Chapter XXXV.—Another Kind of Temptation is Curiosity, Which is Stimulated by the Lust of the Eyes.

54. In addition to this there is another form of temptation, more complex in its peril. For besides that concupiscence of the flesh which lieth in the gratification of all senses and pleasures, wherein its slaves who “are far from Thee perish,”822    Ps. lxiii. 27. there pertaineth to the soul, through the same senses of the body, a certain vain and curious longing, cloaked under the name of knowledge and learning, not of having pleasure in the flesh, but of making experiments through the flesh. This longing, since it originates in an appetite for knowledge, and the sight being the chief amongst the senses in the acquisition of knowledge, is called in divine language, “the lust of the eyes.”823    1 John ii. 16. For seeing belongeth properly to the eyes; yet we apply this word to the other senses also, when we exercise them in the search after knowledge. For we do not say, Listen how it glows, smell how it glistens, taste how it shines, or feel how it flashes, since all these are said to be seen. And yet we say not only, See how it shineth, which the eyes alone can perceive; but also, See how it soundeth, see how it smelleth, see how it tasteth, see how hard it is. And thus the general experience of the senses, as was said before, is termed “the lust of the eyes,” because the function of seeing, wherein the eyes hold the pre-eminence, the other senses by way of similitude take possession of, whensoever they seek out any knowledge.

55. But by this is it more clearly discerned, when pleasure and when curiosity is pursued by the senses; for pleasure follows after objects that are beautiful, melodious, fragrant, savoury, soft; but curiosity, for experiment’s sake, seeks the contrary of these,—not with a view of undergoing uneasiness, but from the passion of experimenting upon and knowing them. For what pleasure is there to see, in a lacerated corpse, that which makes you shudder? And yet if it lie near, we flock thither, to be made sad, and to turn pale. Even in sleep they fear lest they should see it. Just as if when awake any one compelled them to go and see it, or any report of its beauty had attracted them! Thus also is it with the other senses, which it were tedious to pursue. From this malady of curiosity are all those strange sights exhibited in the theatre. Hence do we proceed to search out the secret powers of nature (which is beside our end), which to know profits not,824    Augustin’s great end was to attain the knowledge of God. Hence, in his Soliloquia, i. 7, we read: “Deum et animam scire cupio. Nihilne plus? Nihil omnino.” And he only esteemed the knowledge of physical laws so far as they would lead to Him. (See v. sec. 7, above, and the note there.) In his De Ordine, ii. 14, 15, etc., writing at the time of his conversion, he had contended that the knowledge of the liberal sciences would lead to a knowledge of the divine wisdom; but in his Retractations (i. 3, sec. 2) he regrets this, pointing out that while many holy men have not this knowledge, many who have it are not holy. Compare also Enchir. c. 16; Serm. lxviii. 1, 2; and De Civ. Dei, ix. 22. and wherein men desire nothing but to know. Hence, too, with that same end of perverted knowledge we consult magical arts. Hence, again, even in religion itself, is God tempted, when signs and wonders are eagerly asked of Him,—not desired for any saving end, but to make trial only.

56. In this so vast a wilderness, replete with snares and dangers, lo, many of them have I lopped off, and expelled from my heart, as Thou, O God of my salvation, hast enabled me to do. And yet when dare I say, since so many things of this kind buzz around our daily life,—when dare I say that no such thing makes me intent to see it, or creates in me vain solicitude? It is true that the theatres never now carry me away, nor do I now care to know the courses of the stars, nor hath my soul at any time consulted departed spirits; all sacrilegious oaths I abhor. O Lord my God, to whom I owe all humble and single-hearted service, with what subtlety of suggestion does the enemy influence me to require some sign from Thee! But by our King, and by our pure land chaste country Jerusalem, I beseech Thee, that as any consenting unto such thoughts is far from me, so may it always be farther and farther. But when I entreat Thee for the salvation of any, the end I aim at is far otherwise, and Thou who doest what Thou wilt, givest and wilt give me willingly to “follow” Thee.825    John xxi. 22.

57. Nevertheless, in how many most minute and contemptible things is our curiosity daily tempted, and who can number how often we succumb? How often, when people are narrating idle tales, do we begin by tolerating them, lest we should give offence unto the weak; and then gradually we listen willingly! I do not now-a-days go to the circus to see a dog chasing a hare;826    In allusion to those venatios, or hunting scenes, in which the less savage animals were slain. These were held in the circus, which was sometimes planted for the occasion, so as to resemble a forest. See Smith’s Greek and Roman Antiquities, under “Venatio,” and vi. sec. 13, note, above. but if by chance I pass such a coursing in the fields, it possibly distracts me even from some serious thought, and draws me after it,—not that I turn the body of my beast aside, but the inclination of my mind. And except Thou, by demonstrating to me my weakness, dost speedily warn me, either through the sight itself, by some reflection to rise to Thee, or wholly to despise and pass it by, I, vain one, am absorbed by it. How is it, when sitting at home, a lizard catching flies, or a spider entangling them as they rush into her nets, oftentimes arrests me? Is the feeling of curiosity not the same because these are such tiny creatures? From them I proceed to praise Thee, the wonderful Creator and Disposer of all things; but it is not this that first attracts my attention. It is one thing to get up quickly, and another not to fall, and of such things is my life full; and my only hope is in Thy exceeding great mercy. For when this heart of ours is made the receptacle of such things, and bears crowds of this abounding vanity, then are our prayers often interrupted and disturbed thereby; and whilst in Thy presence we direct the voice of our heart to Thine ears, this so great a matter is broken off by the influx of I know not what idle thoughts.

CAPUT XXXV. Ut se habet ad secundum tentationis genus, quod est curiositatis.

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54. Huc accedit alia forma tentationis multiplicius periculosa. Praeter eam enim concupiscentiam carnis, quae inest in delectatione omnium sensuum et voluptatum, cui servientes depereunt qui longe se faciunt a te, inest animae per eosdem sensus corporis quaedam non se oblectandi in carne, sed experiendi per carnem vana et curiosa cupiditas, nomine cognitionis et scientiae palliata. Quae quoniam in appetitu noscendi est, oculi autem sunt ad cognoscendum in sensibus principes, concupiscentia oculorum eloquio divino appellata est (I Joan. II, 16). Ad oculos enim proprie videre pertinet. Utimur autem hoc verbo etiam in caeteris sensibus, cum eos ad cognoscendum intendimus. Neque enim dicimus, Audi quid rutilet; aut, Olfac quam niteat; aut, Gusta quam splendeat; aut, Palpa quam fulgeat: videri enim dicuntur haec omnia. Dicimus autem non solum, Vide quid luceat, quod soli oculi sentire possunt; sed etiam, Vide quid sonet; vide quid oleat; vide quid sapiat; vide quam durum sit. Ideoque generalis experientia sensuum concupiscentia, sicut dictum est, oculorum vocatur; quia videndi officium in quo primatum oculi tenent, etiam caeteri sensus sibi de similitudine usurpant, cum aliquid cognitionis explorant.

55. Ex hoc autem evidentius discernitur quid voluptatis, quid curiositatis agatur per sensus: quod voluptas pulchra, canora, suavia, sapida, lenia sectatur; curiositas autem etiam his contraria tentandi causa, non ad subeundam molestiam, sed experiendi noscendique libidine. Quid enim voluptatis habet videre in laniato cadavere quod exhorreas; et tamen sicubi jaceat, concurrunt ut contristentur, ut palleant. Timent etiam ne in somnis hoc videant; quasi quisquam eos vigilantes videre coegerit, aut pulchritudinis ulla fama persuaserit. Ita et in caeteris sensibus, quae persequi longum est. Ex hoc morbo cupiditatis, in spectaculis exhibentur quaeque miracula. Hinc ad perscrutanda naturae (quae praeter nos est) operta proceditur , quae scire nihil prodest, et nihil aliud quam scire homines cupiunt. Hinc etiam, si quid eodem perversae scientiae fine per artes magicas quaeritur. Hinc etiam in ipsa religione Deus tentatur, cum signa et prodigia flagitantur, non ad aliquam salutem, sed ad solam experientiam desiderata.

56. In hac tam immensa silva plena insidiarum et periculorum, ecce multa praeciderim et a meo corde dispulerim, sicuti donasti me facere, Deus salutis meae; attamen quando audeo dicere, cum circumquaque quotidianam vitam nostram tam multa hujus generis rerum circumstrepant; quando audeo dicere nulla re tali me intentum fieri ad spectandum, et vana cura capiendum? Sane me jam theatra non rapiunt, nec curo nosse transitus siderum, nec anima mea unquam 0803 responsa quaesivit umbrarum; omnia sacrilega sacramenta detestor. A te, Domine Deus meus, cui humilem famulatum ac simplicem debeo, quantis mecum suggestionum machinationibus agit inimicus ut signum aliquod petam? Sed obsecro te per Regem nostrum, et patriam Jerusalem simplicem, castam, ut quemadmodum a me longe est ista consensio, ita sit semper longe atque longius. Pro salute autem cujusquam cum te rogo, alius multum differens finis est intentionis meae; et te facientem quod vis, das mihi, et dabis libenter sequi.

57. Verumtamen in quam multis minutissimis et contemptibilibus rebus curiositas quotidie nostra tentatur , et quam saepe labamur, quis enumerat? Quoties narrantes inania, primo quasi toleramus ne offendamus infirmos, deinde paulatim libenter advertimus? Canem currentem post leporem jam non specto, cum in circo fit: at vero in agro, si casu transeam, avertit me fortassis et ab aliqua magna cogitatione, atque ad se convertit illa venatio; non deviare cogens corpore jumenti, sed cordis inclinatione. Et nisi jam mihi demonstrata infirmitate mea, cito admoneas, aut ex ipsa visione per aliquam considerationem in te assurgere, aut totum contemnere atque transire, vanus hebesco. Quid cum me domi sedentem stellio muscas captans, vel aranea retibus suis irruentes implicans, saepe intentum facit? Num quia parva sunt animalia, ideo non res eadem geritur? Pergo inde ad laudandum te, creatorem mirificum atque ordinatorem rerum omnium, sed non inde intentus esse incipio. Aliud est cito surgere, aliud est non cadere. Et talibus vita mea plena est, et una spes mea magna valde misericordia tua. Cum enim hujuscemodi rerum conceptaculum fit cor nostrum, et portat copiosae vanitatis catervas, hinc et orationes nostrae saepe interrumpuntur atque turbantur, et ante conspectum tuum dum ad aures tuas vocem cordis intendimus, nescio unde irruentibus nugatoriis cogitationibus res tanta praeciditur.