§10. Similar human origin of the Greek gods, by decree of Theseus. The process by which mortals became deified.

But this custom is not a new one, nor did it begin from the Roman Senate: on the contrary, it had existed previously from of old, and was formerly practised for the devising of idols. For the gods renowned from of old among the Greeks, Zeus, Poseidon, Apollo, Hephæstus, Hermes, and, among females, Hera and Demeter and Athena and Artemis, were decreed the title of gods by the order of Theseus, of whom Greek history tells us21    This is probably a reference to the ἱερὰ ἀναγραφὴ of Euhemerus, which Christian apologists commonly took as genuine history: see §12, note 1.; and so the men who pass such decrees die like men and are mourned for, while those in whose favour they are passed are worshipped as gods. What a height of inconsistency and madness! knowing who passed the decree, they pay greater honour to those who are the subjects of it. 2. And would that their idolatrous madness had stopped short at males, and that they had not brought down the title of deity to females. For even women, whom it is not safe to admit to deliberation about public affairs, they worship and serve with the honour due to God, such as those enjoined by Theseus as above stated, and among the Egyptians22    Cf. de la Saussaye, §51. Isis, as goddess of the earth, corresponded to Demeter; as goddess of the dead, to the Κόρη (Persephone). Isis and the Maid and the Younger one23    The Νεωτέρα is a puzzle. The most likely suggestion is that of Montfaucon, who refers it to Cleopatra, who νέα ῎Ισις ἐχρήματιζε (Plut. Vit. Anton.). He cites also a coin of M. Antony, on which Cleopatra is figured as θέα νεωτέρα. Several such are given by Vaillant, de Numism. Cleopatr. 189. She was not the first of her name to adopt this style, see Head Hist. Num. pp. 716, 717. The text might be rendered ‘Isis, both the Maid and the Younger.’, and among others Aphrodite. For the names of the others I do not consider it modest even to mention, full as they are of all kind of grotesqueness. 3. For many, not only in ancient times but in our own also, having lost their beloved ones, brothers and kinsfolk and wives; and many women who had lost their husbands, all of whom nature proved to be mortal men, made representations of them and devised sacrifices, and consecrated them; while later ages, moved by the figure and the brilliancy of the artist, worshipped them as gods, thus falling into inconsistency with nature24    Cf. Wisd. xiv. 12 sqq. quoted below.. For whereas their parents had mourned for them, not regarding them as gods (for had they known them to be gods they would not have lamented them as if they had perished; for this was why they represented them in an image, namely, because they not only did not think them gods, but did not believe them to exist at all, and in order that the sight of their form in the image might console them for their being no more), yet the foolish people pray to them as gods and invest them with the honour of the true God. 4. For example, in Egypt, even to this day, the death-dirge is celebrated for Osiris and Horus and Typho and the others. And the caldrons25    Cf. Greg. Naz. Or. v. 32, p. 168 c, and Dict. G. and R. Geog. I. p. 783a. at Dodona, and the Corybantes in Crete, prove that Zeus is no god but a man, and a man born of a cannibal father. And, strange to say, even Plato, the sage admired among the Greeks, with all his vaunted understanding about God, goes down with Socrates to Peiræus26    Plat. Rep. I. ad init. to worship Artemis, a figment of man’s art.

10 Τοῦτο δὲ τὸ ἔθος οὐ καινόν, οὐδὲ ἀπὸ τῆς Ῥωμαίων ἤρξατο βουλῆς, ἀλλ' ἦν ἄνωθεν προγιγνόμενον καὶ προμελετώμενον ἐπὶ τὴν τῶν εἰδώλων ἔννοιαν. καὶ γὰρ οἱ πάλαι παρ' Ἕλλησι διαβεβοημένοι θεοὶ Ζεὺς καὶ Ποσειδῶν καὶ Ἀπόλλων καὶ Ἥφαιστος καὶ Ἑρμῆς,καὶ ἐν θηλείαις Ἥρα καὶ ∆ήμητρα καὶ Ἀθηνᾶ καὶ Ἄρτεμις, ταῖς Θησέως τοῦ παρὰ τοῖς Ἕλλησιν ἱστορουμένου διαταγαῖς ἐκρίθησαν λέγεσθαι θεοί· καὶ οἱ μὲν διαταξάμενοι, ὡς ἄνθρωποι ἀποθνήσκοντες, θρηνοῦνται· οὓς δὲ διετάξαντο, οὗτοι ὡς θεοὶ προσκυνοῦνται. ὢ πολλῆς ἐναντιότητος καὶ μανίας. τὸν διαταξάμενον εἰδότες, οὓς διετάξατο προτιμῶσι. καὶ εἴθε μέχρις ἀρρένων εἱστήκει τούτων ἡ εἰδωλομανία, καὶ μὴ εἰς θηλείας κατέφερον τὴν θείαν προσηγορίαν. καὶ γὰρ καὶ γυναῖκας, ἃς οὐδὲ εἰς κοινὴν περὶ πραγμάτων συμ βουλίαν λαμβάνειν ἀσφαλές, ταύτας τῇ τοῦ Θεοῦ τιμῇ θρησκεύουσι καὶ σέβουσιν, ὡς αἱ μὲν παρὰ Θησέως διαταγεῖσαι, ὡς προειρήκαμεν, παρὰ δὲ Αἰγυπτίοις Ἶσις καὶ Κόρη καὶ Νεωτέρα, καὶ παρ' ἄλλοις Ἀφροδίτη. τὰ γὰρ τῶν ἄλλων ὀνόματα οὐδὲ λέγειν εὐαγὲς ἡγοῦμαι, πάσης χλεύης ὄντα μεστά. πολλοὶ γὰρ οὐ μόνον ἐν τοῖς πάλαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐν τοῖς καθ' ἡμᾶς χρόνοις, ἀποβαλόντες φίλτατα καὶ ἀδελφοὺς καὶ συγγενεῖς καὶ γυναῖκας, πολλαὶ δὲ καὶ ἄνδρας ἀποβαλοῦσαι, οὓς πάντας ἡ φύσις ἤλεγξεν ἀνθρώπους εἶναι θνητούς, τούτους καὶ ταύτας διὰ τὸ πολὺ περὶ αὐτῶν πένθος ἀναζωγραφήσαντες, καὶ θυσίας ἀναπλάσαντες, ἀνέθηκαν, οὓς οἱ μετὰ ταῦτα διὰ τὴν πλάσιν, καὶ τὴν τοῦ τεχνίτου φιλοτιμίαν θεοὺς ἐθρήσκευσαν, πρᾶγμα πάσχον τες οὐ κατὰ φύσιν. οὓς γὰρ οἱ γονεῖς ὡς μὴ ὄντας θεοὺς ἐθρήνησαν (οὐκ ἂν γάρ, εἴπερ ᾔδεισαν αὐτοὺς θεούς, ὡς ἀπολομένους ἐκόψαντο· τούτου γὰρ χάριν, οὐ μόνον οὐ νομίζοντες αὐτοὺς εἶναι θεούς, ἀλλὰ μηδ' ὅλως ὑπάρχειν, ἐν εἰκόνι τούτους ἐτυπώσαντο, ἵνα τοῦ μηκέτι εἶναι, τὴν διὰ τῆς εἰκόνος δόκησιν ὁρῶντες, παραμυθῶνται), τούτοις ὅμως οἱ ἄφρονες ὡς θεοῖς εὔχονται, καὶ τὴν τοῦ ἀληθινοῦ Θεοῦ τιμὴν τούτοις περιτιθέασιν. ἐν γοῦν Αἰγύπτῳ εἰσέτι καὶ νῦν ὁ περὶ Ὀσίρεως καὶ Ὥρου καὶ Τυφῶνος καὶ τῶν ἄλλων θρῆνος τῆς ἀπωλείας ἐπιτελεῖται· καὶ τὰ ἐν ∆ωδώνῃ χαλκεῖα, καὶ οἱ ἐν Κρήτῃ Κορύβαντες, τὸν ∆ία μὴ εἶναι θεὸν ἐλέγχουσιν, ἀλλ' ἄνθρωπον, καὶ τοῦτον ἐκ πατρὸς ὠμοβόρου γενόμενον. καὶ τό γε θαυμαστόν, ὅτι καὶ ὁ πάνυ παρ' Ἕλλησι σοφὸς καὶ πολλὰ καυχησάμενος ὡς περὶ Θεοῦ διανοηθείς, ὁ Πλάτων, εἰς τὸν Πειραῖα μετὰ Σωκράτους κατέρχεται, τὴν ἀνθρώπου τέχνῃ πλασθεῖσαν Ἄρτεμιν προσκυνήσων.