Augustine of Hippo, A Treatise On Grace And Free Will

To my very dear lord and most honoured brother among the members of Christ, Valentinus, and to the brethren that are with you, Augustin sends greeting in the Lord.

1. That Cresconius and Felix, and another Felix, the servants of God, who came to us from your brotherhood, have spent Easter with us is known to your Love.23 The phrase of Christian salutation, vestra caritas which may be rendered “your loving or beloved selves;” it is a parallel phrase with the more familiar one to modern ears, “Your Honour.” We have detained them somewhile longer in order that they might return to you better instructed against the new Pelagian heretics, into whose error every one falls who supposes that it is according to any human merits that the grace of God is given to us, which alone delivers a man through Jesus Christ our Lord. But he, too, is no less in error who thinks that, when the Lord shall come to judgment, a man is not judged according to his works who has been able to use throughout his life free choice of will. For only infants, who have not yet done any works of their own, either good or bad, will be condemned on account of original sin alone, when they have not been delivered by the Saviour’s grace in the laver of regeneration. As for all others who, in the use of their free will, have added to original sin, sins of their own commission, but who have not been delivered by God’s grace from the power of darkness and removed into the kingdom of Christ, they will receive judgment according to the deserts not of their original sin only, but also of the acts of their own will. The good, indeed, shall receive their reward according to the merits of their own good-will, but then they received this very good-will through the grace of God; and thus is accomplished that sentence of Scripture, “Indignation and wrath, tribulation and anguish, upon every soul of man that doeth evil, of the Jew first, and also of the Gentile: but glory, honour, and peace to every man that worketh good; to the Jew first, and also to the Gentile.”24 Rom. ii. 8, 9.

2. Touching the very difficult question of will and grace, I have felt no need of treating it further in this letter, having given them another letter also when they were about to return in greater haste. I have written a book likewise for you,25 The following treatise is here referred to,—On Grace and Free Will. and if you, by the Lord’s help, read it, and have a lively understanding of it, I think that no further dissension on this subject will arise among you. They take with them other documents besides, which, as we supposed, ought to be sent to you, in order that from these you may ascertain what means the catholic Church has adopted for repelling, in God’s mercy, the poison of the Pelagian heresy. For the letters to Pope Innocent, Bishop of Rome, from the Council of the province of Carthage, and from the Council of Numidia, and one written with exceeding care by five bishops, and what he wrote back to these three; our letter also to Pope Zosimus about the African Council, and his answer addressed to all bishops throughout the world; and a brief constitution, which we drew up against the error itself at a later plenary Council of all Africa; and the above-mentioned book of mine, which I have just written for you,—all these we have both read over with them, while they were with us, and have now despatched by their hands to you.26 See Epp. 175–177, and 181–183.

3. Furthermore, we have read to them the work of the most blessed martyr Cyprian on the Lord’s Prayer, and have pointed out to them how He taught that all things pertaining to our morals, which constitute right living, must be sought from our Father which is in heaven, lest, by presuming on free will, we fall from divine grace. From the same treatise we have also shown them how the same glorious martyr has taught us that it behoves us to pray even for our enemies who have not yet believed in Christ, that they may believe; which would of course be all in vain unless the Church believed that even the evil and unbelieving wills of men might, by the grace of God, be converted to good. This book of St. Cyprian, however, we have not sent you, because they told us that you possessed it among yourselves already. My letter, also, which had been sent to Sixtus, presbyter of the Church at Rome27 Ep. 194. and which they brought with them to us, we read over with them, and pointed out how that it had been written in opposition to those who say that God’s grace is bestowed according to our merits,—that is to say, in opposition to the same Pelagians.

4. As far, then, as lay in our power, we have used our influence with them, as both your brethren and our own, with a view to their persevering in the soundness of the catholic faith, which neither denies free will whether for an evil or a good life, nor attributes to it so much power that it can avail anything without God’s grace, whether that it may be changed from evil to good, or that it may persevere in the pursuit of good, or that it may attain to eternal good when there is no further fear of failure. To yourselves, too, my most dearly beloved, I also, in this letter, give the same exhortation which the apostle addresses to us all, “not to think of yourselves more highly than you ought to think; but to think soberly, according as God hath dealt to every man the measure of faith.”28 Rom. xii. 3.

5. Mark well the counsel which the Holy Ghost gives us by Solomon: “Make straight paths for thy feet, and order thy ways aright. Turn not aside to the right hand nor to the left, but turn away thy foot from the evil way; for the Lord knoweth the ways on the right hand, but those on the left are perverse. He will make thy ways straight, and will direct thy steps in peace.”29 Prov. iv. 26, 27. Now consider, my brethren, that in these words of Holy Scripture, if there were no free will, it would not be said, “Make straight paths for thy feet, and order thy ways; turn not aside to the right hand, nor to the left.” Nor yet, were this possible for us to achieve without the grace of God, would it be afterwards added, “He will make thy ways straight, and will direct thy steps in peace.”

6. Decline, therefore, neither to the right hand nor to the left, although the paths on the right hand are praised, and those on the left hand are blamed. This is why he added, “Turn away thy foot from the evil way,”—that is, from the left-hand path. This he makes manifest in the following words, saying, “For the Lord knoweth the ways on the right hand; but those on the left are perverse.” In those ways we ought surely to walk which the Lord knows; and it is of these that we read in the Psalm, “The Lord knoweth the way of the righteous, but the way of the ungodly shall perish;”30 Ps. i. 6. for this way, which is on the left hand, the Lord does not know. As He will also say at last to such as are placed on His left hand at the day of judgment: “I know you not.”31 Matt. vii. 23. Now what is that which He knows not, who knows all things, both good and evil, in man? But what is the meaning of the words, “I know you not,” unless it be that you are now such as I never made you? Precisely as that passage runs, which is spoken of the Lord Jesus Christ, that “He knew no sin.”32 2 Cor. v. 21. How knew it not, except that He had never made it? And, therefore, how is to be understood the passage, “The ways which are on the right hand the Lord knoweth,” except in the sense that He made those ways Himself,—even “the paths of the righteous,” which no doubt are “those good works that God,” as the apostle tells us, “hath before ordained that we should walk in them”?33 Eph. ii. 10. Whereas the left-hand ways—those perverse paths of the unrighteous—He truly knows nothing of, because He never made them for man, but man made them for himself. Wherefore He says, “The perverse ways of the wicked I utterly abhor; they are on the left hand.”

7. But the reply is made: Why did He say, “Turn not aside to the right hand, nor to the left,” when he clearly ought rather to have said, Keep to the right hand, and turn not off to the left, if the right-hand paths are good? Why, do we think, except this, that the paths on the right hand are so good that it is not good to turn off from them, even to the right? For that man, indeed, is to be understood as declining to the right who chooses to attribute to himself, and not to God, even those good works which appertain to right-hand ways. Hence it was that after saying, “For the Lord knoweth the ways on the right hand, but those on the left hand are perverse,” as if the objection were raised to Him, Wherefore, then, do you not wish us to turn aside to the right? He immediately added as follows: “He will Himself make thy paths straight, and will direct thy ways in peace.” Understand, therefore, the precept, “Make straight paths for thy feet, and order thy ways aright,” in such a sense as to know that whenever you do all this, it is the Lord God who enables you to do it. Then you will not turn off to the right, although you are walking in right-hand paths, not trusting in your own strength; and He will Himself be your strength, who will make straight paths for your feet, and will direct your ways in peace.

8. Wherefore, most dearly beloved, whosoever says, My will suffices for me to perform good works, declines to the right. But, on the other hand, they who think that a good way of life should be forsaken, when they hear God’s grace so preached as to lead to the supposition and belief that it of itself makes men’s wills from evil to good, and it even of itself keeps them what it has made them; and who, as the result of this opinion, go on to say, “Let us do evil that good may come,”34 Rom. iii. 8.—these persons decline to the left. This is the reason why he said to you, “Turn not aside to the right hand, nor to the left;” in other words, do not uphold free will in such wise as to attribute good works to it without the grace of God, nor so defend and maintain grace as if, by reason of it, you may love evil works in security and safety,—which may God’s grace itself avert from you! Now it was the words of such as these which the apostle had in view when he said, “What shall we say, then? Shall we continue in sin that grace may abound?”35 Rom. vi. 1, 2. And to this cavil of erring men, who know nothing about the grace of God, he returned such an answer as he ought in these words: “God forbid. How shall we, that are dead to sin, live any longer therein?” Nothing could have been said more succinctly, and yet to the point. For what more useful gift does the grace of God confer upon us, in this present evil world, than our dying unto sin? Hence he shows himself ungrateful to grace itself who chooses to live in sin by reason of that whereby we die unto sin. May God, however, who is rich in mercy, grant you both to think soundly and wisely, and to continue perseveringly and progressively to the end in every good determination and purpose. For yourselves, for us, for all who love you, and for those who hate you, pray that this gift may be attained,—pray earnestly and vigilantly in brotherly peace. Live unto God. If I deserve any favour at your hands, let brother Florus come to me.

EPISTOLA POSTERIOR, INTER AUGUSTINIANAS CCXV.

Domino dilectissimo, et in Christi membris honorando fratri VALENTINO, et fratribus qui tecum sunt, AUGUSTINUS, in Domino salutem.

1. Cresconium, Felicem, et alium Felicem, Dei servos, qui ex vestra congregatione ad nos venerunt, nobiscum egisse Pascha noverit Charitas vestra. Quos ideo tenuimus aliquanto diutius, ut instructiores ad vos redirent adversus novos haereticos Pelagianos, in quorum errorem cadit, qui putat secundum aliqua merita humana dari gratiam Dei, quae sola hominem liberat per Dominum nostrum Jesum Christum. Sed rursum qui putat, quando ad judicium Dominus venerit, non judicari hominem secundum opera sua, qui jam per aetatem uti potuit libero voluntatis arbitrio, nihilominus in errore est. Soli enim parvuli, qui nondum habent opera propria, vel bona vel mala, secundum solum originale peccatum damnabuntur, quibus per lavacrum regenerationis non subvenit gratia Salvatoris. Caeteri autem omnes, qui jam utentes libero arbitrio, sua propria peccata originali peccato insuper addiderunt, si de potestate tenebrarum per gratiam Dei non eruuntur, nec transferuntur ad regnum Christi, non solum secundum originis, verum etiam secundum propriae voluntatis merita, judicium reportabunt. Boni vero etiam ipsi quidem secundum suae bonae voluntatis merita praemium consequentur, sed etiam ipsam bonam voluntatem per Dei gratiam consecuti sunt: ac sic impletur quod scriptum est: Ira et indignatio, tribulatio et angustia in omnem animam hominis operantis malum, Judaei primum et Graeci: gloria autem, et honor, et pax omni operanti bonum, Judaeo primum et Graeco (Rom. II, 9, 10).

2. De qua difficillima quaestione, hoc est, de voluntate et gratia, non opus habui etiam in hac epistola diutius disputare; quoniam et aliam jam eis dederam, tanquam citius redituris. Et scripsi ad vos etiam librum , quem si, adjuvante Domino, diligenter legeritis, et vivaciter intellexeritis, nullas existimo inter vos de hac re dissensiones ulterius jam futuras. Portant autem secum et alia, quae vobis dirigenda esse credidimus, quibus cognoscatis quemadmodum catholica Ecclesia, in Dei misericordia, Pelagianae haeresis venena repulerit. Quod enim scriptum est ad papam Innocentium Romanae urbis episcopum, de concilio provinciae Carthaginensis, et de concilio Numidiae, et aliquanto diligentius a quinque episcopis, et quae ipse ad tria ista rescripsit; item quod papae Zosimo de Africano concilio scriptum est, ejusque rescriptum ad universos totius orbis episcopos missum; et quod posteriori concilio plenario totius Africae contra ipsum errorem breviter constituimus; et supra memoratum librum meum, quem modo ad vos scripsi: haec omnia et in praesenti legimus cum ipsis, et per eos misimus vobis.

3. Legimus eis etiam librum beatissimi martyris Cypriani de Oratione Dominica, et ostendimus quemadmodum docuerit, omnia quae ad mores nostros pertinent, quibus recte vivimus, a Patre nostro qui in coelis est, esse poscenda; ne de libero praesumentes arbitrio, a divina gratia decidamus. Ubi etiam demonstravimus, quomodo admonuerit idem gloriosissimus Martyr, etiam pro inimicis nostris, qui nondum in Christum crediderunt, nos ut credant orare debere: quod utique inaniter fieret, nisi Ecclesia crederet, etiam malas atque 0879 infideles hominum voluntates per Dei gratiam in bonum posse converti. Sed hunc librum sancti Cypriani, quia dixerunt etiam illic apud vos esse, non misimus. Meam quoque epistolam ad Sixtum Romanae Ecclesiae presbyterum datam, quam secum ad nos attulerunt, legimus cum eis; et ostendimus adversus eos esse conscriptam qui dicunt, gratiam Dei secundum merita nostra dari, hoc est, adversus eosdem Pelagianos.

4. Quantum ergo potuimus, egimus cum istis et vestris et nostris fratribus, ut in fide sana catholica perseverent: quae neque liberum arbitrium negat, sive in vitam malam sive in bonam, neque tantum ei tribuit, ut sine gratia Dei valeat aliquid, sive ut ex malo conversatur in bonum, sive ut in bono perseveranter proficiat, sive ut ab bonum sempiternum perveniat, ubi jam non timeat ne deficiat. Vos quoque, charissimi, etiam in hac epistola exhortor, quod nos omnes exhortatur Apostolus, non plus sapere, quam oportet sapere; sed sapere ad temperantiam, sicut unicuique Deus partitus est mensuram fidei (Rom. XII, 3).

5. Attendite quid per Salomonem moneat Spiritus sanctus: Rectos cursus, inquit, fac pedibus tuis, et vias tuas dirige: ne declines in dexteram, neque in sinistram; averte autem pedem tuum a via mala. Vias enim quae a dextris sunt, novit Dominus: perversae vero sunt, quae a sinistris sunt. Ipse autem rectos faciet cursus tuos, itinera autem tua in pace producet (Prov. IV, 26, 27). In his verbis sanctae Scripturae considerate, fratres, quia si non esset liberum arbitrium, non diceretur, Rectos cursus fac pedibus tuis, et vias tuas dirige; ne declines in dexteram, neque in sinistram: et tamen sine Dei gratia si posset hoc fieri, non postea diceretur, Ipse autem rectos faciet cursus tuos, et itinera tua in pace producet.

6. Nolite ergo declinare in dexteram, neque in sinistram; quamvis laudentur viae quae a dextris sunt, et vituperentur quae sunt a sinistris. Hoc est enim propter quod addidit, Averte autem pedem tuum a via mala, hoc est, a sinistra: quod manifestat in consequentibus, dicens, Vias enim quae a dextris sunt, novit Dominus: perversae vero sunt, quae a sinistris sunt. Eas utique vias ambulare debemus, quas novit Dominus; de quibus in psalmo legitur, Novit Dominus viam justorum, et via impiorum peribit (Psal. I, 6). Hanc enim non novit Domiminus, quia sinistra est: sicut dicturus est etiam illis ad sinistram constitutis, Non novi vos (Matth. XXV, 12; Luc. XIII, 27). Quid est autem quod ille non novit, qui utique novit omnia, sive bona hominum, sive mala? Sed quid est, Non vos novi; nisi, tales vos ego non feci? Quemadmodum illud, quod dictum est de ipso Domino Jesu Christo, quia non noverat peccatum (II Cor. V, 21); quid est, non noverat, nisi, quia non fecerat? Ac per hoc quod dictum est, Vias quae a dextris sunt, novit Dominus, quomodo intelligendum est, nisi quia ipse fecit vias dextras, id est, vias justorum, quae sunt utique opera bona, quae praeparavit Deus, sicut dicit Apostolus, ut in illis ambulemus (Ephes. II, 10)? Vias autem sinistras perversas, id est, vias impiorum, non utique novit, quia non eas ipse fecit homini, sed homo sibi: propter quod dicit, Odivi autem ego perversas vias malorum, ipsae sunt a sinistris.

7. Sed respondetur nobis, Cur ergo dixit, Ne declines in dexteram, neque in sinistram; cum potius dicere debuisse videatur, Tene dexteram, et ne declines in sinistram; si bonae sunt viae quae a dextris sunt? Cur, putamus, nisi quia ita viae sunt bonae quae a dextris sunt, ut in dexteram tamen declinare non sit bonum? Declinare quippe ille est intelligendus in dexteram, qui bona ipsa opera quae ad vias dexteras pertinent, sibi vult assignare, non Deo. Et ideo cum dixisset, Vias enim quae a dextris sunt novit Dominus, perversae autem sunt quae a sinistris sunt; tanquam diceretur ei, Quomodo ergo non vis ut declinemus ad dexteram? secutus adjunxit, Ipse autem rectos faciet cursus tuos; itinera autem tua in pace producet. Sic ergo intellige quod tibi praeceptum est, Rectos cursus fac pedibus tuis, et vias tuas dirige, ut noveris, cum hoc facis, a Domino Deo tibi praestari ut hoc facias; et non declinabis ad dexteram, quamvis ambules in viis dextris, non confidens in virtute tua: et ipse erit virtus tua, qui rectos faciet cursus tuos, et itinera tua in pace producet.

8. Quapropter, dilectissimi, quicumque dicit, Voluntas mea mihi sufficit ad facienda opera bona, declinat in dexteram. Sed rursus illi, qui putant bonam vitam esse deserendam, quando audiunt sic Dei gratiam praedicari, ut credatur et intelligatur voluntates hominum ipsa ex malis bonas facere, ipsa etiam quas fecerit custodire, et propterea dicunt, Faciamus mala, ut veniant bona (Rom. III, 8); in sinistram declinant. Ideo vobis dixit, Non declinetis in dexteram, neque in sinistram, hoc est, non sic defendatis liberum arbitrium, ut ei bona opera sine Dei gratia tribuatis; nec sic defendatis gratiam, ut quasi de illa securi, mala opera diligatis: quod ipsa gratia Dei avertat a vobis. Talium quippe verba sibi proponens Apostolus, ait: Quid ergo dicemus? per manebimus in peccato, ut gratia abundet? Atque his verbis hominum errantium et Dei gratiam non intelligentium respondit ut debuit, dicens: Absit. Si enim mortui sumus peccato, quomodo vivemus in eo (Id. VI, 1, 2)? Nihil potuit dici brevius et melius. Quid enim nobis gratia Dei utilius confert in hoc praesenti saeculo maligno; nisi ut moriamur peccato? Ac per hoc ipsi gratiae invenitur ingratus, qui propter illam vult vivere in peccato, per quam morimur peccato. Deus autem qui dives est in misericordia, det vobis et sanum sapere, et usque in finem proficienter in bono proposito permanere. Hoc pro vobis, hoc pro nobis, hoc pro omnibus qui vos diligunt, et pro eis qui vos oderunt, instanter in pace fraterna et vigilanter orate. Deo vivatis. Si quid de vobis mereor, veniat ad me frater Florus.