Τοῦ ἐν ἁγίοις πατρὸς ἡμῶν Ἀθανασίου ἀρχιεπισκόπου Ἀλεξανδρείας κατὰ Ἑλλήνων

 1 Ἡ μὲν περὶ τῆς θεοσεβείας καὶ τῆς τῶν ὅλων ἀληθείας γνῶσις οὐ τοσοῦτον τῆς παρὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων διδασκαλίας δεῖται, ὅσον ἀφ' ἑαυτῆς ἔχει τὸ γνώριμον· μ

 2 Ἐξ ἀρχῆς μὲν οὐκ ἦν κακία· οὐδὲ γὰρ οὐδὲ νῦν ἐν τοῖς ἁγίοις ἐστίν, οὐδ' ὅλως κατ' αὐτοὺς ὑπάρχει αὕτη· ἄνθρωποι δὲ ταύτην ὕστερον ἐπινοεῖν ἤρξαντο,

 3 Οὕτω μὲν οὖν ὁ ∆ημιουργός, ὥσπερ εἴρηται, τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος κατεσκεύασε, καὶ μένειν ἠθέλησεν· οἱ δὲ ἄνθρωποι, κατο λιγωρήσαντες τῶν κρειττόνων,

 4 Ἀποστᾶσα τῆς τῶν νοητῶν θεωρίας, καὶ ταῖς κατὰ μέρος τοῦ σώματος ἐνεργείαις καταχρωμένη, καὶ ἡσθεῖσα τῇ τοῦ σώματος θεωρίᾳ καὶ ἰδοῦσα καλὸν ἑαυτῇ εἶ

 5 Ἀλλὰ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ τόλμα οὐκ εἰς τὸ συμφέρον καὶ πρέπον, ἀλλ' εἰς τὸ δυνατὸν σκοπήσασα, τὰ ἐναντία ποιεῖν ἤρξατο· ὅθεν, καὶ τὰς χεῖρας εἰς τὸ ἐναντ

 6 Ἑλλήνων μὲν οὖν τινες, πλανηθέντες τῆς ὁδοῦ, καὶ τὸν Χριστὸν οὐκ ἐγνωκότες, ἐν ὑποστάσει καὶ καθ' ἑαυτὴν εἶναι τὴν κακίαν ἀπεφήναντο, ἁμαρτάνοντες κ

 7 Ἄλλως τε· καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ ἄν τις αὐτοῖς εἴποι· εἰ τὰ φαινόμενα ἔργα τοῦ φαύλου ἐστί, τί τὸ ἔργον τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ; φαίνεται γὰρ οὐδὲν πλὴν μόνης τῆς τοῦ δημ

 8 Οὐκ ἀρκεσθεῖσα τῇ τῆς κακίας ἐπινοίᾳ τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἡ ψυχή, κατ' ὀλίγον καὶ εἰς τὰ χείρονα ἑαυτὴν ἐξάγειν ἤρξατο. μαθοῦσα γὰρ διαφορὰς ἡδονῶν καὶ ζωσα

 9 Ἄρτι γὰρ ἀπεπήδησεν ἡ διάνοια τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἀπὸ Θεοῦ, καὶ καταβαίνοντες ταῖς ἐννοίαις καὶ τοῖς λογισμοῖς οἱ ἄνθρωποι, πρώτοις οὐρανῷ καὶ ἡλίῳ καὶ σελ

 10 Τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἔθος οὐ καινόν, οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἤρξατο βουλῆς, ἀλλ' ἦν ἄνωθεν προγιγνόμενον καὶ προμελετώμενον ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων ἔννοιαν. καὶ γὰ

 11 Ταύτας δὲ καὶ τὰς τοιαύτας τῆς εἰδωλομανίας εὑρέσεις ἄνωθεν καὶ πρὸ πολλοῦ προεδίδασκεν ἡ γραφὴ λέγουσα· Ἀρχὴ πορνείας ἐπίνοια εἰδώλων· εὕρεσις δὲ

 12 Ἵνα γὰρ ἐκ πολλῶν ὀλίγα μνημονεύσω διὰ τὸ πλῆθος, τίς ἰδὼν αὐτοῦ τὴν εἰς Σεμέλην καὶ Λήδαν καὶ Ἀλκμήνην καὶ Ἄρτεμιν καὶ Λητὼ καὶ Μαῖαν καὶ Εὐρώπην

 13 Εἶτα προσκυνοῦντες λίθοις καὶ ξύλοις, οὐχ ὁρῶσιν ὅτι τὰ μὲν ὅμοια τοῖς ποσὶ πατοῦσι καὶ καίουσι, τὰ δὲ τούτων μέρη θεοὺς προσ αγορεύουσι· καὶ ἃ πρὸ

 14 Κρείττων δὲ μαρτυρία περὶ τούτων ἐστὶ καὶ παρὰ τῆς θείας γραφῆς προδιδασκούσης ἄνωθεν καὶ λεγούσης· Τὰ εἴδωλα τῶν ἐθνῶν ἀργύριον καὶ χρύσιον, ἔργα

 15 Εἴθε γάρ, εἴθε κἂν χωρὶς σχήματος αὐτοῖς τοὺς θεοὺς ἔπλαττεν ὁ τεχνίτης, ἵνα μὴ τῆς ἀναισθησίας φανερὸν ἔχωσι τὸν ἔλεγχον. ὑπέκλεψαν γὰρ ἂν τὴν ὑπό

 16 Ἀλλ' ἴσως περὶ τούτων οἱ δυσσεβεῖς ἐπὶ τὴν ἰδιότητα τῶν ποιητῶν καταφεύξονται, λέγοντες τῶν ποιητῶν ἴδιον εἶναι χαρα κτῆρα τὰ μὴ ὄντα πλάττεσθαι κα

 17 Τί οὖν ὑπολείπεται νοεῖν, ἢ ὅτι τὰ μὲν ἐγκώμια ψευδῆ καὶ κεχαρισμένα τυγχάνει, αἱ δὲ πράξεις ἀληθεύονται κατ' αὐτῶν; καὶ τοῦτο ἀληθὲς ἐκ τῆς συνηθε

 18 Τίς οὖν ἀπολογία, τίς ἀπόδειξις περὶ τοῦ εἶναι τούτους θεοὺς γένοιτ' ἂν τοῖς ἐν τούτοις δεισιδαιμονοῦσιν; ἐκ μὲν γὰρ τῶν λεχθέν των μικρῷ πρότερον,

 19 Τίνα γὰρ ἄλλην αὐτοῖς γλύφοντες ἐπιβάλλουσι μορφὴν ἢ τὴν ἀρρένων καὶ γυναικῶν, καὶ τῶν ἔτι κατωτέρω τούτων καὶ ἀλόγων ὄντων τὴν φύσιν πετεινῶν παντ

 20 Εἴποι γὰρ ἄν τις πρὸς αὐτοὺς παρελθὼν ἐπ' ἀληθείᾳ κρινούσῃ· πῶς ἀποκρίνεται ἢ γνωρίζεται Θεὸς διὰ τούτων; πότερον διὰ τὴν περικειμένην αὐτοῖς ὕλην,

 21 Περὶ δὲ τῆς δευτέρας αὐτῶν καὶ βαθυτέρας δῆθεν ἀπολογίας, καὶ ταῦτα ἄν τις ἀκολούθως εἴποι· εἰ οὐ διὰ τὴν αὐτοῦ τοῦ Θεοῦ ἐπι φάνειαν ταῦτα ὑμῖν πεπ

 22 Εἰ μὲν γὰρ ὅτι ἀνθρωπόμορφόν ἐστι τὸ Θεῖον, διὰ τοῦτο οὕτω τετύπωται, διὰ τί καὶ ἀλόγων αὐτῷ τύπους περιτιθέασιν; εἰ δὲ ζώων ἀλόγων ἐστὶν ὁ τούτου

 23 Οὐ μόνον δὲ ἐκ τούτων ἄν τις αὐτῶν τὴν ἀθεότητα καταμάθοι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἀφ' ὧν ἐν αὐτοῖς τοῖς εἰδώλοις αὐτῶν ἐστιν ἀσύμφωνος ἡ δόξα. εἰ γὰρ αὐτοὶ θεοί

 24 Ταῦτα δὲ οὐ μικρὸς ἔλεγχός ἐστι τῆς ἀληθῶς ἀθεότητος αὐτῶν. διαφόρων γὰρ ὄντων καὶ πολλῶν κατὰ πόλιν καὶ χώραν θεῶν, καὶ τοῦ ἑτέρου τὸν τοῦ ἑτέρου

 25 Ἤδη δέ τινες εἰς τοσαύτην ἀσέβειαν καὶ παραφροσύνην ἐξηνέ χθησαν, ὡς καὶ αὐτοὺς τοὺς ἀνθρώπους, ὧν εἰσι τύποι καὶ μορφαί, τοῖς παρ' αὐτοῖς ψευδοθέο

 26 Γυναῖκες γοῦν ἐν εἰδώλοις τῆς Φοινίκης πάλαι προεκαθέζοντο, ἀπαρχόμεναι τοῖς ἐκεῖ θεοῖς ἑαυτῶν τὴν τοῦ σώματος ἑαυτῶν μισθαρνίαν, νομίζουσαι τῇ πορ

 27 Ἀλλ' ἴσως οἱ ἐπαναβεβηκότες τούτων καὶ περὶ τὴν κτίσιν ἐπτοημένοι, δυσωπούμενοι τοῖς περὶ τῶν βδελυγμάτων ἐλέγχοις, εὐκατάγνωστα μὲν καὶ εὐέλεγκτα

 28 Πῶς οὖν ταῦτα ἂν εἶεν θεοὶ δεόμενα τῆς παρ' ἑτέρων ἐπι κουρίας; ἢ πῶς παρὰ τούτων αἰτεῖσθαί τι προσῆκεν, καὶ αὐτῶν ἀπαιτούντων παρ' ἀλλήλων τὴν εἰς

 29 Καὶ ἄλλως δ' ἄν τις αὐτῶν ἐλέγξειε τὴν ἀθεότητα κατὰ τὴν τῆς ἀληθείας θεωρίαν. εἰ γὰρ ὁ Θεὸς ἀσώματός ἐστι, καὶ ἀόρατος, καὶ ἄψαυστος τῇ φύσει, πῶς

 30 Τὰ μὲν προειρημένα οὐδὲν ἕτερον ἢ πλάνη τῷ βίῳ διηλέγχθη· ἡ δὲ τῆς ἀληθείας ὁδὸς πρὸς τὸν ὄντως ὄντα Θεὸν ἕξει τὸν σκοπόν. πρὸς δὲ τὴν ταύτης γνῶσι

 31 Πρῶτον μὲν οὖν οὐ μικρὸν γνώρισμα τοῦ λογικὴν εἶναι τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ψυχὴν ἐκ τοῦ πρὸς τὰ ἄλογα διαλλάττειν αὐτήν· διὰ τοῦτο γὰρ ἐκεῖνα μὲν ἄλογα κ

 32 Καὶ τοῦτο δ' ἂν εἴη πρὸς ἀπόδειξιν ἀκριβῆ τοῖς ἔτι πρὸς ἀναίδειαν τῆς ἀλογίας τετραμμένοις· πῶς, τοῦ σώματος θνητοῦ κατὰ φύσιν ὄντος, λογίζεται ἄνθ

 33 Ὅτι δὲ καὶ ἀθάνατος γέγονεν ἡ ψυχή, καὶ τοῦτο ἀναγκαῖον εἰδέναι ἐν τῇ ἐκκλησιαστικῇ διδασκαλίᾳ πρὸς ἔλεγχον τῆς τῶν εἰδώλων ἀναιρέσεως. γένοιτο δ'

 34 Λέγομεν οὖν, καθάπερ εἴρηται πρότερον, ὥσπερ τὸν Θεὸν ἠρνήσαντο καὶ ἄψυχα θρησκεύουσιν, οὕτω καὶ ψυχὴν οὐκ ἔχειν λογικὴν νομίζοντες, αὐτόθεν ἔχουσι

 35 ὑπ' αὐτοῦ γενομένων ψυχῶν, ἐπειδὴ ἀόρατος καὶ ἀκατάληπτός ἐστι τὴν φύσιν, ἐπέκεινα πάσης γενητῆς οὐσίας ὑπάρχων, καὶ διὰ τοῦτο ἔμελλε τὸ ἀνθρώπινον

 36 Τίς, ὁρῶν τὰ ἐναντία τῇ φύσει συνημμένα, καὶ σύμφωνον ἔχοντα τὴν ἁρμονίαν, οἷον, τίς, ἰδὼν πῦρ ψυχρῷ, καὶ ξηρὸν ὑγρῷ κεκραμμένον, καὶ ταῦτα μὴ ἀντι

 37 Οὐκ ἂν οὖν μαχόμενα καὶ ἐναντία ὄντα τῇ φύσει ἑαυτὰ συνή γαγον, εἰ μὴ κρείττων ἦν καὶ κύριος ὁ συνδήσας αὐτά, ᾧ καὶ αὐτὰ τὰ στοιχεῖα, ὥσπερ δοῦλα δ

 38 Ἐπεὶ οὖν οὐκ ἀταξία ἀλλὰ τάξις ἐστὶν ἐν τῷ παντί, καὶ οὐκ ἀμετρία ἀλλὰ συμμετρία, καὶ οὐκ ἀκοσμία ἀλλὰ κόσμος καὶ κόσμου παναρμόνιος σύνταξις, ἀνάγ

 39 Οὐδὲ γὰρ πολλοὺς εἶναι δεῖ νομίζειν τοὺς τῆς κτίσεως ἄρχοντας καὶ ποιητάς, ἀλλὰ πρὸς εὐσέβειαν ἀκριβῆ καὶ ἀλήθειαν ἕνα τὸν ταύτης δημιουργὸν πιστεύ

 40 Τίς ἂν εἴη οὗτος; καὶ τοῦτο γὰρ ἀναγκαῖον μάλιστα δηλῶσαι καὶ λέγειν, ἵνα μή, τῇ περὶ τοῦτον ἀγνοίᾳ πλανηθείς τις, ἕτερον ὑπολάβῃ, καὶ εἰς τὴν αὐτὴ

 41 Λόγος δὲ ὤν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὁμοιότητα, ὥσπερ εἶπον, ἐστὶ συγκείμενος ἐκ συλλαβῶν· ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ Πατρός ἐστιν εἰκὼν ἀπαράλλακτος. ἄνθρωπ

 42 Αὐτὸς γοῦν ὁ παντοδύναμος καὶ παντέλειος ἅγιος ὁ τοῦ Πατρὸς Λόγος, ἐπιβὰς τοῖς πᾶσι καὶ πανταχοῦ τὰς ἑαυτοῦ δυνάμεις ἐφα πλώσας, καὶ φωτίσας τά τε

 43 Καὶ ἵνα ἐκ παραδείγματος τὸ τηλικοῦτον νοηθείη, ἔστω τὸ λεγόμενον ὡς ἐν εἰκόνι χοροῦ μεγάλου. ὡς τοίνυν τοῦ χοροῦ συνεστῶ τος ἐκ διαφόρων ἄνδρων, π

 44 Νεύματι γὰρ καὶ ταῖς δυνάμεσι τοῦ ἐπιστατοῦντος καὶ ἡγεμο νεύοντος τῶν πάντων θείου καὶ πατρικοῦ Λόγου, οὐρανὸς μὲν περιστρέφεται, τὰ δὲ ἄστρα κινε

 45 Ὥσπερ γάρ, ἀναβλέψαντας εἰς τὸν οὐρανὸν καὶ ἰδόντας τὸν κόσμον αὐτοῦ καὶ τὸ τῶν ἄστρων φῶς, ἔστιν ἐνθυμεῖσθαι τὸν ταῦτα διακοσμοῦντα Λόγον· οὕτω νο

 46 Ἆρ' οὖν, ἀνελὼν τὴν τῶν ἐθνῶν ἢ εἰδώλων ἀθεότητα, σεσιώ-πηκεν ἡ ἔνθεος διδασκαλία καὶ ἁπλῶς ἀφῆκε τὸ τῶν ἀνθρώπων γένος ἄμοιρον τῆς τοῦ Θείου γνώσε

 47 Τίς οὖν ἄν, τίς ἐξαριθμήσειε τὸν Πατέρα, ἵνα καὶ τοῦ Λόγου τούτου τὰς δυνάμεις ἐξεύροι; ἔστι γὰρ ὥσπερ τοῦ Πατρὸς Λόγος καὶ σοφία, οὕτω καὶ τοῖς γε

§41. The Presence of the Word in nature necessary, not only for its original Creation, but also for its permanence.

But though He is Word, He is not, as we said, after the likeness of human words, composed of syllables; but He is the unchanging Image of His own Father. For men, composed of parts and made out of nothing, have their discourse composite and divisible. But God possesses true existence and is not composite, wherefore His Word also has true Existence and is not composite, but is the one and only-begotten God66    Joh. i. 18, R.V. Marg., Who proceeds in His goodness from the Father as from a good Fountain, and orders all things and holds them together. 2. But the reason why the Word, the Word of God, has united Himself67    ἐπιβέβηκεν, see for the sense Incarn. 43. 4, &c. with created things is truly wonderful, and teaches us that the present order of things is none otherwise than is fitting. For the nature of created things, inasmuch as it is brought into being out of nothing, is of a fleeting sort, and weak and mortal, if composed of itself only. But the God of all is good and exceeding noble by nature,—and therefore is kind. For one that is good can grudge nothing68    Plato Timæus 29 E, quoted also de Incarn. 3. 3. This explanation of Divine Creation is also adopted by Philo de Migratione Abrah. 32 (and see Drummond’s Philo, vol. 2, pp. 56, sqq.).: for which reason he does not grudge even existence, but desires all to exist, as objects for His loving-kindness. 3. Seeing then all created nature, as far as its own laws were concerned, to be fleeting and subject to dissolution, lest it should come to this and lest the Universe should be broken up again into nothingness, for this cause He made all things by His own eternal Word, and gave substantive existence to Creation, and moreover did not leave it to be tossed in a tempest in the course of its own nature, lest it should run the risk of once more dropping out of existence69    Plato Politic. (see de Incarn. 43. 7, note).; but, because He is good He guides and settles the whole Creation by His own Word, Who is Himself also God, that by the governance and providence and ordering action of the Word, Creation may have light, and be enabled to abide alway securely. For it partakes of the Word Who derives true existence from the Father, and is helped by Him so as to exist, lest that should come to it which would have come but for the maintenance of it by the Word,—namely, dissolution,—“for He is the Image of the invisible God, the first-born of all Creation, for through Him and in Him all things consist, things visible and things invisible, and He is the Head of the Church,” as the ministers of truth teach in their holy writings70    Col. i. 15–18.

41 Λόγος δὲ ὤν, οὐ κατὰ τὴν τῶν ἀνθρώπων ὁμοιότητα, ὥσπερ εἶπον, ἐστὶ συγκείμενος ἐκ συλλαβῶν· ἀλλὰ τοῦ ἑαυτοῦ Πατρός ἐστιν εἰκὼν ἀπαράλλακτος. ἄνθρωποι μὲν γὰρ ἐκ μερῶν συγκείμενοι, καὶ ἐκ τοῦ μὴ ὄντος γενόμενοι, συγκείμενον ἔχουσι καὶ διαλυόμενον τὸν ἑαυτῶν λόγον· ὁ δὲ Θεὸς ὤν ἐστι, καὶ οὐ σύνθετος· διὸ καὶ ὁ τούτου Λόγος ὤν ἐστι, καὶ οὐ σύνθετος· ἀλλ' εἷς καὶ μονογενὴς Θεός, ὁ ἐκ Πατρὸς οἷα πηγῆς ἀγαθῆς ἀγαθὸς προελθών, τὰ πάντα διακοσμεῖ καὶ συνέχει. ἡ δὲ αἰτία, δι' ἣν ὅλως ὁ τοῦ Θεοῦ Λόγος τοῖς γενο μένοις ἐπιβέβηκεν, ἐστὶν ἀληθῶς θαυμαστὴ καὶ γνωρίζουσα ὅτι οὐκ ἄλλως ἔπρεπεν ἢ οὕτω γενέσθαι, ὥσπερ καὶ ἔστι. τῶν μὲν γὰρ γενητῶν ἐστιν ἡ φύσις, ἅτε δὴ ἐξ οὐκ ὄντων ὑποστᾶσα, ῥευστή τις καὶ ἀσθενὴς καὶ θνητὴ καθ' ἑαυτὴν συγκρινομένη τυγχάνει· ὁ δὲ τῶν ὅλων Θεὸς ἀγαθὸς καὶ ὑπέρκαλος τὴν φύσιν ἐστί. διὸ καὶ φιλάνθρωπός ἐστιν. ἀγαθῷ γὰρ περὶ οὐδενὸς ἂν γένοιτο φθόνος· ὅθεν οὐδὲ τὸ εἶναί τινι φθονεῖ, ἀλλὰ πάντας εἶναι βούλεται, ἵνα καὶ φιλανθρω πεύεσθαι δύνηται. ὁρῶν οὖν τὴν γενητὴν πᾶσαν φύσιν, ὅσον κατὰ τοὺς ἰδίους αὐτῆς λόγους, ῥευστὴν οὖσαν καὶ διαλυομένην· ἵνα μὴ τοῦτο πάθῃ, καὶ πάλιν εἰς τὸ μὴ εἶναι ἀναλυθῇ τὸ ὅλον, τούτου ἕνεκεν τῷ ἑαυτοῦ καὶ ἀϊδίῳ Λόγῳ ποιήσας τὰ πάντα, καὶ οὐσιώσας τὴν κτίσιν, οὐκ ἀφῆκεν αὐτὴν τῇ ἑαυτῆς φύσει φέρεσθαι καὶ χειμάζεσθαι, ἵνα μὴ καὶ κινδυνεύσῃ πάλιν εἰς τὸ μὴ εἶναι· ἀλλ' ὡς ἀγαθὸς τῷ ἑαυτοῦ Λόγῳ καὶ αὐτῷ ὄντι Θεῷ τὴν σύμπασαν δια κυβερνᾷ καὶ καθίστησιν, ἵνα τῇ τοῦ Λόγου ἡγεμονίᾳ καὶ προνοίᾳ καὶ διακοσμήσει φωτιζομένη ἡ κτίσις βεβαίως διαμένειν δυνηθῇ, ἅτε δὴ τοῦ ὄντως ὄντος ἐκ Πατρὸς Λόγου μεταλαμβάνουσα καὶ βοηθου μένη δι' αὐτοῦ εἰς τὸ εἶναι· μὴ ἄρα πάθῃ ὅπερ ἂν ἔπαθεν, εἰ μὴ ὁ Λόγος αὐτὴν ἐτήρει, λέγω δὴ τὸ μὴ εἶναι, ὅς ἐστι γὰρ εἰκὼν τοῦ Θεοῦ τοῦ ἀοράτου, πρωτότοκος πάσης κτίσεως· ὅτι δι' αὐτοῦ καὶ ἐν αὐτῷ συνέστηκε τὰ πάντα τά τε ὁρατὰ καὶ τὰ ἀόρατα, καὶ αὐτός ἐστιν ἡ κεφαλὴ τῆς Ἐκκλησίας, ὡς οἱ τῆς ἀληθείας διάκονοι διδάσκουσιν ἐν ἁγίοις γράμμασιν.