ἱμάτια. Καὶ πόσῳ ἂν κατεδέξατο τῶν ἠδικημένων ἕκαστος ἱμάτιον διαῤῥαγῆναι, ἢ πᾶσαν ἀποδυθῆναι τὴν οὐσίαν; Ἀλλὰ πληγὰς οὐκ ἐντείνουσιν εἰς τὸ πρόσωπον. Μάλιστα μὲν καὶ τοῦτο ποιοῦσιν οἱ πλεονέκται: εἰ δὲ μὴ πάντες, ἀλλ' εἰς τὴν γαστέρα διὰ τοῦ λιμοῦ καὶ τῆς πενίας χαλεπωτέρας ἅπαντες ἐνιᾶσι τὰς ὀδύνας. Ἀλλ' οὐ δάκνουσιν ὀδοῦσιν. Εἴθε ὀδοῦσι, καὶ μὴ βέλεσι πλεονεξίας χαλεπωτέροις ὀδόντων. Οἱ γὰρ ὀδόντες αὐτῶν ὅπλα καὶ βέλη. Τίς γὰρ μᾶλλον ἀλγήσει, ὁ δηχθεὶς ἅπαξ καὶ εὐθέως θεραπευθεὶς, ἢ ὁ διαπαντὸς τοῖς ὀδοῦσι τῆς πενίας κατεσθιόμενος; Πενία γὰρ ἀκούσιος, καὶ καμίνου καὶ θηρίου χαλεπώτερον. Ἀλλ' οὐ διώκουσι τὰς ἐρημίας, καθάπερ οἱ δαιμονῶντες. Εἴθε τὰς ἐρημίας, καὶ μὴ τὰς πόλεις κατέτρεχον, καὶ πάντες ἂν οἱ ἐν πόλεσιν ἀδείας ἀπήλαυσαν. Νυνὶ δὲ καὶ ταύτῃ πάντων ἐκείνων εἰσὶν ἀφορητότεροι, ὅτι ἐν ταῖς πόλεσι ταῦτα ποιοῦσιν, ἅπερ ἐν ἐρημίαις ἐκεῖνοι, τὰς πόλεις ἐρημίας ἐργαζόμενοι, καὶ καθάπερ ἐν ἐρημίᾳ οὐδενὸς ὄντος τοῦ κωλύοντος, οὕτω τὰ πάντων συλῶντες. Ἀλλ' οὐ βάλλουσι λίθοις τοὺς ἀπαντῶντας. Καὶ τί τοῦτο; Λίθους μὲν γὰρ ῥᾴδιον καὶ φυλάξασθαι: ἃ δὲ διὰ χάρτου καὶ μέλανος ἐργάζονται τοῖς ταλαιπώροις πένησι τραύματα, γραμματεῖα μυρίων πληγῶν γέμοντα συντιθέντες, τίς ἄν ποτε ῥᾳδίως φυλάξαιτο τῶν ἐμπεσόντων; δʹ. Ἴδωμεν δὲ καὶ ἑαυτοὺς ὅσα ἐργάζονται. Γυμνοὶ περιπατοῦσι κατὰ τὴν πόλιν: ἱμάτιον γὰρ αὐτοῖς οὐκ ἔστιν ἀρετῆς. Εἰ δὲ οὐ δοκεῖ τοῦτο αὐτοῖς αἰσχρὸν εἶναι, καὶ τοῦτο τῆς ὑπερβαλλούσης αὐτῶν μανίας, ὅτι οὐδὲ αἰσθάνονται τῆς ἀσχημοσύνης: ἀλλὰ σῶμα μὲν γυμνωθέντες αἰσχύνονται, τὴν δὲ ψυχὴν γυμνὴν περιφέροντες ἐγκαλλωπίζονται. Εἰ δὲ βούλεσθε, καὶ τὸ αἴτιον τῆς ἀναισθησίας ἐρῶ. Τί οὖν τὸ αἴτιον; Ἐν πολλοῖς οὕτω γυμνουμένοις γυμνοῦνται, διόπερ οὐδὲ αἰσχύνονται, καθάπερ οὐδὲ ἐν τοῖς βαλανείοις ἡμεῖς. Ὡς εἴγε πολλοὶ ἦσαν οἱ τὴν ἀρετὴν περιβεβλημένοι, τότε ἂν μειζόνως τὸ αἶσχος αὐτῶν ἐφάνη. Νῦν δὲ τοῦτο μάλιστά ἐστι τὸ πολλῶν δακρύων ἄξιον, ὅτι διὰ τὸ πολλοὺς εἶναι κακοὺς οὐδὲ ἐν αἰσχύνῃ τὰ κακά. Μετὰ γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων καὶ τοῦτο εἰργάσατο ὁ διάβολος, τὸ μηδὲ αἴσθησιν ἀφιέναι λαβεῖν τῶν κακῶν, ἀλλὰ τῷ πλήθει τῶν μετιόντων τὴν πονηρίαν συσκιάζειν αὐτῆς τὴν αἰσχύνην: ἐπεὶ εἰ συνέβη ἐν πλήθει πολλῶν εἶναι φιλοσοφούντων, μᾶλλον ἂν εἶδεν αὐτοῦ τὴν γύμνωσιν ὁ τοιοῦτος. Ὅτι μὲν οὖν τῶν δαιμονώντων εἰσὶ γυμνότεροι, δῆλον ἐκ τούτων: ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἐρήμους ἐπέρχονται, οὐδὲ τοῦτο ἄν τις ἀντείποι. Ἡ γὰρ πλατεῖα καὶ εὐρύχωρος ἐρήμου πάσης ἐρημοτέρα. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ πολλοὺς ἔχει τοὺς ὁδεύοντας, ἀλλ' ὅμως ἀνθρώπων οὐδένα, ἀλλ' ὄφεις, σκορπίους, λύκους, ἔχεις, ἀσπίδας. Τοιοῦτοι γὰρ οἱ τὴν πονηρίαν μετιόντες. Οὐκ ἐρήμη δὲ μόνον αὕτη, ἀλλὰ καὶ τραχυτέρα ἐκείνης. Καὶ τοῦτο δῆλον ἐντεῦθεν. Οὐ γὰρ οὕτω πλήττουσι λίθοι καὶ φάραγγες καὶ ἀκρώρειαι τοὺς ἀναβαίνοντας αὐτὰς, ὡς ἁρπαγὴ καὶ πλεονεξία τὰς μετιούσας αὐτὴν ψυχάς. Ὅτι δὲ καὶ παρὰ τὰ μνημεῖα ζῶσι, καθάπερ οἱ δαιμονῶντες, μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ αὐτοὶ μνήματά εἰσι, δῆλον ἐντεῦθεν. Τί γάρ ἐστι μνημεῖον; Λίθος, σῶμα νεκρὸν ἔχων ἐγκείμενον. Τί οὖν ἐκείνων διαφέρει τῶν λίθων τὰ τούτων σώματα; μᾶλλον δὲ καὶ ἐκείνων ἐλεεινότερα ταῦτα. Οὐ γὰρ λίθος ἐστὶ σῶμα νεκρὸν ἔχων, ἀλλὰ σῶμα λίθων ἀναισθητότερον, ψυχὴν περιφέρον νεκράν. Διὸ οὐκ ἄν τις ἁμάρτοι τάφους αὐτοὺς προσειπών. Καὶ γὰρ καὶ ὁ Κύριος ἡμῶν οὕτως ἐκάλεσε τοὺς Ἰουδαίους, διὰ τοῦτο μάλιστα: ἐπήγαγε γοῦν λέγων: Ἔσωθεν δὲ γέμουσιν ἁρπαγῆς καὶ πλεονεξίας. Βούλεσθε λοιπὸν δείξω, πῶς καὶ λίθοις τὰς ἑαυτῶν κατατέμνουσι κεφαλάς; Πόθεν οὖν πρῶτον, εἰπέ μοι, τοῦτο βούλει μαθεῖν; ἀπὸ τῶν ἐντεῦθεν, ἢ ἀπὸ τῶν μελλόντων; Ἀλλὰ τῶν μελλόντων αὐτοῖς οὐ πολὺς ὁ λόγος: οὐκοῦν τὰ ἐνταῦθα ῥητέον. Πόσων γὰρ λίθων οὐ χαλεπώτεραι αἱ φροντίδες, οὐ κεφαλὰς τιτρώσκουσαι, ἀλλὰ ψυχὴν δαπανῶσαι; Δεδοίκασι γὰρ, μήποτε δικαίως ἐκ τῆς αὐτῶν οἰκίας ἐξέλθῃ τὰ ἀδίκως ἐπεισελθόντα: τρέμουσιν ὑπὲρ τῶν ἐσχάτων, ὀργίζονται, παροξύνονται, πρὸς οἰκείους, πρὸς ἀλλοτρίους: καὶ νῦν μὲν ἀθυμία, νῦν δὲ φόβος, νῦν δὲ θυμὸς αὐτοὺς διαδέχεται, καὶ καθάπερ κρημνοὺς ἀπὸ κρημνῶν διαβαίνοντες, καὶ τὰ μηδέπω κτηθέντα καθ' ἑκάστην καραδοκοῦσι τὴν ἡμέραν. Διόπερ οὐδὲ ἥδονται ὑπὲρ ὧν ἔχουσι, τῷ τε μὴ θαῤῥεῖν ὑπὲρ τῆς ἀσφαλείας αὐτῶν, τῷ τε ὅλῃ τῇ διανοίᾳ πρὸς τὰ μηδέπω ληφθέντα κεχηνέναι. Καὶ καθάπερ ὁ διηνεκῶς διψῶν, κἂν μυρίας ἐκπίῃ πηγὰς, οὐκ αἰσθάνεται τῆς ἡδονῆς, διὰ τὸ μὴ λαμβάνειν κόρον: οὕτω καὶ οὗτοι, οὐ μόνον οὐχ ἥδονται, ἀλλὰ καὶ βασανίζονται, ὅσῳ ἂν περιβάλλωνται, τῷ μηδὲν εἰδέναι πέρας τῆς τοιαύτης ἐπιθυμίας. Καὶ τὰ μὲν ἐνταῦθα τοιαῦτα: εἴπωμεν δὲ καὶ περὶ τῆς μελλούσης ἡμέρας. Εἰ γὰρ καὶ αὐτοὶ μὴ προσέχουσιν, ἀλλ' ἡμῖν ἀναγκαῖον εἰπεῖν. Κατὰ τὴν μέλλουσαν οὖν ἡμέραν πανταχοῦ κολαζομένους ἴδοι τις ἂν τοὺς τοιούτους. Καὶ γὰρ ὅταν λέγῃ, Ἐπείνων, καὶ οὐκ ἐδώκατέ μοι φαγεῖν: ἐδίψων, καὶ οὐκ ἐποτίσατέ με, τούτους κολάζει: καὶ ὅταν λέγῃ, Πορεύεσθε εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ αἰώνιον τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον τῷ διαβόλῳ, τοὺς κακῶς πλουτοῦντας ἐκεῖ παραπέμπει. Καὶ ὁ δοῦλος ὁ πονηρὸς, ὁ μὴ διδοὺς τοῖς συνδούλοις τὰ ὑπάρχοντα τὰ δεσποτικὰ, τῆς τούτων μερίδος ἐστί: καὶ ὁ τὸ τάλαντον κατορύξας, καὶ αἱ πέντε παρθένοι. Καὶ ὅπου δ' ἂν ἀπέλθῃς, τοὺς φιλαργύρους κολαζομένους ὄψει. Καὶ νῦν μὲν ἀκούσονται, Χάος ἐστὶ μεταξὺ ἡμῶν καὶ ὑμῶν: νῦν δὲ, Πορεύεσθε ἀπ' ἐμοῦ εἰς τὸ πῦρ τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον: καὶ νῦν μὲν διχοτομηθέντες ἀπελεύσονται ἔνθα ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων: καὶ πάντοθεν αὐτοὺς ἐλαυνομένους ἴδοι τις ἂν, καὶ οὐδαμοῦ χώραν ἔχοντας, ἀλλ' εἰς τὴν γέενναν μόνην συναγομένους. εʹ. Τί τοίνυν τῆς ὀρθῆς ἡμῖν πίστεως ὄφελος εἰς σωτηρίαν, ὅταν ταῦτα ἀκούσωμεν; Ἐκεῖ ὁ βρυγμὸς τῶν ὀδόντων, καὶ σκότος ἐξώτερον, καὶ πῦρ τὸ ἡτοιμασμένον τῷ διαβόλῳ, καὶ τὸ διχοτομεῖσθαι, καὶ τὸ ἐλαύνεσθαι: ἐνταῦθα ἀπέχθειαι, κακηγορίαι, διαβολαὶ, κίνδυνοι, φροντίδες, ἐπιβουλαὶ, τὸ παρὰ πάντων μισεῖσθαι, τὸ παρὰ πάντων βδελύττεσθαι, καὶ παρ' αὐτῶν τῶν δοκούντων κολακεύειν. Ὥσπερ γὰρ τοὺς ἀγαθοὺς οὐχ οἱ ἀγαθοὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ πονηροὶ θαυμάζουσιν, οὕτω τοὺς κακοὺς οὐχ οἱ χρηστοὶ μόνον, ἀλλὰ καὶ οἱ φαῦλοι μισοῦσι. Καὶ ὅτι τοῦτό ἐστιν ἀληθὲς, τοὺς φιλαργύρους ἡδέως ἂν ἐροίμην, εἰ μὴ πρὸς ἀλλήλους ἀηδῶς ἔχουσι, καὶ τῶν τὰ μέγιστα ἠδικηκότων πολεμιωτέρους εἶναι νομίζουσιν, εἰ μὴ καὶ ἑαυτῶν κατηγοροῦσιν, εἰ μὴ ὕβριν τὸ πρᾶγμά φασιν, ὅταν τις αὐτοῖς τοῦτο προσενέγκῃ τὸ ὄνειδος. Καὶ γὰρ ὄνειδος ἔσχατον τοῦτο, καὶ πολλῆς κακίας ἀπόδειξις. Εἰ γὰρ χρημάτων ὑπεριδεῖν οὐκ ἀνέχῃ, τίνος περιέσῃ ποτέ; ἐπιθυμίας, καὶ δοξομανίας, καὶ θυμοῦ, καὶ ὀργῆς; Καὶ πῶς ἄν τις πεισθείη; Ἐπιθυμίας μὲν γὰρ ἕνεκεν τῆς τῶν σωμάτων, καὶ ὀργῆς καὶ θυμοῦ, πολλοὶ καὶ τῇ τῆς σαρκὸς κατασκευῇ λογίζονται, καὶ τὰς ὑπερβολὰς ἀνατιθέασιν ἰατρῶν παῖδες: καὶ τὸν μὲν θερμότερον καὶ ὑγρότερον λαγνότερον εἶναί φασι, τὸν δὲ πρὸς ξηροτέραν ἐκπεσόντα δυσκρασίαν, ὁρμητίαν καὶ ἀκρόχολον καὶ θυμώδη. Φιλαργυρίας δὲ ἕνεκεν οὐδεὶς οὐδέποτε αὐτῶν ἤκουσεν οὐδὲν εἰρηκότων τοιοῦτον. Οὕτω ῥᾳθυμίας μόνης ἐστὶ καὶ ψυχῆς ἀναλγήτου τὸ νόσημα. Διὸ παρακαλῶ, σπουδάζωμεν πάντα τὰ τοιαῦτα διορθοῦν, καὶ τὰ καθ' ἑκάστην ἡμῖν ἡλικίαν ἐπιγινόμενα πάθη πρὸς τὸ ἐναντίον μετατιθέναι. Ἂν δὲ καθ' ἕκαστον μέρος τῆς ζωῆς ἡμῶν παραπλέωμεν τοὺς τῆς ἀρετῆς πόνους, πανταχοῦ ναυάγια ὑπομένοντες, ἐπὶ τὸν λιμένα ἐλθόντες ἔρημοι φορτίων πνευματικῶν, τὰ ἔσχατα ὑπομενοῦμεν. Πέλαγος γάρ ἐστι τεταμένον ὁ παρὼν βίος. Καὶ ὥσπερ ἐν τῇ θαλάττῃ ταύτῃ διάφοροι κόλποι, διαφόρους ἔχοντες χειμῶνας: καὶ ὁ μὲν Αἰγαῖος διὰ τὰ πνεύματά ἐστι χαλεπός: ὁ δὲ πορθμὸς ὁ Τυῤῥηνικὸς, διὰ τὴν στενοχωρίαν: ἡ δὲ Χάρυβδις ἡ πρὸς τῇ Λιβύῃ, διὰ τὰ τέλματα: ἡ Προποντὶς ἡ ἔξω τοῦ Εὐξείνου πόντου, διὰ τὸ ῥαγδαῖον καὶ ῥόθιον: τὰ ἔξω Γαδείρων, διὰ τὴν ἐρημίαν καὶ τὸ ἀτριβὲς καὶ τὸ ἀνιστόρητον τῶν τόπων: καὶ ἄλλο μέρος δι' ἕτερον: οὕτω καὶ ἐπὶ τῆς ζωῆς τῆς ἡμετέρας. Καὶ πρῶτον πέλαγος ἔστιν ἰδεῖν τὸ τῆς παιδικῆς ἡλικίας, πολὺν ἔχον τὸν σάλον διὰ τὸ ἀνόητον, διὰ τὴν εὐκολίαν, διὰ τὸ μὴ πεπηγέναι. Διὰ τοῦτο καὶ παιδαγωγοὺς καὶ διδασκάλους ἐφιστῶμεν, τὸ λεῖπον τῇ φύσει διὰ τῆς ἐπιμελείας εἰσφέροντες, ὥσπερ ἐκεῖ διὰ τῆς τέχνης τῆς κυβερνητικῆς. Μετὰ ταύτην τὴν ἡλικίαν ἡ τοῦ μειρακίου διαδέχεται θάλαττα, ἔνθα σφοδρὰ τὰ πνεύματα, καθάπερ ἐν τῷ Αἰγαίῳ, τῆς ἐπιθυμίας ἡμῖν αὐξανομένης. Καὶ αὕτη μάλιστα ἡ ἡλικία διορθώσεως ἔρημος: οὐ διὰ τὸ ἐνοχλεῖσθαι μόνον σφοδρότερον, ἀλλὰ καὶ διὰ τὸ τὰ ἁμαρτήματα μὴ ἐλέγχεσθαι: καὶ γὰρ καὶ διδάσκαλος καὶ παιδαγωγὸς λοιπὸν ὑπεξίστανται. Ὅταν οὖν τὰ μὲν πνεύματα σφοδρότερον διαπνέῃ, ὁ δὲ κυβερνήτης ἀσθενέστερος ᾖ, καὶ ὁ ἀμύνων μηδεὶς ᾖ, ἐννόησον τοῦ χειμῶνος τὸ μέγεθος. Μετὰ τοῦτο πάλιν ἕτερον μέρος τῆς ἡλικίας, τὸ τῶν ἀνδρῶν ἔπεισιν, ἐν ᾧ τὰ τῆς οἰκονομίας ἐπίκειται: ὅτε γυνὴ, καὶ γάμος, καὶ παιδοποιία, καὶ οἰκίας προστασία, καὶ πολλαὶ τῶν φροντίδων νιφάδες. Τότε μάλιστα καὶ φιλαργυρία ἀνθεῖ καὶ βασκανία. Ὅταν οὖν ἕκαστον μέρος ἡλικίας παρερχώμεθα μετὰ ναυαγίων, πῶς ἀρκέσομεν τῇ παρούσῃ ζωῇ; πῶς τὴν μέλλουσαν διαφευξόμεθα κόλασιν; Ὅταν γὰρ ἐν μὲν τῇ πρώτῃ ἡλικίᾳ μηδὲν μανθάνωμεν ὑγιὲς, ἐν δὲ τῇ νεότητι μὴ σωφρονήσωμεν, καὶ ἄνδρες γενόμενοι φιλαργυρίας μὴ περιγενώμεθα, ὥσπερ εἴς τινα ἀντλίαν τὸ γῆρας ἐλθόντες, καὶ πάσαις ταῖς πληγαῖς ταύταις τὸ σκάφος τῆς ψυχῆς ἀσθενέστερον κατασκευάσαντες, τῶν σανίδων διαλελυμένων, ἀπαντησόμεθα εἰς ἐκεῖνον τὸν λιμένα, πολὺν ἐπιφερόμενοι φορυτὸν ἀντὶ πνευματικῆς ἐμπορίας, καὶ τῷ μὲν διαβόλῳ παρέξομεν γέλωτα, θρῆνον δὲ ἡμῖν αὐτοῖς, καὶ τὰς ἀφορήτους ἐπισπασόμεθα τιμωρίας. Ἵν' οὖν μὴ ταῦτα γένηται, πάντοθεν ἑαυτοὺς συσφίγξαντες, καὶ πρὸς πάντα τὰ πάθη στάντες, ἐκβάλωμεν τοῦ πλούτου τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν: ἵνα καὶ τῶν μελλόντων ἐπιτύχωμεν ἀγαθῶν, χάριτι καὶ φιλανθρωπίᾳ τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ, ᾧ ἡ δόξα εἰς τοὺς αἰῶνας τῶν αἰώνων. Ἀμήν.