Chapter 9.—Whether Justice and the Other Virtues Cease to Exist in the Future Life.

12. There is, however, some question raised, whether the virtues likewise by which one lives well in this present mortality, seeing that they themselves begin also to be in the mind, which was a mind none the less when it existed before without them, cease also to exist at that time when they have brought us to things eternal. For some have thought that they will cease, and in the case of three—prudence, fortitude, temperance—such an assertion seems to have something in it; but justice is immortal, and will rather then be made perfect in us than cease to be. Yet Tullius, the great author of eloquence, when arguing in the dialogue Hortensius, says of all four: “If we were allowed, when we migrated from this life, to live forever in the islands of the blessed, as fables tell, what need were there of eloquence when there would be no trials, or what need, indeed, of the very virtues themselves? For we should not need fortitude when nothing of either toil or danger was proposed to us; nor justice, when there was nothing of anybody else’s to be coveted; nor temperance, to govern lusts that would not exist; nor, indeed, should we need prudence, when there was no choice offered between good and evil. We should be blessed, therefore, solely by learning and knowing nature, by which alone also the life of the gods is praiseworthy. And hence we may perceive that everything else is a matter of necessity, but this is one of free choice.” This great orator, then, when proclaiming the excellence of philosophy, going over again all that he had learned from philosophers, and excellently and pleasantly explaining it, has affirmed all four virtues to be necessary in this life only, which we see to be full of troubles and mistakes; but not one of them when we shall have migrated from this life, if we are permitted to live there where is a blessed life; but that blessed souls are blessed only in learning and knowing, i.e. in the contemplation of nature, than which nothing is better and more lovable. It is that nature which created and appointed all other natures. And if it belongs to justice to be subject to the government of this nature then justice is certainly immortal; nor will it cease to be in that blessedness, but will be such and so great that it cannot be more perfect or greater. Perhaps, too, the other three virtues—prudence although no longer with any risk of error, and fortitude without the vexation of bearing evils, and temperance without the thwarting of lust—will exist in that blessedness: so that it may be the part of prudence to prefer or equal no good thing to God; and of fortitude, to cleave to Him most steadfastly; and of temperance, to be pleased by no harmful defect. But that which justice is now concerned with in helping the wretched, and prudence in guarding against treachery, and fortitude in bearing troubles patiently, and temperance in controlling evil pleasures, will not exist there, where there will be no evil at all. And hence those acts of the virtues which are necessary to this mortal life, like the faith to which they are to be referred, will be reckoned among things past; and they make now a different trinity, whilst we hold, look at, and love them as present, from that which they will then make, when we shall discover them not to be, but to have been, by certain traces of them which they will have left in passing in the memory; since then, too, there will be a trinity, when that trace, be it of what sort it may, shall be retained in the memory, and truly recognized, and then these two be joined by will as a third.

CAPUT IX.

12. An justitia et caeterae virtutes desinant in futura vita. Utrum autem tunc etiam virtutes, quibus in hac mortalitate bene vivitur, quia et ipsae incipiunt esse in animo, qui cum sine illis prius esset, tamen animus erat, desinant esse cum ad 1046 aeterna perduxerint, nonnulla quaestio est. Quibusdam enim visum est desituras: et de tribus quidem, prudentia, fortitudine, temperantia, cum hoc dicitur, non nihil dici videtur; justitia vero immortalis est, et magis tunc perficietur in nobis, quam esse cessabit. De omnibus tamen quatuor magnus auctor eloquentiae Tullius in Hortensio dialogo disputans: Si nobis, inquit, cum ex hac vita emigraverimus, in beatorum insulis immortale aevum, ut fabulae ferunt, degere liceret, quid opus esset eloquentia, cum judicia nulla fierent; aut ipsis etiam virtutibus? Nec enim fortitudine egeremus, nullo proposito aut labore aut periculo; nec justitia, cum esset nihil quod appeteretur alieni; nec temperantia, quae regeret eas quae nullae essent libidines; nec prudentia quidem egeremus, nullo delectu proposito bonorum et malorum. Una igitur essemus beati cognitione naturae et scientia, qua sola etiam deorum est vita laudanda. Ex quo intelligi potest, caetera necessitatis esse, unum hoc voluntatis. Ita ille tantus orator, cum philosophiam praedicaret, recolens ea quae a philosophis acceperat, et praeclare ac suaviter explicans, in hac tantum vita, quam videmus aerumnis et erroribus plenam, omnes quatuor necessarias dixit esse virtutes: nullam vero earum, cum ex hac vita emigraverimus, si liceat ibi vivere ubi vivitur beate; sed bonos animos sola beatos esse cognitione et scientia, hoc est contemplatione naturae qua nihil est melius et amabilius: ea est natura , quae creavit omnes caeteras, instituitque naturas. Cui regenti esse subditum, si justitiae est, immortalis est omnino justitia: nec in illa esse beatitudine desinet, sed talis ac tanta erit, ut perfectior et major esse non possit. Fortassis et aliae tres virtutes, prudentia sine ullo jam periculo erroris, fortitudo sine molestia tolerandorum malorum, temperantia sine repugnatione libidinum, erunt in illa felicitate: ut prudentiae sit nullum bonum Deo praeponere vel aequare; fortitudinis, ei firmissime cohaerere; temperantiae, nullo defectu noxio delectari. Nunc autem quod agit justitia in subveniendo miseris, quod prudentia in praecavendis insidiis, quod fortitudo in perferendis molestiis, quod temperantia in coercendis delectationibus pravis, non ibi erit, ubi nihil omnino mali erit. Ac per hoc ista virtutum opera, quae huic mortali vitae sunt necessaria, sicut fides ad quam referenda sunt, in praeteritis habebuntur: et aliam nunc faciunt trinitatem, cum ea praesentia tenemus, aspicimus, amamus; aliam tunc factura sunt, cum ea non esse, sed fuisse, per quaedam eorum vestigia, quae praetereundo in memoria derelinquent, reperiemus: quia et tunc trinitas erit, cum illud qualecumque vestigium et memoriter retinebitur, et agnoscetur veraciter, et hoc utrumque tertia voluntate jungetur.