Augustine of Hippo, The Confessions

18. “Will you say that these things are false, which, with a strong voice, Truth tells me in my inner ear, concerning the very eternity of the Creator, that His substance is in no wise changed by time, nor that His will is separate from His substance? Wherefore, He willeth not one thing now, another anon, but once and for ever He willeth all things that He willeth; not again and again, nor now this, now that; nor willeth afterwards what He willeth not before, nor willeth not what before He willed. Because such a will is mutable and no mutable thing is eternal; but our God is eternal.986 See xi. sec. 41, above. Likewise He tells me, tells me in my inner ear, that the expectation of future things is turned to sight when they have come; and this same sight is turned to memory when they have passed. Moreover, all thought which is thus varied is mutable, and nothing mutable is eternal; but our God is eternal.” These things I sum up and put together, and I find that my God, the eternal God, hath not made any creature by any new will, nor that His knowledge suffereth anything transitory.

19. What, therefore, will ye say, ye objectors? Are these things false? “No,” they say. “What is this? Is it false, then, that every nature already formed, or matter formable, is only from Him who is supremely good, because He is supreme? . . . . Neither do we deny this,” say they. “What then? Do you deny this, that there is a certain sublime creature, clinging with so chaste a love with the true and truly eternal God, that although it be not co-eternal with Him, yet it separateth itself not from Him, nor floweth into any variety and vicissitude of times, but resteth in the truest contemplation of Him only?” Since Thou, O God, showest Thyself unto him, and sufficest him, who loveth Thee as much as Thou commandest, and, therefore, he declineth not from Thee, nor toward himself.987 In his De Vera Relig. c. 13, he says: “We must confess that the angels are in their nature mutable as God is Immutable. Yet by that will with which they love God more than themselves, they remain firm and staple in Him, and enjoy His majesty, being most willingly subject to Him alone.” This is the house of God,988 In his Con. Adv. Leg. et Proph. i. 2, he speaks of all who are holy, whether angels or men, as being God’s dwelling-place. not earthly, nor of any celestial bulk corporeal, but a spiritual house and a partaker of Thy eternity, because without blemish for ever. For Thou hast made it fast for ever and ever; Thou hast given it a law, which it shall not pass.989 Ps. cxlviii. 6. Nor yet is it co-eternal with Thee, O God, because not without beginning, for it was made.

20. For although we find no time before it, for wisdom was created before all things,990 Ecclus. i. 4.—not certainly that Wisdom manifestly co-eternal and equal unto Thee, our God, His Father, and by Whom all things were created, and in Whom, as the Beginning, Thou createdst heaven and earth; but truly that wisdom which has been created, namely, the intellectual nature,991 “Pet. Lombard. lib. sent. 2, dist. 2, affirms that by Wisdom, Ecclus. i. 4, the angels be understood, the whole spiritual intellectual nature; namely, this highest heaven, in which the angels were created, and it by them instantly filled.”—W. W. which, in the contemplation of light, is light. For this, although created, is also called wisdom. But as great as is the difference between the Light which enlighteneth and that which is enlightened,992 On God as the Father of Lights, see p. 76, note 2. In addition to the references there given, compare in Ev. Joh. Tract. ii. sec. 7; xiv. secs. 1, 2; and xxxv. sec. 3. See also p. 373, note, below. so great is the difference between the Wisdom that createth and that which hath been created; as between the Righteousness which justifieth, and the righteousness which has been made by justification. For we also are called Thy righteousness; for thus saith a certain servant of Thine: “That we might be made the righteousness of God in Him.”993 2 Cor. v. 21. Therefore, since a certain created wisdom was created before all things, the rational and intellectual mind of that chaste city of Thine, our mother which is above, and is free,994 Gal. iv. 26. and “eternal in the heavens”995 2 Cor. v. 1. (in what heavens, unless in those that praise Thee, the “heaven of heavens,”996 Ps. cxlviii. 4. because this also is the “heaven of heavens,” which is the Lord’s)—although we find not time before it, because that which hath been created before all things also precedeth the creature of time, yet is the Eternity of the Creator Himself before it, from Whom, having been created, it took the beginning, although not of time,—for time as yet was not,—yet of its own very nature.

21. Hence comes it so to be of Thee, our God, as to be manifestly another than Thou, and not the Self-same.997 Against the Manichæans. See iv. sec. 26, and part 2 of note on p. 76, above. Since, although we find time not only not before it, but not in it (it being proper ever to behold Thy face, nor is ever turned aside from it, wherefore it happens that it is varied by no change), yet is there in it that mutability itself whence it would become dark and cold, but that, clinging unto Thee with sublime love, it shineth and gloweth from Thee like a perpetual noon. O house, full of light and splendour! I have loved thy beauty, and the place of the habitation of the glory of my Lord,998 Ps. xxvi. 8. thy builder and owner. Let my wandering sigh after thee; and I speak unto Him that made thee, that He may possess me also in thee, seeing He hath made me likewise. “I have gone astray, like a lost sheep;”999 Ps. cxix. 176. yet upon the shoulders of my Sheperd,1000 Luke xv. 5. thy builder, I hope that I may be brought back to thee.

22. “What say ye to me, O ye objectors whom I was addressing, and who yet believe that Moses was the holy servant of God, and that his books were the oracles of the Holy Ghost? Is not this house of God, not indeed co-eternal with God, yet, according to its measure, eternal in the heavens,1001 2 Cor. v. l. where in vain you seek for changes of times, because you will not find them? For that surpasseth all extension, and every revolving space of time, to which it is ever good to cleave fast to God.”1002 Ps. lxxiii. 28. “It is,” say they. “What, therefore, of those things which my heart cried out unto my God, when within it heard the voice of His praise, what then do you contend is false? Or is it because the matter was formless, wherein, as there was no form, there was no order? But where there was no order there could not be any change of times; and yet this ‘almost nothing,’ inasmuch as it was not altogether nothing, was verily from Him, from Whom is whatever is, in what state soever anything is.” “This also,” say they, “we do not deny.”

CAPUT XV. Quae de Deo deque Angelis et informi materia sentit Augustinus, non possunt oblocutores negare.

18. Num dicetis falsa esse, quae mihi veritas voce forti in aurem interiorem dicit de vera aeternitate Creatoris, quod nequaquam ejus substantia per tempora varietur, nec ejus voluntas extra ejus substantiam sit? Unde non eum modo velle hoc, modo velle illud; sed semel et simul et semper velle omnia quae vult; non iterum et iterum, neque nunc ista nunc illa, nec velle postea quod nolebat, aut nolle quod prius volebat: quia talis voluntas mutabilis est, et omne mutabile aeternum non est; Deus autem noster aeternus est. Item quod mihi dicit in aurem interiorem, exspectatio rerum venturarum fit contuitus cum venerint; idemque contuitus fit memoria cum praeterierint: omnis porro intentio quae ita variatur, mutabilis est: et omne mutabile aeternum non est: Deus autem noster aeternus est. Haec colligo atque conjungo, et invenio Deum meum, Deum aeternum, non aliqua nova voluntate condidisse creaturam, nec scientiam ejus transitorium aliquid pati.

19. Quid ergo dicetis, contradictores? An falsa sunt ista? Non, inquiunt. Quid illud? num falsum est omnem 0833 naturam formatam materiamve formabilem non esse, nisi ab illo qui summe bonus est, quia summe est? Neque hoc negamus, inquiunt. Quid igitur? an illud negatis, sublimem quamdam esse creaturam tam casto amore cohaerentem Deo vero et vere aeterno, ut quamvis ei coaeterna non sit, in nullam tamen temporum varietatem et vicissitudinem ab illo se resolvat ac defluat, sed in ejus solius veracissima contemplatione requiescat? Quoniam tu, Deus, diligenti te quantum praecipis, ostendis ei te et sufficis ei; et ideo non declinat a te, nec ad se. Haec est domus Dei non terrena, neque ulla coelesti mole corporea, sed spiritualis et particeps aeternitatis tuae, quia sine labe in aeternum . Statuisti enim eam in saeculum et in saeculum saeculi; praeceptum posuisti et non praeteribit (Psal. CXLVIII, 6). Nec tamen tibi Deo coaeterna, quoniam non sine initio: facta est enim.

20. Nam etsi non invenimus tempus ante illam, prior quippe omnium creata est sapientia (Eccli. I, 4); nec utique illa Sapientia tibi, Deus noster, Patri suo plane coaeterna et aequalis et per quam creata sunt omnia, et in quo Principio fecisti coelum et terram; sed profecto sapientia quae creata est, intellectualis natura scilicet, quae contemplatione luminis lumen est: dicitur enim et ipsa, quamvis creata, sapientia. Sed quantum interest inter lumen quod illuminat et quod illuminatur, tantum inter sapientiam quae creat et istam quae creata est; sicut inter justitiam justificantem, et justitiam quae justificatione facta est. Nam et nos dicti sumus justitia tua. Ait enim quidam servus tuus, ut nos simus justitia Dei in ipso (II Cor. V, 21). Ergo quia prior omnium creata est quaedam sapientia quae creata est, mens rationalis et intellectualis castae civitatis tuae, matris nostrae quae sursum est, et libera est (Galat. IV, 26) et aeterna in coelis, (quibus coelis, nisi qui te laudant coeli coelorum (Psal. CXLVIII, 4); quia hoc est et coelum coeli Domino?); etsi non invenimus tempus ante illam, quia et creaturam temporis antecedit, quae prior omnium creata est; ante illam tamen est ipsius creatoris aeternitas, a quo facta sumpsit exordium, quamvis non temporis quia nondum erat tempus, ipsius tamen conditionis suae.

21. Unde ita est abs te Deo nostro, ut aliud sit plane quam tu, et non idipsum. Quoniam etsi non solum ante illam, sed nec in illa invenimus tempus, quia est idonea faciem tuam semper videre nec uspiam deflectitur ab ea, quo fit ut nulla mutatione varietur; inest ei tamen ipsa mutabilitas unde tenebresceret et frigesceret, nisi amore grandi tibi cohaerens tanquam semper meridies luceret et ferveret ex te. O domus luminosa et speciosa, dilexi decorem tuum, et locum habitationis gloriae Domini mei fabricatoris et possessoris tui (Psal. XXV, 8)! Tibi suspiret peregrinatio mea; et dico ei qui fecit te, ut possideat et me in te, quia fecit et me. Erravi sicut ovis perdita (Psal. CXVII, 176); sed in humeris pastoris mei, structoris tui, spero me reportari tibi (Luc. XV, 5).

0834 22. Quid dicitis mihi quos alloquebar, contradictores, qui tamen et Moysen pium famulum Dei, et libros ejus oracula sancti Spiritus creditis? Estne ista domus Dei, non quidem Deo coaeterna, sed tamen secundum modum suum aeterna in coelis, ubi vices temporum frustra quaeritis, quia non invenietis? supergreditur enim omnem distentionem, et omne spatium aetatis volubile, cui semper inhaerere Deo bonum est (Psal. LXII, 28). Est, inquiunt. Quid igitur ex iis quae clamavit cor meum ad Deum meum, cum audiret interius vocem laudis ejus, quid tandem falsum esse contenditis? An quia erat informis materies, ubi propter nullam formam nullus ordo erat? Ubi autem nullus ordo erat, nulla esse vicissitudo temporum poterat; et tamen hoc pene nihil, in quantum non omnino nihil erat, ab illo utique erat a quo est quidquid est, quod utcumque aliquid est. Hoc quoque, aiunt, non negamus.