Chapter IX.—Concerning the waters.

Water also is one of the four elements, the most beautiful of God’s creations. It is both wet and cold, heavy, and with a tendency to descend, and flows with great readiness. It is this the Holy Scripture has in view when it says, And darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters338    Gen. i. 2.    Dam., Epist. ad Jord. Archim.. For the deep is nothing else than a huge quantity of water whose limit man cannot comprehend. In the beginning, indeed, the water lay all over the surface of the earth. And first God created the firmament to divide the water above the firmament from the water below the firmament. For in the midst of the sea of waters the firmament was established at the Master’s decree. And out of it God bade the firmament arise, and it arose. Now for what reason was it that God placed water above the firmament? It was because of the intense burning heat of the sun and ether339    See Basil, Hexaëm., Hom. 3.    Text, βλάσφημον. Variant, βλασφημίαν.. For immediately under the firmament is spread out the ether340    Text, ὑφήπλωται. Variant, ἐφήπλωται.    Text, βλάσφημον. Variant, βλασφημίαν., and the sun and moon and stars are in the firmament, and so if water had not been put above it the firmament would have been consumed by the heat341    Basil, Hom. 2 in Hexaëm.; Sever. Gabal., Orat. de opific. mundi.    1 Cor. viii. 5..

Next, God bade the waters be gathered together into one mass342    Gen. i. 9.    These words which refer to the Holy Spirit are absent in R. 2930 and in 1 Cor. viii., but are present in other Codices and in Basil, De Spirit. Sancto, and in Greg. Nazianz., Orat. 39, and further in the Damascene himself in Parallel, and elsewhere, and could not be omitted here.. But when the Scripture speaks of one mass it evidently does not mean that they were gathered together into one place: for immediately it goes on to say, And the gatherings of the waters He called seas343    Gen. i. 10.    Orat. 39.: but the words signify that the waters were separated off in a body from the earth into distinct groups. Thus the waters were gathered together into their special collections and the dry land was brought to view. And hence arose the two seas that surround Egypt, for it lies between two seas. These collections contain344    Text, συνήχθησαν. R. 2927 has διέστησαν: Edit. Veron. Reg. 3362 has ὅθεν συνέστησαν: Colb. 1 has ὀθεν συνέστη.    Rom. xi. 36. various seas and mountains, and islands, and promontories, and harbours, and surround various bays and beaches, and coastlands. For the word beach is used when the nature of the tract is sandy, while coastland signifies that it is rocky and deep close into shore, getting deep all on a sudden. In like manner arose also the sea that lies where the sun rises, the name of which is the Indian Sea: also the northern sea called the Caspian. The lakes also were formed in the same manner.

The ocean, then, is like a river encircling the whole earth, and I think it is concerning it that the divine Scripture says, A river went out of Paradise345    Gen. ii. 10.    Vid. Epist. ad Jordan.. The water of the ocean is sweet and potable346    For ποταμὸς δὲ ὁ γλυκὺ ὕδωρ ἔχων ἐστί, reading πότιμον καὶ γλυκὺ ὕδωρ ἔχων.    Orat. 42. at the beginning.. It is it that furnishes the seas with water which, because it stays a long time in the seas and stands unmoved, becomes bitter: for the sun and the waterspouts draw up always the finer parts. Thus it is that clouds are formed and showers take place, because the filtration makes the water sweet.

This is parted into four first divisions, that is to say, into four rivers. The name of the first is Pheison, which is the Indian Ganges; the name of the second is Geon, which is the Nile flowing from Ethiopia down to Egypt: the name of the third is Tigris, and the name of the fourth is Euphrates. There are also very many other mighty rivers of which some empty themselves into the sea and others are used up in the earth. Thus the whole earth is bored through and mined, and has, so to speak, certain veins through which it sends up in springs the water it has received from the sea. The water of the spring thus depends for its character on the quality of the earth. For the sea water is filtered and strained through the earth and thus becomes sweet. But if the place from which the spring arises is bitter or briny, so also is the water that is sent up347    Basil, Hom. 4 in Hexaëm.    Epist. ad Petrum Fullonem; Theoph., Ad Arn. 5930.. Moreover, it often happens that water which has been closely pent up bursts through with violence, and thus it becomes warm. And this is why they send forth waters that are naturally warm.

By the divine decree hollow places are made in the earth, and so into these the waters are gathered. And this is how mountains are formed. God, then, bade the first water produce living breath, since it was to be by water and the Holy Spirit that moved upon the waters in the beginning348    Gen. i. 2.    See Niceph. Call., Hist. xviii. 51., that man was to be renewed. For this is what the divine Basilius said: Therefore it produced living creatures, small and big; whales and dragons, fish that swim in the waters, and feathered fowl. The birds form a link between water and earth and air: for they have their origin in the water, they live on the earth and they fly in the air. Water, then, is the most beautiful element and rich in usefulness, and purifies from all filth, and not only from the filth of the body but from that of the soul, if it should have received the grace of the Spirit349    Sever. Gabal., Orat. 4, De opific. mundi: Basil, Hom. 8.    Conc. Chal., Act. 1, at the end..

Concerning the seas350    This chapter is wanting in certain copies, Reg. 7, Colb. 1, R. 2930. In Cod. Hil. it is given after the chapter On Creation.    In Cod. S. Hil. is written above the line ἢ θεηλάτου ὀργῆς παύσει, which explains the author’s meaning..

Περὶ ὑδάτων

Καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ δὲ ἓν τῶν στοιχείων τῶν τεσσάρων ἐστί, ποίημα θεοῦ κάλλιστον. Ὕδωρ ἐστὶ στοιχεῖον ὑγρόν τε καὶ ψυχρὸν βαρύ τε καὶ κατωφερές, εὐδιάχυτον. Τούτου δὲ μνημονεύει ἡ θεία γραφὴ λέγουσα: «Καὶ σκότος ἦν ἐπάνω τῆς ἀβύσσου, καὶ πνεῦμα θεοῦ ἐπεφέρετο ἐπάνω τοῦ ὕδατος»: ἄβυσσος γὰρ οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν, εἰ μὴ ὕδωρ πολύ, οὗ τὸ τέλος ἀκατάληπτον ἀνθρώποις. Ἐν ἀρχῇ μὲν οὖν τὸ ὕδωρ ἐπὶ πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν ἐπεπόλαζε. Καὶ πρῶτον μὲν ἐποίησεν ὁ θεὸς τὸ στερέωμα διαχωρίζον ἀναμέσον τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος καὶ τοῦ ὕδατος τοῦ ὑποκάτω τοῦ στερεώματος: ἐν τῷ μέσῳ γὰρ τῆς ἀβύσσου τῶν ὑδάτων ἐστερεώθη τῷ δεσποτικῷ προστάγματι. Ὅθεν καὶ στερέωμα εἶπεν ὁ θεὸς γενέσθαι, καὶ ἐγένετο. Τίνος δὲ χάριν ἐπάνω τοῦ στερεώματος ὕδωρ ὁ θεὸς ἀπέθετο; Διὰ τὴν τοῦ ἡλίου καὶ τοῦ αἰθέρος θερμοτάτην ἔκκαυσιν: εὐθέως γὰρ μετὰ τὸ στερέωμα ὁ αἰθὴρ ἐφήπλωται. Καὶ ὁ ἥλιος δὲ σὺν τῇ σελήνῃ καὶ τοῖς ἄστροις ἐν τῷ στερεώματί εἰσι: καὶ εἰ μὴ ἐπέκειτο ὕδωρ, ἐφλέχθη ἂν ὑπὸ τῆς θέρμης τὸ στερέωμα.

Εἴτα προσέταξεν ὁ θεὸς συναχθῆναι τὰ ὕδατα εἰς συναγωγὴν μίαν. Τὸ δὲ «μίαν συναγωγὴν» λέγειν οὐ δηλοῖ τὸ ἐν ἑνὶ τόπῳ συναχθῆναι αὐτά: _ἰδοὺ γὰρ μετὰ ταῦτά φησι: «Καὶ τὰ συστήματα τῶν ὑδάτων ἐκάλεσε θαλάσσας», _ἀλλὰ τὸ ὁμοῦ καθ' ἑαυτὰ κεχωρισμένα τῆς γῆς γενέσθαι τὰ ὕδατα ὁ λόγος ἐδήλωσε. Συνήχθησαν τοίνυν τὰ ὕδατα «εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν, καὶ ὤφθη ἡ ξηρά». Ἐντεῦθεν αἱ δύο θάλασσαι αἱ τὴν Αἴγυπτον περιέχουσαι (μέση γὰρ αὕτη τῶν δύο κεῖται θαλασσῶν) συνέστησαν, διάφορα πελάγη καὶ ὄρη καὶ νήσους καὶ ἀγκῶνας καὶ λιμένας ἔχουσαι καὶ κόλπους διαφόρους περιέχουσαι αἰγιαλούς τε καὶ ἀκτάς_αἰγιαλὸς μὲν γὰρ ὁ ψαμμώδης λέγεται, ἀκτὴ δὲ ἡ πετρώδης καὶ ἀγχιβαθὴς ἤτοι ἡ εὐθέως ἐν τῇ ἀρχῇ βάθος ἔχουσα_, ὁμοίως καὶ ἡ κατὰ τὴν ἀνατολήν, ἥτις λέγεται Ἰνδική, καὶ ἡ βορεινή, ἥτις λέγεται Κασπία: καὶ αἱ λίμναι δὲ ἐντεῦθεν συνήχθησαν.

Ἔστιν οὖν ὁ μὲν Ὠκεανὸς οἷόν τις ποταμὸς κυκλῶν πᾶσαν τὴν γῆν, περὶ οὗ εἴρηκεν, ὡς ἐμοὶ δοκεῖ, ἡ γραφή, ὅτι «ποταμὸς ἐκπορεύεται ἐκ τοῦ παραδείσου» πότιμον καὶ γλυκὺ ὕδωρ ἔχων. Οὗτος χορηγεῖ τὸ ὕδωρ ταῖς θαλάσσαις, ὅπερ ἐν ταῖς θαλάσσαις χρονίζον καὶ ἑστὼς ἀκίνητον πικρὸν γίνεται τοῦ ἡλίου ἀεὶ τὸ λεπτότερον ἀνιμωμένου καὶ τῶν σιφώνων, ὅθεν καὶ τὰ νέφη συνίστανται καὶ οἱ ὄμβροι γίνονται διὰ τῆς διηθήσεως γλυκαινομένου τοῦ ὕδατος.

Οὗτος καὶ εἰς τέσσαρας ἀρχὰς ἤτοι εἰς τέσσαρας ποταμοὺς διαιρεῖται. «Ὄνομα τῷ ἑνὶ Φεισών», τουτέστι Γάγγης ὁ Ἰνδικός. «Καὶ ὄνομα τῷ ἄλλῳ Γηών»: οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ Νεῖλος ὁ ἀπὸ Αἰθιοπίας εἰς Αἴγυπτον κατερχόμενος. Καὶ ὄνομα τῷ τρίτῳ Τίγρις. Καὶ ὄνομα τῷ τετάρτῳ Εὐφράτης. Εἰσὶ δὲ καὶ ἕτεροι πλεῖστοι καὶ μέγιστοι ποταμοί, ὧν οἱ μὲν εἰς τὴν θάλασσαν κενοῦνται, οἱ δὲ καὶ ἐν τῇ γῇ ἀναλίσκονται. Ὅμως καὶ πᾶσα ἡ γῆ διάτρητός ἐστι καὶ ὑπόνομος ὥσπερ τινὰς φλέβας ἔχουσα, δι' ὧν ἐκ τῆς θαλάσσης δεχομένη τὰ ὕδατα τὰς πηγὰς ἀνίησι. Πρὸς οὖν τὴν ποιότητα τῆς γῆς καὶ τὸ τῶν πηγῶν ὕδωρ γίνεται. Διηθεῖται μὲν γὰρ διὰ τῆς γῆς τὸ θαλάττιον ὕδωρ καὶ οὕτω γλυκαίνεται. Εἰ δὲ ὁ τόπος, ὅθεν ἡ πηγὴ ἀναδίδοται, τύχοι πικρὸς ἢ ἁλμυρός, πρὸς τὴν γῆν καὶ τὸ ὕδωρ ἀνάγεται. Στενούμενον δὲ πολλάκις τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ βίᾳ ῥηγνύμενον θερμαίνεται, κἀντεῦθεν τὰ αὐτοφυῆ θερμὰ ἀνάγονται ὕδατα. Τῷ οὖν θείῳ προστάγματι κοιλώματα ἐν τῇ γῇ γεγόνασι, καὶ οὕτως εἰς τὰς συναγωγὰς αὐτῶν συνήχθη τὰ ὕδατα: ἐντεῦθεν καὶ τὰ ὄρη γεγόνασι.

Πρώτῳ τοίνυν τῷ ὕδατι προσέταξεν ὁ θεὸς ἐξαγαγεῖν ψυχὴν ζῶσαν, ἐπειδὴ ἤμελλε δι' ὕδατος καὶ τοῦ ἐν ἀρχῇ ἐπιφερομένου τοῖς ὕδασιν ἁγίου πνεύματος ἀνακαινίζειν τὸν ἄνθρωπον: τοῦτο γὰρ ὁ θεῖος ἔφη Βασίλειος. Ἐξήγαγε δὲ ζῷα μικρά τε καὶ μεγάλα, κήτη, δράκοντας, ἰχθύας ἐν τοῖς ὕδασιν ἕρποντας καὶ πετεινὰ πτερωτά. Διὰ τῶν πετεινῶν οὖν συνάπτεται τό τε ὕδωρ καὶ ἡ γῆ καὶ ὁ ἀήρ: ἐξ ὑδάτων μὲν γὰρ ταῦτα γέγονεν, ἐν τῇ γῇ δὲ διατρίβει καὶ ἐν ἀέρι ἵπταται. Κάλλιστον δὲ στοιχεῖον τὸ ὕδωρ καὶ πολύχρηστον καὶ ῥύπου καθάρσιον, μόνον μὲν σωματικοῦ, καὶ ψυχικοῦ δέ, εἰ προσλάβοι τὴν χάριν τοῦ πνεύματος.