Chapter 18.—By “Breath” Is Signified Sometimes the Holy Spirit.

How, again, does he know whether the repetition of the idea in the sentence, “who giveth breath to the people upon it, and spirit to them that walk over it,” may not be understood of only one thing under two expressions, and may not mean, not the life or spirit whereby human nature lives, but the Holy Spirit? For if by the “breath” the Holy Ghost could not be signified, the Lord would not, when He “breathed upon” His disciples after His resurrection, have said, “Receive ye the Holy Ghost.”13    John xx. 22. Nor would it have been thus written in the Acts of the Apostles, “Suddenly there came a sound from heaven, as if a mighty breath were borne in upon them; and there appeared unto them cloven tongues, like as of fire, and it sat upon each of them, and they were all filled with the Holy Ghost.”14    Acts ii. 2. Suppose, now, that it was this which the prophet foretold in the words, “who giveth breath unto the people upon it;” and then, as an exposition of what he had designated “breath,” he went on to say, “and spirit to them that walk over it.” Surely this prediction was most manifestly fulfilled when they were all filled with the Holy Ghost. If, however, the term “people” is not yet applicable to the one hundred and twenty persons who were then assembled together in one place, at all events, when the number of believers amounted to four or five thousand, who when they were baptized received the Holy Ghost,15    Acts iv. 31. can any doubt that the recipients of the Holy Ghost were then “the people,” even “the men walking in the earth”? For that spirit which is given to man as appertaining to his nature, whether it be given by propagation or be inbreathed as something new to individuals (and I do not determine which of these two modes ought to be affirmed, at least until one of the two can be clearly ascertained beyond a doubt), is not given to men when they “walk over the earth,” but whilst they are still shut up in their mother’s womb. “He gave breath, therefore, to the people upon the earth, and spirit to them that walk over it,” when many became believers together, and were together filled with the Holy Ghost. And He gives Him to His people, although not to all at the same time, but to every one in His own time, until, by departing from this life, and by coming into it, the entire number of His people be fulfilled. In this passage of Holy Scripture, therefore, breath is not one thing, and spirit another thing; but there is a repetition of one and the same idea. Just as “He that sitteth in the heavens” is not one, and “the Lord” is not another; nor, again, is it one thing “to laugh,” and another thing “to hold in derision;” but there is only a repetition of the same meaning in the passage where we read, “He that sitteth in the heavens shall laugh: the Lord shall have them in derision.”16    Ps. ii. 4. So, in precisely the same manner, in the passage, “I will give Thee the heathen for Thine inheritance, and the uttermost parts of the earth for Thy possession,”17    Ps. ii. 8. it is certainly not meant that “inheritance” is one thing, and “possession” another thing; nor that “the heathen” means one thing, and “the uttermost parts of the earth” another; there is only a repetition of the self-same thing. He will, indeed, discover innumerable expressions of this sort in the sacred writings, if he will only attentively consider what he reads.18    [It is the parallelism of Hebrew poetry to which Augustin here appeals: and that soundly, although the interpretation of “spirit” in the passage in hand, which is suggested in the chapter, is untenable.—W.]

18. Unde etiam scit, utrum repetitio sententiae sit, Qui dat flatum populo super eam, et spiritum calcantibus eam: ut de una re utrumque dictum intelligatur, et non animam vel spiritum quo natura vivit humana, sed Spiritum sanctum significare voluerit? Si enim flatu non posset significari Spiritus sanctus, non Dominus post resurrectionem insufflasset discipulis, et dixisset, Accipite Spiritum sanctum (Joan. XX, 22). Neque scriptum esset in Actibus Apostolorum, Factus est subito de coelo sonus, quasi ferretur flatus vehemens, et visae sunt illis linguae divisae sicut ignis, qui et insedit super unumquemque eorum, et impleti sunt omnes Spiritu sancto (Act. II, 2-4). Quid si hoc Propheta praenuntiavit, dicens, Qui dat flatum populo super eam? et tanquam exponens quid dixerit flatum, repetivit atque ait, et spiritum calcantibus eam? Tunc enim evidentissime factum est, quando impleti sunt omnes Spiritu sancto. Aut si nondum dicendus est populus, centum viginti homines, qui tunc in loco uno aderant, certe quando simul quatuor vel quinque millia crediderunt, et baptizati acceperunt Spiritum sanctum (Id. IV, 31), quis dubitaverit simul populum accepisse Spiritum sanctum, et multitudinem quae ambulabat in terra, id est, homines calcantes terram? Nam ille qui datur ad naturam hominis pertinens, sive ex 0485 propagine detur, sive novus insuffletur (quorum nihil affirmandum esse dico, donec alterutrum sine ulla dubitatione clarescat) non datur calcantibus terram, sed adhuc materno utero inclusis. Dedit ergo flatum populo super terram, et spiritum calcantibus eam, quando multi simul credentes, simul repleti sunt Spiritu sancto. Et ipse dat eum populo suo, etsi non simul omnibus, sed suo cuique tempore, donec discedendo de hac vita, et succedendo in hanc vitam, universus ejusdem populi numerus compleatur: ut hoc sanctae Scripturae loco non aliud sit flatus, aliud spiritus: sed ejusdem sententiae repetitio. Sicut non est alius qui habitat in coelis, et alius Dominus; nec aliud est irridere, et aliud subsannare: sed eadem sententia repetita est, ubi legitur, Qui habitat in coelis, irridebit eos, et Dominus subsannabit eos. Vel cum dictum est: Dabo tibi gentes haereditatem tuam, et possessionem tuam fines terrae (Psal. II, 4, 8). Non utique aliud dixit haereditatem, aliud possessionem; nec aliud gentes, aliud fines terrae: sed ejusdem sententiae repetitio est. Et innumerabiles inveniet hujusmodi locutiones divinorum eloquiorum, si advertat quod legit.