You see, she replied, there is a battle of the reason with them and a struggle to rid the soul of them; and there are men in whom this struggle has ended in success; it was so with Moses, as we know; he was superior both to anger and to desire; the history testifying of him in both respects, that he was meek beyond all men (and by meekness it indicates the absence of all anger and a mind quite devoid of resentment), and that he desired none of those things about which we see the desiring faculty in the generality so active. This could not have been so, if these faculties were nature, and were referable to the contents of man’s essence46    οὐσία.. For it is impossible for one who has come quite outside of his nature to be in Existence at all. But if Moses was at one and the same time in Existence and not in these conditions, then47    It is best to keep ἆρα: ἄρα is Krabinger’s correction from four Codd.: and he reads ὁ for εἰ above: but only one class of Codd. support these alterations. it follows that these conditions are something other than nature and not nature itself. For if, on the one hand, that is truly nature in which the essence of the being is found, and, on the other, the removal of these conditions is in our power, so that their removal not only does no harm, but is even beneficial to the nature, it is clear that these conditions are to be numbered amongst externals, and are affections, rather than the essence, of the nature; for the essence is that thing only which it is. As for anger, most think it a fermenting of the blood round the heart; others an eagerness to inflict pain in return for a previous pain; we would take it to be the impulse to hurt one who has provoked us. But none of these accounts of it tally with the definition of the soul. Again, if we were to define what desire is in itself, we should call it a seeking for that which is wanting, or a longing for pleasurable enjoyment, or a pain at not possessing that upon which the heart is set, or a state with regard to some pleasure which there is no opportunity of enjoying. These and such-like descriptions all indicate desire, but they have no connection with the definition of the soul. But it is so with regard to all those other conditions also which we see to have some relation to the soul, those, I mean, which are mutually opposed to each other, such as cowardice and courage, pleasure and pain, fear and contempt, and so on; each of them seems akin to the principle of desire or to that of anger, while they have a separate definition to mark their own peculiar nature. Courage and contempt, for instance, exhibit a certain phase of the irascible impulse; the dispositions arising from cowardice and fear exhibit on the other hand a diminution and weakening of that same impulse. Pain, again, draws its material both from anger and desire. For the impotence of anger, which consists in not being able to punish one who has first given pain, becomes itself pain; and the despair of getting objects of desire and the absence of things upon which the heart is set create in the mind this same sullen state. Moreover, the opposite to pain, I mean the sensation of pleasure48    I mean the sensation of pleasure. This (νόημα) is Krabinger’s reading: but Oehler reads from his Codd. νόσημα: and H. Schmidt suggests κίνημα, comparing (205 A) below, “any other such-like emotion of the soul.”, like pain, divides itself between anger and desire; for pleasure is the leading motive of them both. All these conditions, I say, have some relation to the soul, and yet they are not the soul49    have some relation to the soul, and yet they are not the soul. Macrina does not mean that the Passions are altogether severed from the soul, as the following shows: and so Oehler cannot be right in reading and translating “Das Alles hat nichts mir der Seele zu schaffen.” The Greek περὶ τὴν ψυχὴν is to be parallelled by οἱ περὶ τὸν Περικλέα, “Pericles’ belongings,” or “party”; passing, in later Greek, almost into “Pericles himself.”, but only like warts growing out of the soul’s thinking part, which are reckoned as parts of it because they adhere to it, and yet are not that actual thing which the soul is in its essence.

_Μ. Ὁρᾷς, φησὶν, ὅτι μάχη τίς ἐστι τοῦ λογισμοῦ πρὸς ταῦτα, καὶ σπουδὴ τοῦ μονωθῆναι τὴν ψυχὴν τούτων, ὡς ἂν οἷόν τις ᾖ. Καί εἰσί γέ τινες οἷς κατώρθωται ἡ σπουδὴ, καθάπερ ἐπὶ τοῦ Μωϋσέως ἀκούομεν, ὅτι κρείττων ἦν θυμοῦ τε καὶ ἐπιθυμίας ἐκεῖνος, ἀμφότερα μαρτυρούσης αὐτῷ τῆς ἱστορίας, ὅτι πρᾷος ἦν παρὰ πάντας ἀνθρώπους (ἐνδείκνυται δὲ τὸ ἀόργητον διὰ τοῦ πρᾴου, καὶ τὴν πρὸς τὸν θυμὸν ἀλλοτρίωσιν), καὶ ὅτι οὐκ ἐπεθύμησε τούτων τινὸς, περὶ ἃ ὁρῶμεν ἐν τοῖς πολλοῖς τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν ἐνεργούμενον. Ὅπερ οὐκ ἂν ἐγένετο, εἰ φύσις ἦν ταῦτα, καὶ εἰς τὸν λόγον τῆς οὐσίας ἀνήγετο. Οὐ γάρ ἐστι δυνατὸν τὸν ἔξω γεγονότα τῆς φύσεως ἐν τῷ εἶναι μένειν. Ἀλλὰ μὴν εἰ Μωσῆς καὶ ἐν τῷ εἶναι ἦν, καὶ ἐν τούτοις οὐκ ἦν, ἄλλο τι ἄρα παρὰ τὴν φύσιν ἐστὶ ταῦτα, καὶ οὐχὶ φύσις. Εἰ γὰρ ἀληθῶς φύσις τοῦτό ἐστιν, ἐν ᾧ τὸ εἶναι τῆς οὐσίας καταλαμβάνεται, τούτων δὲ ἡ ἀλλοτρίωσις ἐφ' ἡμῖν κεῖται, ὡς μὴ μόνον ἀζήμιον, ἀλλὰ καὶ ἐπικερδὲς εἶναι τῇ φύσει τὸν ἀφανισμὸν τῶν τοιούτων. Δῆλον οὖν ὅτι τῶν ἔξωθεν ἐπιθεωρουμένων ἐστὶ ταῦτα τὰ πάθη τῆς φύσεως ὄντα καὶ οὐκ οὐσία. Ἡ μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ὅπερ ἐστίν: θυμὸν δὲ ζέσιν εἶναι τοῦ περὶ καρδίαν αἵματος τοῖς πολλοῖς δοκεῖ. Ἕτεροι δὲ, ὄρεξιν τοῦ ἀντιλυπῆσαι τὸν προκατάρξαντα. Ὡς δ' ἂν ἡμεῖς ὑπολάβοιμεν, θυμός ἐστιν ὁρμὴ τοῦ κακῶσαι τὸν παροξύνοντα. Ὧν οὐδὲν τῷ περὶ ψυχῆς ὅρῳ συμβαίνει. Κἂν τὴν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐφ' ἑαυτῆς διορισώμεθα, ἔφεσιν λέξομεν τοῦ ἐνδέοντος, ἢ πόθον τῆς καθ' ἡδονὴν ἀπολαύσεως, ἢ λύπην ἐπὶ τῷ μὴ κατ' ἐξουσίαν ὄντι καταθυμητικῷ: ἤ τινα πρὸς τὸ ἡδὺ σχέσιν, οὗ μὴ πάρεστιν ἡ ἀπόλαυσις. Ταῦτα γὰρ πάντα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα τὴν μὲν ἐπιθυμίαν ἐνδείκνυται, τοῦ δὲ ὁρισμοῦ τοῦ περὶ ψυχῆς οὐ προσάπτεται.
Ἀλλὰ καὶ ὅσα ἄλλα περὶ ψυχὴν καθορᾶται, τὰ ἐξ ἀντιθέτου ἀλλήλοις ὁρώμενα, οἷον δειλίαν καὶ θράσος, λύπην καὶ ἡδονὴν, φόβον καὶ καταφρόνησιν, καὶ ὅσα τοιαῦτα, ὧν ἕκαστον συγγενῶς ἔχειν δοκεῖ πρὸς τὸ ἐπιθυμητικὸν ἢ θυμοειδὲς, ἰδιάζοντι δὲ ὅρῳ τὴν ἰδίαν ἀνυπογράφει φύσιν. Τό τε γὰρ θράσος καὶ ἡ καταφρόνησις ἔμφασιν ὑποσημαίνει τινὰ τῆς θυμώδους ὁρμῆς: ἐλάττωσιν δέ τινα καὶ ὕφεσιν τοῦ αὐτοῦ τούτου ἡ κατὰ δειλίαν καὶ φόβον ἐγγινομένη σχέσις. Ἡ δὲ λύπη ἐξ ἀμφοτέρων ἔχει τὰς ὕλας. Ἥ τε γὰρ τοῦ θυμοῦ ἀτονία, ἐν τῷ τοῦ ἀμύνασθαι τοὺς προλελυπηκότας ἀδυνάτῳ λύπη γίνεται: καὶ ἡ ἀπόγνωσις τῶν ἐπιθυμουμένων, καὶ ἡ στέρησις τῶν καταθυμίων, τὴν σκυθρωπὴν ταύτην ἐμποιεῖ τῇ διανοίᾳ διάθεσιν. Καὶ τὸ ἀντιθεωρούμενον τῇ λύπῃ, τὸ καθ' ἡδονὴν λέγω νόημα, ὁμοίως τῷ θυμῷ τε καὶ τῇ ἐπιθυμίᾳ ἐπιμερίζεται. Ἡδονὴ γὰρ ἑκατέρου τούτων κατὰ τὸ ἶσον ἡγεμονεύει. Ἃ πάντα καὶ περὶ τὴν ψυχήν ἐστι, καὶ ψυχὴ οὐκ ἔστιν, ἀλλ' οἷον μυρμηκίαι τινὲς τοῦ διανοητικοῦ μέρους τῆς ψυχῆς ἐκφυόμεναι. Ἃ μέρη μὲν αὐτῆς εἶναι διὰ τὸ προσπεφυκέναι νομίζεται, οὐ μὴν ἐκεῖνό εἰσιν, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἡ ψυχὴ κατ' οὐσίαν.