§33. The soul immortal. Proved by (1) its being distinct from the body, (2) its being the source of motion, (3) its power to go beyond the body in imagination and thought.

But that the soul is made immortal is a further point in the Church’s teaching which you must know, to show how the idols are to be overthrown. But we shall more directly arrive at a knowledge of this from what we know of the body, and from the difference between the body and the soul. For if our argument has proved it to be distinct from the body, while the body is by nature mortal, it follows that the soul is immortal, because it is not like the body. 2. And again, if as we have shewn, the soul moves the body and is not moved by other things, it follows that the movement of the soul is spontaneous, and that this spontaneous movement goes on after the body is laid aside in the earth. If then the soul were moved by the body, it would follow that the severance of its motor would involve its death. But if the soul moves the body also, it follows all the more that it moves itself. But if moved by itself50    Cf. Plato Phædr. 245 C–E., Legg. 896, A, B. The former passage is more likely to be referred to here as it is, like the text, an argument for immortality. Athan. has also referred to Phædrus above, §5. (Against Gwatkin, Studies, p. 101.)    Or, perhaps, “innate, self-evident maxim” (λόγος φυσικός)., it follows that it outlives the body. 3. For the movement of the soul is the same thing as its life, just as, of course, we call the body alive when it moves, and say that its death takes place when it ceases moving. But this can be made clearer once for all from the action of the soul in the body. For if even when united and coupled with the body it is not shut in or commensurate with the small dimensions of the body, but often51    Cp. xxxi. 5, and ref.    lit. “the steering-paddles.”, when the body lies in bed, not moving, but in death-like sleep, the soul keeps awake by virtue of its own power, and transcends the natural power of the body, and as though travelling away from the body while remaining in it, imagines and beholds things above the earth, and often even holds converse with the saints and angels who are above earthly and bodily existence, and approaches them in the confidence of the purity of its intelligence; shall it not all the more, when separated from the body at the time appointed by God Who coupled them together, have its knowledge of immortality more clear? For if even when coupled with the body it lived a life outside the body, much more shall its life continue after the death of the body, and live without ceasing by reason of God Who made it thus by His own Word, our Lord Jesus Christ. 4. For this is the reason why the soul thinks of and bears in mind things immortal and eternal, namely, because it is itself immortal. And just as, the body being mortal, its senses also have mortal things as their objects, so, since the soul contemplates and beholds immortal things, it follows that it is immortal and lives for ever. For ideas and thoughts about immortality never desert the soul, but abide in it, and are as it were the fuel in it which ensures its immortality. This then is why the soul has the capacity for beholding God, and is its own way thereto, receiving not from without but from herself the knowledge and apprehension of the Word of God.

33 Ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατος γέγονεν ἡ ψυχή, καὶ τοῦτο ἀναγκαῖον εἰδέναι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιαστικῇ διδασκαλίᾳ πρὸς ἔλεγχον τῆς τῶν εἰδώλων ἀναιρέσεως. γένοιτο δ' ἂν οὖν ἡ περὶ τούτων γνῶσις ἐγγυτέρω μᾶλλον ἐκ τῆς περὶ τοῦ σώματος γνώσεως, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ πρὸς τὸ σῶμα διαλλάττειν αὐτήν. εἰ γὰρ ἄλλην αὐτὴν ὁ λόγος ἀπέδειξε παρὰ τὸ σῶμα, ἔστι δὲ τὸ σῶμα φύσει θνητόν· ἀνάγκη τὴν ψυχὴν ἀθάνατον εἶναι, τῷ μὴ εἶναι κατὰ τὸ σῶμα. καὶ πάλιν εἰ ἡ ψυχὴ τὸ σῶμα κινεῖ, ὡς δέδεικται, καὶ οὐχὶ ὑπὸ ἄλλων αὐτὴ κινεῖται, ἀκόλουθόν ἐστιν ὑφ' ἑαυτῆς κινουμένην τὴν ψυχήν, καὶ μετὰ τὴν εἰς γῆν ἀπόθεσιν τοῦ σώματος κινεῖσθαι πάλιν αὐτὴν ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς. οὐ γὰρ ἡ ψυχή ἐστιν ἡ ἀποθνήσκουσα· ἀλλὰ διὰ τὴν ταύτης ἀναχώρησιν ἀποθνήσκει τὸ σῶμα. εἰ μὲν οὖν καὶ αὕτη ὑπὸ τοῦ σώματος ἐκινεῖτο, ἀκόλουθον ἦν, ἀναχωροῦντος τοῦ κινοῦντος, ἀποθνήσκειν αὐτήν· εἰ δὲ ἡ ψυχὴ κινεῖ καὶ τὸ σῶμα, ἀνάγκη μᾶλλον αὐτὴν ἑαυτὴν κινεῖν. ἑαυτῇ δὲ κινουμένη, ἐξ ἀνάγκης καὶ μετὰ τὸν τοῦ σώματος θάνατον ζῇ. ἡ γὰρ κίνησις τῆς ψυχῆς οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν ἢ ἡ ζωὴ αὐτῆς· ὥσπερ ἀμέλει καὶ τὸ σῶμα τότε ζῇν λέγομεν ὅτε κινεῖται, καὶ τότε θάνατον αὐτοῦ εἶναι ὅτε τῆς κινήσεως παύεται. τοῦτο δὲ καὶ ἀπὸ τῆς ἐν σώματι καθάπαξ ἐνεργείας αὐτῆς φανερώτερον ἄν τις ἴδοι. εἰ γὰρ καὶ ὅτε τῷ σώματι ἐπιβέβηκε καὶ συνδέδεται τούτῳ, οὐ κατὰ τὴν τοῦ σώματος σμικρότητα συστέλλεται καὶ συμμετρεῖται, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις, ἐπὶ κλίνης τούτου κειμένου καὶ μὴ κινουμένου, ἀλλ' ὡς ἐν θανάτῳ κοιμωμένου, αὕτη κατὰ τὴν ἑαυτῆς δύναμιν γρηγορεῖ, καὶ ὑπερεκβαίνει τὴν τοῦ σώματος φύσιν· καὶ ὥσπερ ἀποδημοῦσα τούτου, μένουσα ἐν τῷ σώματι, τὰ ὑπὲρ γῆν φαντάζεται καὶ θεωρεῖ, πολλάκις δὲ καὶ τοῖς ἔξω τῶν γηΐνων σωμάτων ἁγίοις καὶ ἀγγέλοις συναντᾷ, καὶ πρὸς αὐτοὺς ἀφικνεῖται τῇ τοῦ νοῦ θαρροῦσα καθαρό τητι· πῶς οὐχὶ μᾶλλον καὶ πολλῷ πλέον, ἀπολυθεῖσα τοῦ σώματος ὅτε ὁ συνδήσας αὐτὴν βούλεται Θεός, φανερωτέραν ἕξει τὴν τῆς ἀθανασίας γνῶσιν; εἰ γὰρ καὶ συνδεθεῖσα σώματι τὴν ἐκτὸς τοῦ σώματος ζωὴν ἔζη, πολλῷ πλέον καὶ μετὰ θάνατον τοῦ σώματος ζήσεται, καὶ οὐ παύσεται τοῦ ζῇν διὰ τὸν οὕτως αὐτὴν ποιήσαντα Θεὸν διὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ Λόγου, τοῦ Κυρίου ἡμῶν Ἰησοῦ Χριστοῦ. διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ καὶ ἀθάνατα καὶ αἰώνια λογίζεται καὶ φρονεῖ, ἐπεὶ καὶ ἀθάνατός ἐστι. καὶ ὥσπερ, τοῦ σώματος θνητοῦ τυγχάνοντος, θνητὰ καὶ αἱ τούτου θεωροῦσιν αἰσθήσεις, οὕτως ἀθάνατα θεωροῦσαν καὶ λογιζομένην τὴν ψυχήν, ἀνάγκη καὶ αὐτὴν ἀθάνατον εἶναι καὶ ἀεὶ ζῇν. αἱ γὰρ περὶ τῆς ἀθανασίας ἔννοιαι καὶ θεωρίαι οὐδέποτε αὐτὴν ἀφιᾶσι μένουσαι ἐν αὐτῇ, καὶ ὥσπερ ἔκκαυμα ἐν αὐτῇ γινό μεναι πρὸς ἀσφάλειαν τῆς ἀθανασίας. διὰ τοῦτο γοῦν καὶ τῆς περὶ Θεοῦ θεωρίας ἔχει τὴν ἔννοιαν, καὶ αὐτὴ ἑαυτῆς γίνεται ὁδός, οὐκ ἔξωθεν, ἀλλ' ἐξ ἑαυτῆς λαμβάνουσα τὴν τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγου γνῶσιν καὶ κατάληψιν.