Chapter XXXV.—Of the Fact that the Mystery of a Mediator Was Made Known to Those Who Lived in Ancient Times by the Agency of Prophecy, as It is Now Declared to Us in the Gospel.

53. Wherefore, seeing that Christ Himself is that Wisdom of God by whom all things were created, and considering that no rational intelligences, whether of angels or of men, receive wisdom except by participation in this Wisdom wherewith we are united by that Holy Spirit through whom charity is shed abroad in our hearts157    Rom. v. 5. (which Trinity at the same time constitutes one God), Divine Providence, having respect to the interests of mortal men whose time-bound life was held engaged in things which rise into being and die,158    In rebus orientibus et occidentibus occupata tenebatur. decreed that this same Wisdom of God, assuming into the unity of His person the (nature of) man, in which He might be born according to the conditions of time, and live and die and rise again, should utter and perform and bear and sustain things congruous to our salvation; and thus, in exemplary fashion, show at once to men on earth the way for a return to heaven, and to those angels who are above us, the way to retain their position in heaven.159    Fieret et deorsum hominibus exemplum redeundi et eis qui sursum sunt angelis exemplum manendi. For unless, also, in the nature of the reasonable soul, and under the conditions of an existence in time, something came newly into being,—that is to say, unless that began to be which previously was not,—there could never be any passing from a life of utter corruption and folly into one of wisdom and true goodness. And thus, as truth in the contemplative lives in the enjoyment of things eternal, while faith in the believing is what is due to things which are made, man is purified through that faith which is conversant with temporal things, in order to his being made capable of receiving the truth of things eternal. For one of their noblest intellects, the philosopher Plato, in the treatise which is named the Timæus, speaks also to this effect: “As eternity is to that which is made, so truth to faith.” Those two belong to the things above,—namely, eternity and truth; these two belong to the things below,—namely, that which is made and faith. In order, therefore, that we may be called off from the lowest objects, and led up again to the highest, and in order also that what is made may attain to the eternal, we must come through faith to truth. And because all contraries are reduced to unity by some middle factor, and because also the iniquity of time alienated us from the righteousness of eternity, there was need of some mediatorial righteousness of a temporal nature; which mediatizing factor might be temporal on the side of those lowest objects, but also righteous on the side of these highest,160    Reading quæ medietas temporalis esset de imis, justa de summis. Another version gives quæ medietas temporalis esset de imis mixta et summis = which temporal mediatizing factor might be made up of the lowest and the highest objects together, or = which might be a temporal mediatizing factor made up, etc. and thus, by adapting itself to the former without cutting itself off from the latter, might bring back those lowest objects to the highest. Accordingly, Christ was named the Mediator between God and men, who stood between the immortal God and mortal man, as being Himself both God and man,161    1 Tim. ii. 5. who reconciled man to God, who continued to be what He (formerly) was, but was made also what He (formerly) was not. And the same Person is for us at once the (centre of the) said faith in things that are made, and the truth in things eternal.

54. This great and unutterable mystery, this kingdom and priesthood, was revealed by prophecy to the men of ancient time, and is now preached by the gospel to their descendants. For it behoved that, at some period or other, that should be made good among all nations which for a long time had been promised through the medium of a single nation. Accordingly, He who sent the prophets before His own descent also despatched the apostles after His ascension. Moreover, in virtue of the man162    Hominem. assumed by Him, He stands to all His disciples in the relation of the head to the members of His body. Therefore, when those disciples have written matters which He declared and spake to them, it ought not by any means to be said that He has written nothing Himself; since the truth is, that His members have accomplished only what they became acquainted with by the repeated statements of the Head. For all that He was minded to give for our perusal on the subject of His own doings and sayings, He commanded to be written by those disciples, whom He thus used as if they were His own hands. Whoever apprehends this correspondence of unity and this concordant service of the members, all in harmony in the discharge of diverse offices under the Head, will receive the account which he gets in the Gospel through the narratives constructed by the disciples, in the same kind of spirit in which he might look upon the actual hand of the Lord Himself, which He bore in that body which was made His own, were he to see it engaged in the act of writing. For this reason let us now rather proceed to examine into the real character of those passages in which these critics suppose the evangelists to have given contradictory accounts (a thing which only those who fail to understand the matter aright can fancy to be the case); so that, when these problems are solved, it may also be made apparent that the members in that body have preserved a befitting harmony in the unity of the body itself, not only by identity in sentiment, but also by constructing records consonant with that identity.

CAPUT XXXV. Mediatoris mysterium antiquis per prophetiam, nobis per Evangelium praedicatur.

53. Quapropter, cum sit ipse Christus Sapientia Dei, per quem creata sunt omnia, cumque nullae mentes rationales sive Angelorum sive hominum, nisi participatione ipsius sapientes fiant, cui per Spiritum sanctum, per quem charitas in cordibus nostris diffunditur, inhaeremus, quae Trinitas unus Deus est; consultum est divina providentia mortalibus, quorum temporalis vita in rebus orientibus et occidentibus occupata tenebatur, ut eadem ipsa Dei Sapientia ad unitatem personae suae homine assumpto, in quo temporaliter nasceretur, viveret, moreretur, resurgeret, congrua saluti nostrae dicendo et faciendo, patiendo et sustinendo, fieret et deorsum hominibus exemplum redeundi, et eis qui sursum sunt Angelis exemplum manendi. Nisi enim et in animae rationalis natura temporaliter aliquid oriretur, id est, inciperet esse quod non erat, nunquam ex vita pessima et stulta ad sapientem atque optimam perveniret. Ac per hoc, 1070 cum rebus aeternis contemplantium veritas perfruatur, rebus autem ortis fides credentium debeatur, purgatur homo per rerum temporalium fidem, ut aeternarum percipiat veritatem. Nam et quidam eorum nobilissimus philosophus Plato, in eo libro quem Timaeum vocant, sic ait: «Quantum ad id quod ortum est aeternitas valet, tantum ad fidem veritas.» Duo illa sursum sunt, aeternitas et veritas: duo ista deorsum, quod ortum est, et fides. Ut ergo ab imis ad summa revocemur, atque id quod ortum est recipiat aeternitatem, per fidem veniendum est ad veritatem. Et quia omnia quae in contrarium pergunt, per aliquid medium reducuntur, et ab aeterna justitia temporalis iniquitas nos alienabat; opus ergo erat media justitia temporali, quae medietas, temporalis esset de imis, justa de summis , atque ita se nec abrumpens a summis, et contemperans imis, ima redderet summis. Ideo Christus mediator Dei et hominum dictus est, inter Deum immortalem et hominem mortalem Deus et homo (I Tim. II, 5), reconcilians hominem Deo, manens id quod erat, factus quod non erat. Ipse est nobis fides in rebus ortis, qui est veritas in aeternis.

54. Hoc magnum et inenarrabile sacramentum, hoc regnum et sacerdotium antiquis per prophetiam revelabatur, posteris eorum per Evangelium praedicatur. Oportebat enim ut aliquando in omnibus gentibus redderetur, quod diu per unam gentem promittebatur. Proinde qui Prophetas ante descensionem suam praemisit, ipse et Apostolos post ascensionem suam misit. Omnibus autem discipulis suis per hominem quem assumpsit, tanquam membris sui corporis caput est. Itaque cum illi scripserunt quae ille ostendit et dixit, nequaquam dicendum est quod ipse non scripserit; quandoquidem membra ejus id operata sunt, quod dictante capite cognoverunt. Quidquid enim ille de suis factis et dictis nos legere voluit, hoc scribendum illis tanquam suis manibus imperavit. Hoc unitatis consortium et in diversis officiis concordium membrorum sub uno capite ministerium quisquis intellexerit, non aliter accipiet quod narrantibus discipulis Christi in Evangelio legerit, quam si ipsam manum Domini, quam in proprio corpore gestabat, scribentem conspexerit. Quamobrem illa potius jam videamus qualia sint, quae putant Evangelistas sibimet ipsis scripsisse contraria (quod parum intelligentibus videri potest); ut his quaestionibus dissolutis, ex hoc quoque appareat, illius capitis membra, non solum idem sentiendo, verum etiam convenientia scribendo, in corporis ipsius unitate germanam servasse concordiam.