Chapter IX.

Cheating and dishonest ways of making money are utterly unfit for clerics whose duty is to serve all. They ought never to be involved in a money affair, unless it is one affecting a man’s life. For them the example of David is given, that they should injure none, even when provoked; also the death of Naboth, to keep them from preferring life to virtue.

57. Nothing is more odious than for a man to have no love for a virtuous life, but instead to be kept excited by an unworthy business in following out a low line of trade, or to be inflamed by an avaricious heart, and by day and by night to be eager to damage another’s property, not to raise the soul to the splendour of a virtuous life, and not to regard the beauty of true praise.

58. Hence rise inheritances sought by cunning words and gained under pretence of being self-restrained and serious. But this is absolutely abhorrent to the idea of a Christian man. For everything gained by craft and got together by cheating loses the merit of openness. Even amongst those who have undertaken no duty in the ranks of the clergy it is considered unfitting to seek for the inheritance of another. Let those who are reaching the end of their life use their own judgment, so that they may freely make their wills as they think best, since they will not be able to amend them later. For it is not honourable to divert the savings that belong to others or have been got together for them. It is further the duty of the priest or the cleric to be of use if possible to all and to be harmful to none.628    Cic. de Off. III. 19, § 75.

59. If it is not possible to help one without injuring another, it is better to help neither than to press hard upon one. Therefore it is not a priest’s duty to interfere in money affairs. For here it must often happen that he who loses his case receives harm; and then he considers that he has been worsted through the action of the intervener. It is a priest’s duty to hurt no one, to be ready to help all. To be able to do this is in God’s power alone. In a case of life and death, without doubt it is a grave sin to injure him whom one ought to help when in danger. But it is foolish to gain others’ hate in taking up money matters, though for the sake of a man’s safety great trouble and toil may often be undertaken. It is glorious in such a case to run risks. Let, then, this be firmly held to in the priestly duties, namely, to injure none, not even when provoked and embittered by some injury.629    Cic. de Off. III. 15, § 64. Good was the man who said: “If I have rewarded evil to those who did me good.”630    Ps. vii. 4. For what glory is it if we do not injure him who has not injured us? But it is true virtue to forgive when injured.

60. What a virtuous action was that, when David wished rather to spare the king his enemy, though he could have injured him!631    1 Sam. [1 Kings] xxiv. 10. How useful, too, it was, for it helped him when he succeeded to the throne. For all learnt to observe faith to their king and not to seize the kingdom, but to fear and reverence him. Thus what is virtuous was preferred to what was useful, and then usefulness followed on what was virtuous.

61. But that he spared him was a small matter; he also grieved for him when slain in war, and mourned for him with tears, saying: “Ye mountains of Gilboa, let neither dew nor rain fall upon you; ye mountains of death, for there the shield of the mighty is cast away, the shield of Saul. It is not anointed with oil, but with the blood of the wounded and the fat of the warriors. The bow of Jonathan turned not back and the sword of Saul returned not empty. Saul and Jonathan were lovely and very dear, inseparable in life, and in death they were not divided. They were swifter than eagles, they were stronger than lions. Ye daughters of Israel, weep over Saul, who clothed you in scarlet with your ornaments, who put on gold upon your apparel. How are the mighty fallen in the midst of the battle! Jonathan was wounded even to death. I am distressed for thee, my brother Jonathan; very pleasant hast thou been unto me. Thy love came to me like the love of women. How have the mighty fallen and the longed-for weapons perished!632    2 Sam. [2 Kings] i. 21–27.

62. What mother could weep thus for her only son as he wept here for his enemy? Who could follow his benefactor with such praise as that with which he followed the man who plotted against his life? How affectionately he grieved, with what deep feeling he bewailed him! The mountains dried up at the prophet’s curse, and a divine power filled the judgment of him who spoke it. Therefore the elements themselves paid the penalty for witnessing the king’s death.

63. And what, in the case of holy Naboth, was the cause of his death, except his regard for a virtuous life? For when the king demanded the vineyard from him, promising to give him money, he refused the price for his father’s heritage as unseemly, and preferred to shun such shame by dying. “The Lord forbid it me, that I should give the inheritance of my fathers unto thee;”633    1 [3] Kings xxi. 3. that is, that such reproach may not fall on me, that God may not allow such wickedness to be attained by force. He is not speaking about the vines—nor has God care for vines or plots of ground—but he says it of his fathers’ rights. He could have received another or the king’s vineyards and been his friend, wherein men think there is no small usefulness so far as this world is concerned. But because it was base he thought it could not be useful, and so he preferred to endure danger with honour intact, rather than gain what was useful to his own disgrace. I am here again speaking of what is commonly understood as useful, not that in which there is the grace of virtuous life.

64. The king could himself have taken it by force, but that he thought too shameless; then when Naboth was dead he grieved.634    This hardly agrees with 1 [3] Kings xxi. 16. The Lord also declared that the woman’s cruelty should be punished by a fitting penalty, because she was unmindful of virtue and preferred a shameful gain.635    1 [3] Kings xxi. 23.

65. Every kind of unfair action is shameful. Even in common things, false weights and unjust measures are accursed. And if fraud in the market or in business is punished, can it seem free from reproach if found in the midst of the performance of the duties of virtue? Solomon says: “A great and a little weight and divers measures are an abomination before the Lord.”636    Prov. xx. 10. Before that it also says: “A false balance is abomination to the Lord, but a just weight is acceptable to Him.”637    Prov. xi. 1.

122 CAPUT IX.

Fraudes et turpia lucra maxime dedecere clericos, quorum est utilitati omnium inservire: illos in causis pecuniariis intervenire nequaquam debere, secus vero in capitalibus. Eisdem ne cui, etiam lacessiti, noceant, 0161D exemplum David; neu autem vitam honestati praeferant, caedes Nabuthe proponitur.

57. Nihil itaque deformius quam nullum habere 0162A amorem honestatis, et usu quodam degeneris mercaturae, quaestu sollicitari ignobili, avaro aestuare corde, diebus ac noctibus hiare in alieni detrimenta patrimonii, non elevare animum ad honestatis nitorem, non considerare verae laudis pulchritudinem.

58. Hinc nascuntur aucupio quaesitae haereditates, continentiae atque gravitatis simulatione captatae: quod abhorret a proposito christiani viri; omne enim quod arte elicitum, et fraude compositum est, caret merito simplicitatis. In ipsis qui nullum Ecclesiastici ordinis officium receperint, incongrua judicatur affectatae ambitio haereditatis. In supremo fine vitae positos suum habere judicium, ut libere testentur quod sentiunt, qui postea non sunt emendaturi: cum honestum non sit competentia compendia aliis 0162B vel debita, vel parata avertere; cum vel sacerdotis vel ministri sit prodesse, si fieri potest, omnibus, obesse nemini.

59. Denique (14, quaest. 5, cap. Denique) si non potest alteri subveniri, nisi alter laedatur, commodius est neutrum juvari, quam gravari alterum. Ideoque in causis pecuniariis intervenire non est sacerdotis: in quibus non potest fieri, quin frequenter laedatur alter qui vincitur, quoniam intercessoris beneficio se victum arbitratur. Sacerdotis est igitur nulli nocere, prodesse velle omnibus: posse autem solius est Dei. Nam in causa capitis nocere ei quem juvare debeas periclitantem, non sine peccato est gravi: in causa autem pecuniae odia quaerere, insipientiae est; cum pro salute hominis graves frequenter 0162C fiant molestiae: in quo etiam periclitari gloriosum sit. Proposita igitur forma in sacerdotis officio teneatur; ut nulli noceat, ne lacessitus quidem, et aliqua injuria offensus. Bonus enim est vir qui dixit: Si reddidi retribuentibus mihi mala (Psal. VII, 5). Quae enim est gloria, si eum non laedimus, qui nos non laeserit? Sed illa virtus est, si laesus remittas.

60. Quam honestum, quod cum potuisset regi inimico nocere, maluit parcere (I Reg. XXIV, 5 et seq.)! Quam etiam utile, quia successori hoc profuit, ut discerent omnes fidem regi proprio servare, nec usurpare imperium, sed vereri! Itaque et honestas utilitati praelata est, et utilitas secuta honestatem est.

123 61. Parum est quod pepercit, addidit quod etiam in bello doluit occisum, et flebiliter deploravit 0162D dicens: Montes qui estis in Gelbeal, neque ros, neque pluvia cadat super vos. Montes mortis, quoniam ibi sublata est protectio potentium, protectio Saul. Non 0163A est unctus in oleo et sanguine vulneratorum, et ex adipe belligerantium. Sagitta Jonathae non est reversa retro, et gladius Saul non est reversus vacuus. Saul et Jonathas speciosi et charissimi, inseparabiles in vita sua, et in morte non sunt separati. Super aquilas leviores, super leones potentiores. Filiae Israel, plorate super Saul, qui vestiebat vos vestimenta coccinea cum ornamento vestro, qui imponebat aurum super vestimenta vestra. Quomodo ceciderunt potentes in media pugna? Jonathas in morte vulneratus est. Doleo in te, frater meus, Jonatha, speciosus mihi valde. Ceciderat amor tuus in me, sicut amor mulierum. Quomodo ceciderunt potentes, et perierunt arma concupiscenda (II Reg. I, 21 et seq.)?

62. Quae mater sic unicum defleret filium quemadmodum 0163B hic deflevit inimicum? Quis gratiae auctorem tantis prosequeretur laudibus, quantis iste prosecutus est insidiatorem capitis sui? Quam pie doluit, quanto ingemuit affectu! Aruerunt montes prophetico maledicto, et divina vis sententiam maledicentis implevit. Itaque pro regiae necis spectaculo poenam elementa solverunt.

63. Quid vero sancto Nabuthe, quae fuit causa mortis, nisi honestatis contemplatio? Nam cum ab eo vineam rex posceret, pecuniam daturum se pollicens; indecorum pretium pro paterna recusavit haereditate, maluitque morte declinare hujusmodi turpitudinem. Non mihi, inquit, faciat Dominus, ut dem tibi haereditatem patrum meorum (III Reg. XXI, 3); hoc est, tantum mihi opprobrium non fiat, non 0163C permittat Deus tantum extorqueri flagitium. Non utique de vitibus dicit, neque enim de vitibus cura est Deo, neque de terreno spatio, sed de jure loquitur patrum. Potuit utique alteram vineam de vineis regis accipere, et amicus esse; in quo non mediocris saeculi hujus utilitas aestimari solet: sed quod turpe erat, judicavit non videri utile: maluitque periculum cum honestate subire, quam utilitatem cum opprobrio: vulgarem utilitatem loquor, non illam in qua etiam honestatis gratia est.

64. Denique et ipse rex potuit extorquere, sed impudens arbitrabatur, sed occisum doluit. Dominus quoque mulieris immanitatem, quae honestatis immemor turpe antetulit lucrum, congruo supplicio plectendam annuntiavit.

0163D 65. Turpis est itaque omnis fraus. Denique etiam in rebus vilibus exsecrabilis est staterae fallacia, 0164A et fraudulenta mensura. Si in foro rerum venalium, in usu commerciorum fraus plectitur, potestne irreprehensibilis videri inter officia 124 virtutum? Clamabat Salomon: Pondus magnum et exiguum, et mensurae duplices immundae sunt coram Domino (Prov. XX, 10). Supra quoque ait: Statera adultera, abominatio est Domino, pondus autem aequum acceptabile est illi (Prov. XI, 1).