Chapter XXX.—Concerning Prescience and Predestination.

We ought to understand506    Chrys., Hom. 12 in Epist. ad. Ephes. that while God knows all things beforehand, yet He does not predetermine all things507    Cf. Maximus, Vita, n. 8; Just. Martyr, Apol. 1; Tatian, Or. ad Græcos; Origen, Ep. ad Rom. 1; Jerome, on Ezek. c. xxiv., &c.. For He knows beforehand those things that are in our power, but He does not predetermine them. For it is not His will that there should be wickedness nor does He choose to compel virtue. So that predetermination is the work of the divine command based on fore-knowledge508    Act. S. Max.. But on the other hand God predetermines those things which are not within our power in accordance with His prescience. For already God in His prescience has prejudged all things in accordance with His goodness and justice.

Bear in mind, too509    Cf. Clem. Alex., Strom., bk. vi.; Jerome, on Ep. ad Gal., ch. 1; Greg. Naz, Carmen de virt. hum., that virtue is a gift from God implanted in our nature, and that He Himself is the source and cause of all good, and without His co-operation510    Cf. Clem. Alex., Quis dives salvetur; Greg. Naz., Orat. 31; Chrysost., Hom. 45in Joann., Hom. in Ep. ad Hebr. xii. 2, Hom. 15 in Ep. ad Rom.; Cyril, De ador. in Spir. et ver., p. 25; Petavius, Dogm., vol. i., bk. ix. c. 4, &c. and help we cannot will or do any good thing. But we have it in our power either to abide in virtue and follow God, Who calls us into ways of virtue, or to stray from paths of virtue, which is to dwell in wickedness, and to follow the devil who summons but cannot compel us. For wickedness is nothing else than the withdrawal of goodness, just as darkness is nothing else than the withdrawal of light. While then we abide in the natural state we abide in virtue, but when we deviate from the natural state, that is from virtue, we come into an unnatural state and dwell in wickedness511    Cf. infra, bk. iii. ch. 14..

Repentance is the returning from the unnatural into the natural state, from the devil to God, through discipline and effort.

Man then the Creator made male, giving him to share in His own divine grace, and bringing him thus into communion with Himself: and thus it was that he gave in the manner of a prophet the names to living things, with authority as though they were given to be his slaves. For having been endowed with reason and mind, and free-will after the image of God, he was fitly entrusted with dominion over earthly things by the common Creator and Master of all.

But since God in His prescience512    ὁ προγνώστης Θεός. See Athanas., in Psalm 1; Chrysost. in Hom. 18 in Gen.; Greg. Nyss., De opif. hom.; Athanas., Minor, Quest. 50 ad Antioch.; Thomas Aquinas I., Quæst. 98, Art. 2. knew that man would transgress and become liable to destruction, He made from him a female to be a help to him like himself; a help, indeed, for the conservation of the race after the transgression from age to age by generation. For the earliest formation is called ‘making’ and not ‘generation.’ For ‘making’ is the original formation at God’s hands, while ‘generation’ is the succession from each other made necessary by the sentence of death imposed on us on account of the transgression.

This man He513    Greg. Nyss., De opif., ch. 20. placed in Paradise, a home that was alike spiritual and sensible. For he lived in the body on the earth in the realm of sense, while he dwelt in the spirit among the angels, cultivating divine thoughts, and being supported by them: living in naked simplicity a life free from artificiality, and being led up through His creations to the one and only Creator, in Whose contemplation he found joy and gladness514    Text, εὐφραινόμενος. Variant, σεμνυνόμενος..

When therefore He had furnished his nature with free-will, He imposed a law on him, not to taste of the tree of knowledge. Concerning this tree, we have said as much as is necessary in the chapter about Paradise, at least as much as it was in our power to say. And with this command He gave the promise that, if he should preserve the dignity of the soul by giving the victory to reason, and acknowledging his Creator and observing His command, he should share eternal blessedness and live to all eternity, proving mightier than death: but if forsooth he should subject the soul to the body, and prefer the delights of the body, comparing himself in ignorance of his true dignity to the senseless beasts515    Ps. xlix. 12., and shaking off His Creator’s yoke, and neglecting His divine injunction, he will be liable to death and corruption, and will be compelled to labour throughout a miserable life. For it was no profit to man to obtain incorruption while still untried and unproved, lest he should fall into pride and under the judgment of the devil. For through his incorruption the devil, when he had fallen as the result of his own free choice, was firmly established in wickedness, so that there was no room for repentance and no hope of change: just as, moreover, the angels also, when they had made free choice of virtue became through grace immoveably rooted in goodness.

It was necessary, therefore, that man should first be put to the test (for man untried and unproved516    ἀδοκιμος; in Cod. R. 2 ἀδοκίμαστον. would be worth nothing517    This parenthesis is absent in almost all codices and in the translations of Faber, &c.), and being made perfect by the trial through the observance of the command should thus receive incorruption as the prize of his virtue. For being intermediate between God and matter he was destined, if he kept the command, to be delivered from his natural relation to existing things and to be made one with God’s estate, and to be immoveably established in goodness, but, if he transgressed and inclined the rather to what was material, and tore his mind from the Author of his being, I mean God, his fate was to be corruption, and he was to become subject to passion instead of passionless, and mortal instead of immortal, and dependent on connection and unsettled generation. And in his desire for life he would cling to pleasures as though they were necessary to maintain it, and would fearlessly abhor those who sought to deprive him of these, and transfer his desire from God to matter, and his anger from the real enemy of his salvation to his own brethren. The envy of the518    Cf. Greg. Naz., Orat. 38 and 42; Cyril Alex., Cont. Anthrop., I. 8; Anast. II. Antioch., Hexaëm. vi; Chrysost., Hom. 10 in Ep. ad Rom., Hom. 5 in Ep. ad Epes., &c. devil then was the reason of man’s fall. For that same demon, so full of envy and with such a hatred of good, would not suffer us to enjoy the pleasures of heaven, when he himself was kept below on account of his arrogance, and hence the false one tempts miserable man with the hope of Godhead, and leading him up to as great a height of arrogance as himself, he hurls him down into a pit of destruction just as deep.

Περὶ προγνώσεως καὶ προορισμοῦ

Χρὴ γινώσκειν, ὡς πάντα μὲν προγινώσκει ὁ θεός, οὐ πάντα δὲ προορίζει: προγινώσκει γὰρ καὶ τὰ ἐφ' ἡμῖν, οὐ προορίζει δὲ αὐτά: οὐ γὰρ θέλει τὴν κακίαν γενέσθαι οὐδὲ βιάζεται τὴν ἀρετήν. Ὥστε τῆς θείας προγνωστικῆς κελεύσεως ἔργον ἐστὶν ὁ προορισμός. Προορίζει δὲ τὰ οὐκ ἐφ' ἡμῖν κατὰ τὴν πρόγνωσιν αὐτοῦ: ἤδη γὰρ κατὰ τὴν πρόγνωσιν αὐτοῦ προέκρινε πάντα ὁ θεὸς κατὰ τὴν ἀγαθότητα καὶ τὴν δικαιοσύνην αὐτοῦ.

Χρὴ δὲ γινώσκειν, ὅτι ἡ μὲν ἀρετὴ ἐκ τοῦ θεοῦ ἐδόθη ἐν τῇ φύσει καὶ αὐτός ἐστι παντὸς ἀγαθοῦ ἀρχὴ καὶ αἰτία καὶ ἐκτὸς τῆς αὐτοῦ συνεργίας καὶ βοηθείας ἀδύνατον ἀγαθὸν θελῆσαι ἢ πρᾶξαι ἡμᾶς. Ἐφ' ἡμῖν δέ ἐστιν ἢ ἐμμεῖναι τῇ ἀρετῇ καὶ ἀκολουθῆσαι τῷ θεῷ πρὸς ταύτην καλοῦντι ἢ ἀποφοιτῆσαι τῆς ἀρετῆς, ὅπερ ἐστὶν ἐν τῇ κακίᾳ γενέσθαι καὶ ἀκολουθῆσαι τῷ διαβόλῳ πρὸς ταύτην καλοῦντι ἀβιάστως: ἡ γὰρ κακία οὐδὲν ἕτερόν ἐστιν εἰ μὴ ἀναχώρησις τοῦ ἀγαθοῦ, ὥσπερ καὶ τὸ σκότος τοῦ φωτός ἐστιν ἀναχώρησις. Μένοντες οὖν ἐν τῷ κατὰ φύσιν ἐν τῇ ἀρετῇ ἐσμεν, ἐκκλίνοντες δὲ ἐκ τοῦ κατὰ φύσιν παρὰ φύσιν ἐρχόμεθα καὶ ἐν τῇ κακίᾳ γινόμεθα.

Μετάνοιά ἐστιν ἐκ τοῦ παρὰ φύσιν εἰς τὸ κατὰ φύσιν καὶ ἐκ τοῦ διαβόλου πρὸς τὸν θεὸν ἐπάνοδος δι' ἀσκήσεως καὶ πόνων.

Τοῦτον τοίνυν τὸν ἄνθρωπον ὁ δημιουργὸς ἄρρενα κατεσκεύασε μεταδοὺς αὐτῷ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ θείας χάριτος καὶ ἐν κοινωνίᾳ ἑαυτοῦ διὰ ταύτης αὐτὸν ποιησάμενος: ὅθεν καὶ τὴν τῶν ζῴων ὀνομασίαν προφητικῶς ὡς δούλων αὐτῷ δοθέντων δεσποτικῶς ἐποιήσατο. Κατ' εἰκόνα γὰρ θεοῦ λογικός τε καὶ νοερὸς καὶ αὐτεξούσιος γενόμενος εἰκότως τὴν τῶν ἐπιγείων ἀρχὴν ἐνεχειρίζετο ὑπὸ τοῦ κοινοῦ τῶν ἁπάντων δημιουργοῦ τε καὶ δεσπότου.

Εἰδὼς δὲ ὁ προγνώστης θεός, ὡς ἐν παραβάσει γενήσεται καὶ τῇ φθορᾷ ὑποπεσεῖται, ἐποίησεν ἐξ αὐτοῦ τὸ θῆλυ, «βοηθὸν αὐτῷ κατ' αὐτόν», βοηθὸν δὲ πρὸς τὴν διὰ γεννήσεως μετὰ τὴν παράβασιν τοῦ γένους ἐκ διαδοχῆς σύστασιν. Ἡ γὰρ πρώτη πλάσις γένεσις λέγεται καὶ οὐ γέννησις: γένεσις μὲν γάρ ἐστιν ἡ ἐκ θεοῦ πρώτη πλάσις, γέννησις δὲ ἡ ἐκ καταδίκης τοῦ θανάτου διὰ τὴν παράβασιν ἐξ ἀλλήλων διαδοχή.

Τοῦτον ἔθετο ἐν τῷ παραδείσῳ τῷ τε νοητῷ καὶ τῷ αἰσθητῷ: ἐν μὲν γὰρ τῷ αἰσθητῷ ἐπὶ γῆς σωματικῶς διαιτώμενος ψυχικῶς τοῖς ἀγγέλοις συνανεστρέφετο θείας γεωργῶν ἐννοίας καὶ ταύταις τρεφόμενος, γυμνὸς τῇ ἁπλότητι καὶ ἀτέχνῳ ζωῇ πρὸς μόνον τὸν δημιουργὸν διὰ τῶν κτισμάτων ἐναγόμενος καὶ τῇ αὐτοῦ θεωρίᾳ ἐνηδυνόμενός τε καὶ εὐφραινόμενος.

Ἐπειδὴ τοίνυν αὐτὸν αὐτεξουσίῳ θελήματι φυσικῶς κατεκόσμησε, δίδωσι νόμον αὐτῷ μὴ γεύσασθαι τοῦ ξύλου τῆς γνώσεως. Περὶ οὗ ξύλου αὐταρκῶς ἐν τῷ περὶ παραδείσου κεφαλαίῳ κατά γε τὴν ἡμετέραν εἰρήκαμεν δύναμιν. Ταύτην τὴν ἐντολὴν αὐτῷ δίδωσιν ἐπαγγειλάμενος, ὡς, εἰ μὲν φυλάξοι τὸ τῆς ψυχῆς ἀξίωμα τῷ λόγῳ τὴν νίκην διδούς, ἐπιγινώσκων τὸν κτίσαντα καὶ τούτου φυλάττων τὸ πρόσταγμα, τῆς ἀιδίου μεθέξει μακαριότητος καὶ ζήσεται εἰς τὸν αἰῶνα κρείττων θανάτου γενόμενος. Εἰ δέ γε τὴν ψυχὴν ὑποτάξει τῷ σώματι καὶ τὰ τοῦ σώματος προτιμήσει τερπνὰ τὴν οἰκείαν τιμὴν ἀγνοήσας καὶ τοῖς ἀνοήτοις παρεικασθεὶς κτήνεσι, τοῦ πεποιηκότος τὴν ζεύγλην ἀποσεισάμενος καὶ τὸ θεῖον αὐτοῦ παριδὼν ἐπίταγμα, θανάτῳ ἔσται ὑπεύθυνος καὶ φθορᾷ καὶ πόνῳ καθυποβληθήσεται τὸν ταλαίπωρον ἕλκων βίον. Οὐ γὰρ ἦν λυσιτελὲς ἀπείραστον ἔτι τυγχάνοντα καὶ ἀδόκιμον τῆς ἀφθαρσίας τυχεῖν, ἵνα μὴ εἰς τῦφον ἐμπέσῃ καὶ κρῖμα τοῦ διαβόλου. Ἐκεῖνος διὰ τὸ ἄφθαρτον μετὰ τὴν ἐκ προαιρέσεως ἔκπτωσιν τὴν ἐν τῷ κακῷ ἀμεταμέλητον ἔσχε καὶ ἄτρεπτον παγιότητα ὥσπερ αὖ πάλιν καὶ οἱ ἄγγελοι μετὰ τὴν ἐκ προαιρέσεως τῆς ἀρετῆς ἐκλογὴν τὴν ἐν τῷ καλῷ διὰ τῆς χάριτος ἀμετακίνητον ἵδρυσιν.

Ἔδει τοίνυν πρότερον δοκιμασθέντα τὸν ἄνθρωπον καὶ τῇ πείρᾳ διὰ τῆς τηρήσεως τῆς ἐντολῆς τελειωθέντα οὕτω τὴν ἀφθαρσίαν ἀρετῆς κομίσασθαι ἔπαθλον: μέσος γὰρ θεοῦ καὶ ὕλης γενόμενος διὰ μὲν τῆς τηρήσεως τῆς ἐντολῆς μετὰ τὴν ἀπαλλαγὴν τῆς πρὸς τὰ ὄντα φυσικῆς σχέσεως ἑνωθεὶς τῷ θεῷ καθ' ἕξιν τὴν περὶ τὸ καλὸν παγιότητα λαμβάνειν ἀμετακίνητον ἔμελλε, διὰ δὲ τῆς παραβάσεως πρὸς τὴν ὕλην μᾶλλον κινηθεὶς καὶ τῆς αὐτοῦ αἰτίας, τοῦ θεοῦ φημι, ἀποσπάσας τὸν νοῦν τῇ φθορᾷ προσοικειοῦσθαι καὶ παθητὸς ἀντὶ ἀπαθοῦς καὶ θνητὸς ἀντὶ ἀθανάτου γίνεσθαι καὶ συνδυασμοῦ καὶ ῥευστῆς γεννήσεως ἐπιδέεσθαι καὶ τῇ ἐφέσει τῆς ζωῆς τῶν μὲν ἡδέων ὡς δῆθεν ταύτην συνιστώντων ἀντέχεσθαι, πρὸς δὲ τοὺς τούτων προμηθουμένους τὴν στέρησιν ἀδεῶς ἀπεχθάνεσθαι καὶ τὴν μὲν ἔφεσιν ἐκ θεοῦ πρὸς τὴν ὕλην, τὸν δὲ θυμὸν ἐκ τοῦ τῆς σωτηρίας ὄντως ἐχθροῦ μεταφέρειν πρὸς τὸ ὁμόφυλον. Φθόνῳ τοίνυν διαβόλου ἡττήθη ὁ ἄνθρωπος: οὐ γὰρ ἔφερεν ὁ φθονερὸς καὶ μισόκαλος δαίμων αὐτὸς διὰ τὴν ἔπαρσιν κάτω γενόμενος ἡμᾶς τῶν ἄνω τυχεῖν, ὅθεν καὶ θεότητος ἐλπίδι ὁ ψεύστης δελεάζει τὸν ἄθλιον καὶ πρὸς τὸ ἴδιον τῆς ἐπάρσεως ὕψος ἀναγαγὼν πρὸς τὸ ὅμοιον καταφέρει τῆς πτώσεως βάραθρον.