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These channels of the blood, as if setting out from some spring, the liver, travel together with the hot breath everywhere throughout the body, so that the one, being isolated from the other, may not destroy nature, having become a disease.

Let this instruct those who are disorderly concerning equality, being taught by nature that greed is a destructive passion. But since only the Divine is without need, and human poverty requires external things for its own constitution, for this reason, to these three powers by which we said the whole body is governed, it introduces matter from without as an influx, housing what is appropriate for them through different entrances. For to the spring of the blood, which is the liver, it has subjected the supply from food. For what is always brought in through this, prepares the springs of the blood to gush forth through the liver, just as the snow on the mountain through its own moisture increases the springs at the foot of the mountain, pressing its own liquid from the depths into the veins below. But the cardiac spirit is brought in through the neighboring organ, which is called the lung, and is a receptacle of air, through the artery located within it that extends to the mouth, drawing in the external breath by respiration. In the middle of which the heart is enfolded, in imitation of the energy of the ever-moving fire, itself also moving unceasingly, like the bellows in the forges, it both draws to itself from the adjacent lung, filling its cavities by dilation, and fanning its own fiery nature, it breathes into the connected arteries. And doing this it does not cease, drawing in the external [breath] through dilation into its own cavities, and infusing what is from itself through contraction into the arteries. Which seems to me to become the cause of this automatic respiration for us. For often the mind is busy with other things or is completely at rest, the body being relaxed in sleep, but the respiration of the air does not cease, with choice cooperating in no way in this. For I think that since the heart is encompassed by the lung, and is attached to it at its posterior part, by its own dilations and contractions moving the organ along with it, it devises for the lung the drawing in and breathing in of the air. For being porous and having many passages, and having all its cavities opened 248 to the base of the artery, when it is constricted and collapses, it sends forth the breath remaining in the cavities, pressing it out by necessity. And receding and opening up, it draws in the air by dilation into the emptying space through inhalation. And this is the cause of this involuntary respiration, the inability of the fiery element to be at rest. For since the energy according to motion is proper to heat, and we have understood its principles to be in the heart, the continuity of motion in this part produces the unceasing impulse and inhalation of the air through the breath. Therefore, when the fiery element is intensified contrary to nature, the panting of those burning with fever becomes more frequent, as if the heart is hastening to extinguish the flame within it with fresher breath.

But since our nature is somewhat poor, and in need of all things for its own constitution, it is not only destitute of its own air and of breath, which rouses the heat, which is continually brought in from without for the preservation of the living being; but it also has as something acquired the food that supports the bulk of the body. For this reason it replenishes what is lacking with food and drink, having placed in the body a certain attractive power for what is deficient and a repulsive power for what is superfluous, with the cardiac fire providing no small assistance to nature for this. For since the most important of the vital parts, according to the argument given, is the heart, which with the hot breath enlivens each of the parts, our Creator made it to be active from all sides with its effective power, so that no part of it

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τοῦτο οἱ τοῦ αἵματος ὀχετοὶ, καθάπερ ἐκ πηγῆς τινος τοῦ ἥπατος ἀφορμηθέντες τῷ θερμῷ πνεύματι πανταχῆ κατὰ τὸ σῶμα συμπαροδεύουσιν, ὡς ἂν μὴ μονωθὲν τοῦ ἑτέρου τὸ ἕτερον, διαφθείρῃ τὴν φύσιν, πάθος γενόμενον.

Παιδευέτω τοῦτο τοὺς ἀτακτοῦντας περὶ τὸ ἴσον, διδαχθέντας παρὰ τῆς φύσεως, ὅτι ἡ πλεονεξία φθοροποιόν τι πάθος ἐστίν. Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ μόνον ἀπροσδεές ἐστι τὸ Θεῖον, ἡ δὲ ἀνθρωπίνη πτω χεία τῶν ἔξωθεν πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν σύστασιν ἐπιδέεται, διὰ τοῦτο ταῖς τρισὶ ταύταις δυνάμεσι, δι' ὧν ἔφαμεν ἅπαν οἰκονομεῖσθαι τὸ σῶμα, ἐπίῤῥυτον ἔξωθεν ἐπεισάγει τὴν ὕλην, διαφόροις εἰσόδοις τὸ κατάλληλον αὐταῖς εἰσοικίζουσα. Τῇ μὲν γὰρ πηγῇ τοῦ αἵματος, ἤ τις τὸ ἧπάρ ἐστι, τὴν διὰ τῆς τροφῆς χορηγίαν ὑπέθηκε. Τὸ γὰρ ἐπεισαγόμενον ἀεὶ διὰ ταύτης, τὰς τοῦ αἵματος πηγὰς βρύειν διὰ τοῦ ἥπατος παρασκευάζει, καθάπερ ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ ὅρους χιὼν διὰ τῆς οἰκείας ἰκμά δος τὰς κατὰ τὴν ὑπώρειαν αὔξει πηγὰς, διὰ τοῦ βάθους τὸ οἰκεῖον ὑγρὸν ἐπὶ τὰς κάτω φλέβας συνθλίβουσα. Τὸ δὲ ἐγκάρδιον πνεῦμα διὰ τοῦ γείτονος ἐπεισ άγεται σπλάγχνου, ὃ καλεῖται μὲν πνεύμων, ἐστὶ δὲ τοῦ ἀέρος δοχεῖον, διὰ τῆς ἐγκειμένης ἀρτηρίας τῆς ἐπὶ τὸ στόμα διηκούσης, τὸ ἔξωθεν πνεῦμα ταῖς ἀναπνοαῖς ἐφελκόμενον. Ὧ κατὰ τὸ μέσον ἡ καρδία ἐνειλημμένη, κατὰ μίμησιν τῆς τοῦ ἀεικινήτου πυρὸς ἐνεργείας, ἀδιαλείπτως καὶ αὐτὴ κινουμένη, οἷόν τι ποιοῦσιν ἐν τοῖς χαλκείοις αἱ φύσαι, ἕλκει τε πρὸς ἑαυτὴν ἐκ τοῦ παρακειμένου πνεύμο νος πληροῦσα τῇ διαστολῇ τὰς κοιλότητας, καὶ τὸ πυρῶδες ἑαυτῆς ἐκριπίζουσα, ταῖς ἐχομέναις ἀρτη ρίαις ἐμπνεῖ. Καὶ τοῦτο ποιοῦσα οὐ διαλείπει, τὸ μὲν ἔξωθεν διὰ τῆς διαστολῆς εἰς τὰς ἰδίας κοιλότη τας ἕλκουσα, τὸ δὲ παρ' ἑαυτῆς διὰ τῆς συμπτώσεως ταῖς ἀρτηρίαις εἰσκρίνουσα. Ὅ μοι δοκεῖ καὶ τῆς αὐτομάτου ταύτης ἀναπνοῆς αἴτιον ἡμῖν γίνεσθαι. Πολλάκις γὰρ ὁ μὲν νοῦς ἄσχολός ἐστι πρὸς ἑτέρους ἣ καὶ παντάπασιν ἠρεμεῖ, λυθέντος ἐν τῷ ὕπνῳ τοῦ σώματος, ἡ δὲ ἀναπνοὴ τοῦ ἀέρος οὐ διαλείπει, μηδ' ὁτιοῦν συνεργούσης εἰς τοῦτο τῆς προαιρέσεως. Οἶμαι γὰρ, ἐπειδὴ περιείληπται τῷ πνεύμονι ἡ καρδία, καὶ προσπέφυκεν αὐτῷ κατὰ τὸ ὀπίσθιον ἑαυτῆς μέρος, ταῖς ἰδίαις διαστολαῖς καὶ συμπτώσεσι συγκινοῦσα τὸ σπλάγχνον, τὴν τοῦ ἀέρος ὁλκήν τε καὶ ἐμπνοὴν ἐκμηχανᾶσθαι τῷ πνεύμονι. Ἀραιὸς γάρ τις ὢν καὶ πολύπορος, καὶ πάσας τὰς ἐν αὐτῷ κοιλότητας πρὸς τὸν πυθμένα τῆς ἀρτηρίας ἀνεστομω 248 μένας ἔχων, συστελλόμενος μὲν καὶ συμπίπτων τὸ ἐναπολειφθὲν τοῖς κοίλοις πνεῦμα κατ' ἀνάγκην ἐκπιέζων προΐεται. Ὑποχωρῶν δὲ καὶ ἀνοιγόμενος, ἐπισπᾶται τῇ διαστάσει πρὸς τὸ κενούμενον διὰ τῆς ὁλκῆς τὸν ἀέρα. Καὶ αὕτη ἐστὶ τῆς ἀπροαιρέτου ταύ της ἀναπνοῆς αἰτία, ἡ τοῦ ἀτρεμεῖν τὸ πυρῶδες ἀδυ ναμία. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ ἴδιόν ἐστι τοῦ θερμοῦ ἡ κατὰ τὴν κίνησιν ἐνέργεια, τούτου δὲ τὰς ἀρχὰς ἐν τῇ καρδίᾳ κατενοήσαμεν, τὸ διηνεκὲς τῆς ἐν τῷ μέρει τούτῳ κινήσεως τὴν ἀδιάλειπτον τοῦ ἀέρος ὁρμήν τε καὶ ἐμπνοὴν διὰ τοῦ πνεύματος ἀπεργάζεται. ∆ιὸ καὶ παρὰ φύσιν ἐπιταθέντος τοῦ πυρώδους, τὸ ἆσθμα τῶν διακαιομένων τῷ πυρετῷ συνεχέστερον γίνεται, ὥσπερ ἐπειγομένης τῆς καρδίας τὸν ἐγκείμενον ἐν αὐτῇ φλογμὸν τῷ νεαρωτέρῳ πνεύματι κατασβεν νύειν.

Ἀλλ' ἐπειδὴ πενιχρά τίς ἐστιν ἡμῶν ἡ φύσις, καὶ τῶν πρὸς τὴν ἰδίαν σύστασιν διὰ πάντων ἐπιδεὴς, οὐκ ἀέρος μόνον ἰδίου πτωχεύει, καὶ πνεύματος, τοῦ τὸ θερμὸν διεγείροντος, ὅπερ ἔξωθεν πρὸς τὴν τοῦ ζώου συντήρησιν διηνεκῶς ἐπεισάγεται· ἀλλὰ καὶ τὴν ὑπερείδουσαν τὸν τοῦ σώματος ὄγκον τροφὴν ἐπίκτη τον ἔχει. ∆ιὰ τοῦτο σιτίοις τε καὶ ποτοῖς ἀναπληροῖ τὸ ἐνδέον, ἑλκτικήν τινα τοῦ λείποντος δύναμιν καὶ ἀπωστικὴν τοῦ περιττεύοντος ἐνθεῖσα τῷ σώματι, οὐδὲ πρὸς τοῦτο τοῦ ἐγκαρδίου πυρὸς μικρὰν παρεχο μένου τῇ φύσει συνέργειαν. Ἐπειδὴ γὰρ τὸ κυριώ τατον τῶν ζωτικῶν μορίων κατὰ τὸν ἀποδοθέντα λό γον ἡ καρδία ἐστὶν, ἡ τῷ θερμῷ πνεύματι ζωπυροῦσα τὰ καθέκαστον μέρη, πανταχόθεν αὐτὴν ἐνεργὸν εἶναι τῷ δραστικῷ τῆς δυνάμεως, ὁ πλάστης ἡμῶν ἐποίησεν, ὡς ἂν μηδὲν αὐτῆς μέρος