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to say that the Divine apprehends existing things by means of poor activities in diverse powers. For it is not possible to comprehend the varied and manifold nature of the perceptive activity in the simplicity of the divinity. For neither are our perceptive powers of things many, even though we apprehend the things of life in many ways through the senses. For there is one power, the mind itself which is within, which proceeds through each of the organs of sense and grasps existing things. This one sees the visible through the eyes; this one understands what is said through hearing, and loves what is pleasing, and turns away from what is not pleasurable, and uses the hand for whatever it wishes, grasping with it and pushing away whatever it judges expedient, employing for this the cooperation of the organ. If, then, in man, even though the organs fashioned by nature for perception happen to be different, the one who is active and moves through them all and uses each appropriately for the purpose at hand is one and the same, not changing his nature with the differences of the activities; how could one perceive in God a multiplicity of substance through the variety of powers? For "He who formed the eye," as the Prophet says, and "He who planted the ear," impressed these activities upon the nature of men as certain distinctive marks, according to the patterns in Himself. For, it says, "Let us make man in our image." But where now is the heresy of the Anomoeans? what will they say to such a voice? how will they preserve the emptiness of their dogma in what has been said? Will they say that it is possible for one image to be likened to different forms? If the Son is unlike the Father in nature, how does he make one image of different natures? For the one who said, "Let us make man in our image," and through the plural meaning revealed the holy Trinity, would not have mentioned the image singularly, if the archetypes were unlike one another. For it was not possible for a single likeness to be shown of things not corresponding to one another; but if the natures were different, he would certainly have established different images of them also, creating the one appropriate for each. But since the image is one, but the archetype of the image is not one; who is so without understanding as to be ignorant that things likened to one thing are in every way alike to one another? For this reason, the word says, perhaps cutting short this wickedness in the constitution of human life, "Let us make man in our image and likeness."

CHAPTER 7.

Why man is naked of natural weapons and coverings.

But what is the meaning of the upright posture? And why are the powers for life not innate to the body? but man is brought into life naked of natural coverings, unarmed and poor, and in need of all things for his use, worthy of pity rather than being considered blessed, according to appearances, not armed with projections of horns, not with sharp claws, not with hooves, or teeth, or with some stinger having deadly poison by nature, such as many of the animals possess in themselves for defense against those that would harm them; the body is not covered by a coat of hair; and yet perhaps the one appointed to rule over the others ought to have been fortified by nature with its own weapons, so that it might not need the assistance of others for its own safety. But as it is, the lion, and boar, and tiger, and leopard, and any other such animal, has sufficient power from nature for its preservation. And for the bull the horn, and for the hare speed, and for the gazelle its leap and the safety of its sight, and for some other animal its size, and for others stealth, and for the birds the wing, and for the bee the stinger, and for all in every way one thing for

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πίνης ἐνεργείας ἐν διαφόροις δυνάμεσι τὸ Θεῖον λέγειν τῶν ὄντων ἐφάπτεσθαι. Οὐ γάρ ἐστι δυνατὸν ἐν τῇ ἁπλότητι τῆς θειότητος τὸ ποικίλον τε καὶ πολυειδὲς τῆς ἀντιληπτικῆς ἐνεργείας κατανοῆσαι. Οὐδὲ γὰρ ἡμῖν πολλαί τινές εἰσιν αἱ ἀντιληπτικαὶ τῶν πρα γμάτων δυνάμεις, εἰ καὶ πολυτρόπως διὰ τῶν αἰσθή 140 σεων τῶν κατὰ ζωὴν ἐφαπτώμεθα. Μία γάρ τίς ἐστι δύναμις, αὐτὸς ὁ ἐγκείμενος νοῦς, ὁ δι' ἑκάστον τῶν αἰσθητηρίων διεξιὼν, καὶ τῶν ὄντων ἐπιδρασσόμενος. Οὗτος θεωρεῖ διὰ τῶν ὀφθαλμῶν τὸ φαινόμενον· οὗ τος συνιεῖ διὰ τῆς ἀκοῆς τὸ λεγόμενον, ἀγαπᾷ τε τὸ κατευθύμιον, καὶ τὸ μὴ καθ' ἡδονὴν ἀποστρέφεται, καὶ τῇ χειρὶ χρῆται πρὸς τὸ ὅ τι βούλεται, κρατῶν δι' αὐτῆς καὶ ἀπωθούμενος ἅπερ ἂν λυσιτελεῖν κρίνῃ, τῇ τοῦ ὀργάνου συνεργίᾳ εἰς τοῦτο συγχρώμενος. Εἰ τοίνυν ἐν τῷ ἀνθρώπῳ κἂν διάφορα τύχῃ τὰ πρὸς αἴσθησιν κατεσκευασμένα παρὰ τῆς φύσεως ὄργανα, ὁ διὰ πάντων ἐνεργῶν καὶ κινούμενος καὶ καταλλήλως ἑκάστῳ πρὸς τὸ προκείμενον κεχρημένος, εἷς ἐστι καὶ ὁ αὐτὸς, ταῖς διαφοραῖς τῶν ἐνεργειῶν οὐ συν εξαλλάσσων τὴν φύσιν· πῶς ἄν τις ἐπὶ τοῦ Θεοῦ διὰ τῶν ποικίλων δυνάμεων τὸ πολυμερὲς τῆς οὐσίας κατ οπτεύσειεν; «Ὁ» γὰρ «πλάσας τὸν ὀφθαλμὸν,» καθώς φησιν ὁ Προφήτης, καὶ «ὁ φυτεύσας τὸ οὗς,» πρὸς τὰ ἐν αὐτῷ παραδείγματα τὰς ἐνεργείας ταύτας οἶόν τι νας γνωριστικοὺς χαρακτῆρας τῇ φύσει τῶν ἀνθρώπων ἐνεσημήνατο. «Ποιήσωμεν» γὰρ, φησὶν, «ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα ἡμετέραν.» Ἀλλὰ ποῦ μοι τῶν Ἀνομοίων ἡ αἵρεσις; τί πρὸς τὴν τοιαύτην ἐροῦσι φωνήν; πῶς διασώσουσιν ἐν τοῖς εἰρημένοις τοῦ δόγματος αὐτῶν τὴν κενότητα; ἆρα δυνατὸν εἶναι φήσουσι, μίαν εἰ κόνα διαφόροις ὁμοιωθῆναι μορφαῖς; Εἰ ἀνόμοιος κατὰ τὴν φύσιν τῷ Πατρὶ ὁ Υἱὸς, πῶς μίαν κατα σκευάζει τῶν διαφόρων φύσεων τὴν εἰκόνα; Ὁ γὰρ, «Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα ἡ μετέραν,» εἰπὼν, καὶ διὰ τῆς πληθυντικῆς σημασίας τὴν ἁγίαν Τριάδα δηλώσας, οὐκ ἂν τῆς εἰκόνος μοναδικῶς ἐπεμνήσθη, εἴπερ ἀνομοίως ἔχοι πρὸς ἄλληλα τὰ ἀρχέτυπα. Οὐ γὰρ ἦν δυνατὸν τῶν ἀλλήλοις μὴ συμβαινόντων εἰς ἒν ἀναδειχθῆναι ὁμοίωμα· ἀλλ' εἰ διάφοροι ἦσαν αἱ φύσεις, διαφόρους πάντως καὶ τὰς εἰκόνας αὐτῶν ἐν εστήσατο, τὴν κατάλληλον ἑκάστῃ δημιουργήσας. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ μία μὲν ἡ εἰκὼν, οὐχ ἓν δὲ τὸ τῆς εἰ κόνος ἀρχέτυπον· τίς οὕτως ἔξω διανοίας ἐστὶν ὡς ἀγνοεῖν, ὅτι τὰ τῷ ἑνὶ ὁμοιούμενα, καὶ πρὸς ἄλληλα πάντως ὁμοίως ἔχει; ∆ιὰ τοῦτό φησι, τάχα τὴν κα κίαν ταύτην ἐν τῇ κατασκευῇ τῆς ἀνθρωπίνης ζωῆς ὁ λόγος ὑποτεμνόμενος, «Ποιήσωμεν ἄνθρωπον κατ' εἰκόνα καὶ ὁμοίωσιν ἡμετέραν.»

ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟΝ Ζʹ.

∆ιὰ τί γυμνὸς τῶν ἐκ φύσεως ὅπλων τε καὶ προ καλυμμάτων ὁ ἄνθρωπος.

Ἀλλὰ τί βούλεται τὸ τοῦ σχήματος ὄρθιον; Τί δὲ οὐχὶ συμφυεῖς εἰσιν αἱ πρὸς τὸν βίον δυνάμεις τῷ σώματι; ἀλλὰ γυμνὸς μὲν τῶν φυσικῶν σκεπασμά των, ἄοπλος δέ τις καὶ πένης ὁ ἄνθρωπος, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τὴν χρείαν ἐνδεὴς ἁπάντων ἐπὶ τὸν βίον παρ άγεται, ἐλεεῖσθαι μᾶλλον ἢ μακαρίζεσθαι κατὰ τὸ φαι νόμενον ἄξιος, οὐ προβολαῖς κεράτων καθωπλισμένος, οὐκ ὀνύχων ἀκμαῖς, οὐχ ὁπλαῖς, ἢ ὀδοῦσιν, ἤ τινι κέντρῳ θανατηφόρον ἰὸν ἐκ φύσεως ἔχοντι, οἷα δὴ τὰ 141 πολλὰ τῶν ζώων ἐν ἑαυτοῖς πρὸς τὴν τῶν λυπούντων ἄμυναν κέκτηται· οὐ τῇ τῶν τριχῶν περιβολῇ τὸ σῶμα καλύπτεται· καίτοιγε ἴσως τὸν εἰς ἀρχὴν τῶν ἄλλων προτεταγμένον, οἰκείοις ὅπλοις ἔδει περιπεφράχθαι παρὰ τῆς φύσεως, ὡς ἂν μὴ τῆς παρ' ἑτέρων ἐπικου ρίας πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν ἀσφάλειαν δέοιτο. Νυνὶ δὲ λέων μὲν, καὶ σῦς, καὶ τίγρις, καὶ πάρδαλις, καὶ εἴ τι τοιοῦτον ἕτερον, ἀρκοῦσαν ἔχει πρὸς σωτηρίαν τὴν ἐκ φύσεως δύναμιν. Καὶ τῷ ταύρῳ μὲν τὸ κέρας, καὶ τῷ λαγωῷ τὸ τάχος, καὶ τῇ δορκάδι τὸ πήδημα καὶ τὸ κατ' ὀφθαλμὸν ἀσφαλὲς, καὶ ἄλλῳ τινὶ ζώῳ τὸ μέγεθος, καὶ ἑτέροις ἡ προνομαία, καὶ τοῖς πετεινοῖς τὸ πτερὸν, καὶ τῇ μελίσσῃ τὸ κέντρον, καὶ πᾶσι πάν τως ἕν τι εἰς